2-D FOURIER TRANSFORMS

Vedat Tavanolu

2-D Fourier Transforms

Continuous-Variable Fourier Transform of a 2-D Signal

Fa ( x , y ) =

f a ( x, y )e

j ( x x + y y )

dx dy

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2-D Fourier Transforms

f a ( x, y )
A

Fourier Transform of Rectangular Fuction

Y
X

y
X Y 0
3

Fa ( j x , j y ) = A
0

j ( x x+ y y )

dx dy

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2-D Fourier Transforms

Fa ( j x , j y ) = A e
0 X j x x

dx e
0

j y y

dy

e X e ]0 [ ]Y Fa ( j x , j y ) = A[ 0 j x j y Fa ( j x , j y ) = A e
j x X

j x x

j y y

j y Y

1
4

j x

j y

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2-D Fourier Transforms

x X j x X e 2 sin 2 Fa ( j x , j y ) = A x 2 sin yY 2 y e
j y Y

yY x X sin sin 2 | | 2 | | Fa ( j x , j y ) |= 16 AXY | x X yY 2 2

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2-D Fourier Transforms

We wish to numerically evaluate

Fa ( j x , j y ) =

( x, y ) e

j ( x x+ y y )

dx dy

To this end approximate

f a ( x, y )e
in the interval

j ( x x + y y )

{[(n+1)x ,

(m+1)y]; [nx , my]} by

j ( x x n + y y m )

f a (nx, my )e

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2-D Fourier Transforms

Fa ( j x , j y )
Now defining yields
n = n =

f a (nx, my )e

j ( x x n + y y m )

x y

x = X s , y = Ys
n = n =

F ( j x , j y ) X s Ys

f a (nX s , mYs )e

j ( x X s n + yYs m )

This expression gives the rectangular approximation of the 2-D Fourier integral.
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2-D Fourier Transforms

Now letting

x X s = x , yYs = y

f a (nX s , mX s ) = f (n, m)
yields

F ( j x , j y ) X s Ys F (e
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j x

,e

j y

)
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2-D Fourier Transforms

where

F (e

j x

,e

j y

)=

n = m =
This sum is defined as the 2-D Discrete-(x,y) Fourier Transform, which gives a continuous function of the frequencies x and y. Since exp(jx) and exp(jy) are periodic functions with 2 period, F(exp(jx), exp(jy)) is a periodic function with respect to x and y with period 2.
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ej

f (n, m)e

j ( x n + y m )

2-D Fourier Transforms

We could reach the same conclusion through a frequency analysis of the discrete-(x,y) signal f(n,m): All signals are composed of sinusoidal signals. Sampled sinusoidal signals are shown to be periodic with frequency. Any sampled signal is periodic with frequency. Components with frequencies that are outside the range

x ,

are aliases of those within this range and that the corresponding components will be folded around and and will appear to be within this range.
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2-D Fourier Transforms Example: 0 m 1 .......

...... ...... ....... ...... . ...... . . . M . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

F (e

j x

,e

j y

)=
n =0

N 1

M 1 m =0

j ( x n + y m )

...... ..... .... N

= e
n =0

N 1

j x n

M 1

j y m

m=0

...... n

1 e 1 e = j x j y 1 e 1 e
11

j x N

j y M

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2-D Fourier Transforms

= e
N j x 2 j x 2

N j x 2 j x 2

e e

N j x 2 j x 2

yM 2 y 2

yM 2 j y 2

e e

j j

yM 2 y 2

e
j y

F (e

j x

,e

)=e

x ( N 1) 2

yM xN y ( M 1) sin sin 2 e j 2 2 x y sin sin 2 2

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2-D Fourier Transforms

xN sin j y j x 2 | F (e , e ) |= x sin 2 yM 2 y 2

||

sin

sin

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2-D Fourier Transforms

Rectangular Image

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2-D Fourier Transforms

shifted Fourier Transform of Rectangular Image close all f=zeros(30,30); f(1:20,1:15)=1; imshow(f,'notruesize'); title(Fourier transform of rectangular image (imshow)) F=fft2(f);F2=abs(F); figure,imshow(F2,[0 10],'notruesize');colormap(jet);colorbar figure,mesh(F2);
title(Fourier transform of rectangular image (mesh)) F=fftshift(F);F2=abs(F); figure,imshow(F2,[0 10],'notruesize');colormap(jet);colorbar; title(180 degrees shifted Fourier transform (imshow)) figure,mesh(F2); title(180 degrees shifted Fourier transform (mesh))
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MATLAB Program for the Fourier Transform and 1800

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2-D Fourier Transforms

Fourier Transform of Rectangular Image (imshow)

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2-D Fourier Transforms

Fourier Transform of Rectangular Image (mesh)

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2-D Fourier Transforms

180 degrees shifted Fourier Transform of Rectangular Image (imshow)

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2-D Fourier Transforms

180 degrees shifted Fourier Transform of Rectangular Image (MESH)

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2-D Fourier Transforms

1800 shifted Fourier

Transform of Rectangular Image (imshow)

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2-D Fourier Transforms

1800 shifted Fourier

Transform of Rectangular Image (mesh)

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2-D Fourier Transforms

MATLAB Program Fourier Transform of Rectangular Image Computed with Zero Padding: close all f=zeros(30,30); f(1:20,1:15)=1; imshow(f,'notruesize'); F=fft2(f,256,256); F=fftshift(F); F2=abs(F);

figure,imshow(F2,[0 10],'notruesize');colormap(jet);colorbar; title(180 degrees shifted Fourier transform of rectangular image computed with zero padding(imshow)) figure,mesh(F2); title(180 degrees shifted Fourier transform of rectangular image computed with zero padding (mesh))
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2-D Fourier Transforms

Fourier Transform of Rectangular Image Computed with Zero Padding (imshow)

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2-D Fourier Transforms

Fourier Transform of Rectangular Image Computed with Zero Padding (mesh)

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2-D Fourier Transforms

Take the Fourier transform of the image given below.

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2-D Fourier Transforms

F (e
j x

,e

j y

)=
n =1
128 m =1

128

128

f ( n, m ) e
j ( x n + y )

j ( x n + y m )

m =1

F (e

j x

,e

j y

) = f (n,1)e
128

+ f (n,2)e
m =1

j ( x n + 2 y )

..........
128 m =1

..............
j ( x n +128 y )

+ f (n,128)e
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2-D Fourier Transforms

F (e
j x

,e

j y

)=e +e

j y

128

128

f (n,1)e

j x n

m =1

j 2 y

f ( n, 2) e

j x n

m =1

........................ +e
j128 y

128

f (n,128)e

j x n

m =1
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2-D Fourier Transforms

where
128 128 128

f (n,1)e

j x n

m =1

= f ( n,2)e
m =1

j x n

.......... = f ( n,128)e
m =1

j x n

= e
n =1

64

j 2 x n

=e

j 2 x n

1 e j 2 x 1 e

j128 x

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2-D Fourier Transforms

F ( e j x , e
j y

) = (e

j y

+e

j 2 y

+ .. + e

j128 y

) f (n,1)e j x n
m =1

128

=e

j y n

1 e

j128 y j y

1 e

j 2 x n

1 e j 2 x 1 e

j128 x

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2-D Fourier Transforms

=e

j 64.5 y

sin 64 y j 65 x sin 64 x e y sin x sin 2

j y

| F (e

j x

,e

sin 64 y ) |= y sin 2

||

sin 64 x sin x

|
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2-D Fourier Transforms

close all; a = zeros(128,128); b = zeros(128,128);
a = [ 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0]; b=[1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0]; z = a; s=b;

for k = 1:7 z = [z a] ; s=[s b]; end l = z; j=s; for k = 1:127 z = [z;l]; s=[s;j]; end figure, imshow(z,'notruesize') figure, imshow(s,'notruesize')

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2-D Fourier Transforms

figure, imshow(z,'notruesize') figure, imshow(s,'notruesize') fz=fft2(z,256,256); fz=fftshift(fz); fz=abs(fz); figure,imshow(fz,[0 5],'notruesize');colormap(jet);colorbar figure,mesh(fz); fs=fft2(s,256,256); fs=fftshift(fs); fs=abs(fs); figure,imshow(fs,[0 5],'notruesize');colormap(jet);colorbar figure,mesh(fs);

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2-D Fourier Transforms

Fourier transform of the first image (imshow)

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2-D Fourier Transforms

Fourier transform of the first image (mesh)

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2-D Fourier Transforms

Fourier transform of the first image in x direction (mesh)

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2-D Fourier Transforms

Fourier transform of the first image in y direction (mesh)

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2-D Fourier Transforms

Take the Fourier transform of the image given below.

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2-D Fourier Transforms

F (e

j x

,e
j x

j y

)=
n =1
128 m =1

128

128

f (n, m)e

j ( x n + y m )

m =1
j ( x n + y )

F (e

,e

j y

) = f (n,1)e
128

+ f ( n, 2 ) e
m =1

j ( x n + 2 y )

..........
128 m =1

..............
j ( x n +128 y )

+ f (n,128)e

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2-D Fourier Transforms

F (e
j x

,e

j y

)=e +e

j y

128

128

f (n,1)e

j x n

m =1

j 2 y

f ( n, 2) e

j x n

m =1

........................ +e
j128 y

128

f (n,128)e

j x n

m =1
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2-D Fourier Transforms

F (e
j x

,e

j y

) = f (n,1)e
m =1 128

128

j x n

= f ( n, 2) e
m =1

128

j x n

.......... = f (n,128)e j x n
m =1

n =1

128

f (n,1)e j x n = F1 (e j x ) + e j 8 F1 (e j x ) + .......... .......... ......... + e j120 x F1 (e j x ) = ( e j 8 x ) F1 (e j x )

k =1
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2-D Fourier Transforms

F ( e j x , e
j y

) = (e

j y

+e

j 2 y

........ + e

j128 y

)( f (n,1)e j x n )
m =1

128

F ( e j x , e
where

j y

)=e

j y

(1 e ) 128 f (n,1)e j x n 1 j y 1 e m=

j128 y

f (n,1)e
n =1

128

j x n

= F1 (e j x ) + e j 8 F1 (e j x ) + .......... ................... + e j120 x F1 (e j x ) = ( e j 8 x ) F1 (e j x )

k =1
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2-D Fourier Transforms

with

F1 (e

j x

)=e
n =1
j128 y

j x n

1 e 1 e j128 x j x 1 e j 4 x j y j y j x e F (e , e ) = e j y j 8 x 1 e 1 e j x 1 e

We obtain

| F (e

j x

,e

j y

sin 64 y sin 64 x sin 2 x )= y sin 4 x x sin sin 2 2

||

|
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2-D Fourier Transforms

Fourier transform of the second image (imshow)

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2-D Fourier Transforms

Fourier transform of the second image (mesh)

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2-D Fourier Transforms

Fourier transform of the second image in x direction (mesh)

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2-D Fourier Transforms

Fourier transform of the second image in y direction (mesh)

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2-D Fourier Transforms

Fourier Transform of Rectangular Fuction: MATLAB Program close all f=zeros(30,30); f(1:20,1:15)=1; imshow(f,'notruesize') F=fft2(f); F2=abs(F); figure,imshow(F2,[0 5],'notruesize');colormap(jet);colorbar
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2-D Fourier Transforms

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2-D Fourier Transforms

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2-D Fourier Transforms

Fourier Transform of Rectangular Fuction: MATLAB Program close all f=zeros(30,30); f(10:20,10:20)=1; imshow(f,'notruesize') F=fft2(f); F2=abs(F); imshow(F2,[0 5],'notruesize');colormap(jet);colorbar
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2-D Fourier Transforms

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2-D Fourier Transforms

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2-D Fourier Transforms

Fourier Transform of Rectangular Fuction Computed with Zero Padding: MATLAB Program
f=zeros(30,30); f(10:20,10:20)=1; imshow(f,'notruesize'); F=fft2(f,256,256); F2=log(abs(F)); imshow(F2,[-1 5],'notruesize');colormap(jet);colorbar

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2-D Fourier Transforms

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2-D Fourier Transforms

FOURIER TRANSFORM OF ROTATED IMAGE
MATLAB Program for the rotated image I=zeros(30,30); I(10:20,10:20)=1; J=imrotate(I,45); imshow(J,'notruesize'); F=fft2(J,256,256); F2=log(abs(F)); imshow(F2,[0 10],'notruesize');colormap(jet);colorbar
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2-D Fourier Transforms

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2-D Fourier Transforms

I=zeros(30,30); I(10:20,10:20)=1; J=imrotate(I,45); imshow(J,'notruesize'); F=fft2(J,256,256); F=fftshift(F) F2=abs(F); figure,imshow(F2,[0 5],'notruesize');colormap(jet); colorbar figure,mesh(F2)
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2-D Fourier Transforms

Close all I = zeros(256,256); r = 75; r2 = r*r; x = -r; cx=120; cy=120; while x < r y1 = (sqrt(r2-x*x)+cx); y2 = (-sqrt(r2-x*x)+cx); y3 = (sqrt(r2-x*x)+cy); y4 = (-sqrt(r2-x*x)+cy); for i = cy:round(y1) I(i,x+cy) = 1;

end

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2-D Fourier Transforms

for i = round(y2):cy I(i,x+cy) = 1; end I(x+cx,round(y3)) = 1; I(x+cx,round(y4)) = 1; x = x+1; end imshow(I,'notruesize'),title('Original Image') figure,mesh(I),title('Original Image')
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2-D Fourier Transforms

figure,imshow(F2,[0 5],'notruesize'); colormap(jet);colorbar,title('FT Original Image') figure,mesh(F2),title('FT of Original Image') figure,imshow(h,[-.125 1],'notruesize'),title('Filter Kernel') figure,mesh(h),title('Filter Kernel') H=fft2(h,256,256); H=fftshift(H); H2=abs(H);
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F=fft2(I,256,256); F=fftshift(F); F2=abs(F);

2-D Fourier Transforms

figure,imshow(Iout,'notruesize'),title('Output Image') figure,mesh(Iout),title('Output Image') Fout=fft2(Iout,256,256); F=fftshift(Fout); figure,imshow(F,[0 5],'notruesize'); colormap(jet);colorbar,title('FT Output Image') figure,mesh(F2),title('FT of Output Image')

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2-D Fourier Transforms

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2-D Fourier Transforms

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2-D Fourier Transforms

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2-D Fourier Transforms

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2-D Fourier Transforms

Fourier Transforms of 2-D Convolution

y( n , m ) = =

k = l =

x( k ,l )h( n k , m l ) x( n k , m l )h( k ,l )
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k = l =

2-D Fourier Transforms

Y( e = =
j x

,e

j y

)=

n = m =

y( n , m )e

j ( x m + y n )

n = m = k = l =

[ x( k ,l )h( n k ,m l ) ] e [ x( n k , m l )h( k ,l ) ] e
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j ( x m + y n )

j ( x m + y n )

n = m = k = l =

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2-D Fourier Transforms

Now let

n k = i and m l = j
Y( e = =
j x

,e

j y

)=
j ( x ( j + l )+ y ( i + k ))

n = m = k = l =

[ x( k ,l )h( i , j ) ] e [ x( i , j )h( k ,l ) ] e
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j ( x ( j + l )+ y ( i + k ))

n = m = k = l =

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2-D Fourier Transforms

Y( e =
j x

,e

j y

)=
j ( x i + y j ) k = l = j x

i = j =

h( i , j )e
j x

x( k ,l )e
)

j ( x l + y k )

= H( e

,e

j y

)X ( e

,e

j y

j jy j jy x ,e )X(e x ,e ) F{h(m,n)* x(m,n)}= H(e

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2-D Fourier Transforms

Close all I=zeros(12,12); I(2:9,2:9)=1; h=ones(3,3)/9; Iout=conv2(I,h); imshow(I,'notruesize'),title('Original Image');figure,mesh(I),title('Original Image') F(256,256)=0; F=fft2(I,256,256); F=fftshift(F); F2=abs(F); figure,imshow(F2,[0 5],'notruesize');colormap(jet);colorbar,title('FT Original Image') figure,mesh(F2),title('FT of Original Image') figure,mesh(h),title('Filter Kernel') H(256,256)=0; H=fft2(h,256,256); H=fftshift(H); H2=abs(H); figure,imshow(H2,[0 1.5],'notruesize');colormap(jet);colorbar,title('FT of Filter Kernel') figure,mesh(H2),title('FT of Filter Kernel')
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2-D Fourier Transforms

figure,imshow(Iout,'notruesize'),title('Filtered Image') figure,mesh(Iout),title('Filtered Image') I2=fft2(Iout,256,256); I2=fftshift(I2); I2=abs(I2); figure,imshow(I2,[0 5],'notruesize');colormap(jet);colorbar, title('FT of Filtered Image') figure,mesh(I2),title('FT of Filtered Image') FIout(256,256)=0; FIout=H.*F; figure,imshow(abs(FIout),[0 5],'notruesize');colormap(jet);colorbar, title('FT of Output Image obtained by the product of FFTs') I2out(256,256)=0; I2out=ifft2(FIout); I2out=real(I2out); figure,imshow(I2out,'notruesize'), title('Output Image obtained by Inv FFT') figure,mesh(I2out),title('Output Image obtained by Inv FFT')
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2-D Fourier Transforms

Fourier Transform of Separable of Signals
Separability of 2-D Signals Let a 2-D signal be given by x(m,n). If x(m,n) can be written as:

x( m , n ) = x1( m )x2 ( n )
Then x(m,n) is said to separable.
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2-D Fourier Transforms

X(e =

j x

,e

j y

)=

m = n =

x( m,n )e
n =

j ( x m + y n )

m =

x ( m )e
1

j x m

x ( n )e
2

j x n

X(e

j x

,e

j y

) = X 1( e

j x

)X 2( e

j y
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