Etymology for -Dy, -Tiw and - (I)

The names and words for the runes - day, - the supreme god Tiw and even the ego-pronoun (I) seem to have been interrelated. In several European regions especially Tuesday has been devoted to the supreme God Ziu (Tiw), which in some Indo-European languages also etymologically has been related to the word day.

The Swiss blessing Gott grez-i

The Ego-pronoun1 (English I and southern German Ih) often is defined as a sub-string of the words God and day. This leads to confusion in the case of the Swiss greeting formula gott grez-i which might be interpreted as I am greeting God (?) or gott grez-sie (God bless you).

Celtic versus Germanic center for ego-pronouns

Old-Celtic dialects seem to use the ego-pronouns ieu, iau, iou, ih, which have been identified in the neighborhood of the etymological center of gravity Chur, a Swiss city. In contrast the etymological center of gravity for Germanic dialects is found near the Scandinavian region, in which the genuine ego-pronoun may be found2. -based words such as ngland (England: Land of the ngel-tribe, sir (gods), queen (kvn - wife), seem to be genuine Germanic words. The ego-pronoun has been documented as follows: In many western, northern, and southwestern Norwegian dialects, and in the western Danish dialects of Thy and South Jutland, the phoneme [] has a significant meaning: the first person singular pronoun I, and it is thus a normally spoken word; usually, it is written as when these dialects are rendered in writing. In Faroese, it is pronounced the same way, but it is written as eg. The distribution of the pronouns' varieties may be visualized by field-lines3.

nglish refers to the people who used the ego-pronoun

English has been defined as a merger language for Celtic and Germanic influences, located between the Celtic and the Germanic center. This may be used to identify the origin of linguistic cores. The English word day (dy, dg) has been based on the -phoneme, which is a nglish-Germanic core. On the other side Tuesday (Old English tiw, Ziu), refers to tiwesdg, in which Tiwes may relate to the southern fundamental IU-elements such as Zeus, Ziua and IU-piter.

1 the first person singular pronoun I 2 (The Creation Legend encoded in a Singular Vowel) 3 The Etymological Fieldlines - visualizing the pronouns' distribution in European languages

IU- respectively UI-Cores

Ziua = Ziu = Zeus = Dias = Dy = Day
Ziua4, which is the word for Day in Romanian language, is clearly correlating to the Old High German supreme deity Ziu and the analogous Greek supreme god Zeus (Ancient Greek: ; Modern Greek: , Dias) the god of the daylight. Corresponding names in other Germanic languages are: Gothic Teiws, Old English Tw and Old High German Ziu and Cyo, all from Proto-Germanic *Twaz (*Twaz). In fact the rune symbolized the god Tyr , Tiw or Tiwaz and was named *twaz/*teiwaz. This links the God to Tiwaz and the T-rune. The latinised name is Tius or Tio.

Basically these words all use an IU-core for their symbolism. In Romanian language the Ego-pronoun is eu 5, which (as a vowel-core) is included in Zeus. This is a common inclusion construct which also may be observed in French (Dieu), Occitan (Dieu), Italian (Dio) and Spanish (Dios). In English the Ego-pronoun I (spoken as y) may be identified as a sub-string of the word Dy.

IU-piter- and IAO-based constructs

The Manx Iee, the Welsch Iau and the Cornish god Yow match to the Breton Yaou, the preFrench Jeu and Catalan Jous, the (Friulian) joi, Sardinian-Italian gio, the Hungarian Iao and Romanian joi, which all may have been derived from IU-piter and/or Iao.

Tuisto
The origins of Tiw's name and his possible relationship to Tuisto6 suggest he was once considered the father of the gods and head of the pantheon, since his name is ultimately cognate to that of *Dyeus (cf. Dyaus), the reconstructed chief deity in Indo-European religion. Tuisto (Tuisco) may also correlate to Dutch, Duits (the Dutch word for German) and the city's name Duisburg (Tuiscoburgum). In the Middle Age the inhabitants of Duisburg used a Dutch dialect as a language7. Switzerland (Zuitserland or Duitserland) may have been Zui's land, in which Zrich may have been Zui's respectively Tuisto's kingdom.

4 abbreviated to Zi 5 See Subject pronouns 6 see Tacitus' Germania 7 Source (in Dutch language): Dialectatlas van het Nederlands

Day
Both the Father of Light Dyeus ( Dyaus) and Twaz correlate to the English word Day (Latin: Dies), nglisc D, Spanish Dias, Italian Dio, French Dieu. In some cases the IU, or IOU-cores may be identified in words like diurnus (Latin: daily), Giorno (Italian: day), Jour (French: day), ... It is assumed that Twaz was overtaken in popularity and in authority by both Odin and Thor at some point during the Migration Age, as Odin shares his role as God of war. Before Odin, Thor and the rest of the Germanic pantheon the sky god Dyaus / Tiwaz must have been the basic deities of the old time religion, which gradually has been replaced by the newer generations of gods. Dyaus however managed to survive in Jupiter-based dialects (French Jeudi = Ju-piter's day) and in some of the words for day and weekdays, especially in the Roman-based translations for Thursday8.

Dius Fiduis
In ancient Roman religion, Dius Fidius (less often as Dius Fidus) was an ancient god associated with Jupiter. His name was thought to be related to Fides, and he was a god of oaths.

Dg includes the ego-pronoun

The term day comes from the Old English dg, with its cognates such as Tag in German, and dag in Norwegian, Danish, Swedish and Dutch. The Teutonic -core has been recognized as an eternity and an ego-pronoun 9, which may have been derived from the PIE-sky-god Dyus (or the Baltic deity Dievas) directly. Shortening a Latin root word aevum (era, eternity) to a singular vowel is an extreme reduction, which may have been resulted from applying a special rune for the Aifik-token, documented as eternal: Aifik: eternal; Icelandic , always, a or (stay), fi (time, lifetime); swedish, danish evig (eternal); gothic aivs (long time), aiveins (eternal); oldhigh-German io (always), ewa (a long time, contract, law, matrimony); AngloSaxon , ava, euwin, euwinik, ewic (eternal); English ay; Greek , Lapl. ekewes (eternal), ik (eternal), iko (at night), Aifik Jufur (Eternal God), Lapl. Ekewes Jubmel10. This -word, derived from a proto-German root *aiw, respectively *aiwi- and represented by a special runic character for the -vowel may have been a most important symbol for any society respecting perpetual life, stability and eternity. The letter was named from the runic letter named Ansuz. As a letter of the Old English Latin alphabet, it was called sc ("ash tree") after the Anglo-Saxon futhorc rune , which it transliterated; its traditional name in English is still ash.

8 Salutations, Divine Names, Weekdays and Ego-pronouns in Many Languages 9 Source (the phoneme ): In many western, northern, and southwestern Norwegian dialects, and in the western Danish dialects of Thy and South Jutland, the phoneme [] has a significant meaning: the first person singular pronoun I, and it is thus a normally spoken word; usually, it is written as when these dialects are rendered in writing. In Faroese, it is pronounced the same way, but it is written as eg. 10 Source: The Runic Vocabulary by Dr. Udo Waldemar Dieterich (1844)


In Old English, denotes a sound intermediate between a and e. The Ash-symbol is being used in special words, such as sir, Csar, medival, Encyclopdia, etc. Dg (dy) has been symbolized by the runic character (/d/), based on the -vowel. A synonym has been reported as: dgor. Proto-Germanic *dagaz, from Proto-Indo-European *deg- (to burn). Cognate with Old High German tac (German Tag), Old Norse dagr (Swedish dag), Old Frisian dei, Old Saxon dag (Dutch dag). This leads to the nglisc days of the week: Sunnandg, Mnandg, Twesdg, Wdnesdg, unresdg, Frigedg, and Sternesdg.

Tuesday = Tiw's Day

Tiw was equated with Mars in the interpretatio germanica. Tuesday is in fact "Tw's Day" (also in Alemannic Zischtig from zes tag), translating dies Martis. In Finnish the day is named Tiistai and in Swedish: Tistag. Old High German: ziestag/ ziostag

Dis' Day
Swedish: Tistag and the Alemannic Zischtig probably relate to Dis, which has been defined by Julius Caesar: It is often thought that Dis Pater was also a Celtic god. This confusion arises from the second-hand citation of one of Julius Caesar's comments in his Commentaries on the Gallic Wars VI:18, where he says that the Gauls all claimed descent from Dis Pater. However the English ego-pronoun I perfectly matches the Dis-pater deity as explained by Caesar and therefore it may probably not be an interpretatio romana. In fact Dis may also refer to Tuisco, who (a few decades later) had been described by Tacitus as the father of all Germanic tribes. And Dis (as a deity) also perfectly correlates to Dies (Day).

Night versus Light

In Wycliffe's translation of the book Genesis 11 the light (liyt) has been defined as the antipodal element to the night (nyyt), as if the word night may be generated by replacing the l in light by an n, but in both words the central vowel y is the ego-pronoun, which in Wycliffe's Bible had been defined as Y. 4 And God seiy the liyt, that it was good, and he departide the liyt fro derknessis; and he clepide the liyt, 5 dai, and the derknessis, nyyt. And the euentid and morwetid was maad, o daie.

11 Source Wycliffe's Genesis

Tuesday
In German the word is Tag (mhd. tag tac, aschs. dag, got. dags, germ. *dagaz). Today Tuesday is to be translated as Dienstag, which had replaced the former name Ziestag. Alamannic Zischtig/ Zischdi and Old High German ziestag/ ziostag (Day of Ziu) are referring to Tyr which in Old High German had been named Ziu. The Ziesday refers to Tuesday (Old English tiw Ziu,and from here leading to tiwesdg Dienstag). Danish tirsdag and Norwegian tirsdag/ tysdag (Bokml/ Nynorsk) refer to old-Norsk tysdagr.

Buenos das = Gr Gott12

Spanish Buenos das may be translated as good days. Icelandic formulas are: gan dag, gan daginn; Swedish: god dag. Dutch: Goedendag. The equivalence of God and Day may have lead to the Bavarian gr Gott ('Greet God') and in Swabian (southern Germany) dialect: Gr Gott grissgodd13. In Swiss dialect (Schwyzerdtsch) the good day-greetings are grezi (greetings to Ziu (?) or Greetings to Sie14 or according to Grimm15: I am greeting God), which all are equivalent to the greeting formula gr Gott (Greetings to God)16. The Brabantian salutation Houdoe which is related to the Limburgian Haddich, Hadich an Adi cannot be understood as may you be healthy, but in analogy to Adi and Hadich may have been derived from the French salutation Adieu. For this reason the Doe-suffix and probably the equivalent Frisian word Doeg ( dag or English day) may be considered as derivation from Dieu. In Gaelic-speaking Ireland the popular greeting is Dia dhuit ('God with you')17, similar to the English goodbye, a contraction of God be with ye; today, of course, goodbye has a less obviously religious meaning.

Religious origins for Greetings

A religious origin is still obvious in French adieu, Spanish adis, Italian addio and Portuguese adeus ("To God"), Brabantian Houdoe, Limburg Hadich and Adie. In Finland, a religious group named laestadians 18says "Jumalan terve" (greet God). When greeting each other, Laestadians say "God's Peace" in English (or in Finnish: "Jumalan terve" meaning God's greeting or welcome). To take their leave of each other, they say "God's Peace" in English (in Finnish: "Jumalan rauhaan"). The IU-based word Jumala is God, which according to Wiktionary has been derived from Proto-Uralic *juma (sky; god).
12 13 14 15 Sources: the English spoken Wikipedia-site: Gr Gott guten Tag Translated: you gott grez-i, grez gott Staub-Tobler 2, 812b, vgl.god groet(e) u! woordenboek 5, 871 s. v. groeten; Verwijs-Verdam 2, 2158. Grimm's dictionary 16 ) belege aus glossaren: avete got gresz ch, grusz euch gott obd. 15. jh. Dief. 60a; gott grsz dich salve, salvus sis Maaler 194a; gott grsze dich, ave, salve, salvus sis! Stieler 712; gott grsz dich, gott behte dich Henisch (1616) 1771; ave gott grsz dich Frisius 138b. in modernen mundarten: grsz gott Fischer schwb. 3, 887 ('im hauptgebiet gelufigste bewillkommnung unter gleichstehenden. antwort darauf ebenso oder grosz dank! gott dank! dank (dir, ihne) gott! die formel wird nicht beim abschied gebraucht'); gott grez-i, grez gott Staub-Tobler 2, 812b, vgl.god groet(e) u! woordenboek 5, 871 s. v. groeten; Verwijs-Verdam 2, 2158. from: Grimm's dictionary 17 the response to this greeting is Dia is Muire dhuit [literally (May) God and (The Virgin) Mary bless you] 18 Laestadianism is a conservative Lutheran revival movement started in the middle of the 19th century.

Gr Gott
Like many other greeting, Gr Gott can range in meaning from deeply emotional to hasty and thoughtless. Popular variations are Gr dich (Gott) and its plural form Gr euch (Gott), literally meaning 'Greet you (God)'. These formulas may have been based on the idea that any human being had been designed as an image of God. The greeting's pronunciation varies with the region, with, for example, Gr dich sometimes shortened to Gr di (the variation Gr di Gott may be heard in some places). In Bavaria and Austria gria di and gria eich are commonly heard, although their Standard German equivalents are not uncommon either. A common farewell analogous to gr Gott is pfiat' di Gott, a contraction of "Behte dich Gott" ('God protect you'), which itself is not common at all. This is likewise shortened this to pfiat' di/eich or, if the person is addressed formally pfia Gott in Altbayern, Austria, and South Tyrol (Italy). In its Standard German form, gr Gott is mostly stressed on the second word and in many places is used not only in everyday life, but is also common in the official communications of the aforementioned states. Use of the greeting guten Tag ('good day') is less prevalent, but there are those who dislike gr Gott on account of its religious nature. In Bavaria, guten Tag is considered prim and distant and sometimes leads to misunderstandings; however, if the person addressed is from Northern Germany, it can be seen as a friendly gesture.

Conclusion
The words for day ( Dyaus, Dies), - Tiw (the supreme sky-god of daylight, respectively Tiwaz, Ziu, Dyaus, Deus, Dis) and the ego-pronoun - (I) are interrelated and most important linguistic elements. Due to these correlations the analysis of the etymological roots in complex greeting formulas may often be misinterpreted. Ancient greeting formulas are predominantly medieval religious formulas, which considered friendly passers, strangers, visitors and partners as images of God and as creatures of God they may have been greeted with greet God. Dg (dy) has been symbolized by the runic character (/d/), based on the -vowel. Good days may also be considered as addressed to God. Spanish Buenos das is translated as good days. Icelandic formulas are: gan dag, gan daginn; Swedish: god dag. Dutch: Goedendag. The English word Dy also refers to the religious -phoneme and its corresponding runes. cores inside words referred to important symbols (the sir the gods and the ego-pronoun ) in the Germanic languages.