Chapter-2-Bearing Capacity of Shallow Foundation

Foundat i on Engi neeri ng Beari ng Capaci t y of shal l ow Foundat i ons
Arba M i nch Uni versi t y/ Engi neeri ng Facul t y/ Ci vi l Engg Dept Lect ure Not es
- 17 -

CHAPTER TWO

BEARI NG CAPACI TY OF SHALLOW FOUNDATI ONS

Table of Cont ent s
Page No.
2. 0 I nt r oduct i on . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - 18 -
2. 1 Beari ng Fail ure Modes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - 18 -
2. 2 Ul t i mat e Beari ng Capacit y Equat i ons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - 19 -
2. 2. 1 Terzaghi s Beari ng Capaci t y equat i on . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - 19 -
2. 2. 2 Meyerhof s Beari ng Capaci t y equat i on . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - 21 -
2. 2. 3 Hansens Beari ng Capaci t y Equat i on . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - 23 -
2. 2. 4 A comparat i ve summar y of t he t hr ee beari ng capaci t y equat i ons. . . . . . - 26 -
2. 2. 5 All owabl e beari ng capaci t y and fact or of saf et y . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - 30 -
2. 2. 6 Eccent ri c Loads . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - 31 -
2. 3 Fi el d Test s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - 33 -
2. 3. 1 Pl at e Loadi ng Test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - 33 -
2. 3. 2 St andard Penet rat i on Test ( SPT) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - 34 -
2. 4. Met hods of I mpr ovi ng Beari ng Capaci t y of soi l s. . .- 38
2. 5. Beari ng Capacit y of f oot i ngs on sl opes. - 43
2. 6. Foundat i ons on Rocks.-
2. 7. Beari ng Capacit y of f oot i ngs on Layered soi l s.-
2. 8. Pr oport i oning of foot i ngs. .- 45

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2. 0 I nt r oduct ion
A foundat i on, oft en const ruct ed fr om concr et e, st eel or wood, i s a st r uct ure
desi gned t o t ransf er l oads fr om a superst r uct ure t o t he soi l underneat h t he
super st ruct ur e. I n general , foundat i ons ar e cat egori zed i nt o t wo gr oups, namel y,
shall ow and deep f oundat i ons. Shall ow foundat ions are compri sed of f oot i ngs, whil e
deep foundat i ons i ncl ude pil es t hat are used when t he soi l near t he ground surface has
no enough st r engt h t o st and t he appli ed l oading. The ult imat e bearing capacit y, q
u,
( in kPa) i s t he l oad t hat causes t he shear fai l ure of t he soil underneat h and adj acent
t o t he f oot i ng. I n t hi s chapt er, we will di scuss equat i ons used t o est i mat e t he ul t i mat e
beari ng capaci t y of soi l s. When you compl et e t hi s chapt er you shoul d be abl e t o:
Cal cul at e t he beari ng capaci t y of soil s.
2. 1 Bearing Failur e Modes

Figure 2. 1: Modes of beari ng fail ures ( a) General shear ( b) Local shear and ( c)
Punching shear.
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Rel at i ve densi t y of t he soi l and size of t he f oundat i on are among t he maj or
fact ors t hat aff ect t he mode of beari ng failure li kel y t o occur. The modes of beari ng
fail ure ar e generall y separat ed i nt o t hr ee cat egori es: The gener al shear f ailur e ( Fi g.
1. 1 a) i s usuall y associ at ed wi t h soi l s of l ow compressi bilit y such as dense sand and
st i ff cohesi ve soi l s. I n t hi s case, i f l oad i s graduall y appli ed t o t he f oundat i on,
set t l ement will i ncrease. At a cert ai n poi nt when t he appli ed l oad per uni t area
equal s t o t he ul t i mat e l oad q
u
a sudden fail ure i n t he soil support i ng t he f oundat i on
will t ake pl ace. The fai lure surface i n t he soi l will ext end t o t he gr ound surface and full
shear r esi st ance of t he soi l i s devel oped al ong t he fai l ure surface. Bul ging of t he soil
near t he f oot i ng i s usuall y apparent .
For t he local shear f ailure ( Fi g. 1. 1 b) , whi ch is common i n sands and cl ays of
medi um compact i on, t he fai lure sur face wi ll graduall y ext end out ward fr om t he
foundat i on but will not r each t he gr ound surface as shown by t he sol i d segment i n Fi g.
1. 1 b. The shear r esi st ance i s full y devel oped over onl y part of t he failure surface
( sol i d segment of t he l i ne) . Ther e i s a cert ai n degree of bul ging of t he soil .
I n t he case of punching shear failure, a condi t i on common i n l oose and very
compressi bl e soil s, consi derabl e vert i cal set t l ement may t ake pl ace wi t h t he fai l ure
surfaces r est ri ct ed t o vert i cal pl anes i mmediat el y adj acent t o t he si des of t he
foundat i on; t he ground surface may be dragged down. Aft er t he first yi el d has
occurr ed t he l oad- set t l ement cur ve wi ll be st eep sli ght l y, but remai n fairl y fl at .
2. 2 Ult imat e Bear ing Capacit y Equat ions
2. 2. 1 Terzaghis Bearing Capacit y equat ion
Many of t he pr esent day pri nci pl es regardi ng beari ng capaci t y equat i ons appear
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t o have had t hei r ori gi n on a fai l ure mechani sm proposed by Prandt l in t he earl y 1920s
( ref er li t erat ure f or Prandt l s fail ure mechani sm) . Prandt l devel oped a beari ng capacit y

Figure 2. 2: Fai l ure mechani sm for Terzhagi s beari ng capaci t y sol ut i on.
Equat i on assumi ng a smoot h ( f ri ct i onl ess) foot i ng and i gnori ng t he wei ght of t he soil
i n t he fail ure zone. These assumpt i ons are not t r ue i n pract i ce and t heref or e Prandt l s
equat i on i s never used i n pract i cal desi gn, but i t was a begi nning.
Terzhagi ( 1943) i mproved t he Prandt l equat i on t o i ncl ude t he roughness of t he
foot i ng and t he wei ght of t he fai l ure zone. The fai lure mechani sm i n a c, soi l for
Terzhagi s beari ng capaci t y sol ut i on i s shown i n Fi g. 2. 2. Terzhagi s ul t imat e beari ng
capaci t y equat i ons are gi ven as f oll ows:
St ri p ( or l ong) foot i ng:
N B DN N c q
q c u
5 . 0 ' + + ( 2. 1)
Square f oot i ng:
N B DN N c q
q c u
4 . 0 ' 3 . 1 + + ( 2. 2)
Ci rcul ar foot i ng:
N B DN N c q
q c u
3 . 0 ' 3 . 1 + + ( 2. 3)
wher e N
c
, N
q
and N
ar e cal l ed t he beari ng capaci t y fact ors and are obt ai ned as

fol l ows:
) 2 / ' 45 ( cos 2
2
' tan ) ' 2 / 3 (
e
N
q
, ) 1 ( ' cot
q c
N N ,
,
_
1
' cos
' tan
2 2
1
p
K
N ( 2. 4)
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Figure 2. 3: Terzhagi s beari ng capaci t y coeffi cient s.

Fi gure 2. 3 shows t he vari at i on of t he beari ng capaci t y fact ors pr ovi ded by Terzhagi .
Based on t hi s fi gure, Aysen ( 2002) proposed t he f ol l owi ng equat i on t o obt ai n t he
val ue of K
p
i n t he N
equat i on:
) 2 / ' 60 ( tan ) 8 . 3 ' 4 ' 8 (
0 2 2

+ +
p
K ( 2. 5)
Wher e ' i n t he fi rst t erm i s in radi ans. I n t he undrai ned condi t i ons ( c
u
and 0
u
) :
1
q
N , 71 . 5 ) 1 (
2
3
+
c
N , 0
N ( 2. 6)
2. 2. 2 Meyer hofs Bearing Capacit y equat ion
Meyerhof ( 1951) devel oped a beari ng capaci t y equat i on by ext endi ng Ter zhagi s
fail ure mechani sm and t aki ng i nt o account t he eff ect s of f oot i ng shape, l oad
i ncli nat i on and foot i ng dept h by addi ng t he cor r espondi ng fact ors of s, d, and i. For a
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rect angul ar foot i ng of L by B ( L > B) and i ncli ned l oad:

d i s N B d i s DN d i s N c q
q q q q c c c c u
5 . 0 ' + + ( 2. 7)
For vert i cal l oad, i
c
= i
q
= i
= 1

d s N B d s DN d s N c q
q q q c c c u
5 . 0 ' + + ( 2. 8)

Figure 2. 4: Meyerhof s beari ng capaci t y coeffi cient s.
The beari ng capaci t y fact ors:
) 2 / ' 45 ( tan ) ' tan exp(
2
+
q
N , ) 1 ( ' cot
q c
N N , ) ' 4 . 1 tan( ) 1 (

q
N N ( 2. 9)
I n t he undrai ned condi t ions ( c
u
and 0
u
) :
1
q
N , 71 . 5 ) 2 ( +
c
N , 0
N
The beari ng capacit y fact or s ar e graphi call y present ed i n Fi g. 2. 4. The shape,
i ncli nat i on and dept h fact or s are accordi ng t o:
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Shape Dept h I nclinat ion
Any '
L
B
K s
p c
2 . 0 1+
B
D
K d
p c
2 . 0 1+
2
0
0
90
1
,
_
q c
i i
For 0 '
s
q
= s
= 1 d
q
= d
= 1 i
= 0
For
0
10 '
L
B
K s s
p q
1 . 0 1+

B
D
K d d
p q
1 . 0 1+

2
0
0
'
1
,
_
,
_
+
2
'
45 tan
2
p
K , = angl e of r esul t ant measur ed f r om ver t i cal axi s.
when t ri axi al ' i s used f or pl ane st rai n, adj ust ' t o obt ai n
'
t riaxial

,
_

L
B
1 . 0 1 . 1 '

For t he eccent ri c l oad, t he l engt h and wi dt h of t he foot i ng rect angl e are modi fi ed t o:
L = L 2e
L
and B = B 2e
B
( 2. 9)
wher e e
L
and e
B
r epr esent t he eccent ri cit y al ong t he appr opri at e di rect i ons.
2. 2. 3 Hansens Bearing Capacit y Equat ion
Hansen ( 1961) ext ended Meyerhof s sol ut i ons by consi deri ng t he effect s of
sl oping ground surface and t ilt ed base ( Fi g. 2. 5) as well as modi fi cat i on of N
and ot her
fact ors. For a r ect angul ar foot i ng of L by B ( L > B) and i ncli ned ground surface, base
and l oad:

g b i d s N B g b i d s DN g b i d s N c q
q q q q q q c c c c c c u
5 . 0 ' + + ( 2. 10)
Equat i on 2. 9 i s somet i mes r ef err ed t o as t he general bearing capacit y equat ion. I n t he
speci al case of a hori zont al ground surface,

b i d s N B b i d s DN b i d s N c q
q q q q q c c c c c u
5 . 0 ' + + ( 2. 11)
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Figure 2. 5: I dent i fi cat ion of i t ems i n Hansens beari ng capaci t y equat ion.
Fi gure 2. 6 pr ovi des t he rel at i onshi ps bet ween N
c
, N
q
, and N
and t he ' val ues, as

proposed by Hansen.

Figure 2. 6: Hansens beari ng capaci t y coeffi ci ent s.

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The beari ng capaci t y fact or s N
c
and N
q
are i dent i cal wi t h Meyerhof s f act or s. N
i s
defi ned by:
tan ) 1 ( 5 . 1
q
N N ( 2. 12)
Si nce fail ure can t ake pl ace ei t her al ong t he l ong si de or al ong t he short si de, Hansen
proposed t wo set s of shape, i ncli nat i on and dept h fact ors.
The shape fact ors ar e:
B c
c
q
B c
i
L
B
N
N
s
, ,
1 + , ' sin 1
, ,
+
B q B q
i
L
B
s , 6 . 0 4 . 0 1
, ,

B B
i
L
B
s

( 2. 13)
L c
c
q
L c
i
B
L
N
N
s
, ,
1 + , ' sin 1
, ,
+
L q L q
i
B
L
s , 6 . 0 4 . 0 1
, ,

L L
i
B
L
s

( 2. 14)
For c
u
,
u
= 0 soi l:
B c B c
i
L
B
s
, ,
2 . 0 ,
L c L c
i
B
L
s
, ,
2 . 0 ( 2. 15)
The i ncli nat i on fact ors are:
1
1
,
, ,

q
i q
i q i c
N
i
i i ,
1
' cot
5 . 0
1
,
,
_
+

b
i
i q
Ac V
H
i ,
2
' cot
7 . 0
1
,
,
_
+

b
i
i
Ac V
H
i ( 2. 16)
wher e t he suf fi x i ( i n Eqn. 2. 15) st ands f or B or L. 5 2
1
. 5 2
2
. A i s t he ar ea
of t he f oot i ng base and c
b
i s t he cohesi on mobilized i n t he foot i ng- soil cont act area. For
t he t il t ed base:
2
' cot
) 450 7 . 0 (
1
0 0
,
1
]
1

b
i
i
Ac V
H
i ( 2. 17)
For c
u
,
u
= 0 soi l:
b i i c
Ac H i 1 5 . 0 5 . 0
,
( 2. 18)
I n t he above equat i ons, B and L may be repl aced by t hei r eff ect i ve val ues ( B and L)
expr essed by Eqn. ( 2. 9) .
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The dept h fact or s are expressed i n t wo set s:
For D/ B 1 & D/ L 1:
B
D
d
B c
+ 4 . 0 1
,
,
B
D
d
B q
+
2
,
) ' sin 1 ( ' tan 2 1 ( 2. 19)
L
D
d
L c
+ 4 . 0 1
,
,
L
D
d
L q
+
2
,
) ' sin 1 ( ' tan 2 1 ( 2. 20)
For D/ B > 1 & D/ L > 1:
( ) 243. 36 563. 8497 3. 96 19. 8 0 / 11 22. 4688 0. 5258 0 0 1 243. 36 568. 7698 22. 4688 ( )
B
D
d
B c
1
,
tan 4 . 0 1
+ , ) ( tan ) ' sin 1 ( ' tan 2 1

1 2
,
B
D
d
B q
+ ( 2. 21)
( ) 245. 16 527. 8497 3. 96 19. 8 0 / 11 22. 4688 0. 5261 0 0 1 245. 16 532. 7698 22. 4688 ( )
L
D
d
L c
1
,
tan 4 . 0 1
+ , ) ( tan ) ' sin 1 ( ' tan 2 1

1 2
,
L
D
d
L q
+ ( 2. 22)
For bot h set s: 1
d ( 2. 23)
For c
u
,
u
soil :
B
D
d
B c
4 . 0
,
,
L
D
d
L c
4 . 0
,
( 2. 24)
For t he sl opi ng ground and t il t ed base, t he ground fact ors g
i
and base fact ors b
i
are
proposed by t he f oll owi ng equat i ons. The angl es and are at t he same pl ane, ei t her
parall el t o B or L.
0
0
147
1

c
g , ( ) 401. 64 347. 7298 3. 96 17. 4 / 11 15. 8789 0. 7446 0 0 1 401. 64 351. 2098 15. 8789 ( )
5
tan 5 . 0 1
g g
q
( 2. 25)
For c
u
,
u
soil :
0
0
147
c
g ( 2. 26)
0
0
147
1

c
b ,
' tan 2
e b
q
,
' tan 7 . 2
e b ( 2. 27)
For c
u
,
u
soil :
0
0
147
c
b ( 2. 28)
2. 2. 4 A compar at ive summary of t he t hree bearing capacit y equat ions
Terzaghi s equat i ons were and are st ill wi del y used, perhaps because t hey ar e
somewhat si mpl er t han Meyerhof s and Hansens. Pract i t i oners use Terzaghi s
equat i ons for a very cohesi ve soi l and D/ B < 1. However, Terzaghi s equat i ons have
t he fol l owi ng maj or drawbacks:
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Shape, dept h and i ncli nat i on fact or s ar e not consi dered.
Terzaghi s equat i ons are sui t abl e for a concent ri call y l oaded hori zont al
foot i ng but are not suit abl e for eccent ri call y ( for exampl e, col umns wi t h
moment or t i t l ed for ces) l oaded foot i ngs t hat are very common i n pract ice.
The equat i ons ar e general l y conservat i ve t han Meyerhof s and Hansens.

Curr ent l y, Meyerhof s and Hansens equat i ons ar e more wi del y used t han
Terzaghi s. Bot h ar e vi ewed as somewhat l ess conser vat i ve and appli cabl e t o mor e
general condi t i ons. Hansens i s, however, used when t he base i s t i lt ed or when t he
foot i ng i s on a sl ope and for D/ B > 1.

EXAMPLE 2. 1
Gi ven t he dat a i n Fi g. E2. 1, det ermi ne t he ult i mat e beari ng capacit y q
u
usi ng:
a) Terzaghi s, b) Meyer hof s and c) Hansens beari ng capaci t y equat i ons.

Figure E2. 1 : An i sol at ed foot i ng.
EAMPLE 2 . 2
Det ermi ne t he ul t imat e beari ng capaci t y of a square f oot i ng 1. 5 m, at a dept h of 1 m
i n a soil c = 10 kPa, ' = 28
0
, c
u
= 105 kPa,
u
= 0 and = 19 kN/ m
3
. Use Terzaghi s,
Meyerhof s and Hansens beari ng capaci t y equat i ons.
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St rat egy I t i s a good poli cy t o sket ch a di agram ill ust rat i ng t he condi t i ons gi ven.

EAMPLE 2 . 3
A squar e foot i ng 1. 5 m i s t o be const ruct ed i n sand wi t h c = 0, ' = 40
0
. The t hi ckness
of t he f oot i ng i s 0. 45 m and i t s t op sur face i s l evel wi t h t he hori zont al ground surf ace.
The f oot i ng i s subj ect ed t o a cent ral vert i cal for ce of 700 kN and a cent ral horizont al
for ce ( parall el t o t he sides) of 210 kN. Fi nd t he ul t i mat e beari ng capaci t y by a)
Meyerhof s and b) Hansens equat i ons. ( Not e t hat Terzaghi s equat i ons are not
appli cabl e for i ncli ned l oads) . The uni t wei ght of t he sand i s 18 kN/ m
3
.

2. 2. 1 Effect s of Groundwat er Table on Bear ing Capacit y
For al l t he beari ng capacit y equat i ons, you wi ll have t o make some adj ust ment s
for t he gr oundwat er condi t i on. The t erm D i n t he beari ng capaci t y equat i ons r ef er s
t o t he vert i cal st ress of t he soi l above t he base of t he foot i ng. The l ast t er m B r ef er s
t o t he vert i cal st ress of a soi l mass of t hi ckness B, bel ow t he base of t he foot i ng. You
need t o check whi ch one of t he t hr ee gr oundwat er si t uat i ons i s appli cabl e t o your
proj ect .
Sit uat ion 1: Groundwat er l evel at a dept h B bel ow t he base of t he foot i ng. I n t hi s
case no modi fi cat i on of t he beari ng capaci t y equat i ons i s requi red.
Sit uat ion 2: Gr oundwat er l evel wi t hin a dept h B bel ow t he base of t he foot i ng. I f t he
groundwat er l evel i s at a dept h z bel ow t he base, such t hat z < B, t hen t he t erm B i s
) ( ' z B z + or ) ( ' z B z
sat
+ . The l at er equat i on i s used i f t he soil above t he
groundwat er l evel i s al so sat urat ed. The t erm D remai ns unchanged.
Sit uat ion 3: Gr oundwat er l evel wi t hin t he embedment dept h. I f t he gr oundwat er i s
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at a dept h z wit hi n t he embedment such t hat z < D, t hen t he t erm D i s
) ( ' z D z + or ) ( ' z D z
sat
+ . The l at t er equat i on i s used i f t he soi l above t he
groundwat er l evel i s al so sat urat ed. The t erm B becomes B ' .

Figure E2. 7 : Gr oundwat er wi t hi n a) a dept h B bel ow base, b) embedment dept h.

- 30 -
EXAMPLE 2. 4
Re- do exampl e 2. 3 assumi ng t hat t he groundwat er l evel i s at t he foot i ng level ( 0. 45 m
bel ow t he ground surface) . The sat urat ed uni t wei ght i s 21 kN/ m
3
.

EXAMPLE 2. 5
A squar e foot i ng i s shown i n fi gure bel ow. Det ermi ne t he safe gr oss l oad ( Fact or of
safet y of 3. 0) t hat t he f oot i ng can car r y.

Fig. E2. 5 Squar e foot i ng.
2. 2. 5 Allowable bear ing capacit y and f act or of safet y
The al l owabl e beari ng capaci t y, q
a
i s cal cul at ed by di vi di ng t he ul t i mat e beari ng
capaci t y by a fact or, cal led t he fact or of saf et y, FS. The FS i s i nt ended t o compensat e
for assumpt i ons made i n devel opi ng t he beari ng capaci t y equat i ons, soil vari abili t y,
i naccurat e soi l dat a, and uncert ai nt i es of l oads. The magni t ude of FS appli ed t o t he
ult i mat e beari ng capaci t y may be bet ween 2 and 3. The al l owabl e beari ng capaci t y i s:
FS
q
q
u
a
( 2. 29)
- 31 -
Al t ernat i vel y, i f t he maxi mum appli ed foundat i on st ress
max
) (
a
i s known and t he
di mensi on of t he foot i ng i s al so known t hen you can fi nd a fact or of saf et y by repl aci ng
q
a
by
max
) (
a
i n Eqn. ( 2. 29) :
max
) (
a
u
q
FS
( 2. 30)
2. 2. 6 Eccent r ic Loads
Meyerhof ( 1963) pr oposed an appr oxi mat e met hod for l oads t hat are l ocat ed
off- cent ered ( or eccent ri c l oads) .

Fi gure A
1

He proposed t hat for a rect angul ar foot i ng of wi dt h B and l engt h L, t he base area
shoul d be modi fi ed wi t h t he f oll owi ng di mensi ons:
B = B 2e
B
and L = L - 2e
L
( 1)
Wher e B and L ar e t he modi fi ed wi dt h and l engt h, e
B
and e
L
ar e t he eccent ri ci t i es in
t he di rect i ons of t he wi dt h and l engt h, respect i vel y. Fr om your course i n mechani cs
you shoul d recal l t hat
P
M
e
y
B
and
P
M
e
x
L
( 2)
wher e P i s t he vert i cal load, and M
y
and M
x
ar e t he moment s about t he y and x axes,
- 32 -
respect i vel y, as shown i n Fi g. A
1
.

The maxi mum and mi nimum vert i cal st resses al ong t he x axi s ar e:
,
_
+
B
e
BL
P
B
6
1
max
and
,
_

B
e
BL
P
B
6
1
min
( 3)
and al ong t he y axi s ar e:
,
_
+
B
e
BL
P
L
6
1
max
and
,
_

B
e
BL
P
L
6
1
min
( 4)
Si nce t he t ensi l e st rengt h of soi l s i s appr oxi mat el y zero,
min
shoul d al ways be
great er t han zer o. Ther efor e, e
B
& e
L
shoul d al ways be l ess t han B/ 6 & L/ 6, respect i vel y.
The beari ng capaci t y equat i ons are modi fi ed for eccent ri c l oads by r epl aci ng B wit h B.
EXAMPLE 2. 6
A foot i ng 2 m square i s locat ed at a dept h of 1 m bel ow t he ground sur face i n a deep
deposi t of compact ed sand, ' = 30
0
, c= 0, and
sat
= 18 kN/ m
3
. The f oot i ng i s
subj ect ed t o a vert i cal load of 500 kN and a moment about t he Y- axi s of 125 kN m.
The gr ound wat er t abl e i s 5 m bel ow t he ground surface. Use Meyerhof s beari ng
capaci t y equat i on and cal cul at e t he fact or of saf et y. Assume t he soi l above t he ground
wat er i s al so sat urat ed.

- 33 -
2. 3 Field Test s
Oft en, i t i s di ffi cul t t o obt ain undi st urbed samples of especi all y coarse- grai ned
soi l s for l aborat or y t est i ng and one has t o use r esul t s from fi el d t est s t o det ermi ne t he
beari ng capaci t y of shal low f oundat i ons. Some of t he most common met hods used f or
fi el d t est s ar e bri efl y descri bed bel ow.
2. 3. 1 Plat e Loading Test
Test s on ful l si zed foot ings are desi rabl e but expensi ve. The al t ernat i ve i s t o
car ry out pl at e l oadi ng t est s. The pl at e l oadi ng t est i s car ri ed out t o est i mat e t he
beari ng capaci t y of si ngl e foot i ngs. The pl at es t hat are used i n t he fi eld are usual ly
made of st eel and are 25 mm t hi ck and 150 mm t o 762 mm i n di amet er. A ci rcul ar
pl at e of 300 mm i s commonl y used i n pract i ce. Occasi onall y, square pl at es t hat are
300 mm 300 mm ar e al so used.
To conduct a pl at e l oad t est , a hol e i s excavat ed ( Fi g. 2. 8) wi t h a mini mum
di amet er 4B
P
( B
P
= di amet er of t he t est pl at e) t o a dept h of D ( D = dept h of t he
proposed f oundat i on) . The pl at e i s pl aced at t he cent er of t he hol e. Load i s appli ed t o
t he pl at e i n i ncrement s of 10% t o 20% of t he est i mat ed ul t i mat e l oad. Each l oad
i ncrement i s hel d unt il set t l ement ceases. The fi nal set t l ement at t he end of each
l oadi ng i ncrement i s r ecorded. The t est shoul d be conduct ed unt i l t he soil fail s, or at
l east unt il t he pl at e has gone t hr ough 25 mm of set t l ement .

Figure 2. 8: Pl at e Loadi ng Test
- 34 -
For t est s i n cl ay,
) ( ) ( P u F u
q q ( 2. 31)
Wher e q
u ( F)
& q
u ( P)
are ult i mat e beari ng capaci t y of foundat i on and pl at e, respect i vel y.
Eqn. ( 2. 31) i mpli es t hat t he beari ng capaci t y in cl ays i s i ndependent of pl at e size.
For t est s i n sandy soi l ,
p
F
P u F u
B
B
q q
) ( ) (
( 2. 32)
Wher e B
F
and B
P
st and f or wi dt h of foundat i on and pl at e, respect i vel y.
Ther e ar e several probl ems associ at ed wi t h t he pl at e l oad t est . The t est i s
rel i abl e i f t he soi l l ayer i s t hi ck and homogeneous, l ocal condi t i ons such as a pocket of
weak soi l near t he surface of pl at e can aff ect t he t est r esul t s but t hese may have no
si gni fi cant effect on t he r eal foot i ng, t he cor r elat i on bet ween pl at e l oad resul t s and
real foot i ng i s probl emat i c, and perf ormance of t he t est i s general l y di fficul t .
2. 3. 2 St andard Penet r at ion Test ( SPT)
The St andard Penet rat i on Test ( SPT) i s used t o det ermi ne t he al l owabl e beari ng
capaci t y of cohesi onl ess coar se- grai ned soi l s such as sands. The t est procedur e f or
SPT has been i nt roduced i n Chapt er 1. The N val ues obt ai ned fr om SPT are usual ly
corr ect ed f or vari ous ef fect s such as overburden pressur e and energy t ransfer. The
fol l owi ng are t wo of t he most commonl y used met hods i n pract i ce for corr ect i ng t he N
val ues.
1. DI LATANCY CORRECTI ON: Si lt y fi ne sands and fi ne sands bel ow t he wat er
t abl e devel op por e pr essure t hat i s not easi l y di ssi pat ed. The por e pressur e
i ncreases t he r esi st ance of t he soi l and hence t he penet rat i on number ( N)
Terzaghi and peck ( 1967) r ecommended t he f ol l owi ng corr ect i on i n t he case of
- 35 -
sil t y fi ne sands when t he obser ved val ue of N exceeds 15.
The corr ect ed penet rat i on number, N
c

N
c
= 15+ 0. 5( N
R
- 15)
Wher e N
R
i s t he r ecorded val ue and N
c
i s t he corr ect ed val ue.
I f N
R
= 15, N
c
= N
R

2. OVERBURDEN PRESSURE CORRECTI ON: I n granul ar soi l s, t he overburden
pressur e aff ect s t he penet rat i on r esi st ance. I f t wo soi l s havi ng t he same
rel at i ve densi t y but di ffer ent confi ni ng pressur es ar e t est ed, t he one wi t h a
hi gher confi ni ng pressur e gi ves a hi gher penet rat i on number. As t he conf i ning
pressur e i n cohesi onl ess soil s i ncreases wi t h t he dept h, t he penet rat i on
number f or soi l s at shall ow dept hs i s under est i mat ed and t hat at great er
dept hs i s over est i mat ed. For uni formi t y, t he N- val ues obt ai ned fr om fi el d t est s
under di ffer ent eff ect i ve overburden pr essur e are corr ect ed t o a st andard
eff ect i ve overburden pr essure.
2 ;
8 . 95
'
0
,
_
N
z
N
c c
( Li ao and Whi t man, 1985) ( 2. 33)

kPa 24 , 2 ;
1916
log 77 . 0
'
0
'
0
10
>
,
_
z N
z
N
c c
( Peck et al ., 1974) ( 2. 34)

Wher e c
N
i s a corr ect i on fact or for overburden pressur e, and
'
0 z
i s t he eff ect i ve
overburden pr essure i n kPa. A furt her cor r ect i on fact or i s i mposed on N val ues i f t he
groundwat er l evel i s wi t hin a dept h B bel ow t he base of t he foot i ng. The groundwat er
corr ect i on fact or i s:
) ( 2 2
1
B D
z
c
W
+
+ ( 2. 35)
- 36 -
Wher e z i s t he dept h t o t he gr oundwat er t abl e, and D and B ar e t he f oot i ng dept h and
wi dt h. I f t he dept h of t he groundwat er t abl e i s beyond B fr om t he f oot i ng base c
W
= 1.
The corr ect ed N val ue i s:
N c c N
W N
cor

Meyerhof ( 1956, 1974) proposed t he f oll owi ng equat i ons t o det ermi ne t he al l owabl e
beari ng capaci t y q
a
fr om SPT val ues.
d e a
k N S q
cor
25
12
B 1. 22 m ( 2. 36)
d e a
k
B
B
N S q
2
305 . 0
25
8
,
_
cor
B > 1. 22 m ( 2. 37)
wher e S
e
i s t he el ast i c set t l ement of t he l ayer i n mm and k
d
= 1 + 0. 33D/ B 1. 33.
I n pract i ce, each val ue of N i s a soi l l ayer up t o a dept h B bel ow t he f oot i ng base i s
corr ect ed and an average val ue of N
cor
i s used i n Eqn. ( 2. 37) .
Bowl es ( 1996) modi fi ed Meyerhof s equat i ons by 50% i ncrease i n t he allowabl e
beari ng capaci t y. Bowl ess equat i ons ar e:

d e a
k N S q
cor
25
20
B 1. 22 m ( 2. 36)
d e a
k
B
B
N S q
2
305 . 0
25
5 . 12
,
_
cor
B > 1. 22 m ( 2. 37)

I n t he above equat i ons N i s t he st at i st i cal average val ue f or t he f oot i ng infl uence zone
of about 0. 5B above f oot ing base t o at l east 2B bel ow. Wei ght ed average usi ng dept h
i ncrement X N may be preferabl e t o an ordi nary ari t hmet i c average: t hat i s
N
av
= ( ?N* Z
i
) / ( ?Z
i

- 37 -
For pi l e foundat i ons t her e may be meri t i n t he si mpl e averagi ng of bl ow count N
for any st rat um unl ess i t i s very t hi ck- ( t hi ck bei ng a rel at i ve t erm) . Here i t may be
bet t er t o subdi vi de t he t hi ck st rat um i nt o several st rat a and average t he N count for
each subdi vi si on.
I f t her e ar e consi st ent l y l ow val ues of N bel ow t hi s zone, set t l ement s may be
t roubl esome i f N i s not r educed somewhat t o ref l ect t hi s event .
I t can be not ed, i n t he above equat i ons, t hat foot ing widt h i s a si gni fi cant paramet er.
Obvi ousl y i f t he dept h of i nfl uence i s on t he order of 2B a l arger foot i ng wi dt h will
affect t he soi l t o a gr eat er dept h and st rai ns i nt egrat ed over a gr eat er dept h wi ll
produce a l arger set t l ement . Thi s i s t aken i n t o account somewhat for mat s, whi ch are
consi der ed by bot h Meyerhof and Bowl es t o obt ai n i n t he pr evi ous equat i ons.
Bot h Meyerhof s and Bowl es equat i ons are most vi abl e and onl y reli abl e in
for mat i ons of sand, sil t y sand, and mi xt ures of si lt , sand, and fi ne gravel . Thus, careful
scrut i ny shoul d be used i n est abli shi ng a q
all
f rom SPT t est s i n fi ne- grained soi l s such
as si lt and part i cul arl y cl ay, si nce sil t and cl ay may be soft ened or st i ffened wi t h an
i ncrease or decrease i n t he moi st ure cont ent . Cor respondi ngl y, t he SPT r esul t s may
var y i n t he same si l t or cl ay format i ons i f t he moi st ure condi t i ons change.
Pract ical Problem Encount ered:
A one- st ory school buildi ng t hat was desi gned usi ng a q
all
based on a ver y hi gh
bl ow count ( l arge N val ues) obt ai ned duri ng a dry season ( and l ow wat er t abl e) . The
SPT i nformat i on was used as a sol e basi s for det er mi ni ng q
all
. Graduall y, but
cumul at i vel y, over a t hree- year span f rom const ruct i on, cracks exceedi ng 5cm
devel oped i n t he on- grade concr et e sl ab. A subsequent eval uat i on reveal ed a cl ay
st rat um vul nerabl e t o si gni fi cant shri nkage and swel li ng from not abl e changes i n t he
- 38 -
wat er cont ent .
I n t he same cont ext , SPT number s may be mi sl eadi ng i f t he format i on shoul d cont ain
l arge- size gravel . The l arge si ze gravel may wedge i t sel f i nt o a spl i t - spoon sampl er
t hereby r esul t ing in a l arge, mi sl eadi ng N val ue.
2.4 Met hods I mpr oving t he Bear ing Capacit y of Soils

Si gni fi cant increase i n t he beari ng capacit y of a soi l can be achi eved by al t eri ng t he
soi l propert i es of, cohesi on c, or densi t y. Usuall y an increase i n densit y ( or unit
wei ght ) i s accompani ed by an i ncrease i n ei t her or c or bot h ( assumi ng t he soi l i s
cohesi ve) . Part i cl e packi ng ( compact i on) al ways i ncreases t he densi t y, wi t h a
resul t i ng decr ease i n voi d rat i o, and reduces l ong t erm set t l ement s. Par t i cl e packi ng
usuall y increases t he st r ess- st rai n modul us so t hat any i mmedi at e set t l ement s ar e
al so reduced.
Met hods of Soil Pr opert y Modif icat ion
Mechanical st abilizat ion:

St abilizat i on i s achi eved by al t eri ng grai n size gradat i on of t he si t e soi l .
Bi nder ( mat eri al passi ng t hrough No. 4 ( 0. 425mm) si eve) i s added for soil
domi nat ed by gravel ( f rom 75mm 1mm) . Wher e t he soi l i s predomi nant l y
cohesi ve, granul ar soi l is i mport ed and bl ended wi t h t he si t e soil .
I t usuall y requi res much mor e granul ar mat eri al s t o st abi lize cohesi ve deposi t s
t han bi nder for cohesi onl ess deposi t s and as r esult ot her st abi li zing met hodsar e
usuall y used for cl ayey soi l s.

- 39 -
Compact ion:
Thi s met hod usuall y uses some ki nd of r ol ling equi pment t o achi eve part i cl e
packi ng for bot h cohesi onl ess and cohesi ve soi l s and i s usuall y t he most
economi cal .
a

b

- 40 -
c

d

- 41 -
e

Preloading:
Used i n combi nat i on wi t h drai nage, i t i s pri maril y t aken t o r educe fut ure
set t l ement but may al so be used t o i ncrease shear st rengt h.
Drainage:
A met hod undert aken t o r emove soi l wat er and t o speed up set t l ement s under
prel oadi ng.
Densif icat ion using vibrat ory equipment :
The met hod uses some t ype of vi brat i ng probe, whi ch i s i nsert ed i nt o t he soil
mass and wi t hdrawn.
Densi fi cat i on i s part i cul arl y useful i n sand, silt y sand, gravel l y sand deposi t s wi t h
D
r
l ess t han about 50 t o 60 percent .
Use of in- sit u reinforcement :
The t r eat ment produces composi t e gr ound. A t ri al spaci ng i s chosen and col umn
of mat eri al such as st one, sand, cement , or l i me i s insert ed i n t he excavat ed soil
and rammed.
The dri ll ed di amet ers usuall y range i n bet ween 600mm and 800mm and dept h of
4m t o 8m.
- 42 -
Grout ing:
I nj ect i on of a vi scous fl ui d t o reduce t he voi d rat i o ( and k) or t o cement rock
cracks. Most commonl y, t he vi scous fl ui d i s a mix wat er and wat er or wat er and
li me, and/ or wi t h addi t ives such as fi ne sand, bent oni t e cl ay, or fl y ash.
Geot ext iles:
Synt het i c fabri c t hat i s suffi ci ent l y durabl e t o l ast a reasonabl e l engt h of t i me i n
t he host i l e soi l envi ronment .
Because of t hei r t ensil e st r engt h, geot ext i l es are somet i mes pl aced over weak
( poor beari ng capaci t i es) soi l s t o for m r ei nforcement . General l y, a layer of
cont r oll ed fill i s pl aced over t he geot ext i l e, t hereby cr eat i ng a form of composi t e
t hat spans over t he weak soil .
Chemical st abilizat ion:
I t i nvol ves use of chemi cal st abilizers ( al so t ermed chemi cal grout i ng) . I t i s
sel dom empl oyed because of cost .
The mor e commonl y used chemi cal agent s are phosphori c aci d, cal ci um chl ori de,
and sodi um sili cat e ( or wat er gl ass) .
Vari ous chemi cal s added t o a soi l may yi el d one but mor e l i kel y a number of
changes i n a soi l format i on: ( i ) reduce permeabili t y of t he soil ( e. g. i n dam
const ruct i on, excavat i on i nfil t rat i on) . ( ii ) I ncr ease soil st rengt h. ( iii ) I ncrease
beari ng capaci t y ( I V) decr ease set t l ement . ( v) Produce a st i ffeni ng of l oose sand
for mat i on and t hus mi nimize undesi rabl e ef fect s, such as f rom vi brat i ons.

- 43 -
2. 5. Bear ing Capacit y of Foot ings on slopes:

Bef or e const ruct i on of f oot i ngs on sl opi ng ground, t he st abili t y of t he sl ope i t sel f must
be i nvest i gat ed. Foot i ngs shoul d not be const r uct ed on sl opes whi ch are unst abl e.
They shoul d al so be avoi ded on sl opes where sl ow creep of t he super fi ci al mat eri al
t akes pl ace. The st abilit y of a st abl e sl ope may be endanger ed by t he addi t i on of
foot i ngs. Hence t he st abilit y of foot i ngs must be i nvest i gat ed bot h bef or e and aft er
const ruct i on of foot i ngs.
Foot ings on sloping ground:
Shoul d have suffi ci ent edge di st ance ( mi ni mum 2 t o 3 ft ) as prot ect i on agai nst
er osi on.
Shoul d be car ri ed bel ow t he dept h of fr ost penet rat i on.
Shoul d be car ri ed bel ow t he t op ( organi c) soil , mi scell aneous fi ll , abandoned
foundat i on, and debri s.
The beari ng capaci t y of foot i ngs on sl opi ng ground may be det er mi ned by t he
fol l owi ng equat i on ( Meyer ohf s, 1957) :
q= CNcq+ 0. 5?BNq
Wher e N
c
q and N
?
q var y wi t h t he sl ope of t he ground, t he rel at i ve posi t i on of t he
foot i ng and t he angl e of i nt ernal fri ct i on of t he soil

- 44 -

Fig.2.9. Ult imat e bearing capacit y of cont inuous foot ings on slopes.

- 45 -
Example 2.7.
Figure E2.7. Shows a shallow st rip foot ing on t he t op of a clay slope, Det ermine t he allowable
bearing capacit y of t he foundat ion wit h a fact or of safet y of 4.0

Fig. E2. 7 St ri p Foundat i on on cl ay sl ope

2. 8. Proport ioning of foot ings:

2. 8. 1 Proport ioning of foot ings using pr esumpt ive allowable soil pressures:

Through many years of pract i ce, i t has been possi bl e t o est i mat e t he all owabl e soil
pressur e for t he di ffer ent t ypes of soil s for uncompli cat ed soi l condit i ons. Accordi ngl y
di fferent bui ldi ng codes gi ve all owabl e average soi l pressur e s
as
.
Aft er pi cki ng up t he all owabl e soi l pressur e s
as
f or a gi ven soi l , one may det ermi ne t he
area and subsequent l y t he pr oport i ons of a foot i ng necessary t o sust ai n a gi ven l oad
or a combi nat i on of l oads as i n t he fi gure . .
The al l owabl e soil pressure, s
as
i s gi ven by:

- 46 -
Wher e
P= Load sust ai ned by t he f oot i ng.
A= a. b= area of f oot i ng.
a= Lengt h of foot ing.
b= Wi dt h of f oot i ng.
The desi gner shoul d fi x t he geomet ri c shape ( square, r ect angl e, ci rcl e) and t he rat i o
bet ween a and b of t he f oot i ng pri or t o t he appl i cat i on of t he above equat i on. Si nce all
ot her quant i t i es i n t he above equat i on are known, one readi l y det ermi nes t he ar ea A
of t he f oot i ng.

Figure: Proport i oni ng of foot i ngs usi ng presumpt i ve val ue

2. 8. 2. Proport ioning of foot ings using t he soil st r engt h par amet ers ? and C:

For cases wher e pr esumpt i ve all owabl e soi l pressures cannot be used, one should
det ermi ne t he soi l st rengt h paramet ers ? and C. These paramet ers may be
approxi mat ed or det er mi ned from l aborat ory t est s. I f t he nat ure of t he pr oj ect cal l s
for rel at i vel y accurat e det ermi nat i on of ? and C, one shoul d carry out a seri es of
t ri axi al t est s on undi st urbed soil sampl es t aken f r om several poi nt s. Usi ng t he val ue of
? and C t hus obt ai ned, one can easi l y det er mi ne t he ar ea of t he f oundat i on i n
- 47 -
quest i on usi ng beari ng capaci t y equat i ons ( 2. 1- 2. 11) .

Figure: Proport i oni ng of foot i ngs usi ng shear st rengt h paramet ers of a soi l

I n appl ying t he beari ng capaci t y equat i ons one shoul d di ffer ent i at e t wo st at es of
l oadi ng, namel y, t he i nit ial or inst ant aneous loading condit ion and t he final or
long- t erm l oading condi t ion.

I n t he I nit ial loading condit ion, t he l oad i s assumed t o act i nst ant aneousl y. At t hi s
st age t he por e wat er pressur e i n t he soi l does not have t i me t o di ssi pat e. Thi s
si t uat i on cor responds t o t he quick or undrained t est condit ion of t he t ri axi al t est . The
soi l paramet ers ar e desi gnat ed by ?
u
and C
u
i n most cases ?
u
= 0.

I n t he Final loading or long t erm loading condit ion, t he l oad i s assumed t o act
graduall y as const ruct i on progr esses, t hus gi vi ng t he por e wat er pr essure i n t he soi l
ampl e t i me t o di ssi pat e. Her e t he si t uat i on cor responds t o t he slow or drained t est
- 48 -
condit ion of t he t ri axi al t est . The soi l paramet ers i n t hi s case ar e desi gnat ed by ? and
C.
When one compares t he respect i ve magni t udes of t he soil paramet er s; one fi nds t hat
C
u
i s much bi gger t han C and ?
u
- i f not equal t o zero- i s much l ess t han ?.

Example 2. 8:

Det ermi ne t he Di mensions of a squar e foot i ng necessary t o sust ai n an axi al col umn
l oad of 850KN as shown i n t he fi gure bel ow, gi ven t hat D
f
= 2m, = 19. 1 KN/ m
3
, i f
a) An all owabl e presumpt i ve beari ng pressure of 150KN/ m
2
i s used.
b) C
u
= 40KN/ m
2
; C= 7. 5KN/ m
2
; ?= 22. 50.

Figure: Proport i oni ng of a square foot i ng.

- 49 -
Example 2. 9:

A Rect angul ar mat foundat i on measuri ng 10m X 20m i s t o be pl aced at a dept h of
3. 50m bel ow ground l evel . The subsur face profi l e compri ses of mul t i l ayer soil
deposi t s, t he det ail s of whi ch are shown i n figure bel ow. Det ermi ne saf e beari ng
capaci t y of t he soi l by adopt i ng sui t abl e fact or of safet y. Use Meyerhof s beari ng
capaci t y equat i on. Assume t hat t he foundat i on carri es a concent ri call y appli ed vert i cal
l oad.

- 50 -

Example 2. 10 :

At a si t e f or a pr oposed buildi ng, SPT t est s wer e conduct ed i n a borehole at a dept h
i nt erval of 0. 75m. The r esul t s of bl ow count s ( N) obser ved at di ffer ent dept hs bel ow
ground l evel are gi ven i n t he t abl e bel ow. At t hi s si t e t he soil i n general i s fi ne sand
wi t h an average bul k unit wei ght of 17. 0KN/ m
3
and sat urat ed uni t wei ght of 21KN/ m
3
.
The gr ound wat er t abl e i s l ocat ed at a dept h of 3m bel ow gr ound l evel . A r ect angul ar
foot i ng of si ze 3. 0m X 4. 0m i s t o be pl aced at a dept h of 2. 25m. Det ermi ne t he
all owabl e beari ng capacit y of t he f oot i ng for an all owabl e set t l ement of 50mm.

Table: Measur ed SPT bl ow count s.
Dept h, m 0. 75 1. 50 2. 25 3. 00 3. 75 4. 50 5. 25 6. 00 6. 75 7. 50 8. 25 9. 00 9. 75
Recorded, N 9 12 15 14 21 18 22 24 19 21 25 20 16

- 51 -
Example 2. 11 :
A Buil ding i s t o be const ruct ed over a si t e t hat has t he soi l st rat i fi cat i on shown in
Figure bel ow.
A. Det ermi ne t he ar ea of a square foot i ng t hat can safel y t ransf er t he l oad
from t he superst ruct ure wi t hout shear fai l ure, i . e. beari ng capaci t y failure.
B. Det ermi ne t he cor respondi ng t ot al set t l ement f or t he foot i ng area
proport i oned above. Check i f t he l oad can be t ransferr ed wi t hout excessi ve
set t l ement . I s an i sol at ed foot i ng t he ri ght choi ce for t hi s condi t i on? Why?
Use t he following dat a:-
The l oad f rom t he super st ruct ur e; P= 2645KN.
The foot i ng i s t o be pl aced at a dept h of 2. 0m bel ow t he gr ound
surface.
The al l owabl e t ot al set t lement i s 75mm.
Maxi mum cent er- t o- cent er spaci ng bet ween col umns i s 5. 0m.
Assume t he f oundat i on t o be a ri gi d foundat i on.
Gr ound wat er t abl e exi st s at a dept h of 5. 0m bel ow t he ground
surface. Use Meyerhof s Beari ng Capacit y equat i on. Use F. S= 3. 0.

Figure: Subsur face pr ofi l e
CLAY SOI L

C=32 KN/m
2
, =22
o
, S
r
=80%, G
s
=2.70, =17 KN/m
3

E=25Mpa, =0.50, e
o
=0.80, C
c
=0.21

10.0m

G.L
Rock Ext ended t o a gr eat dept h
- 52 -
Example 2. 12 :
A square foot i ng i s shown i n fi gure bel ow. Det ermi ne t he safe gross all owabl e l oad
( fact or of saf et y= 3) t hat t he f oot i ng can carr y. Use any t wo beari ng capaci t y
equat i ons.

Figure: Squar e f oot i ng.

- 53 -
Example 2. 13 :
A square foot i ng i s shown i n fi gure bel ow. Det ermi ne t he safe gross all owabl e l oad
( fact or of saf et y= 3) t hat t he f oot i ng can carr y. Use Terzaghi beari ng capaci t y
equat i ons for general shear fai lure.
Given:
sat
= 1980KN/ m
3
, = 25, = 1800Kg/ m
3
, C= 23. 94KN/ m
2
, B= 1. 8m, D
f
= 1. 2m,
h= 2m

- 54 -
Example 2. 14 :
I n t he fi gure shown below, t hi s shows a shal l ow st ri p foundat i on on t he t op a sl ope.
Given:
Slope ( Sand)
=15
o

C=0 KN/m
2

= 40
o

= 15KN/ m
3

Foundat ion:
B= 0. 75m
D= 1. 5m
Est i mat e t he al l owabl e beari ng capaci t y. Use fact or of safet y of 4.

- 55 -
Example 2. 15 :

A square f oot i ng of 4m wi dt h i s shown i n t he fi gure bel ow. The f oot i ng i s subj ect ed t o
an eccent ri c l oad. For t he fol l owing cases, Det er mi ne t he gross al l owabl e l oad t hat t he
foot i ng coul d carr y. Use Meyerhof s beari ng capaci t y procedur e and safet y of
fact ors= 4.
Gi ven: D
f
= 3m, x= y= 0. 5m, = 25, = 1800Kg/ m
3
, C= 23. 94KN/ m
2


Chapter-2-Bearing Capacity of Shallow Foundation

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Chapter-2-Bearing Capacity of Shallow Foundation

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Verfügbare Formate

Foundat i on Engi neeri ng Beari ng Capaci t y of shal l ow Foundat i ons

ar e cal l ed t he beari ng capaci t y fact ors and are obt ai ned as

and t he ' val ues, as

+ , ) ( tan ) ' sin 1 ( ' tan 2 1

+ , ) ( tan ) ' sin 1 ( ' tan 2 1

( Li ao and Whi t man, 1985) ( 2. 33)

( Peck et al ., 1974) ( 2. 34)

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