Sec. 3.

2 GSM: The European TDMA Digital Cellular Standard

43

Figure 3.7 Protocol model for GSM.

the GSM standard, tends to be a proprietary interface in most GSM implementations. The radio resource layer (RR') in the BTS is responsible for channel establishment and release, handoff, and paging. The BTS management (BTSM) layer looks after the management of all aspects of the radio channels, including radio link layer, control channels, and transceiver management. The BSC-to-MSC interface (A interface) and the interfaces between an MSC and a V/HLR or another MSC deploy ITU-T Signaling System 7 (SS7) using the MTP (Message Transfer Part), SCCP (Signaling Connection Control Part), and TCAP (Transaction Capability Application Part) and the Mobile Application Protocol (MAP). However, the MAP used in GSM is not an ITUT standard but a GSM-specific protocol developed as part of the GSM standard (i.e., an ETSI standard). Connections between the MSC and other PSTN/ISDN exchanges utilize the Telephone User Part (TUP) or the ISDN User Part (ISUP) specific to the country or region. 3.2.6 Typical Call Flow Sequences in GSM Simplified signaling sequences for some basic features supported in GSM are described in Sections 3.2.6.1 to 3.2.6.5.These features are not unique to the GSM but need to be supported in all cellular systems. Each individual system (standard), such as GSM, D-AMPS, PDC, or IS-95 CDMA, may support these features in somewhat different ways depending on system architecture, interface standards, authentication and ciphering procedures, and so on. The signaling sequences to be described address the following features: location updating mobile call origination