The Japanese Automobile Revolution and the American Response

Jonah Belser, Gregory Nelson, and Frank Poma Senior Group Website

Annotated Bibliography Primary Sources "Auto Boom Snarls Traffic of Nation." The New York Times 31 Oct. 1950: 29. ProQuest Historical Newspapers: The New York Times (1851 - 2007). Web. 4 Jan. 2012. This source, written in the years immediately preceding the introduction of significant numbers of Japanese imports in the U.S., discusses the prosperity the U.S. auto industry enjoyed in the early 1950s, to the extent that car accidents increased because of U.S. auto sales! This was an important source when we discussed the dominance of the Big Three. Berman, Bradley. "Hybrid Cars - History - New York Times." The New York Times - Breaking News, World News & Multimedia. 22 Jan. 2012. Web. 22 Jan. 2012. <http://www.nytimes.com/2007/10/24/automobiles/autospecial/24his tory.html>. This source was very helpful because it provided a general summary of hybrid vehicle history, but one that is replete with detail. As it is from the New York Times, it is a very reputable scholarly source. It is featured primarily in the A Bright Future? section of the website. Committee on Technology and International Economic and Trade Issues. The Comparative Status of the U.S. Auto Industry: A Study of the Influences of Technology in Determining International Industrial Competitive Advantage. Washington, D.C.: National Academy, 1982. PDF. This in-depth book provided us with a great amount of tables referencing the differences between the efficiency in production between Japanese and American auto manufacturers. It is an integral part of the Japanese Strategy section. "Contribution of the Automotive Industry to the Economies of All Fifty States and

the United States." Center For Automotive Research. Apr. 2010. Web. 4 Jan. 2012. <http://http://www.cargroup.org/pdfs/association_paper.pdf>. Research paper that goes into how the U.S. auto industry affects the economy of all the states, as well as the nation as a whole. Costello, M. "Auto Industry in Flux." The CQ Researcher: Editorial Research Reports 1974 1 (1974). CQPress. SAGE Productions. Web. 27 Dec. 2011. We cited this primary source to illustrate the impact of the 1974 Arab oil embargo on domestic sales, which plummeted as a result, leaving filled inventories of American cars with no prospective buyers. We then indirectly used this source to demonstrate how buyers turned to Japanese manufacturers as an alternative due to their known fuel efficiency. Fackler, Martin. "Toyota Expects Its First Loss in 70 Years - NYTimes.com." The New York Times - Breaking News, World News & Multimedia. 03 Jan. 2012. Web. 03 Jan. 2012. <http://www.nytimes.com/2008/12/23/business/worldbusiness/23toy ota.html?_r=1>. Similar to The Case for Chapt. 11 article, this article reveals the American perspective on the failure of the Japanese automobile companies. After the devestation faced by the world economy, the Japanese market fell greatly. "Ford Motor Company's Vision for the Future of Vehicle Safety." Ford Motor Company Official Global Ford Corporation Information. Web. 03 Jan. 2012. <http://corporate.ford.com/our-company/heritage/heritagenews/heritage-news-detail/pr-cars-talking-to-traffic-lights-and34198>. Through this website, we extracted the innovative advances that Ford is making. Ford is showing how cars have censors that can detect other

cars - helping to boost safety and overall likability of Fords new line of vehicles. "1990's 1993 Jeep Grand Cherokee Commercial - YouTube." YouTube - Broadcast Yourself. Web. 03 Jan. 2012. <http://www.youtube.com/watch? v=_qUi0kwah10>. This video is of a 1993 Jeep Grand Cherokee Commercial and this clip gave us an idea of American marketing during this time. This video showed that marketing during the 1990s was about embracing the outdoors and SUVs. Pender, Kathleen. "The Case for Chapt. 11 Bankruptcy for Carmakers." The San Francisco Chronicle 20 Nov. 2008: C-1. Print. This news article provided the American perspective of the failure of American companies during the economic crisis of 2008. Webster, Larry. "GM in Crisis 5 Reasons Why America's Largest Car Company Teeters on the Edge - Popular Mechanics." Automotive Care, Home Improvement, Tools, DIY Tips - Popular Mechanics. Web. 03 Jan. 2012. <http://www.popularmechanics.com/cars/news/industry/4292379>. Here, an article from Popular Mechanics discusses the fall of the Big Three and the intense demand for better fuel efficiency and overall energy-friendly policies. This article outlined the different aspects of the economic crisis and how it directly affected the American automobile companies during 2008. Holusha, John. "The Disappearing 'U.S. Car'" The New York Times 10 Aug. 1985: 31+. ProQuest Historical Newspapers: The New York Times (1851 2007). Web. 30 Dec. 2011. This source helped us discuss the U.S. auto industry as it stood at the beginning of the era of Japanese transplants. It also provided an essential picture that detailed each kind of auto import.

Nader, Ralph. Chapter 6: The Stylists. Unsafe at Any Speed: The Designed-In Dangers of the American Automobile. New York: Grossman, 1965. 21031. American History 102: Civil War to the Present. University of Wisconsin-Madison. Web. 4 Jan. 2012. This excerpt from Ralph Nader's legendary book condemning the American auto industry helped us in our section explaining how Japanese auto sales in America were aided by the poor reputation of the Detroit Three that resulted from this book. How to Go Places 1954 Chevrolet Automobile Safety Film. Prod. The Jim Handy Organization. Perf. Gale Storm and the Lee-Bonnell Family. Chevrolet Pictures, 1954. Promotional Film. YouTube - Broadcast Yourself. YouTube, LLC, 28 Sept. 2009. Web. 22 Jan. 2012. This promotional film from the Chevrolet marque of General Motors was originally intended to help families organize family vacations efficiently, but viewing it over a half a century after its creation allows the historian to witness a period in American history in which the American car represented the epicenter of the American family and American popular culture. This contrasts strongly with the transformation in American culture that resulted from the weakening of the Big Three automakers, which is why it is so important in the section in which we discuss the cultural impact of Japanese automobiles. Oley, Joseph. "Interview with Joseph Oley." Personal interview. 7 Jan. 2012. We conducted this interview with Joseph Oley because Mr. Oley is a classic American automobile enthusiast who, while collecting American cars, now purchases Japanese cars for daily use. It helped us understand the everyday American's perspective on the U.S. auto industry and how, in the end, quality supersedes all other factors when purchasing an automobile. As Mr. Oley was formerly a proud union worker, his preference also is in response to the fact that Japanese corporations

often employ a great amount of American workers while U.S. companies use parts from overseas. So who are truly the "American" companies the American importing companies or the Japanese domestic companies? Stone, John. "Interview with John Stone." Personal interview. 7 Jan. 2012. John Stone has been a driving instructor since 1962 and has consistently kept informed about automobile safety and the auto industry in general. As he experienced many eras of American automobiles, his perspective is significant to our project. In particular, his interview was helpful because he discussed how, in the 1970s, cars were appreciated much more for their appearance (and their effect on dating culture), but now, he has shifted to buying Japanese cars because he has found that it is more important to buy an enduring car than a stylish car. Okamura, Kiyomi. "Interview with Kiyomi Okamura." Personal interview. 27 Dec. 2011. Kiyomi Okamura is the owner of a local Japanese restaurant who we contacted to give our project a more global outlook. Okamura's interview demonstrated how even a Japanese woman purchases a Japanese car more for its efficiency than as a result of a nationalistic incentive. This underscores the quality of Japanese cars when compared to American cars. Linden, Steve. Interview with Steve Linden. Personal interview. 30 Jan. 2012. Steve Linden is an appraiser of and expert on classic and antique cars, particularly American cars. He is an expert on the style behind American cars, the technology of American vs. Japanese cars, and how consumer preferences in automobiles reveal personality and cultural differences. Our interview with him was extremely helpful because it targeted every single one of these points. Malcolm, Andrew H. "Honda-One Man's Drive." The New York Times 27 Feb.

1977. ProQuest Historical Newspapers: The NEw York Times (18512007). Web. 31 Jan. 2012. This article described Honda's strategy of building efficient cars rather than expensive supplements like catalytic converters. This was a huge reason why Japanese cars were able to be sold at cheaper prices, which gave Japan an edge over its American counterparts. Moreno, Javier. Interview with Javier Moreno. Personal interview. 29 Mar. 2012. Javier Moreno is a corporate communications specialist for the New York operations of Toyota Motor North America. He is a spokesperson for Toyota in the media and helps develop advertising and promotional strategy. Mr. Morenos interview allowed us to take in the Toyota experience directly from a team member in Toyotas corporate sector. His information regarding how Toyota bounced back from the recession, the principle of kaizen (continuous improvement), and his explanation of how Toyota is becoming increasingly attentive to style provided instrumental segments that were integrated into the website structure. "New Japanese Cars Follow U.S., English Styling." Editorial. Popular Science Nov. 1952: 136-37. Google Books. Web. 31 Jan. 2012. This article from Popular Science (1952) almost mocks the Japanese auto industry for being inferior and trying to copy the "styling" of Western cars. It demonstrates the perceived invincibility of the American auto industry and therefore indirectly emphasizes how truly wrong this assumption was. It is essential in the section on American auto dominance. "Toyota Production System." TOYOTA MOTOR CORPORATION GLOBAL WEBSITE. Toyota Motor Corporation. Web. 31 Jan. 2012. What can be better than Toyota's actual website in describing the company's revolutionary lean production techniques? Nothing! That is

why this article was so particularly useful. It also contained a plethora of images that supplemented the material well, one of which we used. "U.S. Makes Ninety Percent of World's Automobiles." Popular Science Nov. 1929: 84. Google Books. Web. 31 Jan. 2012. This primary source was used to illustrate how, at one point, the American auto industry dominated 90% of the world auto market. This is important because it creates contrast against the later rise of Japanese automobile companies, which eventually led to a rapid decline in the U.S. companies' share of the U.S. market. Granholm, Jennifer M. "Commentary: Save Automakers to Help Economy and Security - CNN.com." CNN.com - Breaking News, U.S., World, Weather, Entertainment & Video News. Web. 4 Jan. 2012. <http://www.cnn.com/2008/POLITICS/11/13/granholm.energy/index. html>. The governor of Michigan releases a commentary about why the American automakers must be bailed out of bankruptcy. The governor supports her statement with what she believes would be the result of the automakers shutting down. The United States of America. Congressional Research Service. The U.S. Automotive Industry: National and State Trends in Manufacturing Employment. By Michaela D. Platzer and Glennon J. Harrison. 2009. Print. Federal publication that presents results from research on manufacturing employment in the automotive industry. The United States of America. U.S. Department of Commerce. Aerospace and Automotive Industries. U.S. Automotive Industry Employment Trends. 2005. Print. Government publication that provides information about employment

trends in the U.S. automotive industry. Gross, Daniel. "Southern Comfort." The Daily Beast: Newsweek Magazine. Web. 12 Dec. 2008. Web. 24 Nov. 2011. An online news article that presents information on how Japanese automobile companies are building plants in the United States; primarily southern states. "Some American Cars Are Foreign-Owned, but Made in the U.S.A. | Fox News." Fox News - Breaking News Updates | Latest News Headlines | Photos & News Videos. 10 Dec. 2008. Web. 2 Dec. 2011. <http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,465005,00.html>. Online article that provides information on exactly where cars are manufactured compared to where their respective company is based from. Vlasic, Bill, and Nick Bunkley. "Hazardous Conditions for the Auto Industry." The New York Times 1 Oct. 2008. The New York Times. The New York Times Company. Web. 4 Feb. 2012. This article was useful in the "Economic Crisis" section because it revealed how drastically the economic crisis of 2008-09 affected the auto industries in both the United States and Japan. The American consumer was put into debt, could not buy and sell houses if wanted, and purchase automobiles, which led to declining figures for the Big Three and the Japanese industries. Cars Talking to Traffic Lights and Tio Each Other; Ford Motor Company's Vision on the Future of Vehicle Safety." Ford. Ford Motor Company. Web. 5 Feb. 2012. This excerpt from the Ford website allows people to visualize what Ford envisions for the future: more intervehicular communication, which could potentially improve car safety. Clearly Ford is looking forward

now, rather than falling behind its Japanese competitors. Schoenberger, Robert. "Ford's Reliability on Par with Honda and Toyota, Consumer Reports Says." Cleveland.com. Cleveland Live LLC, 23 Oct. 2008. Web. 5 Feb. 2012. This 2008 article discusses how Consumer Reports ratings indicate that Ford could certainly compete with Honda and Toyota in reliability. It is incorporated into our section "A Bright Future?" in a side-by-side comparison of Ford with Toyota to give examples of how both companies are reviving from the economic downturn of 2008-09. Smith, Steven C. "All-new Ford Explorer Raises Bar for SUVs." Chicago Tribune. Tribune Company, 11 Jan. 2011. Web. 4 Feb. 2012. We used a quote from this article emphasizing how well the Ford Explorer sold in the early 1990s. Walczak, Jim. "The History of the Sport Utility Vehicle." About.com. The New York Times Company. Web. 4 Feb. 2012. Quotes from this article were used to illustrate American manufacturers' 1980s' and 1990s' comeback that was associated with the rise in SUV sales. American consumers, in spite of the 1970s oil crises, turned to the sporty, outdoors appeal of SUVs, which helped the American auto industries, albeit temporarily. Pollack, Andrew. "Profit Surge In Quarter for Honda." The New York Times 21 May 1997: D3. ProQuest Historical Newspapers: The New York Times (1851-2007). Web. 30 Dec. 2011. This 1997 article reveals that Honda caught up with the Big Three in terms of making SUVs, which contributed to huge quarterly growth in the United States. This was used to illustrate how Japanese companies were able to respond to American consumers' demands.

U.S. News Rankings: Cars." U.S. News & World Report. Web. 5 Feb. 2012. This source was utilized to illustrate how Ford topped the U.S. News Rankings for Cars, perhaps signaling a turnaround for Detroit for the future. Sanchez, Karla. "Ford Plummets in Consumer Reports Survey, Asian Brands Strong." Motor Trend Oct. 2011. Print. This article used in the "A Bright Future?" section questions whether there is a reason to think positively about the years ahead for Detroit. After all, Ford, which was #10 automaker, slipped to #28. Holusha, John. "The Disappearing U.S. Car." The New York Times 10 Aug. 1985: 31. ProQuest Historical Newspapers: The New York Times (1851-2007). Web. 30 Dec. 2011. This primary source provided a great amount of background information on Asian transplants in the U.S. The illustration titled The Varieties of Auto Imports was used in our website to show the complexity of the U.S. auto industry and how difficult it is to ascertain whether a car is American, Japanese, or a combination of both. It gives details about agreements made between the companies to decrease competition as well. "Toyota and Nissan Consider Increase In Prices for U.S." The New York Times 23 Sept. 1969: 93. ProQuest Historical Newspapers: The New York Times (1851-2007). Web. 30 Dec. 2011. This article discusses emissions requirements by the U.S. government and how the Japanese companies responded: price increases were less in the Japanese brands, which were cheaper to start with. This is when Japan began to truly displace American brands in the United States. "Production Record Set By Automobile Makers." The New York Times 25 Jul. 1963: 43. ProQuest Historical Newspapers: The New York Times (1851-

2007). Web. 30 Dec. 2011. A photograph of the beginning of this article was included in the American Auto Dominance section to provide contrast against the later competition posed by foreign makes, preeminently the Japanese. In this article, the New York Times reports a strong rise in American car production, which was in response to demand for the vehicles, which were unsurpassed in sales. "Auto Sales Outlook Held Good; Best Fourth Quarter Is in Sight." The New York Times 28 Dec. 1963: 27. ProQuest Historical Newspapers: The New York Times (1851-2007). Web. 30 Dec. 2011. A photograph of the beginning of this article was included in the American Auto Dominance section to provide contrast against the later competition posed by foreign makes, preeminently the Japanese. In this article, it is elucidated how, even in 1963, the American automobile industry was on its way to the best fourth quarter in history. "US Big Three's Market Share Falls below 50%." Taipei Times. The Taipei Times, 7 Jan. 2009. Web. 30 Jan. 2012. This primary source was actually taken from the Taipei Times, which, while located in Taiwan, is part of an internationally esteemed group of news syndicates. Reporters in Chicago reported in this article how American car companies no longer held 50% of the U.S. market share during the 2009 recession. It contributed to a pivotal point made in the "Economic Crisis" section. TMMK: 25 Years in Action. Dir. Toyota Georgetown. YouTube - Broadcast Yourself. 21 Nov. 2011. Web. 5 Feb. 2012. This video illustrated how a rural American town was completely transformed by the introduction of a Toyota transplant facility that benefited the community by providing jobs.

Freedom of the American Road. Dir. Ford Motor Company. 1955. Promotional Film. YouTube - Broadcast Yourself. 11 Dec. 2009. Web. 5 Feb. 2012. This promotional video from Ford helped illustrate how the automobile united the country and allowed for the kind of freedom Americans have always desired. Key to Our Horizons. Dir. Chevrolet. 1952. Promotional Film. YouTube Broadcast Yourself. 7 Jul. 2011. Web. 5 Feb. 2012. This promotional video from Chevrolet demonstrated the extent to which the U.S. job market was dependent on the Big Three in the 1950s.

Secondary Sources Becker, Ronald M. "Lean Manufacturing and the Toyota Production System." SAE International. Web. 31 Jan. 2012. <http://www.sae.org/manufacturing/lean/column/leanjun01.htm>. This article from SAE, an association of aerospace and automotive engineers, highlights the history of the Toyota Production System (TPS) and lean manufacturing. In our website, it provided explanatory detail about the origins of TPS and how it contributed to Japan's automotive successes in America. Buckley, Martin. "Building a Culture: Classics on Film and TV." The Encyclopedia of Classic Cars. New York: Hermes House, 1997. 58-59. Print. This great compendium of information on classic cars has a section on automobile culture that discusses how the film and TV industries became enthralled with the automobile. In our website, I used its information regarding the classic 1968 film, "Bullitt." Dissman, Michelle L. "America and the Automobile, Cars and Culture: The Cultural Impact of the American Automobile 1946-1974." Diss. University of Florida Honors Program, 2010. Print.

This honors thesis provided a breviloquent scholarly elaboration on the meaning of the American car through its glory years. It was cited quite frequently in the "A Culture Shaped by an Industry" section to place the American automobile obsession in context of the post-World War II economy, suburban growth, and individual expression in the 1950s. "Does the U.S. Need an Auto Industry? - NYTimes.com." Room for Debate NYTimes.com. Web. 11 Jan. 2012. <http://roomfordebate.blogs.nytimes.com/2009/04/30/does-the-usneed-an-auto-industry/>. A series of responses to the question "does the U.S. need an auto industry?" from American scholars. "General Motors | History & Heritage| GM.com." General Motors. General Motors, 2011. Web. 31 Jan. 2012. <http://www.gm.com/company/historyAndHeritage.html>. This site was helpful because it allowed us to introduce the launch of the Big Three automakers, specifically General Motors. Heritage, Chrysler. Chrysler Heritage Home. Chrysler LLC. Web. 31 Jan. 2012. <http://www.chryslerhistory.com/>. This website provided historical information on the founding of Chrysler, which allowed us to solidify the background on the Big Three. Johns, Kate. "The Effect the Automobile Has Had on American Society - by Kate Johns - Helium." Helium - Where Knowledge Rules. Web. 13 Dec. 2011. <http://www.helium.com/items/1980690-how-automobile-haschanged-society-effect-of-auto-on-american-society-travel-by-car-autobusiness>. Online journal that provides information about how the automobile has changed american life and culture.

Klier, Thomas H. "From Tail Fins to Hybrids: How Detroit Lost Its Dominance of the U.S. Auto Market." Economic Perspectives 33.2 (2009): 2-17. Print. This is probably the most useful source we utilized, despite its secondary nature. It weaves together a cohesive history of the downfall of the Detroit auto industry, dividing it into three distinct phases and offering scholarly evidence for the factors behind the decline of the Big Three. It provided us with a historical and economic template from which to launch our project and locate primary sources. Levin, Irwin P., J. D. Jasper, John D. Mittelstaedt, and Gary J. Gaeth. "Attitudes Toward 'Buy America First' and Preferences for American and Japanese Cars: A Different Role for Country-of-Origin Information"" Ed. Leigh McAlister and Michael L. Rothschild. Advances in Consumer Research 20 (1993): 625-29. Print. This journal article illustrates, from a statistical standpoint, how Americans still would like to "Buy America First," but sometimes that their desire for top quality overrides their patriotic and nationalist sentiments. This was essential in our "A Culture Shaped by an Industry" section because it pinpointed how automobiles have fueled American pride and the extent to which this pride has diminished after the entry of Japanese imports into the U.S. market. Ma, Wen Jie. "The History of Japanese Autos." eHow: Trusted advice for the curious life. Demand Media, Inc. Web. 25 Sept. 2011. This source was used originally as a tertiary source to give us a background on the Japanese industry, but we ended up quoting from it as a secondary source to emphasize the Japanese advantage in manufacturing, which not only included lean production, but also more advanced technologies, such as making cars recyclable. Newman, John J., and John M. Schmalbach. "Chapters 7 and 12." United States History: Preparing for the Advanced Placement Examination. 2nd ed.

New York: Amsco, 2010. 121+. Print. This history text was incorporated to illustrate the parallels between America's expansion and ideas of Manifest Destiny and the freedom that Americans experienced that resulted from the widespread use of the automobile in the 1950s. Rodrigue, Jean-Paul. "Automobile Production, Selected Countries, 1950-2009." The Geography of Transport Systems. Hofstra University. Web. 31 Jan. 2012. This website by transport geographer Jean-Paul Rodrigue provided us with a wonderful picture illustrating the acceleration of the Japanese auto industry and a quote that we magnified on the "Rise of Japanese Car Sales in America" section to pinpoint the dramatic alteration of the world auto scheme. The graph also helped us explain the early years when foreign cars began to infiltrate the U.S. market. The Ford Story: The New American Road. Prod. The Ford Motor Company. YouTube - Broadcast Yourself. MetroFordExport. Web. 31 Jan. 2012. This video illustrates the greatness of the Ford assembly line, a manufacturing process that made cars accessible to everyone, which first allowed the American automobile to strongly pervade American culture. "The Henry Ford: The Life of Henry Ford." A Michigan Family Attraction : The Henry Ford. The Henry Ford, 2003. Web. 31 Jan. 2012. <http://www.hfmgv.org/exhibits/hf/>. This source is useful because it introduces Henry Ford as the forefather of the American auto industry. United States of America. White House. The Resurgence of the American Auto Industry. Washington, DC, 2011. Print. This government publication was extremely helpful because we made

our interactive timeline using text from this source. The article elaborates on what the Obama Administration did to rejuvenate the Big Three, and how these efforts paid off. Wright, Chris, and Barry Curtis. "Reshaping the Motor Car." Transport Policy 12 (2005): 11-22. Print. This peer-reviewed journal article, which essentially proposed new ways to redesign automobiles to better coincide with changing attitudes about traffic and the environment, actually contained a lot of helpful information about the meaning of the car in American culture. It was, correspondingly, used in the section on culture.

Images "1931 Studebaker Commander Eight Sales Brochure." The American Automobiles and American Automobile Manufacturers. Web. 2 Jan. 2012. <http://www.american-automobiles.com/Articles/1931-StudebakerCommander.html>. Photographs of an original Studebaker advertisement. "1968 Dodge Charger Magazine Ads." Cogulus. Web. 6 Jan. 2012. <http://www.cogulus.com/archive/charger/68charger.html>. A collection of advertisements for the 1960's and 70's Dodge Chargers. "1975 Toyota Corolla Ad | Flickr - Photo Sharing!" Welcome to Flickr - Photo Sharing. Web. 31 Jan. 2012. <http://www.flickr.com/photos/autohistorian/3947087652/>. This photograph reveals many components of Toyota's advertising strategy and more broadly, the Japanese advertising strategy. All of the reasons why Americans gravitated toward purchasing Japanese cars are apparent in this 1975 advertisement.

"Cool Ford Mustang Ads: 1960s-1980s." AMOG. Web. 6 Jan. 2012. <http://amog.com/tech/cool-ford-mustang-ads-1960s1980s/>. Website with 1960's and 70's advertisements featuring the Ford Mustang. "Plan59 1950s Car Art Index 1." Plan59 :: 1950s Design :: Classic Car Art. Web. 5 Jan. 2012. <http://www.plan59.com/cars/cars_01.htm>. A photography website that includes classic car artwork, photographs, and advertisements. 1991-1994 Ford Explorer Photographed in Fort Washington, Maryland, USA. Photograph. The Wikimedia Foundation. 27 Aug. 2008. Web. 5 Feb. 2012. This photograph was used in a series of photographs chronicling the evolution of the Ford Explorer, one of the top-selling American SUVs. 1995-1998 Ford Explorer photographed in USA. Photograph. The Wikimedia Foundation. 30 Jun. 2007. Web. 5 Feb. 2012. This photograph was used in a series of photographs chronicling the evolution of the Ford Explorer, one of the top-selling American SUVs. 2002-2005 Ford Explorer photographed in College Park, Maryland, USA. Photograph. The Wikimedia Foundation. 13 Sept. 2008. Web. 5 Feb. 2012. This photograph was used in a series of photographs chronicling the evolution of the Ford Explorer, one of the top-selling American SUVs. 2006-2010 Ford Explorer photographed in Washington, D.C., USA. Photograph. The Wikimedia Foundation. 7 Jan. 2012. Web. 5 Feb. 2012. This photograph was used in a series of photographs chronicling the evolution of the Ford Explorer, one of the top-selling American SUVs.

2011 Ford Explorer photographed in College Park, Maryland, USA. Photograph. The Wikimedia Foundation. 27 Aug. 2008. Web. 5 Feb. 2012. This photograph was used in a series of photographs chronicling the evolution of the Ford Explorer, one of the top-selling American SUVs. Connecticut College. Candace Howes. Photograph. Connecticut College, New London, CT. Web. 31 Jan. 2012. This photograph of Candace Howes was placed alongside her defense of American auto industries over transplants. Dr. Howes was once a quite prominent researcher on the Japanese automobile industry and its inroads in America. Gas Station Sign Limiting Purchases during the Embargo. 1973-74. Photograph. HeatingOil.com. HeatingOil.com, 5 Aug. 2009. Web. 5 Feb. 2012. This photograph of the gas station lines that resulted from the 1973-74 Arab oil embargo illuminates the severity of that oil crisis, which duly influenced how Americans would purchase cars in the future. It was an integral part of the "The Rise of Japanese Car Sales in America" section. Hartsook, Fred. Henry Ford, Head-and-shoulders Portrait, Facing Slightly Left. 1919. Photograph. Library of Congress, Washington, DC. Library of Congress. Web. 5 Feb. 2012. This photograph of Henry Ford was placed conspicuously next to the information about the rise of the Big Three because Henry Ford himself, more so than the founders of Chrysler and GM, became an icon of the affordable American car and the American auto industry. Little Deuce Coupe (2001 Digital Remaster): The Beach Boys. Photograph. Amazon.com. Amazon.com. Amazon.com, Inc. Web. 5 Feb. 2012. This photograph of the Beach Boys' "Little Deuce Coupe" album nicely complements the audio track on the page on American car culture, which allows us to expound on how the Japanese auto revolution led

many Americans to shift their consumerist values from one side of the spectrum to the other. Ralph Nader | Dec. 12, 1969. 1969. Photograph. TIME Magazine. The Consumer Revolt. New York: Time, 1969. TIME Magazine Covers. Web. 4 Feb. 2012. This classic TIME magazine cover featuring consumer activist Ralph Nader was used to enhance our discussion of Nader's book, Unsafe at Any Speed, which had a detrimental effect on the reputation of the U.S. auto industry. Table 1. Closures of U.S. Car and Truck Assembly Plants, 2007-2011. 2009. Photograph. The U.S. Automotive Industry: National and State Trends in Manufacturing Employment. Washington: Congressional Research Service, 2009. 3. Cornell University ILR School Digital Commons. Web. 5 Feb. 2012. This chart from the Congressional Research Service was included in the "Economic Crisis" section to make explicit the extent to which the 200809 economic crisis impacted towns throughout the United States that relied on American auto industries for employment. Toyota Production System "House" Photograph. Lean Lexicon: A Graphical Glossary for Lean Thinkers. 4th ed. Cambridge, MA: Lean Enterprise Institute, 2003. Print. This image from the lean production textbook Lean Lexicon articulates and synthesizes the principles of jidoka and Just-in-Time, which was a crucial part of the Japanese method of lean production. This image sits side-by-side with our section on the Toyota Production System, which first employed these novel techniques. U.S. Employment of All Workers in Foreign-Affiliated Automotive Assemblers Has Increased by 52% since 1995. 2005. Photograph. U.S. Department

of Commerce: International Trade Association. U.S. Department of Commerce: Office of Aerospace and Automotive Industries. Web. 5 Feb. 2012. <http://trade.gov/static/auto_reports_jobloss.pdf>. This graph elucidates how American jobs in foreign-owned automobile companies has grown from around 43,000 employees in 1995 to over 60,000 in 2004. This helped us investigate the degree to which America relies on the automotive industry for survival.