I J M E S TRANSLITERATION SYSTEM FOR ARABIC, PERSIAN, AND TURKISH

Consonants
A = Arabic, P = Persian, OT = Ottoman Turkish, MT = Modern Turkish A b t th j kh d dh r P b p t s j ch kh d z r OT b p t s c h d z r MT b or p p t s c h h d z r A z s sh gh f q P z zh s sh gh f q OT z j s g or f MT z j s s z t z g or f k l m n h w y a
2 3

OT

MT

k or g k or k or n or y or g l m n h v or u y g l m n h
1

or y or g l m n h
1

v y

v y

1 When h is not final. 2 In construct state: at. 3 For the article, al- and -l-.

Vo w e l s
ARABIC AND PERSIAN Long or

OTTOMAN AND MODERN TURKISH words of Arabic and Persian origin only

Doubled

Diphthongs

-uww (final form )

au or aw ai or ay

-iyy (final form )

iy (final form ) uvv ev ey a or e u or / o or or i

Short

- a
i

- u

For Ottoman Turkish, authors may either transliterate or use the modern Turkish orthography.