Adaptive Antenna Systems

Tibor ASZTALOS, NE/WiMax; Andrei OANA, NE/REMS May 2007

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Agenda

1. Adaptive Antenna Concept 2. AAS Algorithms 3. AAS in WiMAX 4. [AAS implementation in A9155 V6.6], not covered

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Adaptive Antenna Concept

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1. Adaptive Antenna Concept What is an Adaptive Antenna ?!

Adaptive Antennas are: Arrays of elementary antennas With a precise spacing between elements (i.e. /2) Amplitude and phase control on each element

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1. Adaptive Antenna Concept What is the purpose ?!

Main capabilities of adaptive arrays Range Extension

steering of the direction of maximum transmit power AAS gain due to multiple antennas (N elements)
Gain of 20log(N) on DL Gain of 10log(N) on UL

Capacity Enhancement
steering of the direction of maximum transmit power reduction of interference by null steering Data rate increase due to higher modulation (due to C/I)

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1. Adaptive Antenna Concept Other techniques Beam Forming by Adaptive Antenna Systems (AAS)
requires coherent signals at the array elements antenna spacing must be smaller than coherence distance (typically /2) performance degradation in strong multi-path environment

Diversity gain
antenna spacing must be larger than coherence distance Requires uncorrelated signals for highest gain

Space Time Coding (STC) through a Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO) System
requires propagation of the signal through independently fading channels antenna spacing must be larger than coherence distance most benefit in strong multi-path environment

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1. Adaptive Antenna Concept Beam Forming with AAS

Beamforming: Element spacing /2 Beam is formed by compensating phase differences Sidelobe control by amplitude tapering Possibility to insert nulls

x1(k) x2(k)

w 1 w 2 y(k)

xM(k) Antenna E lements Direction Finding Beam Forming

w M

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1. Adaptive Antenna Concept Beam Forming with AAS

Preferred Application Scenarios

Coherent signals at the antenna array Restricted angular spread of multi-paths Typical scenario: BS significantly higher than surrounding reflectors
Macro-cellular: rural, sub-urban and urban

strong interferer User

Antenna System requirements:

Antenna spacing ~ /2: compactness Only BS side

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1. Adaptive Antenna Concept Diversity gain

Diversity gain: Element spacing 10 .. 20 Used to combat fading by exploiting decorrelation of amplitudes Coherent combining by additional phase correction

a1

a2

aM

Cophasing and Summing

Cophasing and Summing

Equal Gain Combining

Maximal-Ratio Combining

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1. Adaptive Antenna Concept MIMO

STC with MIMO: Element spacing 10 .. 20 Used to transmit and receive with spatial multiplexing Signals have to be uncorrelated
1 Radio channel 1

Tx

Rx

N- Tx antennas

M Rx antennas

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AAS Algorithms

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2. AAS Algorithms
Conventioanl beam steering steers the maximum beam towards the wanted user uses only the phase to control the weights Null steering steers a maximum towards the wanted user steers a null towards the strongest (N-1) interferers uses phase and amplitude in the complex weights Minumum Mean Square Error gives the best C/I under heavy interference conditions uses a reference signal and minimizes the error (y(t)-r(t))

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2. AAS Algorithms Beamforming example

Beam Patterns for Up-Link Adaptive Antenna Processing Main Lobe Steering (Blue)
lobe suppression (15dB over 40 scan range) through amplitude tapering No cancellation of individual interference

Interference Cancellation (Red)

Mitigation even of interference being close in direction

Single Antenna Patterns (Green)

HPBW: 90

Signal - 111 , Interference - 91

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2. AAS Algorithms Beamforming mechanism

The following functions are performed for Beamforming Direction of Arrival estimation for all incoming signals Identify desired user signal The beam is steered with the weights in the direction of wanted user User is tracked while moving

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2. AAS Algorithms Beamforming Mathematical model

i is the delay of the signal arriving at antenna element i

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Steering vector (S)

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2. AAS Algorithms Beamforming algorithm

The weights are selected to be the conjugate of the steering vector wHS=1 Advantage: Very simple algorithm Provides maximum SNR if noise is uncorrelated

Is used only on DL in Alcatel-Lucent WiMAX implementation (W3)

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2. AAS Algorithms Beamforming patterns

Antenna Array Power Patterns
0

140
-5

130 100 70 40

120 90 60

P o w e r in R a d ia tio n P a tte r [d B re la tiv e to m a in lo b e a t b o re s ig h t]

110 80 50

-10 -15 -20 -25 -30 -35 -40 -45 -50 -180

-150

-120

-90

-60

-30

30

60

90

120

150

180

Angle [deg]

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2. AAS Algorithms Null steering algorithm

The weights are computed such as to: Steer the main beam towards the wanted user (S0) Steer nulls towards the k=N-1 interfering users (Si)

Drawback: Does not provide the maximum SINR

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2. AAS Algorithms Minimum Mean Square Error algorithm

A known reference signal is needed The weights are determined such as to minimize the error (y(t)-r(t)) No direction of arrival estimation needed Advantage Works very good in high interference conditions

Is used on the UL in the Alcatel-Lucent WiMAX implementation (W2.1)

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2. AAS Algorithms Broadcast pattern

provides a uniform coverage of the preamble and broadcast information within the cell Constant amplitude and phase used during the broadcast ~2dBi gain compared to elementary antenna gain

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2. AAS Algorithms Antenna pattern measurement: test platform

Array Antenna Andrew, 2.5 GHz (2.3 GHz 2.7 GHz) Mounted in open space environment A rotor allows to turn the antenna for pattern measurements Base Station NeMo HW3 PHY Layer W2.1 with adjustable pattern weights MAC SD7 / SD9 in demo mode 4 FEUs Mobile Stations Fixed antennas at various positions, approx 15 m air link ZyXel/Runcom MSS connected by cable Alternatively Laptop with MSS can be carried through the field Application 3 Videos running in parallel in DL
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2. AAS Algorithms Antenna pattern measurement: Antenna Element Patterns

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2. AAS Algorithms Antenna pattern measurement: Broadcast Patterns

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2. AAS Algorithms Antenna pattern measurement: User #1 Individual Pattern

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2. AAS Algorithms Antenna pattern measurement: Users #1, #2 and #3 Individual Patterns

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2. AAS Algorithms Antenna pattern measurement: Patterns Max Limit vs. Angle of Arrival

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AAS in WiMAX

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3. AAS in WiMAX Antenna parameters and manufacturers

Typical AAS parameters;
Frequency: 2500 / 3500 MHz Number of elements: 4 Gain of one element: 17dBi HPBW of one element: 90deg horizontal, 5 deg vertical Boresight gain: 23 dBi HPBW Boresight steering: 25 deg Length: 1.35m (2500MHz), 1m (3500MHz)

Antenna manufacturers:
Andrew: APW425-12014 (2500 MHz), APW435-12014 (3500 MHz) RFS: W425-90ANV (2500 MHz), W435-90ANV (3500 MHz)

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3. AAS in WiMAX AAS and WiMAX PHY

System requirements to support beamforming Dedicated pilot mode for down-link PUSC zone, down-link AMC 2x3 zone. Feedback of physical CINR on pilots of down-link PUSC zone, down-link AMC 2x3 zone provided through the Channel Quality Indicator Channel (CQICH) Up-link sounding provide training for interference cancellation in up-link as well as in down-link operation. Provisioning of up-link permutations for beamforming operation: up-link PUSC without sub-channel rotation up-link AMC 2x3.

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3. AAS in WiMAX UL beamforming (W2.1)

Beamforming applied only on the UL PUSC zone
#k+2m+3p

No changes in the frame structure required (same as single antenna)

#k+2m #k+2n #k+2m+1 #k+2m+3q .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... #k+47 #k #k+1 #k+2 FCH Compressed DL Map & Compressed UL Map

Compressed DL Map & Compressed UL Map

DL Burst #4 UIUC 12

UL Burst #1

DL Burst #2

UL Burst #2 UL Burst #3

UIUC 0 - Fast feedback channel carrying the CQICH (CINR) UIUC 12 CDMA based ranging
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Logical Sub-Channels

DL Burst #5 UL Burst #4

DL Burst #3

UIUC 0

Preamble

TTG

UL Burst #5 UL Burst #6 UL Burst #7 UL Burst #8

DL Burst #6

DL Burst #1 DL Burst #7

UL Burst #9

3. AAS in WiMAX DL Beamforming (W3)

Broadcast pattern

Adaptive pattern

Each user has his own adaptive beamforming weights

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3. AAS in WiMAX UL Beamforming (W3)

Broadcast pattern
UIUC 12 initial / handover ranging UIUC 12 periodic ranging

UL PUSC UL Sounding

UIUC 0
UL Burst #2 UL Burst #1

#k+2m+1 ....

(e.g. CQICH)

#k+2m+3p #k+2m+3p+1 ....

UIUC 13

#k+2m+3p+3 .... ....

UL Burst #8

UL Burst #7

UL Burst #6

UL Burst #5

UL Burst #4

UL Burst #3

Adaptive pattern

.... .... .... ....

UL AMC 2x3

#k+47

.... ....

UIUC 0 - Fast feedback channel carrying the CQICH (CINR) UIUC 12 CDMA based ranging UIUC 13 UL sounding zone, training pilots for UL interference cancellation
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3. AAS in WiMAX UL Sounding Zone example

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3. AAS in WiMAX Interface between MAC and PHY layer

PHY layer stores the individual weight vectors for each subscriber The association weight vector subscriber is done through MAC layer A handle is exchanged between MAC and PHY as entry in the table of UL/DL weights (during UL allocations) The handle is updated by the MAC layer

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Thank you! www.alcatel-lucent.com

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