Name: __________________________ Date: _____________

1. Psychological disorders that researchers believe are learned, such as phobias, are most likely to be treated with A) meta-analysis. B) psychotherapy. C) aversive conditioning. D) psychoanalysis. E) transference.

2. Mental health therapies that involve prescribed drugs or other procedures that act directly on a patient's nervous system are A) cognitive therapies. B) behavior therapies. C) biomedical therapies. D) psychodynamic therapies. E) exposure therapies.

3. A therapist who takes an eclectic approach is one who A) prescribes the use of drugs as part of psychotherapy. B) emphasizes that active listening is the major technique in all effective therapies. C) prefers to engage in therapy in a group setting. D) uses a variety of psychological theories and therapeutic approaches. E) uses both token economies and behavior therapies.

4. Sigmund Freud introduced a form of psychotherapy known as A) counterconditioning. B) active listening. C) cognitive therapy. D) psychoanalysis. E) psychosexual fixation.

5. Which of the following therapists introduced the use of free association? A) Carl Rogers B) Sigmund Freud C) Aaron Beck D) Joseph Wolpe E) Mary Carver Jones

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6. According to psychoanalysts, resistance refers to the A) expression toward a therapist of feelings linked with earlier relationships. B) blocking from consciousness of anxiety-laden material during therapy. C) replacement of a genuine concern for others with self-centeredness. D) conversion of psychological conflicts into physical and behavioral disorders. E) aversive conditioning resulting in phobias or anxieties.

7. Just as Austin began telling his therapist about a painful childhood experience, he complained of a headache and abruptly ended the session. A psychoanalyst would most likely suggest that Austin's behavior is an example of A) fixation. B) resistance. C) transference. D) counterconditioning. E) tardive dyskinesia.

8. The interpretation of dreams is most closely associated with A) cognitive therapy. B) virtual reality exposure therapy. C) client-centered therapy. D) systematic desensitization. E) psychoanalysis.

9. The expression toward a therapist of feelings linked with earlier relationships is known as A) transference. B) resistance. C) meta-analysis. D) the therapeutic alliance. E) fixation.

10. Mr. Phillips has recently begun to express feelings of hostility and resentment toward his therapist, who is consistently friendly, caring, and helpful. A psychoanalyst would most likely consider Mr. Phillips's hostility to be an example of A) transference. B) fixation. C) the placebo effect. D) counterconditioning. E) regression toward the mean.

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11. Psychoanalysts would be most likely to discourage patients from A) experiencing strong positive or negative feelings for their therapist. B) discontinuing psychotherapy whenever they felt it was no longer necessary. C) talking about anxiety-arousing material during therapy. D) taking antianxiety drugs during the course of psychotherapy. E) focusing on the content and meaning of their dreams.

12. In the United States, managed health care has severely limited the length of mental health services that may be covered by insurance. This is particularly likely to discourage the widespread practice of A) virtual reality exposure therapy. B) behavior modification. C) cognitive therapies. D) psychoanalysis. E) psychopharmacology.

13. A brief variation of psychodynamic therapy that has been effective in treating depression is known as A) EMDR. B) meta-analysis. C) spontaneous recovery. D) interpersonal psychotherapy. E) exposure therapy.

14. The psychoanalytic and humanistic therapies are often referred to as A) behavior therapies. B) biomedical therapies. C) insight therapies. D) eclectic therapies. E) exposure therapies.

15. Freud is to ________ as Rogers is to ________. A) psychoanalysis; counterconditioning B) free association; active listening C) dream analysis; systematic desensitization D) active listening; empathy E) unconditional positive regard; transference

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16. During a marriage counseling session, the therapist suggests to Mr. and Mrs. Gallo that they each restate their spouse's comments before making their own. The therapist was applying a technique most closely associated with A) EMDR. B) psychoanalysis. C) cognitive-behavioral therapy. D) systematic desensitization. E) client-centered therapy.

17. Empathic understanding of the patient's subjective experiences is a major goal of a A) psychoanalyst. B) biomedical therapist. C) client-centered therapist. D) behavior therapist. E) exposure therapist.

18. Carl Rogers referred to a caring, nonjudgmental attitude as A) active listening. B) free association. C) unconditional positive regard. D) positive reinforcement. E) resilience.

19. Psychological research on the principles of learning has most directly influenced the development of A) psychoanalysis. B) behavior therapy. C) humanistic therapy. D) psychodynamic therapy. E) cognitive therapy.

20. A procedure that trains people to make new responses to stimuli that currently trigger unwanted responses is called A) light exposure therapy. B) transference. C) counterconditioning. D) unconditional positive regard. E) resistance.

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21. Repeatedly introducing people to things they fear and avoid is most characteristic of A) stress inoculation training. B) exposure therapies. C) behavior modification. D) rTMS. E) tardive dyskinesia.

22. Systematic desensitization is a form of ________, which is a type of ________. A) facilitated communication; interpersonal psychotherapy B) stress inoculation training; biomedical therapy C) free association; cognitive therapy D) counterconditioning; behavior therapy E) insight therapy; psychodynamic therapy

23. Systematic desensitization involves A) depriving a client access to an addictive drug. B) associating unwanted behaviors with unpleasant experiences. C) replacing a positive response to a harmful stimulus with a negative response. D) associating a pleasant relaxed state with anxiety-arousing stimuli. E) vigorously challenging clients' illogical ways of thinking.

24. To help Thor overcome his fear of giving public speeches, his therapist instructs him to relax and then to imagine speaking to a small audience. The therapist is using A) psychoanalysis. B) client-centered therapy. C) cognitive therapy. D) aversive conditioning. E) systematic desensitization.

25. Gina is so fearful of taking tests for her AP courses that she experiences mild anxiety when registering for an AP course, intense anxiety when studying for a test, and extreme anxiety when answering actual test questions. Her greatest fear, however, is experienced while waiting for a teacher to hand out tests. During the process of systematically desensitizing her test anxiety, the therapist is likely to ask Gina first to imagine A) answering questions on a test. B) waiting for a teacher to hand out tests. C) studying for a test. D) registering for an AP course. E) receiving an A on a test.

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26. Which of the following techniques have behavior therapists used to help people overcome a fear of flying? A) aversive conditioning B) eye movement desensitization and reprocessing C) virtual reality exposure therapy D) the double-blind procedure E) a token economy

27. Replacing a negative response with a positive response is to systematic desensitization as replacing a positive response with a negative response is to A) transference. B) operant conditioning. C) aversive conditioning. D) eclectic therapy. E) electroconvulsive therapy.

28. To treat nail biting, one can paint a patient's fingernails with a bitter-tasting nail polish. This procedure best illustrates A) free association. B) light exposure therapy. C) stress inoculation training. D) aversive conditioning. E) systematic desensitization.

29. To help Claire quit smoking, a therapist delivers an electric shock to her arm each time she smokes a cigarette. The therapist is using A) aversive conditioning. B) systematic desensitization. C) electroconvulsive therapy. D) cognitive therapy. E) EMDR.

30. The practice of ________ is based on the application of operant conditioning principles. A) unconditional positive regard B) systematic desensitization C) free association D) behavior modification E) psychoanalysis

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31. Praising socially withdrawn children when they have eye contact with others and ignoring them after a temper tantrum best illustrates an application of A) cognitive therapy. B) facilitated communication. C) operant conditioning. D) unconditional positive regard. E) active listening.

32. The approach that has helped children with autism learn to function successfully in school involves A) operant conditioning. B) systematic desensitization. C) the double-blind procedure. D) family therapy. E) aversive conditioning.

33. To encourage Mrs. Coleman, a withdrawn schizophrenia patient, to be more socially active, institutional staff members give her small plastic cards whenever she talks to someone. She is allowed to exchange these cards for candy and cigarettes. Staff members are making use of A) active listening. B) systematic desensitization. C) a token economy. D) free association. E) classical conditioning.

34. Which therapeutic approach emphasizes that people are often disturbed because of their negative interpretations of events? A) drug therapy B) client-centered therapy C) systematic desensitization D) cognitive therapy E) light exposure therapy

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35. Several years after his wife's death, Mr. Stattler remains incapacitated by feelings of guilt and sadness. To reduce Mr. Stattler's depression, a therapist is actively encouraging him to stop blaming himself for not being able to prevent his wife's death. The therapist's approach is most representative of A) systematic desensitization. B) psychoanalysis. C) cognitive therapy. D) client-centered therapy. E) behavior therapy.

36. Persuading depressed patients to reverse their catastrophizing beliefs about themselves and their futures is most characteristic of A) Rogers' client-centered therapy. B) Beck's cognitive therapy. C) Wolpe's exposure therapy. D) Freud's psychoanalysis. E) Skinner's aversive therapy.

37. Although Ethan is actually doing very well in college, he feels depressed and academically incompetent. His therapist has instructed him to explain in writing how his own hard work and personal abilities contributed to each of the good grades he received during the previous semester. This therapeutic procedure is most characteristic of ________ therapy. A) behavior B) cognitive C) psychoanalytic D) humanistic E) biomedical

38. Stress inoculation training focuses on helping people to A) associate unwanted behaviors with unpleasant experiences. B) replace negative self-talk with more positive comments. C) associate a pleasant relaxed state with anxiety-arousing stimuli. D) establish empathic, caring relationships with others. E) transfer stresses experienced in childhood without resistance.

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39. In one study, people were taught to attribute their compulsive urges to abnormal brain functioning. Instead of giving in to an urge, they participated in an alternative activity that engaged other parts of the brain. This strategy for dealing with their difficulty best illustrates A) systematic desensitization. B) cognitive-behavior therapy. C) EMDR. D) psychodynamic therapy. E) humanistic therapy.

40. Which form of therapy is most likely to emphasize the importance of examining a person's role within a social system? A) systematic desensitization B) cognitive therapy C) psychoanalysis D) family therapy E) client-centered therapy

41. Group therapy is typically more effective than individual therapy for A) encouraging severely disturbed individuals to quickly regain normal social functioning. B) enabling people to discover that others have problems similar to their own. C) ensuring that therapists will become more emotionally involved in clients' real-life problems. D) eliminating clients' anxiety during the process of therapy. E) enhancing the resilience of people with anxiety disorders.

42. Most self-help and support groups focus on ______ illnesses. A) childhood B) terminal C) stress-induced D) stigmatized E) biomedical

43. A famous 12-step program is associated with A) EMDR. B) ECT. C) rTMS. D) AA. E) DSM.

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44. People often enter psychotherapy during a period of crisis in their lives. This helps us understand why they A) prefer behavior therapies over other forms of treatment. B) seldom block anxiety-laden thoughts from consciousness. C) tend to overestimate the effectiveness of their psychotherapy. D) claim to receive the most effective treatment from highly experienced clinicians. E) experience resistance and transference during insight therapies.

45. In one massive experiment, potentially delinquent boys were assigned to a 5-year treatment program that included professional counseling and family assistance. Many years later, Joan McCord's investigation of this program's effectiveness revealed that A) clients who received the special treatment subsequently had fewer incidents of juvenile delinquency. B) clients typically underestimated the truly positive effects of this program on their own lives. C) only the therapists who were involved in the program could accurately gauge its effectiveness. D) clients' accounts of the program's effectiveness were often misleading and overly positive. E) only the boys who received biomedical treatments retained long-term benefits from the program.

46. The placebo effect refers to A) relief from symptoms without psychotherapy. B) the alleviation of depression and anxiety by means of aerobic exercise. C) the use of drugs in the therapeutic treatment of psychological disorders. D) the beneficial consequences of merely expecting that a treatment will be effective. E) the use of a variety of psychological theories and therapeutic methods.

47. Unusual ESP subjects who defy chance when first tested nearly always lose their psychic powers when retested. This decline effect is best explained in terms of A) rTMS. B) progression relaxation. C) regression toward the mean. D) the placebo effect. E) ECT

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48. In the 1950s, Hans Eysenck challenged the effectiveness of psychotherapy because it appeared to be A) too expensive and time-consuming. B) less beneficial than drug therapy. C) helpful only for those with relatively mild disorders. D) no more beneficial than no treatment at all. E) helpful only to patients with biomedical disorders.

49. Meta-analysis refers to A) a procedure for statistically combining the results of many different studies. B) the use of a variety of therapeutic techniques in the treatment of a single client. C) counseling and treatment of troubled individuals by friends, family, and other nonprofessionals. D) a procedure for identifying the common factors that underlie many different disorders. E) the technique of simply rephrasing much of what a client says during the course of therapy.

50. Ron is a 22-year-old mechanic who suffers from claustrophobia. The most effective way to treat Ron's problem would involve ________ therapy. A) cognitive B) electroconvulsive C) psychoanalytic D) client-centered E) behavior

51. Cognitive therapies have achieved especially favorable results in the treatment of A) phobias. B) depression. C) compulsions. D) bed-wetting. E) schizophrenia.

52. Psychotherapy is MOST likely to be effective in freeing A) Sharon from the feeling that her life is meaningless and worthless. B) Portia from her delusions of persecution and auditory hallucinations. C) Jim from an excessive fear of giving speeches in public. D) Luther from his antisocial personality disorder. E) Juan from his bipolar disorder.

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53. Clinical decision making that integrates the best available research with clinical expertise and an understanding of patient characteristics best illustrates A) EMDR. B) meta-analysis. C) crisis debriefing. D) evidence-based practice. E) client-centered therapy.

54. EMDR is most similar to a technique known as A) stress inoculation training. B) aversive conditioning. C) systematic desensitization. D) electroconvulsive therapy. E) family therapy.

55. Which of the following is most likely to contribute to inflated estimates of the value of eye movement desensitization and reprocessing? A) meta-analysis B) stress inoculation training C) therapeutic touch D) the double-blind procedure E) the placebo effect

56. Light exposure therapy sparks activity in a brain region that influences A) the body's arousal. B) tardive dyskinesia. C) animal magnetism. D) facilitated communication. E) meta-analysis.

57. A common ingredient underlying the success of diverse psychotherapies is the A) professional training and experience of the therapist. B) escape from real-life pressures offered by psychotherapy. C) length of time the client spends in psychotherapy. D) client's expectation that psychotherapy will make things better. E) use of of an eclectic approach to therapy.

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58. By earning a client's trust, empathic and caring therapists promote A) neurogenesis. B) a therapeutic alliance. C) an eclectic approach. D) the double-blind procedure. E) resilience.

59. Researchers have found that matching Asian-American clients with counselors who share their cultural values facilitates A) the therapeutic alliance. B) an eclectic approach. C) progressive relaxation. D) neurogenesis. E) patient transference.

60. Many professionals outside the field of psychology are prepared to offer psychotherapy in the process of completing a graduate program in A) law. B) anthropology. C) social work. D) philosophy. E) psychopharmacology.

61. Dr. Miller prescribes drugs for the treatment of chronic depression, and she encourages rest and relaxation training for clients suffering from excessive anxiety. It is most likely that Dr. Miller is a A) clinical social worker. B) interpersonal therapist. C) cognitive therapist. D) psychiatrist. E) client-centered therapist.

62. Although Albert Ellis and Allen Bergin disagree about the value of self-sacrifice and marital fidelity, as professional therapists they both agree that A) psychotherapists should not reveal their personal values to clients. B) personal values do not affect professional assessments of therapeutic outcomes. C) psychological research should not be used to inform therapists' values. D) psychotherapists' personal values influence their practice of therapy. E) psychotherapists should combine cognitive and biomedical therapies.

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63. The study of the effect of drugs on mind and behavior is called: A) psychosurgery. B) psychobiology. C) ECT. D) psychopharmacology. E) psychoanalysis.

64. The double-blind procedure involves A) the avoidance of eye contact between patient and therapist during free association. B) a procedure in which neither patients nor health care staff know whether a given patient is receiving a drug or a placebo. C) blocking anxiety-arousing material from consciousness during therapy. D) the simultaneous use of two or more therapeutic treatments in the hope that at least one will be effective. E) replacing a positive response to a harmful stimulus with a negative response.

65. Which drug has provided the most help to schizophrenia patients experiencing auditory hallucinations and paranoia? A) lithium B) Xanax C) Thorazine D) Prozac E) Ativan

66. Which drug dampens responsiveness to irrelevant stimuli in schizophrenia patients with positive symptoms? A) lithium B) D-cycloserine C) chlorpromazine D) clozapine E) Xanax

67. Which drugs appear to produce therapeutic effects by blocking receptor sites for dopamine? A) antianxiety drugs B) antidepressant drugs C) antipsychotic drugs D) mood-stabilizing drugs E) SSRIs

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68. Sluggishness, tremors, and twitches similar to those of Parkinson's disease are most likely to be associated with the excessive use of certain ________ drugs. A) antidepressant B) antipsychotic C) mood-stabilizing D) antianxiety E) psychodynamic

69. Long-term use of certain antipsychotic drugs can produce involuntary movements of the facial muscles, tongue, and limbs. This menacing condition is known as A) serotonin reuptake inhibition. B) tardive dyskinesia. C) Parkinson's disease. D) neurogenesis. E) waxy flexibility.

70. Xanax and Ativan are ________ drugs. A) antidepressant B) antipsychotic C) mood-stabilizing D) antianxiety E) psychodynamic

71. After discontinuing heavy use of an antianxiety drug, Angela experienced increased anxiety and difficulty sleeping. Angela was experiencing symptoms of A) withdrawal. B) transference. C) tardive dyskinesia. D) serotonin reuptake inhibition. E) resistance.

72. SSRIs are prescribed to A) reduce involuntary muscle movements. B) reduce hallucinations and paranoia. C) elevate arousal and mood. D) decrease the availability of norepinephrine. E) decrease the availability of serotonin.

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73. Prozac, Zoloft, and Paxil are called A) antipsychotic drugs. B) mood-stabilizing drugs. C) antianxiety drugs. D) SSRIs. E) lithium derivatives.

74. Alex feels so hopeless and depressed that he has recently thought about taking his own life. The drug most likely to prove beneficial to him is A) Ativan. B) Prozac. C) Xanax. D) Thorazine. E) Risperdal.

75. One possible explanation for the delayed effect of antidepressant drugs is that the increased availability of serotonin seems to promote A) increased metabolic rates. B) tardive dyskinesia. C) decreased norepinephrine levels. D) neurogenesis. E) transference.

76. A natural return to a state of psychological health following an extended period of depression illustrates A) neurogenesis. B) counterconditioning. C) spontaneous recovery. D) tardive dyskinesia. E) transference.

77. Lithium is often an effective ________ drug. A) antipsychotic B) antianxiety C) antidepressant D) mood-stabilizing E) dual-action

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78. Depakote, a drug originally used to treat epilepsy, more recently has been found to be effective in the control of A) tardive dyskinesia. B) auditory hallucinations. C) manic episodes. D) phobias. E) personality disorders.

79. Electroconvulsive therapy has proven to be effective in the treatment of A) phobias. B) dissociative disorders. C) schizophrenia. D) depression. E) mania.

80. A chest implant that intermittently stimulates the vagus nerve has been used to treat some patients with A) bulimia. B) anxiety disorders. C) schizophrenia. D) chronic depression. E) mania.

81. Deep-brain stimulation involves the implantation of ________ into the cortex. A) DNA B) lithium C) electrodes D) stem cells E) rTMS

82. The least used biomedical intervention for changing behavior is A) aversive conditioning. B) electroconvulsive therapy. C) psychosurgery. D) drug therapy. E) psychopharmacology.

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83. Treating the mind and body as independent entities seems especially inappropriate to those who take a ________ approach to therapy. A) biopsychosocial B) classical conditioning C) psychoanalytic D) client-centered E) cognitive-behavioral

84. Aerobic exercise, adequate sleep, light exposure, and social engagement are important components of A) psychopharmacology. B) systematic desensitization. C) unconditional positive regard. D) therapeutic life-style change. E) electroconvulsive therapy.

85. Preventive mental health is based on the assumption that psychological disorders result from A) repressed impulses and conflicts. B) stressful social situations. C) abnormal personality traits. D) regression toward the mean. E) prenatal developmental factors.

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Answer Key
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 31. 32. 33. 34. 35. 36. 37. 38. 39. 40. 41. 42. 43. 44. B C D D B B B E A A B D D C B E C C B C B D D E D C C D A D C A C D C B B B B D B D D C

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45. 46. 47. 48. 49. 50. 51. 52. 53. 54. 55. 56. 57. 58. 59. 60. 61. 62. 63. 64. 65. 66. 67. 68. 69. 70. 71. 72. 73. 74. 75. 76. 77. 78. 79. 80. 81. 82. 83. 84. 85.

D D C D A E B C D C E A D B A C D D D B C C C B B D A C D B D C D C D D C C A D B

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