BSC 1020 EXAM 1 Study Guide

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BSC 1020 The Biology of Humans EXAM 1 Study Guide Exam Instructions
Exam

1 is scheduled for Saturday, February 11th from 11:00-12:15

- It will be held on the Tampa campus in two lecture halls ISA 1051: For students whose last names start with A-L ISA 1061: For students whose last names start with M-Z - If you cannot come to USF that day, it is your responsibility to arrange for an alternate site. (Refer to the syllabus for more details)
Please bring The exam It

your student ID and a pencil. I will provide you with the scantron sheet

covers Chapters 1 to 7.

will consist of 50 multiple-choice questions, including 10 that are True/False.

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Chapter 1: Introduction: Biology Today 1. List the seven characteristics of life as it is known on Earth. -Order, regulation, growth and development, Energy utilization, Response to the environment, reproduction, evolution 2. Rank the levels of life from atoms and molecules to the biosphere. - Biosphere, ecosystems, communities, populations, organisms, Organ Systems and Organs, Tissues, Cells, Organelles, Molecules and Atoms 3. What is the difference between EUKARYOTES and PROKARYOTES? Classify each of the following organisms as eukaryotic or prokaryotic: bacteria, Archaea, protists, fungi, plants, and animals. -prokaryotic cell is much simpler and usually much smaller than eukaryotic. Bacteria are prokaryotic, most other forms of life like plants and animals are composed of eukaryotes. 4. What are the three domains of life? Which organisms belong to each domain? -Bacteria, Archaea, Eukarya 5. What are Darwins two main observations and his inescapable conclusion? -Observation 1= overproduction and competition -Observation 2= Individual variation -Conclusion= Unequal reproductive success 6. Compare and contrast natural and artificial selection. Artificial selection is the result of humans modifying the species to adapt to personal beneficial usage whereas natural selection occurs over hundreds or thousands of years. 7. Compare and contrast discovery science and hypothesis-driven science. Verifiable observations and measurements are the data of discovery science that seeks natural causes for natural phenomena, using a proposed explanation for a set of observations to discover the answer, most modern scientific investigations 8. What are the steps of the scientific method? Observation Question Hypothesis (conclusion based on observations) Prediction Experiment 9. What is the difference between a scientific hypothesis, theory, and law? A theory is much broader in scope than a hypothesis (small conclusion) it is a comprehensive explanation supported by abundant evidence, theory explains compared to law which describes

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Chapter 2: Essential Chemistry for Biology 1. What is matter? What are its three physical states? Matter is anything that occupies space and mass. Liquid, gas, solid 3. What are compounds? -substance that contain two or more elements in a fixed ratio 4. List the 3 main subatomic particles, their charge, and their location in the atom. -proton (+) electron (-) neutron (none) 5. Define the atomic number and the mass number of an atom. If given these, be able to calculate the number of each subatomic particle. Number of protons in atom, sum of protons and neutrons (=to protons) in nucleus 6. What are ions? What are ionic bonds? - electrically charged atoms -ionic bond, is attraction between oppositely charged ions 7. What are covalent bonds? What are hydrogen bonds? -occurs when two atoms share one or more pairs of outer-shell elections. - type of non covalent interaction between molecules. 8. Explain why the covalent bonds in H2O are polar covalent bonds. -the oxygen end of the molecule has a slightly negative charge, while the two region around the two hydrogen atoms is slightly positive 9. What are the two components of a chemical reaction? - reactants and products

10. Why do water molecules stick to other water molecules? What is surface tension? - Cohesion is when molecules of same stick together -a measure of how difficult it s to stretch or break the surface of a liquid 11. What is the relationship between solution, solute and solvent? - solution= a homogeneous mixture of two or more substances -solute= a dissolved substance -solvent =the dissolving agent 12. What is an acid? a base? Complete the following sentence by circling the correct choice or filling in the blank with the correct term: chemical compound that releases H+ to a solution, compound that accepts and removes H+ from a solution At lower pHs, there are more/less (circle one) _OH-_ (a.k.a. _hydroxide_ ions) present in the solution; at higher pHs there are more/less (circle one) _H+_ present in the solution.

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13. What is the range of the pH scale? What is the pH of pure water (a neutral solution)? What is a buffer? -0-14 - water is 7 -buffer is a solution that can be used to maintain/control pH..weak acid weak base.

Chapter 3: The Molecules of Life 1. What are organic compounds? Why is carbon such a versatile atom? -molecule with carbon carbon acts as an intersection from which an organic compound can branch off 2. What is a hydrocarbon? What is the simplest one? -simplest organic compound, which contain only one carbon and hydrogen atom. 3. What is a macromolecule? What are monomers and polymers? Which biological molecules form polymers? Contrast dehydration reactions and hydrolysis reactions? --Nucleic acids, proteins carbohydrates lipids; monomers are building blocks (smaller units) that make up polymers (larger units involved in macromolecules) Dehydration: remove water and links monomers together; hydrolysis: opposite of dehydration add water break up polymers 4. What are the four categories of large molecules? --Nucleic acids, proteins, carbs, and lipids 5. What roles do carbohydrates play in humans? Define the terms monosaccharide, disaccharide, and polysaccharide. Give examples of each. --Carbohydrates are sources of dietary energy; monosaccharides glucose,fructose disaccharide lactose polysaccharide starch, glycogen 6. Define hydrophilic and hydrophobic. --Water loving; water fearing 7. What characteristic do all lipids share? What is a triglyceride? What is the function of lipids? --Lipids are hydrophobic; triglyceride glycerol molecule with three fatty acids; lipids store energy in reserves 8. What is meant by saturated and unsaturated fats? --Saturated only hydrogen molecules attached to carbon; unsaturated fewer than max. amount of hydrogens attached (indicates present of double/triple bond, ring, etc) 9. What are steroids? Which compound are they made from? -Steroid carbon skeleton bent into four fused rings; made of lipid compound

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10. What are the functions of proteins? Give specific examples. -Structural (hair/horns), storage (seeds, eggs), contractile (enable muscles to contract), transport (hemoglobin) and enzymes (cleaning products)) 11. What is a polypeptide? -Polypeptide is a polymer of the building blocks of proteins amino acids 12. What basic structure do all amino acids have? How many amino acids are used to build proteins? What type of bond links amino acids to each other? --20 amino acids are used to make proteins; peptide bonds link amino acids together 13. Describe the four levels of protein structure. --Primary: order and number of amino acids --Secondary: alpha and beta sheets; hydrogen bonds between polypeptides --Tertiary: 3D shape of polypeptide --Quaternary: two or more polypeptide chains 14. What happens when a protein is denatured? -It loses secondary and/or tertiary structure a.k.a. shape of protein 15. What is the function of nucleic acids? -Contain directions for building proteins 16. What three parts does every nucleotide have? What are the four bases in DNA? Phosphate base, 5 or 6 carbon sugar, and a nitrogenous base; Thymine, Guanine, Adenine, and -Cytosine 17. Describe the structure of the DNA double helix. What makes up the backbone? Which bases are bonded to each other? -Double helix- a twisted ladder; sugar-phosphate backbone, nitrogenous bases connected by hydrogen bonds 18. List the three main differences between DNA and RNA. - Different sugar (DNA deoxyribose; RNA ribose) - Different bases (Instead of Thymine in RNA, Uracil is marche with Adenine) - RNA usually single stranded whereas DNA double stranded

Chapter 4: A Tour of the Cell 1. Give examples of unicellular and multicellular organisms. Unicellular Valonia ventricosa Syringammina fragilissima Thiomargarita namibiensis Multicellular

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Dog Cat Fish Human 2. How are light microscopes used? Define magnification and resolving power. Visible light is projected through the specimen, glass lenses enlarge the image and project it into a human eye or a camera 3. What are the three statements of the cell theory? All living things are composed of cells. Cells are the basic life process of a living thing or organism. All cells REPRODUCE to make one of their own kind. 4. What are the two types of electron microscopes? How is each of them used? Scanning electron microscope Used to study the detailed architecture of the cell surface Transmission electron microscope Used to explore the internal structure of a cell 5. Compare and contrast eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells. Prokaryotic cells DNA is the genetic material Has a cell membrane DNA floats freely around Eukaryotic cells DNA is the genetic material Has a cell membrane Have a nucleus and organelles 6. What are organelles? Membrane enclosed structures that perform specific functions, little organs 7. What are the components of the cell membrane? How is the bilayer structure formed? Composed mostly of lipids and proteins. The phospholipid bilayer structure has phospholipids with hydrophilic heads and hydrophobic tails in a double layer with the tails facing each other. 8. Describe the structure and function of the following organelles/structures: Nucleus; genetic control center of eukaryotic cells, Nucleolus; prominent structure in nucleus, site where components of ribosomes are made, Ribosomes; responsible for protein synthesis, Rough ER; refers to appearance of organelle studded by ribosomes on the membrane, produces new membrane proteins and secretary proteins, and uses transport vesicles, Smooth ER; refers to fact that organelle lacks the ribosomes studded on the outside of rough ER, performs lipid synthesis and builds enzymes, Golgi apparatus; organelle that works as a refinery, warehouse, and shipping center, it receives, refines, stores, and distributes

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chemical products of the cell, Lysosomes; sac of digestive enzymes found in animal cells, develop from vesicles off the Golgi, compartment where the cell can digest molecules safely, Vacuoles; sacs that bud from the ER, Golgi or plasma membrane, different sizes and functions, food vacuole, central vacuole which stores organic nutrients, Mitochondria; the sites of cellular respiration, process that harvest energy from sugars and other food molecules and converts it to chemical energy called ATP, Chloroplasts; the organelles that perform photosynthesis, Cytoskeleton; cell infrastructure built of a network of fibers extending throughout the cytoplasm, skeleton and the muscles, Cilia; shorter and more numerous than flagella and promote movement by a coordinated back and forth motion, Flagella; propel the cell by an undulating whiplike motion, usually occur singly

Chapter 5: The Working Cell 1. Define the following terms: energy; kinetic energy; potential energy; heat; entropy capacity to perform work, energy of motion, energy that an object has because of its location or structure, type of kinetic energy contained in the random motion of atoms and molecules, measure of the amount of disorder or randomness in a system 2. What is the principle of conservation of energy? Not possible to destroy or create energy, only convert energy into different forms 3. What is a calorie? What is a food calorie? Amount of energy that can raise the temperature of 1 gram of water by 1 degree, actually measured as kCal cuz not practical to measure in so small units 4. What does ATP stand for? What functional group is typically removed from ATP (often transferred to another molecule) when it is used? Adenosine triphosphate, phosphate 5. List the three types of energy-requiring work that go on in cells. Mechanical, transport, chemical 6. What is the ATP cycle? ATP creates ADP + P + energy, the extra P can reattach to and ADP and recreate ATP to cycle 7. What are enzymes? How would an enzyme speed up a reaction occurring between two starting materials? Define the terms: induced fit; active site; substrate. Proteins that speed up chemical reactions, entry of the substrate induces the enzyme to change shape slightly, region of enzyme that has a shape and chemistry that fit the substrate molecule, enzymes reactant molecule 8. What determines in which direction a substance dissolved in water diffuses? Osmosis

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9. What is the difference between passive transport and active transport? Cell does not expend energy for diffusion across membrane, cell requires energy to move molecules across membrane 10. How is facilitated diffusion different from regular diffusion? Molecules will not spread out like in regular diffusion they will be transported by specific transport proteins that act as selective corridors 11. What is osmosis? Define the terms: isotonic; hypotonic; and hypertonic medium. What happens to an animal and a plant cell placed in each of these types of environments? Diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane, solutions of equal solute concentration, low solute concentration, high solute concentration with low water concentration, animal cell: normal, lysing, shriveled, plant cell: flaccid (wilts), turgid, shriveled 12. Define exocytosis and endocytosis. What are the three types of endocytosis? Secretary proteins exit the cell from transport vesicles that fuse with the plasma membrane spilling the contents outside the cell, reverse process takes material into the cell within the vesicles that bud inward from the plasma membrane; phagocytosis pinocytosis receptormediated endocytosis Chapter 6: Cellular Respiration: Obtaining Energy from Food 1. Define autotroph and heterotroph. Producer/Organisms that make their own organic matter, consumer/organisms that cannot make organic molecules from inorganic ones 2. In which organelles do photosynthesis and cellular respiration occur? In which organisms? Chloroplasts=photosynthesis, mitochondria=cellular respiration, CP=plants, MC=animals 3. In what ways is cellular respiration similar to breathing? An aerobic process that means it requires oxygen which you get from breathing 4. Write the equation that summarizes the process of cellular respiration. Glucose+6Oxygen = 6Carbondioxide+6Water+Energy 5. What is the role of NAD+? How is it related to NADH? Food/energy electron transport, transport with an electron attached 6. List the three stages of cellular respiration. Where in the cell does each stage occur? Glycolosis, citric acid cycle, electron transport; cytoplasm, mitochondria, mitochondria 6.5 Make a table in which you summarize the following information for each of these three stages: 1) the starting material and final product (for example, glycolysis begins with glucose and ends with pyruvate), 2) whether electron carriers are produced, 3) whether CO2 is produced, and 4) whether ATP is produced.

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8. What happens to sugar in glycolysis, which gives this pathway its name? What are the three different products that result from this pathway? Splits sugar molecule in half; ATP, pyruvic acid, NADH 9. How many cycles of the citric acid cycle are required for the complete catabolism of one molecule of glucose? (Hint: it is important to understand how many products come out of glycolysis per glucose.) In what way is this pathway cyclical? 2 cycles, the products are nearly the same as the imports so the process can recommence 10. What is the electron transport chain? What happens to the energy of electrons as they travel along the chain? To what form of energy do the chain molecules transfer the energy of the electrons? How does the chain depend on oxygen? Molecules of it are built into the membrane of mitochondria, Chemical machine that uses the energy released by the fall of electrons to pump hydrogen ions across the inner mitochondrial membrane, ATP, oxygen is used to pull the electrons down the transport chain 11. What does ATP synthase do and how? Creates ATP, turbine like structures in mitochondria 12. Up to how many ATP molecules can be generated via cellular respiration? 38 13. Which food molecules, other than glucose, can be used in cellular respiration? Carbohydrates, proteins, fats 14. Define fermentation. What molecule must be recycled for this process to continue for a period of time? What byproduct is also produced during this type of fermentation? Harvest of food energy without oxygen, NAD+, lactic acid 15. What is yeast? Which type of fermentation do they perform? Microscopic fungus, capable of cellular respiration and fermentation, alcoholic fermentation 16. Up to how many ATP molecules can be generated via fermentation? 2 Chapter 7: Photosynthesis: Using Light to Make Food 1. What is photosynthesis? Which organisms use it? Light energy transformed into chemical energy, plants and algae 2. Define the following terms: thylakoid, grana, chlorophyll, stroma, stomata. Interconnected membranous sacs suspended in the stroma, stacks of thylakoids, light absorbing pigment in chloroplasts, thick fluid within chloroplasts inner membrane, tiny pores 3. Write the equation that summarizes the process of photosynthesis. 6Carbondioxide+6Water = Glucose+6Oxygen

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4. List the two stages of photosynthesis. light reactions where chlorophyll absorbs light and converts solar energy to ATP, calvin cycle uses products of light reactions to power production of sugar from carbon dioxide 5. What is the electromagnetic spectrum? Full range of radiation from gamma rays to radio signals 6. Describe the types of pigments found in chloroplasts. Chlorophyll a absorbs blue-violet and red light, chlorophyll b broadens the range of light the plant can use by conveying absorbed energy to chlorophyll a 7. What are photons? What happens when chlorophyll molecules absorb these? Fixed quantity of light energy, one of the pigments electrons gains energy and releases heat energy 8. What are photosystems? List the two types involved in the light reactions of photosynthesis. Cluster of a few hundred pigment molecules, functions as a light-gathering antenna, water splitting photosystem in photosynthesis and NADPH photosystem in light reactions 9. Summarize how ATP and NADPH are produced during the light reactions. Photons excite electrons in chlorophyll and then are replaced by extracting electrons from water, energized electrons from water splitting photosystem to NADPH photosystem. Energy released by electron used to create ATP, NADPH system transfers excited electrons creating NADPH 10. Summarize how glucose is produced during the Calvin cycle. Uses carbon dioxide to create G3P which can be used to make glucose