Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
Note: To understand how points are awarded, read your instructor's Grading Policy.
. Throughout, use these variables ( , , , , , , and ) in your answers. You will also need the permittivity of free space and the permeability of free space .
Note: To indicate the square of a trigonometric function in your answer, use the notation sin(x)^2 NOT sin^2(x). Part A What is the instantaneous energy density in the electric field of the wave? Hint A.1 Energy density in an electric field
ANSWER: = Part D What is the average energy density Hint D.1 Average value of in the magnetic field of the wave? Correct
If you compare this expression for the time-averaged Poynting flux to the one obtained for the overall energy density, you find the simple relation
.
Thus, the energy density of the electromagnetic field times the speed at which it moves gives the energy flux, which is a logical result.
between the plates changes. change in flux induces a magnetic field that can be found from
,
where is the permittivity of free space and inside a capacitor: is the permeability of free space. We can solve this equation to obtain the field
,
where is the radial distance from the axis of the capacitor. Part A
You might know already that it is possible to think of the energy stored in a charged capacitor as being stored in the electric field between the plates. We will explore this idea by considering the flow of energy into the space between the plates during the charging process. The capacitor is charged by a constant current , which flows for a time . At the beginning of this charging process ( ), there is no charge on the plates. The Poynting vector gives the flow of electromagnetic energy per unit area per unit time and is defined in terms of the electric field vector and the magnetic field vector by the relation .
Find an expression for the magnitude of the Poynting vector circular plates.
Hint A.1 Find the electric field
Express the magnitude of the Poynting vector in terms of , , , , , and other variables and parameters of the problem. Ignore all fringing effects. ANSWER: = Correct Part B Calculate the total amount of energy that flows into the space between the capacitor plates from to , by first integrating the Poynting vector over the surface that connects the edges of the two circular plates, and then integrating over time. Hint B.1 How to approach the problem
,
and also recalling that the charge on the plates at time is given by
,
we can see that we have expressed the energy stored by the capacitor in the familiar way,
,
even though we derived it in a different way using the Poynting vector.
Poynting flux, or Poynting vector , has units of energy per unit area per unit time and is related to the electric field vector and the magnetic field vector by the equation ,
where is the permeability of free space.
Consider a cylindrical resistor of radius , length , and resistance with a steady current flowing along the axis of the cylinder. Part A Which of the following is the most accurate qualitative description of the the magnetic field vector inside the cylindrical resistor? ANSWER: The magnetic field vector points radially away from the axis of the cylinder. The magnetic field vector is everywhere tangential to circles centered on the axis of the cylinder. The magnetic field vector points inward toward the axis of the cylinder. The magnetic field vector points along the axis of the cylinder in the direction of the current. Correct Part B Find the magnitude of the magnetic field inside the cylindrical resistor, where is the distance from the axis of the cylinder, in terms of , , , , and other given variables. You will also need and . Ignore fringing effects at the ends of the cylinder. Hint B.1 Ampre's law
ANSWER:
The electric field vector points along the axis of the resistor in the direction of the current. The electric field vector is zero inside the resistor and on its surface. The electric field vector is confined to the surface of the resistor and points in the direction. The electric field vector points radially outward--away from the axis of the cylinder. The electric field vector is everywhere tangential to circles centered on the axis of the resistor that lie in the plane perpendicular to the current direction. Correct
Part D What is the magnitude of the electric field vector Hint D.1 Use Ohm's law ?
Correct Part F Calculate , the magnitude of the Poynting vector at the surface of the resistor (not at the circular ends of the cylinder). To answer this you need to take . Hint F.1 Definition of the Poynting vector
Multiplying this value of the Poynting flux by the surface area of the resistor (which in this case is equivalent to integrating the
Poynting vector over the surface of the resistor), we recover the familiar expression for the power dissipated in a resistor through which a current flows:
Exercise 32.22
A sinusoidal electromagnetic wave emitted by a cellular phone has a wavelength of 36.6 5.0010 Part A
2
at a distance of 350
Calculate the frequency of the wave. ANSWER: 8.20108 = Correct Part B Calculate the magnetic-field amplitude. ANSWER: 1.671010 = Correct Part C Find the intensity of the wave. ANSWER: 3.32106 = Correct
Imagine that the satellite described in the problem introduction is used to transmit television signals. You have a satellite TV receiver consisting of a circular dish of radius which focuses the electromagnetic energy incident from the satellite onto a receiver which has a surface area of 5 .
How large does the radius of the dish have to be to achieve an electric field vector amplitude of 0.1 receiver?
at the
For simplicity, assume that your house is located directly beneath the satellite (i.e. the situation you calculated in the first part), that the dish reflects all of the incident signal onto the receiver, and that there are no losses associated with the reception process. The dish has a curvature, but the radius refers to the projection of the dish into the plane perpendicular to the direction of the incoming signal.
Hint B.1 How to approach this problem
Radiation Pressure
A communications satellite orbiting the earth has solar panels that completely absorb all sunlight incident upon them. The total area of the panels is Part A .
The intensity of the sun's radiation incident upon the earth is about . Suppose this is the value for the intensity of sunlight incident upon the satellite's solar panels. What is the total solar power absorbed by the panels? Hint A.1 Definition of intensity
Problem 32.54
NASA is giving serious consideration to the concept of solar sailing. A solar sailcraft uses a large, low-mass sail and the energy and momentum of sunlight for propulsion. Part A Should the sail be absorbing or reflective?
ANSWER:
Part B The total power output of the sun is . How large a sail is necessary to propel a gravitational force of the sun? Express your answer using two significant figures. ANSWER: 6.5 = Correct -kg spacecraft against the