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ng hp l ng lut. Trn c s cc kin thc s gp phn lm gim cc nguy c hnh ng sai lut dn n m va; gp phn m bo an ton hng hi. Vi kh nng h tr thng tin k trn, chng ta c th ch to cc thit b h tr phng trnh m va tt hn cc thit b ARPA hin i ang c s dng trn cc tu bin. TI LIU THAM KHO [1] IMO, Quy tc quc t v phng nga m va tu thuyn trn bin 1972. [2] KS. Nguyn Vn Phng, PTS. TTr. Trn c Su, Hng dn Quy tc phng nga va chm tu thuyn trn bin, 1995. Ngi phn bin: ThS. Quch Thnh Chung

NHNG KHUYN NGH VN CHUYN AN TON QUNG NICKEL RECOMMENDATIONS FOR THE SAFETY CARRIAGE OF NICKEL ORE
TS. NGUYN KIM PHNG Khoa iu khin tu bin, trng HHH Tm tt Trong s nhng v tai nn hng hi xy ra gn y, cc v tai nn lin quan n cc tu hng ri vn chuyn qung Nickel gy ra thit hi ln v ngi v ti sn. Mt trong nhng nguyn nhn ch yu dn ti tai nn l s ha lng ca hng. Da trn c s phn tch nhng c tnh in hnh ca qung Nickel, bi bo a ra nhng khuyn ngh v cnh bo an ton trong qu trnh bc xp v vn chuyn loi hng ny. Abstract Among maritime accidents resently happening , those related to vessels carrying Nickel ore in bulk caused the most significant losses of life and property. Cargo liquefaction is the one of main reasons. Basing on the result of analysing special features of Nickel ore carrying by sea, the paper brings out the safety recommendations and precautions during loading and carrying of this cargo. 1. Gii thiu Trong cc v tai nn hng hi nghim trng nhng nm gn y, nguyn nhn chnh l do hin tng ha lng ca hng ha trong qu trnh vn chuyn, c bit l khi qung Nickel (Ni) c vn chuyn trn tu. V nhng li ch an ton vn chuyn hng ha c cao, cho nn nhng hng dn an ton chun mc ang rt cn thit. Trong vng t thng 10 n thng 12 nm 2010, 3 tu c tn l JIAN FU STAR, NASCO DIAMOND v HONG WEI ch qung Ni gp phi tai nn nghim trng l b lt v chm ngoi khi o Obi, cng Tahuna v cng Bitung Indonesia do mt n nh v s ha lng ca hng. Cc v tai nn ny lm thit mng 44 thuyn vin (Bng 1). Bn cnh nhng bi hc t cc v tai nn hng hi khc nhau, vn hin c quan tm l nhu cu vn chuyn nhng hng ha c th ha lng nh qung Ni ngy mt tng ln trn th gii. Nhng quc gia ng u v sn xut qung Ni v xut khu chng bng tu bin l : Indonesia, Philippine, New Caledonia (thuc Php). Thng 5/2011 mt lot cc qui nh v khuyn ngh ca IMO, cc bin php phng nga c bn c xut m theo iu kin tin quyt ch hng ri l m ca hng (MC Moisture Content) phi nh hn gii hn m c php chuyn ch (TML Transportable Moisture Limit). Nhng bin php ny bao gm vic nh ty, kim tra thng tin hng trc khi xp, xc nhn li vic kim tra nu nh c nghi ng v m trong hng v l do ma hoc nhng hin tng tng t.

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CHC MNG NM MI 2012 Bng 1. Thng tin v nhng tu b lt c bo co t nm 2009

Thi gian 18/7/2009 09/9/2009 27/10/2010 04/11/2010 03/12/2010

V vic Tu M/v Asian Forest ch tinh qung st b lt vnh Bengal pha ng n khi va mi khi hnh t cng Mangalore. Tu M/v Black Rose ch tinh qung st b lt b ty n ngay sau khi khi hnh t cng Paradip, n . Tu M/v Jian Fu Star ch qung Ni b lt pha nam i Loan sau khi khi hnh t o Obi, Indonesia. Tu Nasco Diamond ch qung Ni b lt ngoi khi sau khi khi hnh t cng Tahuna, Indonesia. Tu M/v Hong Wei ch qung Ni b lt pha nam i loan sau khi khi hnh t cng Bitung, Indonesia.

Bn cnh , theo nhng iu khon ca B lut quc t v vn chuyn hng rn dng ri bng ng bin (IMSBC code), thm ch hng b ha lng vi m vt qu gii hn m c php ch vn c vn chuyn nu nh tu c cu trc c bit hoc ph hp vi vic ch loi hng ", v nu c bng chng v s ph chun ca chnh quyn hnh chnh c lu tr trn tu th con tu c th c php ch. Cho d tu hng c trang b thit b c bit nh cp trn y xem nh tha mn tiu chun kim tra ph hp v n nh v sc bn th cho n thng 5/2011 vn cha c mt tiu chun nh gi c bit no tm quc t c thit lp. h tr thuyn trng v cng tc chuyn ch loi hng ny, nhng cnh bo v khuyn ngh t nhng c quan chc nng trong ngnh cng nghip hng hi c vai tr rt quan trng. 2. Mt s nt chnh v qung Nickel 2.1. Tnh cht ca qung Nickel c tnh ca qung Nickel c th hin nh sau: y l loi hng khng nm trong danh mc hng ph lc 1 ca B lut IMSBC. Trong qu trnh xp, qung Ni dng bn v c c im nh t st. C nguy c ha lng (tng t nh hng ha b dch chuyn). Qung Ni phn trc ca hm hng c th b nh hng bi lc dc trong qu trnh chuyn ng ca tu v c kh nng ha lng cao. Phn gia v phn sau ca hng trong hm cng c nguy c ha lng bi nhng nguyn nhn nh s bt ng nht trong c tnh ca hng. So vi cc hng ha b ha lng khc, qung Ni c tnh thm thp; v th cho nn khi cc lp qung Ni cha ng mt lng ng k hi m c hnh thnh trong hm hng dn ti m trong hng s tr nn khng ng nht. T c tnh ni trn dn n vn l vic rt nc vo la canh l cc k kh. Nu mt lng ln nc gia tng khi tu xp hng gp tri ma ro th tnh hung s tr thnh dng ng nc trn b mt khi hng. 2.2. Cc thuc tnh ca hng Thuc tnh chung ca qung Ni c m t bng 2 Thuc tnh ca qung Ni.
Bng 2. Thuc tnh ca qung Ni

Kch thc ht Nh hn 200 mm

T trng (t/m ) 1.00 n 1.67

H s cht xp (m /t) 0.6 n 1.0

2.3. Nhng hon cnh thc t c bo co trong qu trnh xp hng Nhng hon cnh thc t sau y c bo co trong qu trnh xp hng bi cc hip hi P&I v nhng t chc khc. Trong qu trnh th mu hng, ni chung cc m u c c s kim tra ring, nhng i khi vic xc nh xem cc phng tin kim tra thch hp c c s dng di nhng

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iu kin tha mn hay khng v cc qui trnh kim tra theo hng dn c c tun th hay khng l iu kh khn. Mc d ngi gim nh hng hoc chuyn gia c c ra i din cho tu gii quyt cc tinh hung gp phi, nhng i khi m c th qu xa v tr kim tra dn n vic ly c mu hng gp phi kh khn. Ph thuc vo cng xp hng, hng c th khng c xp ln tu mt cch trc tip t m. Hng c th c ly t m ri trong iu kin ngoi tri cu cng, ri sau c xp tm thi xung cc s lan. Nhng s lan ny c lai ko n v tr tu ch hng ri, ri hng c xp vo trong hm hng bng phng tin xp d ca tu (hnh 1). Yu cu 4.5.2 ca B lut IMSBC c th ha giai on ly mu th v xp hng c o c m khng vt qu 7 ngy. Mc d qui nh ny l cht ch, tuy nhin cho n khi hng c xp xung tu, lng nc trong hng c th gia tng do ma v chuyn ng tri lc ca s lan ch hng. Mc d c nhng vn ny sinh v khi lng nc ni trn, nhng p lc kinh doanh thng trc t pha ngi gi hng vn i hi thuyn trng/ch tu chp thun nhng kt qu th nghim c thc hin cc m.

Hnh 1. Phng php bc xp qung Ni.

3. Nhng cnh bo v khuyn ngh trong qu trnh vn chuyn qung Ni Qung Ni vi hm lng m vt qu gii hn m c php vn chuyn phi khng c xp ln tu. y l mt yu cu nhm phng nga s ha lng ca hng trong qu trnh vn chuyn. Bn cnh , thm tr khi m o c hng xp thp hn gii hn c php vn chuyn th nguy c ha lng vn tn ti bi v sai s trong vic o c hm lng nc trong hng v gii hn m c php vn chuyn, v iu kin mi trng trong qu trnh vn chuyn. iu ny i hi phi c nhn thc v nhng bin php thch ng phi c p dng. Sau y l mt s khuyn ngh v cnh bo trong qu trnh vn chuyn Ni. 3.1. Nhim v ca tu Nhn thc rng tu c cc vch ngn dc trong hm hng s hiu qu hn trong vic chng li nguy c ha lng ca hng. Thuyn trng v cc s quan trn tu phi nhn thc trit nguy c ha lng ca qung Ni v phi c ph bin y t trc thc hin iu hnh vic mt cch chnh xc. S tay iu hnh cha ng nhng thng tin v thuc tnh ca hng v nhng bin php cn thit p dng phi c ct gi trn tu. Hon thnh danh mc kim tra (Check list) trong tng giai on ca qu trnh vn chuyn. Tp ch Khoa hc Cng ngh Hng hi S 29 1/2012 13

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3.2. Trc khi xp hng Thng tin hng ha cung cp bi ngi gi hng cho thuyn trng phi c kim chng m bo rng n y nhng mc sau y: o Gii hn m c php vn chuyn v m ca hng. o Th nghim xc nh TML ca mt hng rn ri c thc hin trong vng 6 thng tnh n thi im xp hng. o Th nghim xc nh m trong mt hng rn ri (MC) c thc hin trong vng 7 ngy tnh n thi im xp hng. o Thng tin v hng xp ln mi khng gian cha trn tu phi c cung cp (tr khi khng nh r rng rng m ca hng l thng nht trong ton b l hng) Nu hng c vn chuyn t bi cha ti tu bng s lan th phi ch trong thi gian bi cha v trong qu trnh vn chuyn bng s lan, hng c th b nh hng bi ma v sng. m c th vt qu gi tr c a ra trong bn thng tin hng (Cargo Information). Nu c nghi ng v m ca hng xp ln tu v nhng l do ni trn hoc nhng l do khc, thuyn trng phi ly mu v tin hnh th nghim b sung c tn l "th nghim HP" hoc thc hin mt th nghim xc nh li m ti mt phng th nghim a phng. Tuy nhin, lu rng "th nghim HP" c th ch ra khi no gii hn m c php ch b vt qu nhng khng m bo c rng m ca hng thp hn gii hn c php vn chuyn. Chi tit v phng php th c tham kho trong : o Qui trnh th b sung "Th nghim HP" (IMSBC Code 8.4) o Qui trnh th nghim (IMSBC Code, ph lc 2) Nu vic th nghim nu trn l khng thc t, thuyn trng xc nh m v khng nh rng n thp hn gii hn c php vn chuyn bng vic thc hin th nghim "nm cht" (phng php nm cht mt vc hng trong tay v kim tra xem tnh trng thot nc ra t cc k ngn tay) hoc bng phng php o c s dng ng h o m hoc l vi sng v thit b o khi lng. Nu lng hi m trong hng vt qu gii hn m cho php ch, thuyn trng phi t chi xp hng. 3.3. Trong khi xp hng Khuyn ngh kh nng s dng hiu qu ra-a (u tin quan st ra-a) sm pht hin ma. Nu ma trong qu trnh xp hng th ngay lp tc ng np hm hng v ngng hot ng xp hng. Trong trng hp ny nn c bin php chun b trc ng hm nhanh chng. Nu hot ng xp hng tm ngng li v nhng hon cnh ni trn th cc bin php ngn ma cho cc s lan cng phi c quan tm. Nu nhng bin php khng th c thc hin v cc l do khc nhau th cc th nghim m b sung phi c tin hnh sau . Np hm hng ca nhng hm cha xp hng phi thng trc trng thi ng. Hng phi c nh ty mt cch thch hp sm nht c th. 3.4. Trong qu trnh vn chuyn Khi tu ang chy, nc c th xut hin trn b mt hng, v th cho nn phi sn sng mt chic bm di ng trn tu c th bm nc ra ngoi. Nc ng v thuc tnh hng ha phi c theo di trong qu trnh tu chy. Ni chung, hng ha b khuy ln do chuyn ng ln xung ca tu. V vy, vic theo di phi c thc hin tt c cc hm hng c bit l hm st mi tu. Nh cp trn, khi hng b khuy ln do chuyn ng ca tu th tt hn nn trnh thi tit xu nu c th v la chn cng n nu trong trng hp khn cp.

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Trng hp tu b nghing do s ha lng ca hng v vic tnh ton bm ballast hiu chnh nghing tu th ch rng : tnh n nh ca tu s b mt khi hng dch chuyn v pha mn i din. Hot ng nh th cn phi trnh bng mi gi v nguy c lt tu. 4. Kt lun Qung Nickel n cha nhiu nguy him trong qu trnh vn chuyn. iu ny i hi thuyn trng v cc s quan ht sc lu trong qu trnh xp v vn chuyn hng. Nhng yu cu v m, nhng ch trc, trong khi xp hng v qu trnh tu chy cn phi c nhn thc mt cch y . Nhng phng php kim tra m trong hng c thc hin t pha tu cn phi c hng dn v gim st ca cng ty ch tu, ngi thu tu nhm kp thi ngn chn vic xp ln tu hng ha c m cao hn mc cho php, tn ti nguy c ha lng. Thuyn trng l ngi a ra quyt nh cui cng v vic ng xp hng ln tu hay t chi xp hng, nhng d th no i chng na yu t an ton phi t ln hng u. TI LIU THAM KHO [1] The International Maritime Solid Bulk Cargoes (IMSBC) Code. IMO, 2009. [2] Guidelines for the safe carriage of Nickel ore. Class NK. First edition. May 2011. [3] Guidance for master for handling of cargo which may liquefy. Nissho Odyssey Shipping management Ltd., 2009. Ngi phn bin: PGS. TS. Nguyn Vit Thnh

KT QU TH NGHIM PHUN SNG HN HP NHIN LIU DU THC VT V DU DIESEL TRN VI PHUN CA NI HI TU THY The experimental results of atomization with the mixture of vegeterble oils and diesel oil in atomizer of the marine steam boiler
PGS. TS. NGUYN HNG PHC KS. PHM TIN HUY Trng HHH Tm tt Ni dung ca bi bo trnh by kt qu th nghim s phun sng ca hn hp nhin liu du thc vt v du diesel trn vi phun ca ni hi tu thy. Abstract The content of the article presents the experimental results of atomization with the mixture of vegeterble oils and diesel oil in the atomizer of the marine steam boiler. 1. t vn Du thc vt (DTV) v c bit l m ng vt c nht cao gp khong 1117 ln so vi nhin liu diesel (bng 1). Do vy khi s dng DTV lm nhin liu cho ni hi tu thy th chng ta phi c bin php lm gim nht ca DTV qu trnh phun DTV vo bung t ni hi c sng theo yu cu k thut. Hin ti c mt s phng php s dng du thc vt lm nhin liu nh sau [1, 2, 3, 5]: * Phng php sy nng du thc vt nht ca DTV s gim khi nhit tng ln. Tuy nhin phng php ny khng hiu qu v DTV v m t c nht cn thit cho nhin liu diesel th i hi nhit kh cao, hn na h thng gia nhit cho DTV khng th duy tr mi khi ni hi khng hot ng iu lm cho DTV s b ng li c bit l vo ma ng. Mt khc trc khi khi ng DTV cn phi c hm nng bng ngun nhit bn ngoi, iu ny gy ra nhng bt tin cho ngi khai thc ni hi.

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