Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
OF CANCER
Dr RAMASWAMY A S
ASSISTANT PROFESSOR
DEPARTMENT OF PATHOLOGY
PESIMSR
KUPPAM
OBJECTIVES
• HOW TO APPROACH A CASE OF
CANCER?
• MODALITIES AVAILABLE IN
DIAGNOSING CANCER
• CONCEPT OF TUMOR MARKERS
• BEFORE ANY FORM OF
EVALUATION CLINICAL
HISTORY AND
EXAMINATION IS A MUST
• WHATEVER SAMPLE WHICH IS SENT
FOR DIAGNOSIS SHOULD BE
ADEQUATE, REPRESENTATIVE
AND PROPERLY PRESERVED
• WHENEVER POSSIBLE EXCISIONAL
BIOPSY, OTHERWISE INCISIONAL
BIOPSY
PRESERVATION
• Formalin fixative – for routine
hematoxylin and eosin staining of
tissue sections
• Bouin’s fixative for testicular biopsy
• Glutaraldehyde for electron
microscopy
• Refrigeration – for hormone, receptor
or other molecular analysis
• Frozen section – for determining the
nature of the lesion and the margin
METHODS OF EVALUATION
1. Cytologic methods
2. Histologic methods
3. Special tests
i. Immunohistochemistry
ii. Molecular diagnosis
iii. flow cytometry
iv. Tumor markers
CYTOLOGIC METHODS
• EXFOLIATIVE CYTOLOGY
• ASPIRATION CYTOLOGY
CYTOLOGY
• Commonest example quoted for the
early detection and diagnosis of
cancer is the PAPANICOLAOU SMEAR
( Pap smear ) examination for
carcinoma cervix.
TUMOR MARKERS
• They are biochemical indicators for
the presence of a tumor
• They cannot be construed as primary
diagnostic modalities for cancer
• They only support a diagnosis of
cancer
• They also help in determining the
response of a cancer to therapy
• Useful in detecting relapse during
follow up period
CLASSES OF TUMOR
MARKERS
1. HORMONES
2. ONCOFETAL ANTIGENS
3. ISO ENZYMES
4. SPECIFIC PROTEINS
5. MUCINS AND GLYCOPROTEINS
6. NEW MOLECULAR MARKERS
HORMONES
HORMONES ASSOCIATED CANCER