Basic Modeling Analysis

International Seminar on
Computer Aided Analysis and Design

Of Building Structures
Aug 23-24, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
Institute of Engineers Malaysia

Computers and Structures Inc., USA

Asian Center for Engineering Computations and Software
Asian Institute of Technology, Thailand
Building Structures
Modeling and Analysis Concepts
Naveed Anwar
Asian Center for Engineering Computations and Software, ACECOMS, AIT
Modeling, Analysis and Design of Buildings AIT - Thailand
ACECOMS
Overall Design Process
Conception
Modeling
Analysis
Design
Detailing
Drafting
Costing
Integrated
Design
Process
ACECOMS
Building Systems
Building is an assemblage of various Systems
Basic Functional System
Structural System
HVAC System
Plumbing and Drainage System
Electrical, Electronic and Communication System
Security System
Other specialized systems
ACECOMS
Beams, Columns, Two-way Slabs, Flat Slabs, Pile caps
Shear Walls, Deep Beams, Isolated Footings, Combined Footings
Sub-structure and Member Design
Frame and Shear Walls
Lateral Load Resisting System
Floor Slab System
Gravity Load Resisting System
Building Structure
Floor Diaphragm
The Building Structural System - Physical
ACECOMS
The Building Structural System - Conceptual

The Gravity Load Resisting System (GLRS)
The structural system (beams, slab, girders, columns, etc)
that act primarily to support the gravity or vertical loads

The Lateral Load Resisting System (LLRS)
The structural system (columns, shear walls, bracing, etc)
that primarily acts to resist the lateral loads

The Floor Diaphragm (FD)
The structural system that transfers lateral loads to the
lateral load resisting system and provides in-plane floor
stiffness
ACECOMS
Building Response
Objective: To determine the load path gravity and lateral loads

For Gravity Loads - How Gravity Loads are Distributed
Analysis of Gravity Load Resisting System for:
Dead Load, Live Live Load, Pattern Loads, temperature, shrinkage
Important Elements: Floor slabs, beams, openings, Joists, etc.

For Lateral Loads How Lateral Loads are Distributed
Analysis of Lateral Load Resisting System for:
Wind Loads, Seismic Loads, Structural Un-symmetry
Important elements: Columns, shear walls, bracing , beams
Structural Response
To Loads
ACECOMS
The Simplified Structural System
STRUCTURE
p
v
EXCITATION
Loads
Vibrations
Settlements
Thermal Changes
RESPONSES
Displacements
Strains
Stress
Stress Resultants
ACECOMS
Analysis of Structures
p
v
co
c
co
c
co
c
xx
yy
zz
vx
x y z
p + + + = 0
Real Structure is governed by Partial
Differential Equations of various order
Direct solution is only possible for:
Simple geometry
Simple Boundary
Simple Loading.
ACECOMS
The Need for Modeling
A - Real Structure cannot be Analyzed:
It can only be Load Tested to determine response
B - We can only analyze a
Model of the Structure
C - We therefore need tools to Model the
Structure and to Analyze the Model
ACECOMS
Structural
Model
The Need for Structural Model
EXCITATION
Loads
Vibrations
Settlements
Thermal Changes
RESPONSES
Displacements
Strains
Stress
Stress Resultants
STRUCTURE
p
v
ACECOMS
Finite Element Method: The Analysis Tool
Finite Element Analysis (FEA)
A discretized solution to a continuum
problem using FEM

Finite Element Method (FEM)
A numerical procedure for solving (partial)
differential equations associated with field
problems, with an accuracy acceptable to
engineers
ACECOMS
Continuum to Discrete Model
p
v

(Governed by partial
differential equations)
CONTINUOUS MODEL
OF STRUCTURE
(Governed by either
partial or total differential
equations)
DISCRETE MODEL
OF STRUCTURE
(Governed by algebraic
equations)
3D-CONTINUM
MODEL
ACECOMS
From Classical to FEM Solution
co
c
co
c
co
c
xx
yy
zz
vx
x y z
p + + + = 0
o c
t
v
t
s
t
v
dV p udV p uds
_ _ _
= +
} } }
Assumptions
Equilibrium
Compatibility
Stress-Strain Law
(Principle of Virtual Work)
Partial Differential
Equations
Classical
Actual Structure
Kr R =
Algebraic
Equations

K = Stiffness
r = Response
R = Loads
FEM
Structural Model
ACECOMS
Simplified Structural System
Loads (F)
Deformations (D)
F
v
F = K D
F
K
D
ACECOMS
The Structural System
EXCITATION
RESPONSES
STRUCTURE
p
v
Static
Dynamic
Elastic
Inelastic
Linear
Nonlinear
ACECOMS
The Equilibrium Equations
1. Linear-Static Elastic OR Inelastic

2. Linear-Dynamic Elastic

3. Nonlinear - Static Elastic OR Inelastic

4. Nonlinear-Dynamic Elastic OR Inelastic

F Ku =
) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( t F t Ku t u C t u M = + +

) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( t F t F t Ku t u C t u M
NL
= + + +

F F Ku
NL
= +
ACECOMS
Basic Steps in FEA
Evaluate Real Structure
Create Structural Model
Discretize Model in FE
Solve FE Model
Interpret FEA Results
Physical significance of Results
Engineer
Engineer + Software
Software
ACECOMS
X
Z
Y
Membrane/ Panel
In-Plane, Only Axial
Shell
In-Plane and Bending
Plate/ Slab
Out of Plane, Only Bending
General Solid
Regular Solid
Plate/ Shell
( T small compared to Lengths )
( Orthogonal dimensions)
Discretization of Continuums
Beam Element
Solid Element
H, B much less than L
ACECOMS
Global Modeling of Structural Geometry
(b) Solid Model (c) 3D Plate-Frame (d) 3D Frame
(a) Real Structure
(e) 2D Frame
Fig. 1 Various Ways to Model a Real Struture
(f) Grid-Plate
ACECOMS
Dimensions of Elements
1 D Elements (Beam type)
Can be used in 1D, 2D and 2D
2-3 Nodes. A, I etc.

2 D Elements (Plate type)
Can be used in 2D and 3D Model
3-9 nodes. Thickness

3 D Elements (Brick type)
Can be used in 3D Model
6-20 Nodes.
Truss and Beam Elements (1D,2D,3D)
Plane Stress, Plane Strain, Axisymmetric, Plate and Shell Elements (2D,3D)
Brick Elements
ACECOMS
DOF for 1D Elements
Dx
Dy
Dx
Dz
Dy
Dx
Dy
Rz
Dy
Rx
Rz
Dx
Dz
Dy
Rx
Rz
Ry
2D Truss
2D Beam
3D Truss
2D Frame
2D Grid 3D Frame
Dy
Rz
ACECOMS
DOF for 2D Elements
Dx
Dy
Dy
Ry ?
Rz
Rx
Dz
Dy
Rx
Rz
Ry ?
Dx
Membrane
Plate
Shell
ACECOMS
DOF for 3D Elements
Dx
Dz
Dy
Solid/ Brick
ACECOMS
Frame and Grid Model
The structure represented by rod or
bar type elements
Does not model the cross-section
dimensions
Suitable for skeletal structures
Sometimes surface type structures
can also be represented by frame
model
The simplest and easiest model to
construct, analyze and interpret
Can be in 2D or in 3D space
3D Frame
2D Grid
2D Frame
ACECOMS
Membrane Model
Ignore bending stiffness
Tension / Compression
In- plane Shear
For in plane loads
Principle Stresses
suitable for very thin structures
/ members
Thin Walled Shells,
Specially Suitable for Ferro
Cement Structure

ACECOMS
1 uni t
e
33
~0
e
23
~0
e
13
~0
e
22
e
12
e
11
x
1
x
3
x
2
3D Problem
2D Problem
Plain-Strain
Assumptions

Plane Stress and Plane
o
12
o
22
o
11
x
2
x
1
Plane Stress Problem Plane Strain Problem
ACECOMS
Plate Bending Model
Primarily Bending mode
Moment and Shear are
predominant
Suitable for moderately thick
slabs and plates
For Out-of-plane loads only
Can be used in 3D or 2D models
Suitable for planks and
relatively flat structures

ACECOMS
General Plate-Shell Model
Combined Membrane and Plate
Suitable for general application
to surface structures
Suitable for curved structures
Thick shell and thin shell
implementations available
Membrane thickness and plate
thickness can be specified
separately
Numerous results generated.
Difficult to design the section for
combined actions

ACECOMS
Solid Model
Shear Axial deformation mode in 3D
Suitable for micro-models
Suitable for very thick plates / solids
May not be applicable much to
ferocement structures

Use 6 to 20 node
elements

ACECOMS
Soil-Structure Interaction
Simple Supports
Fix, Pin, Roller etc.
Support Settlement

Elastic Supports
Spring to represent soil
Using Modulus of Sub-grade reaction

Full Structure-Soil Model
Use 2D plane stress elements
Use 3D Solid Elements
ACECOMS
Connecting Different Types of Elements
Truss Frame Membrane Plate Shell Solid
Truss
OK OK Dz OK OK OK
Frame
Rx, Ry, Rz OK
Rx, Ry, Rz,
Dz
Rx ?
Dx, Dy
Rx ? Rx, Ry, Rz
Membrane
OK OK OK Dx, Dy OK OK
Plate
Rx, Rz OK Rx, Rz OK OK Rx, Rz
Shell
Rx, Ry, Rz OK
Rx, Ry, Rz,
Dz
Dx, Dz OK Rx, Rz
Solid
OK OK Dz Dx, Dz OK OK
0
Orphan Degrees Of Freedom:
1 2 3 4
ACECOMS
What Type of
Analysis should be
Carried Out?
ACECOMS
Analysis Type

The Type of Excitation (Loads)
The Type Structure (Material and Geometry)
The Type Response
The type of Analysis to be carried out
depends on the Structural System

ACECOMS
Basic Analysis Types
Excitation Structure Response Basic Analysis Type
Static Elastic Linear Linear-Elastic-Static Analysis
Static Elastic Nonlinear Nonlinear-Elastic-Static Analysis
Static Inelastic Linear Linear-Inelastic-Static Analysis
Static Inelastic Nonlinear Nonlinear-Inelastic-Static Analysis
Dynamic Elastic Linear Linear-Elastic-Dynamic Analysis
Dynamic Elastic Nonlinear Nonlinear-Elastic-Dynamic Analysis
Dynamic Inelastic Linear Linear-Inelastic-Dynamic Analysis
Dynamic Inelastic Nonlinear Nonlinear-Inelastic-Dynamic Analysis
ACECOMS
Some More Solution Types
Non-linear Analysis
P-Delta Analysis
Buckling Analysis
Static Pushover Analysis
Fast Non-Linear Analysis (FNA)
Large Displacement Analysis

Dynamic Analysis
Free Vibration and Modal Analysis
Response Spectrum Analysis
Steady State Dynamic Analysis

ACECOMS
Static Vs Dynamic
Static Excitation
When the Excitation (Load) does not vary rapidly with Time
When the Load can be assumed to be applied Slowly
Dynamic Excitation
When the Excitation varies rapidly with Time
When the Inertial Force becomes significant

Most Real Excitation are Dynamic but are considered
Quasi Static
Most Dynamic Excitation can be converted to
Equivalent Static Loads
ACECOMS
Elastic Vs Inelastic
Elastic Material
Follows the same path during loading and unloading and returns to initial
state of deformation, stress, strain etc. after removal of load/ excitation
Inelastic Material
Does not follow the same path during loading and unloading and may not
returns to initial state of deformation, stress, strain etc. after removal of
load/ excitation

Most materials exhibit both, elastic and inelastic behavior
depending upon level of loading.

ACECOMS
Linear Vs Nonlinear
Linearity
The response is directly proportional to excitation
(Deflection doubles if load is doubled)
Non-Linearity
The response is not directly proportional to excitation
(deflection may become 4 times if load is doubled)
Non-linear response may be produced by:
Geometric Effects (Geometric non-linearity)
Material Effects (Material non-linearity)
Both
ACECOMS
Elasticity and Linearity
A
c
t
i
o
n

Deformation
A
c
t
i
o
n

Deformation
A
c
t
i
o
n

Deformation
A
c
t
i
o
n

Deformation
Linear-Elastic
Linear-Inelastic
Nonlinear-Elastic
Nonlinear-Inelastic
Physical Object Based
Modeling, Analysis and Design
ACECOMS
Continuum Vs Structure
A continuum extends in all direction, has infinite
particles, with continuous variation of material
properties, deformation characteristics and stress state

A Structure is of finite size and is made up of an
assemblage of substructures, components and members

Dicretization process is used to convert Structure to
Finite Element Models for determining response
ACECOMS
Physical Categorization of Structures
Structures can be categorized in many ways.
For modeling and analysis purposes, the overall physical
behavior can be used as basis of categorization

Cable or Tension Structures
Skeletal or Framed Structures
Surface or Spatial Structures
Solid Structures
Mixed Structures
ACECOMS
Structure Types
Cable Structures
Cable Nets
Cable Stayed

Bar Structures
2D/3D Trusses
2D/3D Frames, Grids

Surface Structures
Plate, Shell
In-Plane, Plane Stress

Solid Structures
ACECOMS
Structure, Member, Element
Structure can considered as an assemblage of Physical
Components called Members
Slabs, Beams, Columns, Footings, etc.
Physical Members can be modeled by using one or more
Conceptual Components called Elements
1D elements, 2D element, 3D elements
Frame element, plate element, shell element, solid element, etc.
Modeling in terms Graphical Objects to represent Physical
Components relieves the engineers from intricacies and
idiosyncrasy of finite element discretization
ACECOMS
Structural Members
Dimensional Hierarchy of Structural Members
Continuum
Regular Solid
(3D)
Beam (1D)
b h
L>>(b,h)
~
b
h
t
z
Plate/Shell (2D)
x z
t<<(x,z)
~
x
z
y
x
L
ACECOMS
Load Transfer Path For Gravity Loads
Most loads are basically Volume Loads generated due to
mass contained in a volume

Mechanism and path must be found to transfer these loads to
the Supports through a Medium

All types of Static Loads can be represented as:
Point Loads
Line Loads
Area Loads
Volume Loads

ACECOMS
The Load Transfer Path
The Load is transferred through a
medium which may be:
A Point
A Line
An Area
A Volume
A system consisting of combination of
several mediums

The supports may be represented as:
Point Supports
Line Supports
Area Supports
Volume Supports

ACECOMS
Graphic Object Representation
Object
Line
Area
Volume
Point Load
Concentrated Load
Beam Load
Wall Load
Slab Load
Slab Load
Wind Load
Seismic Load
Liquid Load
Node
Beam / Truss
Connection Element
Spring Element
Plate Element
Shell Element
Panel/ Plane
Solid Element
Point Support
Column Support
Line Support
Wall Support
Beam Support
Soil Support
Soil Support
Point
Load
Geometry
Medium
Support
Boundary
ETABS uses graphic object modeling concept
ACECOMS
Load Transfer Path is difficult to Determine
Complexity of Load Transfer
Mechanism depend on:

Complexity of Load
Complexity of Medium
Complexity of Boundary
Point Line Area Volume
Line
Area
Vol.
Line
Area
Volume
Load
Medium
Boundary
ACECOMS
Load Transfer Path is difficult to Determine
Transfer of a Point Load to Point Supports Through Various Mediums
Point Line Area
Volume
ACECOMS
Objects in ETABS
Building Object Specific Classification
Plank One way slabs
Slab One way or Two way slabs
Deck Special one way slabs
Wall Shear Walls, Deep Beams, In-Fill Panel
Frame Column, Beam or Brace
Finite Elements
Shell
Plate
Membrane
Beam
Node
ACECOMS
The Frame Element
The Actions Corresponding to Six DOF at Both Ends, in
Local Coordinate System

1
3
2
3
2
+P
+V2
+V3
+V3
+V2
+P
1
3
2
3
2
+T
+M2
+M3
+M3
+M2
+T
ACECOMS
Shell Element
General
Total DOF per Node = 6 (or 5)
Total Displacements per Node = 3
Total Rotations per Node = 3
Used for curved surfaces

Application
For Modeling surface elements carrying
general loads

Building Specific Application
May be used for modeling of general slabs
systems. But not used generally
1
2 3
U1, R1
Node 3
U3, R3
U2, R2
U1, R1
Node 1
U3, R3
U2, R2
U1, R1
Node 4
U3, R3
U2, R2
U1, R1
Node 2
U3, R3
U2, R2
Shell
ACECOMS
Plate Element
General
Total DOF per Node = 3
Total Rotations per Node = 2
Plates are for flat surfaces

Application
out of plane loads

For representing floor slabs for Vertical
Load Analysis
Model slabs
R1
Node 1
U3
R2
1
2 3
R1
Node 2
U3
R2
R1
Node 3
U3
R2
R1
Node 4
U3
R2
Plate
ACECOMS
Membrane Element
General
Total DOF per Node = 3 (or 2)
Total Rotations per Node = 1 (or 0)
Membranes are modeled for flat surfaces

Application
in-plane loads

For representing floor slabs for Lateral
Load Analysis.
Model Shear walls, Floor Diaphragm etc
Membrane
U1
Node 1
R3
U2
U1
Node 3
R3
U2
U1
Node 4
R3
U2
U1
Node 2
U2
3 2
1
ACECOMS
Meshing Slabs and Walls
In general the mesh in the slab
should match with mesh in the wall
to establish connection
Some software automatically
establishes connectivity by using
constraints or Zipper elements
Zipper
ACECOMS
Selection Of Structural Systems
Basic Concepts and Considerations
ACECOMS
Knowledge Model for System Selection
Structural
System Selection
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Architecture
Building Services
Construction Eng.
Value Eng.
Aesthetics
Ergonomics Eng.
Structural Eng.
Knowledge Eng.
Economics
Artificial Intelligence
System Eng.
Common Sense
ACECOMS
Determining System Suitability
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=

= = =
ijk
p
k
ijkl ij
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S C S B S A V
1 1 1
The Analytical Hierarchy Approach
A weighted importance and suitability value analysis to
determine the comparative value of a system or option
Value of
an Option
Global
Importance
Weights and
Scores
Sub
Importance
Weights and
Scores
Suitability
Value and
Score
ACECOMS
Evaluating System Suitability
Slab Systems

Criteria Weights and Scores

System
Value
(V)

Main Criteria A
i

A
m

Sub Criteria B
ij

Sub Criteria B
in

B
mn

Item k

Item p

Item k

Item p

Item p

Wt

Score

Wt

Score

Wt

Score

Wt

Score

Score

System 1

System
l

C
ijkl

S
ijkl

C
ijnl

S
ijpl

C
inkl

S
inkl

C
innl

S
inpl

S
mnpl

System - q

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= = =
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p
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S C S B S A V
1 1 1
The Suitability Equation
Using the Suitability Equation
ACECOMS
Assigning Suitability Values
10

Most important, most suitable, most desirable, essential

8,9

Very important, very suitable, very desirable

6,7

Important, suitable or desirable

5

May be or could be important, suitable or desirable

4,3

May not be important, suitable or desirable

1,2

Not important, not suitable, not desirable

Score or Weight

Representation of Suitability

0

Definitely not required, definitely not suitable, ignore

ACECOMS
Selection of Structural System
Function has considerable effect on the selection
of structural system

Based on Function/Occupancy of Tall Buildings:
Residential Buildings
Apartments
Hotels
Dormitories
Office and Commercial Buildings
Mixed Occupancy Commercial + Residential
Industrial Buildings and Parking Garages
ACECOMS
Typical Characteristics of Residential Bldg
Known location of partitions and their load
Column lines generally matches architectural layout
Typical spans 15-22 ft
Tall buildings economy in achieved using the thinnest slab
One way pre-cast or flat slab popular
Lateral load resistance provided by frame or shear walls
More or less fixed M/E system layouts

ACECOMS
Typical Characteristics of Office and Commercial Bldg
Unknown location of partitions and their load
Typical spans 20-35 ft
Need for flexible M/E layouts
Post-tension or ribbed and flat slab with drop panel
popular

Ideal balance between vertical and lateral load resisting
systems: sufficient shear walls to limit the resultant
tension under gravity plus wind

Lateral load resistance varies significantly

Vertical Load
Resisting Systems
The Components Needed to
Complete the Load-Transfer Path
for Vertical Gravity Loads
ACECOMS
Gravity Load Resisting Systems
Purpose
To Transfer Gravity Loads Applied at the Floor Levels
down to the Foundation Level

Direct Path Systems
Slab Supported on Load Bearing Walls
Slab Supported on Columns

Indirect Multi Path Systems
Slab Supported on Beams
Beams Supported on Other Beams
Beams Supported on Walls or Columns
ACECOMS
Vertical Load Resisting Systems
1. Slabs supported on Long Rigid Supports
Supported on stiff Beams or Walls
One-way and Two-way Slabs
Main consideration is flexural reinforcement
2. Slab-System supported on Small Rigid Supports
Supported on Columns directly
Flat Slab Floor systems
Main consideration is shear transfer, moment distribution in various
parts, lateral load resistance
3. Slabs supported on soil
Slabs on Grade: Light, uniformly distributed loads
Footings, Mat etc. Heavy concentrated loads
ACECOMS
Vertical Load
Behavior and Response
ACECOMS
Popular Gravity Load Resting Systems
Direct Load Transfer Systems (Single load transfer path)
Flat Slab and Flat Plate
Beam-Slab
Waffle Slab
Wall Joist

Indirect Load Transfer System (Multi step load transfer path)
Beam, Slab
Girder, Beam, Slab
Girder, Joist
ACECOMS
Conventional Approach
For Wall Supported Slabs
Assume load transfer in One-Way or Two-Way manner
Uniform, Triangular or Trapezoidal Load on Walls

For Beam Supported Slabs
Assume beams to support the slabs in similar ways as walls
Design slabs as edge supported on beams
Transfer load to beams and design beams for slab load

For Flat-Slabs or Columns Supported Slabs
Assume load transfer in strips directly to columns
ACECOMS
Popular Gravity Load Resting Systems
ACECOMS
Gravity Load Transfer Paths
Single Path
Slab On Walls
Single Path
Slab on Columns
Dual Path
Slab On Beams,
Beams on Columns
ACECOMS
Gravity Load Transfer Paths
Mixed Path
Slab On Walls
Slab On Beams
Beams on Walls
Complex Path
Slab on Beams
Slab on Walls
Beams on Beams
Beams on Columns
Three Step Path
Slab On Ribs
Ribs On Beams
Beams on Columns
ACECOMS
Simplified Load Transfer
Transfer of Area Load
To Lines To Points
To Lines and Points
ACECOMS
Load Transfer Through Slab and Beam
ACECOMS
Slab Deformation and Beams
ACECOMS
Slab System Behavior
Slab T = 200 mm
Beam Width, B = 300 mm
Beam Depth, D
a) 300 mm
b) 500 mm
c) 1000 mm
D
B
ACECOMS
Moment Distribution in Beam-Slab
Effect of Beam Size on
Moment Distribution
a) Beam Depth = 300 mm
b) Beam Depth = 500 mm
c) Beam Depth = 1000 mm
ACECOMS
Moment Distribution in Slabs Only
Effect of Beam Size on Moment Distribution
a) Beam Depth = 300 mm
b) Beam Depth = 500 mm c) Beam Depth = 1000 mm
ACECOMS
Modeling and Analysis for
Vertical Loads
ACECOMS
Modeling for Gravity Loads
Must be carried out for several load cases/ patterns
Does not change much for different floors
1. Use Direct Design Methods
Model, analyze and design Floor by Floor, Without columns
Slab analysis and design by using Coefficients
Beam analysis as continuous beams
2. Use Sub-Frame Concept
Model slab/ beam for in-plane loads
Model, analyze and design Floor by Floor, With columns
3. Use Grid, Plate Model for the Floor
Model slab and beams for out-of plane loads
Analyze un-symmetrical loads, geometry, openings etc.
4. Use full 3D Modeling

ACECOMS
Column Strip
Middle Strip
D
e
s
i
g
n

S
t
r
i
p

Middle Strip
D
e
s
i
g
n

S
t
r
i
p

The Design Strip Concept
ACECOMS
Using Equivalent Frame Method Design Strip
Column Strip
Middle Strip
Middle Strip
Design Strip
L2
L2
L1
Longitudinal Beams
Transverse Beams
Drop Panels
Lateral Load
Resisting Systems
The Components Needed to
Complete the Load-Transfer Path
for Lateral Loads
ACECOMS
Purpose
To Transfer Lateral Loads Applied at any location in the
structure down to the Foundation Level

Single System
Moment Resisting Frames
Braced Frames
Shear Walls
Tubular Systems
Dual System
Shear Wall - Frames
Tube + Frame + Shear Wall
Lateral Load Bearing Systems
ACECOMS
Lateral Loads
Primary Lateral Loads
Load generated by Wind Pressure
Load generated due to Seismic Excitation

Other Lateral Loads
Load generated due to horizontal component of Gravity
Loads in Inclined Systems and in Un-symmetrical
structures
Load due to lateral soil pressure, liquid and material
retention

ACECOMS
Sample Lateral Load Resistance Systems
Bearing wall system
Light frames with shear panels
Load bearing shear walls
Fully Braced System (FBS)
Shear Walls (SW)
Diagonal Bracing (DB)
Moment Resisting Frames (MRF)
Special Moment-Resisting Frames (SMRF)
Concrete Intermediate Moment-Resisting Frame (IMRF)
Ordinary Moment-Resisting Frame (OMRF)
Dual Systems (DS)
Shear Walls + Frames (SWF)
Ordinary Braced Frame (OBF)
Special Braced Frame (SBF)
ACECOMS
Moment Resisting Frame
The Load is transferred by
shear in columns, that
produces moment in
columns and in beams
The Beam-Column
connection is crucial for the
system to work
The moments and shear
from later loads must be
added to those from gravity
loads

ACECOMS
Shear Wall and Frame
The lateral loads is
primarily resisted by the
shear in the walls, in turn
producing bending moment
The openings in wall
become areas of high stress
concentration and need to
be handled carefully
Partial loads is resisted by
the frames
Traditionally 75/25
distribution haws been used

ACECOMS
Shear Wall - Frame
The Walls are part of the
frame and act together with
the frame members
The lateral loads is
primarily resisted by the
shear in the walls, in turn
producing bending moment.
Partial loads is resisted by
the frame members in
moment and shear

ACECOMS
Braced Frame
The lateral loads is primarily
resisted by the Axial Force in
the braces, columns and
beams in the braced zone.
The frame away from the
braced zone does not have
significant moments
Bracing does not have to be
provided in every bay, but
should be provided in every
story

ACECOMS
Tubular Structure
The system is formed by using
closely spaced columns and deep
spandrel beams
The lateral loads is primarily
resisted by the entire building
acting as a big cantilever with a
tubular/ box cross-section
There is a shear lag problem
between opposite faces of the tube
due to in-efficiency of column
beam connection
The height to width ratio should
be more than 5

ACECOMS
Braced Tube Systems
Diagonal Braces are added to
the basic tubular structure
This modification of the
Tubular System reduces shear
lag between opposite faces

Lateral Load
Resisting
System

Behavior, Response
and Modeling
ACECOMS
Modeling for Lateral Loads
1. 2D Frame Models
Convert building in to several 2D frames in each direction
Suitable for symmetrical loads and geometry
2. 3D Frame Model
Make a 3D frame model of entire building structure
Can be open floor model or braced floor model
3. Full 3D Finite Element Model
A full 3D Finite Element Model using plate and beam elements
4. Rigid Diaphragm Model
A special model suitable for buildings that uses the concept of Rigid
Floor Diaphragm
ACECOMS
Modeling as 2D Frame(s)
Convert 3D Building to an assemblage of 2D Frames
Using Independent Frames
Using Linked Frames
Using Sub-Structuring Concept
Advantages
Easier to model, analyze and interpret
Fairly accurate for Gravity Load Analysis
Main Problems:
Center of Stiffness and Center of Forces my not coincide
Difficult to consider building torsional effects
Several Frames may need to be modeled in each direction
Difficult to model non-rectangular framing system

ACECOMS
Create a Simple 2D Model
1. Consider the Structure
Plan and 3D View
2. Select and
isolate Typical
2D Structure
4. Obtain results
3. Discretize
the Model,
apply loads
ACECOMS
Using Linked Frames
Plan
Modeling
Shear Wall
Typical Frame Elevation
Linked Elements
Link Element can allow only to transmit the shear and
axial force from one end to other end. It has moment
discontinuity at both ends
Link Element act as a member which links the forces of
one frame to another frame, representing the effect of
Rigid Floor.
F3
F2
F1
F1
F2 F3
ACECOMS
Full 3D Finite Element Model
The columns and beams are modeled by using
beam elements
The slabs and shear walls are modeled by using
plate elements
At least 9 or 16 elements in each slab panel must be
used if gravity loads are applied to the slabs
If the model is only for lateral analysis, one element
per slab panel may be sufficient to model the in-
plane stiffness
Shear walls may be modeled by plate or panel or
plane stress element. The out of plane bending is
not significant

ACECOMS
Full 3D Finite Element Model
Example:
Uses more than 4000
beam and plate elements
Suitable for analysis for
gravity and lateral loads
Results can be used for
design of columns and
beams
Slab reinforcement
difficult to determine
from plate results

ACECOMS
Use Plate
Elements
Modeling of Floor Diaphragm
Use Diagonal
Bracing
Use Plate Elements
Panels, Plane Stress
Use Diagonals
In 3D Frame Models
Use Conceptual Rigid
Diaphragm
Link Frames in 2D
Master DOF in 3D
Use Approximately
ACECOMS
The Rigid Floor Diaphragm
Combines the simplicity and advantages of the 2D Frame
models with the accuracy of the 3D models
Basic Concept:
The building structure is represented by vertical units (2D Frames,
3D Frames and Shear Walls), connected by the invisible rigid
diaphragm
The lateral movement of all vertical units are connected to three
master degree of freedom
This takes into account the building rotation and its effect on the
vertical units.
The modeling and analysis is greatly simplified and made efficient
ACECOMS
Rigid Floor Diaphragm Concept
Modeled as Rigid Horizontal Plane of infinite
in-plane stiffness (in X-Y plane)
Assumed to have a hinge connection with
frame member or shear wall, so flexural
influence of all floors to lateral stiff ness is
neglected
All column lines of all frames at particular
level can not deform independent of each
other
The floor levels of all frames must be at the
same elevation and base line, but they need
not have same number of stories
ACECOMS
How RFD Concept Works
U
L
U
L1
U
L2
U
L3
X
Y
F
3 , 2

F
1 , 1
F
3 , 3
Building d.o.f.s
F
2 , 1

r
x
r
u
r
Y
Local Frame DOF
ACECOMS
When Single Rigid Floor Cannot be Used
ACECOMS
ACECOMS
Area Objects: Slab
By default uses two-way load transfer
mechanism
Simple RC solid slab
Can also be used to model one way slabs
ACECOMS
Area Object: Deck
Use one-way load transfer mechanism
Metallic Composite Slabs
Includes shear studs
Generally used in association with
composite beams
Deck slabs may be
o Filled Deck
o Unfilled Deck
o Solid Slab Deck
ACECOMS
Area Object: Plank
By default use one-way load transfer
mechanism
Generally used to model pre-cast slabs
Can also be simple RC solid slab
ACECOMS
Automatic Floor Meshing
First step to Auto Load Transfer
ACECOMS
Basic Floor Modeling Object
Points
Columns
Load Points
Boundary Point
Lines
Beams
Areas
Deck: Represents a Steel Metal Deck, One way Load Transfer
Plank : Represents clearly on-way slab portion
Slab: Represents one-way or two-way slab portion
Opening: Represents Openings in Floor

ACECOMS
Automatic Meshing
ETABS automatically meshes all line objects with frame
section properties into the analysis model
ETABS meshes all floor type (horizontal) area objects (deck
or slab) into the analysis model
Meshing does not change the number of objects in the
model
To mesh line objects with section properties use Edit menu
> Divide Lines
To mesh area objects with section properties use Edit menu
> Mesh Areas
ACECOMS
Automatic Meshing
Automatic Meshing of Line Objects
Frame elements are meshed at locations where other frame
elements attach to or cross them and at locations where point
objects lie on them.
Line objects assigned link properties are never automatically
meshed into the analysis model by ETABS
ETABS automatically meshes (divides) the braces at the point
where they cross in the analysis model
No end releases are introduced.

ACECOMS
Automatic Meshing of Line Objects
Girder A
Girder B
B
e
a
m

1
B
e
a
m

2
Piece 1 Piece 2 Piece 3
Beam 1 Beam 2
b) Girders A and B As Modeled in
the ETABS Analysis Model
a) Floor Plan
Example showing how beams are automatically divided (meshed) where they
support other beams for the ETABS analysis model
ACECOMS
Automatic Meshing of Area Objects

ETABS automatically meshes a floor-type area object up into four-
sided (quadrilateral) elements
Each side of each element of the mesh has a beam (Real or Imaginary)
or wall running along it
ETABS treats a wall like two columns and a beam where the columns
are located at the ends of the wall and the beam connects the columns.
Each column is assumed to have four beams connecting to it
The floor is broken up at all walls and all real and imaginary beams to
create a mesh of four-sided elements
ACECOMS

Girder A
Girder B
B
e
a
m

1
B
e
a
m

2
B
e
a
m

3
Girder A
Girder B
B
e
a
m

1
B
e
a
m

2
B
e
a
m

3
c) ETABS Automatic Floor Meshing b) ETABS Imaginary Beams Shown Dashed a) Floor Plan
Example of ETABS automatically generated mesh for floor-type area objects
ACECOMS
d) ETABS Automatic Floor Meshing
b) ETABS Imaginary Beams Connecting
Columns Shown Dashed
a) Floor Plan (No Beams)
c) ETABS Imaginary Beams Extended to
Edge of Floor Shown Dashed
Example of ETABS
automatically generated mesh
for floor-type area objects
ACECOMS

For floors that are automatically meshed by ETABS it is
recommended that model beams (or at least null-type line objects)
are connecting columns rather than no beams (or line objects)

This makes the automatic meshing for the analysis model cleaner,
faster and more predictable

Including beams and/or null-type line objects between all
columns in your model makes automatic floor meshing more
predictable

ACECOMS

c) b) a)
f) e) d)
i) h) g)
C1 C2
C3 C4
C1 C2
C3 C4
C1 C2
C3 C4
C1 C2
C3 C4
C1 C2
C3 C4
C1 C2
C3 C4
C1 C2
C3 C4
C1 C2
C3 C4
C1 C2
C3 C4
Illustration of how ETABS
creates the distribution of
imaginary beams
ACECOMS
Automatic Transformation and
Transfer of Floor Loads to
Appropriate Elements
(Using the Auto Meshed Geometry)
ACECOMS
Load Transformation
The main issue:
How point loads, line loads and area loads that lie on an area
object in your object-based ETABS model are represented in
the analysis model

There are four distinct types of load transformation in
ETABS for out-of-plane load transformation for floor-type
area objects
with deck section properties
with slab section properties that have membrane behavior only
all other types of area objects
In-plane load transformation for all types of area objects
ACECOMS
Load Transformation
Area Objects
load transformation occurs after any
automatic meshing into the analysis
model

ETABS normalizes the coordinates of
the four corner points of the area object

The normalization is the key
assumption in this method

It is a perfectly valid assumption if the
quadrilateral is a square, rectangular or
a parallelogram
-
a) Quadrilateral Element
Edge 1
E
d
g
e

4
1
2
4
3
E
d
g
e

2
Edge 3
b) The r and s Axes
Edge 1
E
d
g
e

4
1
2
4
3
r
s
E
d
g
e

2
Edge 3
(1, 1)
(-1, 1)
(1, -1)
(-1, -1)
c) Corner Point r-s Coordinates
1
2
4
3
r
s
(r, s)
P
(1, 1)
(-1, 1)
(1, -1)
(-1, -1)
d) Point Load, P
1
2
4
3
r
s
Example of transfer of out-of-plane loads
for other area objects
ACECOMS
Load Transformation
The load distribution for deck sections is one way, in
contrast to slab sections which are assumed to span in two
directions
ETABS first automatically meshes the deck into
quadrilateral elements
Once the meshing is complete ETABS determines the
meshed shell elements that have real beams along them and
those that have imaginary beams
It also determines which edges of the meshed shell elements
are also edges of the deck.

ACECOMS
Load Transformation
Rectangular Interior Meshed Element with Uniform Load

Edge 1
Edge 3
E
d
g
e

2
E
d
g
e

4
x
Edge 1
Edge 3
E
d
g
e

2
E
d
g
e

4
x / 2 x / 2
Uniform load = w
Direction of deck span
a) Rectangular Interior Element
of Meshed Floor
b) Distribution of Uniform Load
wx / 2
c) Loading on Edges 2 and 4
Example of rectangular interior meshed
element with a uniform load
If the supporting member
at the end point of an
imaginary beam is itself
imaginary, then the load
from the imaginary beam
tributary to that end point
is lost, that is, it is
ignored by ETABS

ACECOMS
Load Transformation
Rectangular Interior Meshed Element with Point Load
ETABS distributes the point load to the appropriate edge beams
(based on the direction of the deck span)
If the beams along edges are real beams ETABS transfers the load onto
adjacent beams

Edge 1
Edge 3
E
d
g
e

2
E
d
g
e

4
x1 x2
Point load, P
a) Rectangular Interior Element
of Meshed Floor
b) Distribution of Point Load
x1 x2
Edge 4 Edge 2
P
P * x2
x1 + x2
P * x1
x1 + x2
c) Loading on Edge 2
P * x1
x1 + x2
d) Loading on Edge 4
P * x2
x1 + x2
If the supporting
member at the end point
of an imaginary beam is
itself imaginary, then the
load from the imaginary
beam tributary to that
end point is lost, that is,
it is ignored by ETABS

ACECOMS
Load Transformation
Rectangular Interior Meshed Element with Line Load

A line load is transformed in a similar fashion to that for a point load
using a numerical integration technique

The line load is discredited as a series of point loads which are
transformed to surrounding beams

The series of point loads is then converted back to a line load on the
surrounding beams

An area load that does not cover the entire element is also transformed in
a similar fashion to that for a point load using a numerical integration
technique.
ACECOMS
General Interior Meshed Element
d)
Edge 1
E
dge 3
E
d
g
e

2
E
d
g
e

4
Edge 1
E
dge 3
E
d
g
e

2
E
d
g
e

4
e) Transformation of Uniform Load
Edge 1
E
dge 3
E
d
g
e

2
E
d
g
e

4
Uniform load
a) General Interior Element of
Meshed Floor Deck
b)
Edge 1
E
dge 3
E
d
g
e

2
E
d
g
e

4
Edge 1
E
dge 3
E
d
g
e

2
E
d
g
e

4
c)
g) Loading on Edge 2
f) Loading on Edge 1
h) Loading on Edge 3 i) Loading on Edge 4
Midpoint
Midpoint
Example of general interior meshed element with a
uniform load
a) General Interior Element of
Meshed Floor Deck
Edge 1
E
d
g
e
3
E
d
g
e

2
E
d
g
e

4
P1
P2
P3
b)
Edge 1
E
d
g
e
3
E
d
g
e

2
E
d
g
e

4
P1
P2
P3
Line 1
Line 2
Line 3
Example of general interior meshed
element with a point load
ACECOMS
Exterior Meshed Element
Edge of deck is at
center of spandrel
beam, typical in this
example
Beam 1a
B C A
E F D
a) Floor Plan b) Deck Meshing
Beam 1b Beam 1b
B
e
a
m

2
a
B
e
a
m

2
b
B
e
a
m

2
a
B
e
a
m

2
b
Example of exterior meshed
elements with real beams on all sides
Beam 3a
B C A
E
D
Beam 3b
B
e
a
m

1
a
B
e
a
m

1
b
I
m
a
g
i
n
a
r
y

B
e
a
m

5
B
e
a
m

2
b
Beam 3a Beam 3b
B
e
a
m

1
a
B
e
a
m

1
b
B
e
a
m

2
a
B
e
a
m

2
b
Beam 4a Beam 4b
I
m
a
g
i
n
a
r
y
B
e
a
m

6 No beam at
edge of deck
No beam at
edge of deck
Example of exterior meshed elements
with cantilever beams extending to
edge of deck
ACECOMS
Im
aginary Beam
8
B C A
E
D
I
m
a
g
i
n
a
r
y

B
e
a
m

5
I
m
a
g
i
n
a
r
y
B
e
a
m

6
Beam 3a Beam 3b
B
e
a
m

1
a
B
e
a
m

1
b
B
e
a
m

2
a
B
e
a
m

2
b
Beam 3a Beam 3b
B
e
a
m

1
a
B
e
a
m

1
b
B
e
a
m

2
a
B
e
a
m

2
b
Im
aginary Beam
7
Im
aginary Beam
8
E1
I
m
a
g
i
n
a
r
y
B
e
a
m

6
Beam 3b
B
e
a
m

2
b
E2
c) Condition at Skewed Deck
Edge (Areas D and E)
Im
aginary Beam
7
D
D
Beam 3a
B
e
a
m

1
b
No beam at
edge of deck
No beam at
edge of deck
Example of exterior
meshed elements
with cantilever
beams extending to
edge of a skewed
deck
ACECOMS

Beam 1
B C A
E
D
B
e
a
m

2
Beam 1
B
e
a
m

2
Column 1 Column 1
Edge of deck
Example of exterior meshed elements with overhanging slab
ACECOMS
Beam 1a Beam 1a
B C A
E F D
Beam 1b Beam 1b
B
e
a
m

2
a
B
e
a
m

2
b
B
e
a
m

2
a
B
e
a
m

2
b
G H I
J
K
B
e
a
m

3
a
B
e
a
m

3
b
Example of exterior meshed elements with overhanging slab
ACECOMS
Effect of Deck Openings
a) Floor Plan with Unframed Opening
Beam 1
4' 6' 14'
6
'
4
'
2
'
b) Floor Plan with Framed Opening
(Beams on all Sides)
Beam 1
4' 6' 14'
6
'
4
'
2
'
c) Unframed, unloaded opening
4' 6' 14'
Note: Assume floor loading is 100
psf. Opening is either loaded or
unloaded as noted in c, d, e and f
which are loading diagrams for
Beam 1.
d) Unframed, loaded opening
e) Framed, unloaded opening
f) Framed, loaded opening
0.7k
0.6 klf
0.2 klf
0.6 klf 0.6 klf
0.6 klf 0.6 klf
0.1 klf
0.1 klf
0.7k
1.5k 1.5k
Example of effect of openings
on distribution of load over
deck sections
ACECOMS
Load Transformation
Vertical Load Transformation for Floors with Membrane
Slab Properties
only applies to floor-type area objects with slab section
properties that have membrane behavior only
The load distribution for membrane slab sections is two way
The actual distribution of loads on these elements is quite
complex
ETABS uses the concept of tributary loads as a simplifying
assumption for transforming the loads
ACECOMS
Floors with Membrane Slab Properties
f) Real beam on one side e) Real beams on two
opposite sides
d) Real beams on two
adjacent sides
c) Case 2 of real beams on
three sides
b) Case 1 of real beams on
three sides
a) Real beams on all sides
1
3
2 4
1
3
2 4
1
2 3
1
2 3
1
2
3
1
2
3
1
2
1
2
1
1
1
1
2
2
i) Real beam on one side
plus two vertical
support elements at
corner points
h) Real beams on two
adjacent sides plus
one vertical support
element at corner point
g) Real beam on one side
plus one vertical
support element at
corner point
1 1
1
1
1
3
1
3
2
2
2
2
midpoint
2
2
3
3
l) Vertical support
elements at two
adjacent corner points
(no real beams)
j) Vertical support
elements at all corner
points (no real beams)
1
1
3 3
3
k) Vertical support
elements at three
corner points (no real
beams)
4
2
2
4
1 2
1
2
3
1 2
1 2
m)Vertical support
elements at two
opposite corner points
(no real beams)
1
1
Legend
Real beam at shell edge
No beam at shell edge
Tributary area dividing line
Vertical support element
midpoints
n) Vertical support
elements at one
corner point (no
real beams)
1
1
2
2
f) Real beam on one side e) Real beams on two
opposite sides
d) Real beams on two
adjacent sides
c) Case 2 of real beams on
three sides
b) Case 1 of real beams on
three sides
a) Real beams on all sides
1
3
2 4
1
3
2 4
1
2 3
1
2 3
1
2
3
1
2
3
1
2
1
2
1
1
1
1
2
2
i) Real beam on one side
plus two vertical
support elements at
corner points
h) Real beams on two
adjacent sides plus
one vertical support
element at corner point
g) Real beam on one side
plus one vertical
support element at
corner point
1 1
1
1
1
3
1
3
2
2
2
2
midpoint
2
2
3
3
l) Vertical support
elements at two
adjacent corner points
(no real beams)
j) Vertical support
elements at all corner
points (no real beams)
1
1
3 3
3
k) Vertical support
elements at three
corner points (no real
beams)
4
2
2
4
1 2
1
2
3
1 2
1 2
m)Vertical support
elements at two
opposite corner points
(no real beams)
1
1
Legend
Real beam at shell edge
No beam at shell edge
Tributary area dividing line
Vertical support element
midpoints
n) Vertical support
elements at one
corner point (no
real beams)
1
1
2
2
Tributary areas for various
conditions of a membrane slab
ACECOMS
Floors with Membrane Slab Properties
a) Full uniform load
transformation
b) Partial uniform load
transformation
c) Line load transformation d) Point load transformation
1
3
2 4
3
2 4
1
1
3
2 4
3
2 4
1
1
3
2 4
3
2 4
1
1
3
2 4
3
2 4
1
Example of load distribution on a
membrane slab
ACECOMS
Type of Slab Systems in SAFE
ACECOMS
The 5-Story Walkup Flats
4.0 4.0 5.5 5.5 4.0 4.0
6.0
6.0
2.8
2.8
Column Layout Plan
1
2
3
5
6
A C B D E F G
4
ACECOMS
4.0 4.0 5.5 5.5 4.0 4.0
6.0
6.0
2.8
2.8
Slab and Beam Layout
1
2
3
5
6
A C B D E F G
4
C1= 0.3 x 0.8
C2 = 0.3 x 0.4

B1 = 0.25 x 0.4
B2 = 0.25 x 0.5

S1 = 0.15
B1
B2
C1 C2
ACECOMS
1 2
3 5 6 4
3.0
3.0
3.0
3.0
3.5
2.0
Section
ACECOMS
35 Story Office Building
6.0 6.0 8.0 8.0 6.0 6.0
8.0
8.0
1
2
4
5
A C B D E F G
3
7.0
7.0 Plan
Typical Floor
(B1, B2, 4-35)
ACECOMS
6.0 6.0 8.0 8.0 6.0 6.0
8.0
8.0
1
2
4
5
A C B D E F G
3
7.0
7.0 Plan
Floor 1-2

ACECOMS
6.0 6.0 8.0 8.0 6.0 6.0
8.0
8.0
1
2
4
5
A C B D E F G
3
7.0
7.0 Plan
Floor 3

ACECOMS
1
2 4 5 3
2 @ 5.0
2 @ 2.8
32 @ 3.5
Section at
C and D

ACECOMS
1
2 4 5 3
2 @ 5.0
2 @ 2.8
32 @ 3.5
Section at
B and E

ACECOMS
1
2 4 5 3
2 @ 5.0
2 @ 2.8
32 @ 3.5
Section at
A and G

Basic Modeling Analysis

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Basic Modeling Analysis

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International Seminar on

Computer Aided Analysis and Design

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