Chapter 03 The First Law of Thermodynamics (PP 59-81)

CH 03 THE FIRST LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS 59
CHAPTER 03
THE FIRST LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS

3-1 THE FIRST LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS
Problem 3-1
A system receives calories 200 of heat and work done by the
system is joules 736 . What is change in its internal energy?
) 186 . 4 1 ( J calorie = . B.U. B.Sc. 2000A
Solution
According to first law of thermodynamics
dW dU dQ + =
dW dQ dU =
J dU 2 . 101 736 ) 186 . 4 )( 200 ( = =

Problem 3-2
A system received joules 1254 of heat. Calculate the work
done by the system if the change in its internal energy is
calories 200 . B.U. B.Sc. 2007A
Solution
dW dU dQ + =
dU dQ dW =
Now J dQ 1254 =
J J calories dU 2 . 837 ) 186 . 4 )( 200 ( 200 = = =
Hence
J dW 8 . 416 2 . 837 1254 = =

Problem 3-3
A system receives 150calories of heat and the work done by
the system is 418 joules. What is the change in its internal
energy ( J calorie 18 . 4 1 = ) B.U. B.Sc. 2009S
Solution
According to the first law of thermodynamics
dW dU dQ + =
dW dQ dU =
Now J calories dQ 627 ) 18 . 4 )( 150 ( 150 = = =
J dU 418 =
Therefore
J dU 209 418 627 = =
Problem 3-4
An ideal gas expands isothermally, performing J
3
10 00 . 5
of work in the process. Calculate
(a) the change in internal energy of the gas and
(b) the heat absorbed during this expansion.
Solution
(a) 0 = =
INTERNAL
dE dU because there is no change in
temperature.
(b) dW dU dQ + =
J dQ
3 3
10 00 . 5 ) 10 00 . 5 ( 0 = + =
Problem 3-5
Let kg 00 . 1 of water be converted to steam by boiling. The
volume changes from an initial value of
3 3
10 00 . 1 m
as a
liquid to
3
671 . 1 m as steam. For this process, find
(a) the work done on the system
(b) the heat added to the system and
(c) the change in internal energy of the system.
(Heat of vapourization
1 6
10 26 . 2

= kg J , 1 atmosphere
2 3
10 013 . 1

m N ) K.U. B.Sc. 2003
Solution
(a) The work done on the system
dV p dW =
J dW
5 3 5
10 692 . 1 )} 10 00 . 1 ( 671 . 1 ){ 10 013 . 1 ( = =

(b) J L m dQ
v
6 6
10 26 . 2 ) 10 26 . 2 )( 1 ( = = =
(c) dW dQ dU =
J dU
6 5 6
10 091 . 2 ) 10 692 . 1 ( ) 10 26 . 2 ( = =
Problem 3-6
A W 40 heat source is applied to a gas sample for s 25 ,
during which time the gas expands and does J 750 of work
on its surroundings. By how much does the internal energy
of the gas change?
Solution
According to the first law of thermodynamics
dW dU dQ + =
dW dQ dU =
Now
J t P dQ 1000 ) 25 )( 40 ( = = =
J dW 750 =
Hence
J dU 250 750 1000 = =


3-2 HEAT CAPACITIES OF AN IDEAL GAS
Example 3-7
In an experiment, mol 35 . 1 of oxygen (
2
O ) are heated at
constant pressure starting at C
0
11 . How much heat must be
added to the gas to double its volume? Given that
1 1
4 . 29

= K mol J C
V
is for oxygen.
Solution
According to Charless law
= =
2
2
1
1
T
V
T
V
constant
1 1
1
1
1
1
2
2
2
2
T T
V
V
T
V
V
T =
|
|
\
|
=
|
|
\
|
=
The amount of heat added to the system at constant pressure is
given by
) 2 ( ) (
1 1 1 2
T T C n T T C n dT C n Q
P P P
= = =
J T C n Q
P
4
1
10 127 . 1 ) 273 11 )( 4 . 29 )( 35 . 1 ( = + = =
Example 3-8
Twelve grams of nitrogen ) (
2
N in a steel tank are heated
from C
0
25 to C
0
125 . (a) How many moles of nitrogen are
present? (b) How much heat is transferred to the nitrogen?
(The specific heat of
2
N at constant volume is
1 1
8 . 20

kg mol J ).
Solution
(a) 28 grams of
2
N is = 1 mol
12 grams of
2
N is n mol = = = 429 . 0
28
12

(b) dT C n Q
V
=
J Q 892 )} 273 25 ( ) 273 125 ){( 8 . 20 )( 429 . 0 ( = + + =

Example 3-9
The mass of helium atom is kg
27
10 66 . 6

. Compute the
specific heat at constant volume for helium gas
(in
1 1
K kg J ) from the molar heat capacity at constant
volume. (Given that
1 1
5 . 12

= K mol J C
V
).
Solution
Now
1 1
5 . 12

= K mol J C
V

The mass of one mole of helium gas is
(mass of helium atom)
A
N
kg
3 23 27
10 011 . 4 ) 10 022 . 6 )( 10 66 . 6 (

= =
Hence
1 1 3
3
10 116 . 3
10 011 . 4
5 . 12

= K kg J C
V

Example 3-10
Propane gas ) (
8 3
H C behaves like an ideal gas with 127 . 1 = .
Determine the molar heat capacity at constant volume and
the molar heat capacity at constant volume.
Solution
We know that
R C C
V P
+ =
But
V
P
C
C
= or
V P
C C = , therefore above expression
becomes
R C C
V V
+ =
R C
V
= ) 1 (
1 1
5 . 65
1 127 . 1
314 . 8
1

=
= K mol J
R
C
V

1 1
8 . 73 314 . 8 5 . 65

= + = + = K mol J R C C
V P

Example 3-11
The heat capacity at constant volume of a certain
amount of a monoatomic gas is K J / 8 . 49 .
(a) Find the number of moles of the gas.
(b) What is the internal energy of the gas at K T 300 = ?
(c) What is the heat capacity of the gas at constant
pressure?
Solution
(a) For monoatomic gas
R n C
V
2
3
=
moles
R
C
n
V
4
) 314 . 8 ( 5
) 8 . 49 ( 2
3
2
= =
(b) J T C U
V
4
10 494 . 1 ) 300 )( 8 . 49 ( = = =
(c)
V V V P
C C R n C C
3
2
+ = + = R n C
V
2
3
=
K J C C
V P
/ 83 ) 8 . 49 (
3
5
3
5
= = =
Example 3-12
One mole of a monoatomic ideal gas is initially at K 273
and one atmosphere.
(a) What is its initial internal energy?
(b) Find its final internal energy and the work done by the
gas when J 500 of heat are added at constant pressure.
(c) Find the same quantities when J 500 of heat are added
at constant volume.
Solution
(a) The initial internal energy is given by
T R T C U
V i
2
3
= =
J U
i
3405 ) 273 )( 314 . 8 (
2
3
= =
(b) Now dT C dQ
P
= or
P
C
dQ
dT =
J
C C
dQ
C
dQ
C dT C dU
V P P
V V
300
) 3 / 5 (
500
) / (
= = =
|
|
\
|
= =
Therefore the final internal energy and work are given by
J dU U U
i f
3705 300 3405 = + = + =
J dU dQ dW 200 300 500 = = =
(c) J dU dQ 500 = = and 0 ) 0 ( = = = p dV p dW


3-2 WORK DONE ON OR BY AN IDEAL GAS
3-2(A) WORK DONE AT CONSTANT VOLUME
Example 3-13
Calculate the increase in internal energy of ten grams of
oxygen whose temperature is increased by C
0
10 at constant
volume. Given that
1 0 1
82 . 1

= C g J C
v
.
Solution
dW dU dQ + =
dV p dU dT C m
v
+ =
) 0 ( ) 10 )( 82 . 1 )( 10 (
0 1 0 1
p dU C C g J g + =

dU J = 182
Increase in internal energy J dU dE
INTERNAL
182 = = =


3-2(B) WORK DONE AT CONSTANT PRESSURE
Problem 3-14
A gas expands at atmospheric pressure and its volume
increases by
3
500 cm . Calculate the work done by the gas.
(1 Atmosphere
2 5
/ 10 013 . 1 m N = ) B.U. B.Sc. 1998A
Solution
The work done by the gas at constant pressure is given by
dV p W =
J W 65 . 50 ) 10 500 )( 10 013 . 1 (
6 5
= =

Problem 3-15
One kilogram water is converted to steam at standard
atmospheric pressure. The volume changes from
3 3
10 1 m

as a liquid to
3
671 . 1 m as steam. For this process calculate
the work done on the system when the pressure is
2 5
/ 10 013 . 1 m N . K.U. B.Sc. 1998
Solution
The work done by the vapourizing water is
) (
i f
V V p dV p W = =
J W
5 3 5
10 691 . 1 ) 10 1 671 . 1 )( 10 013 . 1 ( = =

Problem 3-16
A gas expands at atmospheric pressure and its volume
increases by
3
334 cm . Find the work done by the gas. The
atmospheric pressure is
2 6
/ 10 013 . 1 cm dynes .
B.U. B.Sc. (Hons.) 1988A
The work done by the gas, at constant pressure, is given by
) (
i f
V V p dV p W = =
Now

2 6
/ 10 013 . 1 cm dynes p =

2
2 2
5 6
/
) 10 (
10 ) 10 013 . 1 (
m N p

= N dyne
5
10 1

=

2 5
/ 10 013 . 1 m N p =
3 4 3 3 2 3
10 34 . 3 ) 10 )(( 334 ( 334 m m cm dV

= = =
Hence
J dW 834 . 33 ) 10 34 . 3 )( 10 013 . 1 (
4 5
= =

Problem 3-17
A gas is compressed at a constant pressure of atm 8 . 0 from
litres 9 to litres 2 . In the process, J 400 of energy leaves the
gas by heat.
(a) What is the work done on the gas?
(b) What is the change in its internal energy?
Solution
(a) The work done is given by
dV p dW =
J dW 28 . 567 } 10 ) 9 2 )}{( 10 013 . 1 ( ) 8 . 0 {(
3 5
= =

(b) The desired change in internal energy of the system is
given by
dU dW dQ + =
dW dQ dU =
J dU 28 . 167 ) 28 . 567 ( 400 = =


3-2(C) WORK DONE AT CONSTANT TEMPERATURE
Problem 3-18
A gram molecule of a gas at C
0
77 expands isothermally to
its double volume. Calculate the amount of work done.
Solution
The work done is given by

|
|
\
|
=
i
f
V
V
n T R n W
J
V
V
n W 2017
2
) 273 77 )( 314 . 8 )( 1 (
0
0
=
|
|
\
|
+ =
Problem 3-19
Calculate the work done by an external agent in
compressing moles 12 . 1 of oxygen from volume of
litres 4 . 22 and atm 32 . 1 pressure to litres 3 . 15 at the same
temperature. P.U. B.Sc. 2001
Solution
The desired work on the gas by the external agent is given by

|
|
\
|
=
|
|
\
|
=
i
f
i i
i
f
V
V
n V p
V
V
n T R n W
|
\
|
=

4 . 22
3 . 15
) 10 4 . 22 )}( 10 013 . 1 ( 32 . 1 (
3 5
n W
kJ J W 142 . 1 10 142 . 1
3
= =

Problem 3-20
A sample of gas consisting of moles 11 . 0 is compressed
from a volume of
3
0 . 4 m to
3
0 . 1 m while its pressure
increases from 10 to ) / ( 40
2
m N Pa . Calculate the work
done. P.U. B.Sc. 2002, K.U. B.Sc. 2008

Solution
It may be noted that
m N T R n V p V p
f f i i
= = = 40
which indicates that the given process is isothermal. The work
done at constant temperature is given by
J n
p
p
n T R n W
f
i
5 . 55 ) 40 / 10 ( ) 40 ( = =
|
|
\
|
=
Problem 3-21
A balloon contains mol 30 . 0 of helium. It rises, while
maintaining at constant K 300 temperature, to an altitude
where its volume has expanded five times. How much work
is done by the gas in the balloon during this isothermal
expansion?
Solution
The work done at constant temperature is given by

|
|
\
|
=
i
f
V
V
n T R n W
J
V
V
n W
3
0
0
10 203 . 1
5
) 300 )( 314 . 8 )( 30 . 0 ( =
|
|
\
|
=
Problem 3-22
One mole of nitrogen gas is compressed isothermally from
2
/ 10 m N to
2
/ 20 m N at C
0
27 . Calculate the work done.
Solution
The work done during this compression is given by

|
|
\
|
=
i
f
p
p
n T R n W
J n W 1729
10
20
) 273 27 )( 314 . 8 )( 1 ( = |
\
|
+ =

3-2(D) WORK DONE IN THERMAL ISOLATION
OR UNDER ADIABATIC CONDITIONS
Problem 3-23
One mole of oxygen, initially kept at C
0
17 , is adiabatically
compressed so that its pressure becomes ten times.
Calculate
(a) its temperature after the compression and
(b) the work done on the gas.
Given that
1 1
1 . 21

= K mol J C
v
is for oxygen.
Solution
(a) For adiabatic process

i i f f
V p V p =

) ( ) (
i i i i f f f f
V p p p V p p p

=

) ( ) (
1 1
i i f f
T R n p T R n p

=

i i f f
T p T p

=
1 1

/ ) 1 (
|
|
\
|
=
f
i
i f
p
p
T T
Now K K C T
i
290 ) 273 17 ( 17
0
= + = =
1 . 0
10
1
= =
f
i
p
p
, 40 . 1 = and
7
2
40 . 1
40 . 1 1 1
=

Hence K T
f
560 ) 1 . 0 )( 290 (
7 / 2
= =

(b) dT C m dE dW
v INTERNAL
= =
J dW 5697 ) 290 560 )( 1 . 21 )( 1 ( = =

Problem 3-24
Calculate the work done to compress adiabatically one gram
mole of air initially at S.T.P. conditions to half its volume if
40 . 1 = for air.

Solution
The initial volume
0
V of air at S.T.P. is given by

1 1 1
T R n V p =

3
1
1
1
p
T R n
V =
m V V
2
5 0 1
10 24 . 2
10 013 . 1
) 273 0 )( 314 . 8 )( 1 (

=
+
= =
The final pressure of air, under adiabatic conditions, is given by

|
|
\
|
=
f
i
i f
V
V
p p
Pa
V
V
p
f
5
40 . 1
0
0 5
10 673 . 2
5 . 0
) 10 013 . 1 ( =
|
|
\
|
=
The desired work done is
1
i i f f
V p V p
W
40 . 1 1
) 10 24 . 2 )( 10 013 . 1 ( )} 10 24 . 2 ( ) 5 . 0 ){( 10 673 . 2 (
2 5 2 5

=

W
J W 1812 =

Problem 3-25
3
2 m of a gas at
2
/ 100 m N expands according to law
C V P =
2 . 1
where C is a constant, until volume is doubled.
Calculate the work done.
Solution
Now C V P
i i
=
2 . 1

7 . 229 ) 2 )( 100 (
2 . 1
= = C
Hence
7 . 229
2 . 1
= V P
V
p
7 . 229
=
The work done by the gas is given by
dV V dV p W
V
V

= =
2
1
4
2
2 . 1
7 . 229
[ ] J
V
W 43 . 129 2 4
2 . 0
7 . 229
2 . 0
7 . 229
2 . 0 2 . 0
4
2
2 . 0
=
(
=
(

Problem 3-26
Five litres of argon at C
0
0 are compressed to one litre
adiabatically and reversibly. What will be the final
temperature if 3 / 5 = for argon?
Solution
For an adiabatic process

i i f f
V p V p =

1 i
i
i
f
f
f
V
V
T R n
V
V
T R n
|
|
\
|
=
|
|
\
|
T R n V p =

1 1
=

i i f f
V T V T

1
|
|
\
|
=
f
i
i f
V
V
T T
K T
f
798 ) 1 / 5 )( 273 (
1 ) 3 / 5 (
= =

Problem 3-27
Calculate the final temperature of a sample of carbon
dioxide of mass g 0 . 16 that is expanded reversibly and
adiabatically from
3
500 cm at K 15 . 298 to
3
2000 cm .
Solution

1
|
|
\
|
=
f
i
i f
V
V
T T
K T
f
71 . 196
2000
500
) 15 . 298 (
1 30 . 1
=
|
\
|
=

Problem 3-28
By how much must the volume of a gas with 40 . 1 = be
changed to an adiabatic process if the Kelvin temperature is
to double?
Solution

i i f f
V p V p =

1 i
i
i
f
f
f
V
V
T R n
V
V
T R n
|
|
\
|
=
|
|
\
|
T R n V p =

1 1
=

i i f f
V T V T

f
i
i
f
T
T
V
V
=
|
|
\
|
1

) 1 /( 1
|
|
\
|
=
f
i
i
f
T
T
V
V

177 . 0
2
) 1 40 . 1 /( 1
= |
\
|
=
T
T
V
V
i
f

i f
V V 177 . 0 =

Problem 3-29
A mol 00 . 1 sample of an ideal diatomic gas originally at
atm 00 . 1 and C
0
20 , expands adiabatically to twice its
volume. What are final pressure and temperature for the
gas? Assume no molecular vibrations.
Solution

i i f f
V p V p =

|
|
\
|
=
f
i
i f
V
V
p p

40 . 1
0
0
2
) 1 (
|
|
\
|
=
V
V
p
f
40 . 1 = for a diatomic gas.
atm p
f
379 . 0 =
Further

1 1
=

i i f f
V T V T
1 40 . 1
0
0
1
2
) 273 20 (
|
|
\
|
+ =
|
|
\
|
=
V
V
V
V
T T
f
i
i f

K T
f
222 =

Problem 3-30
An ideal gas initially at atm 00 . 8 and K 300 is permitted to
expand adiabatically until its volume doubles. Find the final
pressure and temperature if the gas is
(a) Monoatomic (b) Diatomic
Solution
The expressions for final pressure and temperature of the gas
are given by
|
|
\
|
=
f
i
i f
V
V
p p
and
1
|
|
\
|
=
f
i
i f
V
V
T T
3
5
= therefore
atm
V
V
p
i
i
f
52 . 2
2
) 00 . 8 (
3 / 5
=
|
|
\
|
=
K
V
V
T
i
i
f
189
2
) 300 (
1 ) 3 / 5 (
=
|
|
\
|
=

(b) For diatomic gas 40 . 1
5
7
= = therefore
atm
V
V
p
i
i
f
03 . 3
2
) 00 . 8 (
40 . 1
=
|
|
\
|
=
K
V
V
T
i
i
f
227
2
) 300 (
1 40 . 1
=
|
|
\
|
=

Problem 3-31
A volume of dry air at S.T.P. is expanded to three times its
original volume under adiabatic conditions. Calculate the
final temperature and pressure if 40 . 1 = for air.
Solution

The final temperature of air is given by

1
|
|
\
|
=
f
i
i f
V
V
T T
K
V
V
T
f
176
3
) 273 0 (
40 . 1
0
0
=
|
|
\
|
+ =
The final pressure of the gas is given by

|
|
\
|
=
f
i
i f
V
V
p p
Pa
V
V
p
f
4
40 . 1
0
0 5
10 176 . 2
3
) 10 013 . 1 ( =
|
|
\
|
=
Problem 3-32
An ideal monoatomic gas for which 3 / 5 = undergoes an
adiabatic expansion to one third of its initial pressure. Find
the ratio of final volume to initial volume if the process is
(a) Isothermal
(b) Adiabatic. K.U. B.Sc. 2000

Solution
(a) For an isothermal process

i i f f
V p V p =
3
) 3 / 1 (
= = =
i
i
f
i
i
f
p
p
p
p
V
V

(b) For an adiabatic process

i i f f
V p V p =

f
i
i
f
p
p
V
V
=
|
|
\
|

933 . 1 ) 3 (
) 3 / 1 (
6 . 0
) 3 / 5 /( 1
/ 1
= =
)
`
=
|
|
\
|
=
i
i
f
i
i
f
p
p
p
p
V
V

Example 3-33
A volume of argon gas at C
0
27 expands adiabatically until
its volume is increased four times. Find the resulting fall in
temperature. Given that 67 . 1 = is for argon gas.
Solution
Now
1
|
|
\
|
=
f
i
i f
V
V
T T
C or K
V
V
T
f
0
1 67 . 1
0
0
5 . 154 5 . 118
4
) 273 27 ( =
|
|
\
|
+ =

Example 3-34
An ideal gas at K 300 is compressed adiabatically to half
its initial volume.
(a) What is the final temperature of the gas if it is
monoatomic?
(b) What is the final temperature of the gas if it is diatomic?

Solution
Now
1
|
|
\
|
=
f
i
i f
V
V
T T
3
5
= therefore
K
V
V
T
f
476
5 . 0
) 300 (
1 ) 3 / 5 (
0
0
=
|
|
\
|
=

(b) For diatomic gas 40 . 1
5
7
= = therefore
K
V
V
T
f
396
5 . 0
) 300 (
1 40 . 1
0
0
=
|
|
\
|
=

Example 3-35
Calculate the rise in temperature when a gas at C
0
27 is
compressed to eight times its original pressure. The value of
is 1.5 for the given gas.
Solution
The final temperature of the gas is given by the expression

/ ) 1 (
|
|
\
|
=
f
i
i f
p
p
T T
K
p
p
T
i
i
f
600
8
) 273 27 (
5 . 1 / ) 5 . 1 1 (
=
|
|
\
|
+ =

The rise in temperature of the gas will be
K T T T
i f
300 300 600 = = =

Example 3-36
A given mass of gas at C
0
0 is suddenly compressed to a
pressure twenty times the initial pressure. What will be the
final temperature of the gas if is 42 . 1 .

Solution
The final temperature of the gas is given by the expression

/ ) 1 (
|
|
\
|
=
f
i
i f
p
p
T T
K
p
p
T
i
i
f
2 . 662
20
) 273 0 (
42 . 1 / ) 42 . 1 1 (
=
|
|
\
|
+ =

Example 3-37
One mol of an ideal monoatomic gas at K 300 and atm 0 . 3
expands adiabatically to a final pressure of atm 0 . 1 . How
much work does the gas do in the expansion?
Solution
For adiabatic process

/ ) 1 (
|
|
\
|
=
f
i
i f
p
p
T T
K T
f
193
0 . 1
0 . 3
) 300 (
67 . 1 / ) 67 . 1 1 (
=
|
\
|
=

The work done in adiabatic process is given by
J T T
R
W
f i
1328
1 67 . 1
) 193 300 ( 314 . 8
) (
1
=

Example 3-38
An ideal monoatomic gas, consisting of mol 6 . 2 of volume
3
084 . 0 m , expands adiabatically. The initial and final
temperatures are C
0
25 and C
0
68 respectively. What is
the final volume of the gas?
Solution
For adiabatic process

1 1
=

i i f f
V T V T
1 1
|
|
\
|
=

i
f
i
f
V
T
T
V

) 1 /( 1
|
|
\
|
=
f
i
f
T
T
V
Now

3
084 . 0 m V
i
=
K K C T
i
298 ) 273 25 ( 25
0
= + = =
K K C T
f
205 ) 273 68 ( 68
0
= + = =
67 . 1 = for monoatomic gas.
Hence
3
) 1 67 . 1 /( 1
2
147 . 0 ) 084 . 0 (
205
298
m V =
|
\
|
=

ADDITIONAL PROBLEMS
(1) A system receives 150calories of heat and the change
in its internal energy is 209 joules. Calculate the
work done by the system. ( J calorie 18 . 4 1 = )
B.U. B.Sc. 2007A
(2) The atmospheric pressure is
2 6
/ 10 013 . 1 cm dynes . A
gas expands at this pressure and the increase in its
volume is . . 668 c c Find the work done by the gas.
(3) A gas expands at atmospheric pressure and its
volume increases by
3
400 cm . Find the work done by
the gas. B.U. B.Sc. (Hons.) 1991A
(4) A gas is suddenly compressed to one fourth of its
original volume. Calculate rise in temperature, the
original at C
0
27 and 5 . 1 = . F.P.S.C. 1978

Answers
(1) 418 J (2) 67.67 J (3) 40.52 J
(4) 600 K

Chapter 03 The First Law of Thermodynamics (PP 59-81)

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Chapter 03 The First Law of Thermodynamics (PP 59-81)

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CH 03 THE FIRST LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS 59

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