DANH SCH SINH VIN NHM 3

LP TON 2007B
1 Trn Th Ti Nguyn
2 Nguyn Th Ngc Hn
3 Trn Th Thu Trc
4 Nguyn L Phng Thy
5 Nguyn Vn Ngha
6 H Anh Thi
7 H Kim Chn
8 V Hunh Duy Khnh
9 Trn Vnh Thng
10 Ng Vn Trng
11 Nguyn Hin Nhn
0
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MC LC
PHN I - L THUYT 1
1 nh x x nh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
2 Cc php thu x trong khng gian P
n
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
3 Cc nh l c bn ca php bin i x nh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
PHN II - BI TP 9
Ti liu 24
0
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PHN II
BI TP
9
www.VNMATH.com
Bi 1: trang 74
Cho khng gian x nh (P
n
, p, V
n+1
). Cc php v t ca V
n+1
i din cho nhng php
bin i x nh no ca P
n
?
Gii
Cc php v t k.id
v
: V
n+1
V
n+1

x k.id
v
(

x ) = k.

x (k K

) l nh x tuyn tnh i
din cho php bin i x nh ng nht.
id
v
: P
n
P
n
M id
v
(M) = M
Bi 2: trang 74
Nu bin i x nh f : P
n
P
n
gi bt ng r + 1 im c lp nm trn mt r -
phng th n c gi bt ng mi im ca r - phng khng?
Gii
Nu f gi bt ng r + 1 im c lp nm trn r - phng th f khng gi bt ng mi
im ca r - phng .
Chng hn, trong P
2
ta xt php bin i x nh f c biu thc ta :
_
_
_
kx

0
= 4x
0
x
1
kx

1
= 6x
0
3x
1
kx

2
= x
0
x
1
x
2
cho ng thng (d): x
0
x
1
= 0. Ta thy f bin im A(0: 0: 1) v B(1: 1: 0) nm trn d
thnh chnh n. Nhng M(1: 1: 1) thuc d m f(M) = (3 : 3 : 1) = M.
Bi 3 trang 74
Trong P
n
cho r-phng U, trn U ly r + 2 im trong bt k R + 1 im no u c
lp. Chng t rng, nu r + 2 im u bt qua php bin i x nh ca P
n
, th mi
im ca U u bt ng.
Gii
Gi s S
0
, S
1
, . . . , S
r
, E l n + 2 im trong r-phng U tha iu kin bi ton.
Gi

e
0
,

e
1
, . . . ,

e
r
,

e ln lt l cc vect i din cho S

0
, S
1
, . . . , S
r
, E l n + 2.
Trn U ta c r im c lp S
0
, S
1
, . . . , S
r
, E l n + 2.
V E U nn ta c

e = t
0

e
0
+t
1

e
1
+. . . +t
r

e
r
(1)
t

0
= t
0

e
0
,

1
= t
1

e
1
, . . . ,

r
= t
r

e
r
. y cng l cc vect i in cho im
S
0
, S
1
, . . . , S
r
.
(1)

e =

0
+

1
+. . . +

r
10
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V S
0
, S
1
, . . . , S
r
, E bt ng nn
(

0
) = k
0

0
k
i
= 0, i = 1, r
(

1
) = k
1

1
k = 0
. . .
(

r
) = k
r

r
Do
(

e ) =

0
+

1
+. . . +

r
)
k(

0
+

1
+. . . +

r
) = k
0

0
+k
1

1
+. . . +k
r

r
(k k
0
)

0
+ (k k
1
)

1
+. . . + (k k
r
)

r
= 0
V {

0
,

1
, . . . ,

r
} c lp tuyn tnh nn k = k
0
= k
1
= . . . = k
r
.
Ly M U c vect i din l

m .
Khi

m = l
0

e
0
+l
1

e
1
+. . . +l
r

e
r
(

m) = kl
0

0
+kl
1

1
+. . . +kl
r

r
)
= k(l
0

0
+l
1

1
+. . . +l
r

r
= k

m
Do f(M) = M.
Vy mi im thuc U u bt ng.
Bi 4: trang 74
Trong P
n
cho php bin i x nh c biu thc ta : k.x

= A.x. Tm ta ca:
a nh ca siu phng u = (u
0
: u
1
: ... : u
n
).
b To nh ca im X
,
= (x
,
0
: x
,
1
: ... : x
,
n
) .
c To nh ca siu phng u
,
= (u
,
0
: u
,
1
: ... : u
,
n
).
Gii
a. Cho siu phng u = [u
0
: u
1
: ... : u
n
]. Ta c: [u]
t
.[x] = 0.
Mt khc php bin i x nh bin siu phng u thnh siu phng u
,
c biu thc ta
l k.x

= A.x.
Khi ta ca cc im thuc siu phng u

tha:
_
[u]
t
.[x] = 0
k.[x
,
] = A[x]

_
[u]
t
.[x] = 0
k.[u].A
1
[x
,
] = [u]
t
.[x]
Do detA = 0 = A
1
= k.[u]
t
.A
1
[x
,
] = 0 (1)
11
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Do (1) l nh ca siu phng u.
b. Vi X

= (x

0
: x

1
: ... : x

n
)
Suy ra ta to nh l [x] = k.A
1
.[x

]
c. Ta c: u

= [u

0
: u

1
: ... : u

n
] = [u

]
t
.[x

] = 0
Khi ta cc im thuc to nh ca siu phng u

tha
_
[u

].[x

] = 0
k.[x

] = A[x]
[u

]
t
.A.[x] = 0
Bi 5: trang 74
Trong P
n
cho php bin i x nh f c biu thc ta : k.x

= A.x. Gi () =
det(A I
n
) l a thc c trng ca ma trn A (I
n
lmatrnnvcpn). Chng minh rng:
a Ta (x
0
: x
1
: ... : x
n
) ca im bt ng l nghim ca h phng trnh: AI
n
)x = 0,
trong l nghim ca a thc c trng.
b Ta (u
0
: u
1
: ... : u
n
) ca siu phng bt ng l nghim ca h: (A
t
I
n
) = 0, trong
l nghim ca a thc c trng.
c Nu l nghim n ca a thc c trng th im bt ng v siu phng bt ng ng
vi nghim khng thuc nhau.
Gii
a) Php bin i x nh f c phng trnh:
kx

= Ax
Khi phng trnh tm im bt ng ca f l:
kx = Ax
(A kI
n
)x = 0 (1)
y l h phng trnh tuyn tnh thun nht c n + 1 phng trnh vi n + 1 n s. Mun
h phng trnh ny c nghim khng tm thng th |AkI
n
| = 0 vi mi nghim k = i
ca h phng trnh |AkI
n
|. Ta c cc im bt ng ca f ng vi gi tr ring
i
c ta
tha mn h phng trnh (A kI
n
)x = 0.
Bi 6: trang 75
Trong P
2
cho mc tiu x nh S
0
, S
1
, S
2
; E.Tm biu thc ta ca cc php bin i
x nh tha mn mt trong cc iu kin sau y:
a. Cc S
i
u l im bt ng (tc l bin thnh chnh n).
b. Cc im S
0
, S
1
, S
2
ln lt bin thnh S
1
, S
2
, S
0
v im E bt ng.
c. im S
0
bt ng, ng thng S
1
S
2
bt ng (ng thng bin thnh chnh n) v S
1
bin thnh S
2
.
12
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Gii
Gi

e
0
,

e
1
,

e
2
ln lt l cc vct i din cho cc im S
0
, S
1
, S
2
.
a. v f(S
0
) = S
0
(

e
0
) = k
0

e
0
f(S
1
) = S
1
(

e
1
) = k
1

e
1
f(S
2
) = S
2
(

e
2
) = k
2

e
2
Biu thc ta ca php bin i x nh f l:
_

_
k

0
= k
0
x
0
k

1
= k
1
x
1
(k
0
; k
1
; k
2
= 0)
k

2
= k
0
x
2
b.V f(S
0
) = S
1
(

e
0
) = k
0

e
1
f(S
1
) = S
2
(

e
1
) = k
1

e
2
f(S
2
) = S
0
(

e
2
) = k
2

e
0
Biu thc ta ca f c dng
_

_
k

0
= k
2
x
2
k

1
= k
0
x
0
(k
0
; k
1
; k
2
= 0)
k

2
= k
1
x
1
V f(E) = E nn
_

_
k = k
2
k = k
0
k = k
1
k
0
= k
1
= k
2
= k
Chn k = 1. Vy biu thc ta ca f cn tm c dng:
_

_
k

0
= x
2
k

1
= x
0
k

2
= x
1
c. V f(S
0
) = S
0
(

e
0
) = k
0

e
0
f(S
1
) = S
2
(

e
1
) = k
1

e
2
Biu thc ta cu f c dng:
_

_
k

0
= k
0
x
0
+ a
2
x
2
k

1
= k
1
x
1
+ b
2
x
2
k

2
= c
2
x
2
Phng trnh tng qut ca ng thng S
1
S
2
: x
0
= 0
V M(0 : y
1
: y
2
) S
1
S
2
bin thnh M

(0 : y

1
: y

2
) S
1
S
2
Nn
_

_
0 = +a
2
y
2
ky

1
= k
1
y
1
+ b
2
y
2
ky

2
= c
2
y
2

_
a
2
= 0
k
1
, c
2
= 0
Vy biu thc ta ca f cn tm l:
_

_
k

0
= k
0
x
0
k

1
= k
1
x
1
+ b
2
x
2
k

2
= c
2
x
2
vi k
0
, k
1
, c
2
= 0.
Bi 7: trang 75
Gi S
0
, S
1
, S
2
, S
3
; E l mc tiu x nh trong P
3
. Tm biu thc ta ca tt c cc
php bin i x nh f : P
3
P
3
tha mn mt trong cc iu kin sau y:
a Cc im S
0
, S
1
, S
2
, S
3
iu bin thnh chnh n.
13
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b Hai ng thng S
0
S
1
v S
2
S
3
iu bin thnh chnh n.
c Cc ng thng S
0
S
1
bin thnh ng thng S
2
S
3
.
d Ch c hai im bt ng l S
0
, S
2
v ch c mt ng thng bt ng l S
1
, S
3
.
e C hai ng thng bt ng l S
0
S
1
v S
2
S
3
, khng c im bt ng v ng thng bt
ng.
f Cc im S
0
, S
1
v mi im trn S
2
S
3
u bt ng.
g Cc im ca mt phng < S
0
, S
1
, S
2
> u bt ng v ng thng S
0
S
3
bt ng.
Gii
a. Biu thc ta ca f c dng:
k
_
_
_
_
x

0
x

1
x

2
x

3
_
_
_
_
=
_
_
_
_
a 0 0 0
0 b 0 0
0 0 c 0
0 0 0 d
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
x
0
x
1
x
2
x
3
_
_
_
_
Ta c: f(E) = E

(f) :
_

_
kx

0
= k
0
x
0
kx

1
= k
1
x
1
kx

2
= k
2
x
2
kx

3
= k
3
x
3
Vi k
i
= 0 ty , i = 0, 3.
b. Gi

e
0
,

e
1
,

e
2
,

e
3
ln lt l cc vector i din ca S
0
, S
1
, S
2
, S
3
.
Phng trnh tng qut ca cc ng thng :
S
0
S
1
:
_
x
2
= 0
x
3
= 0
S
2
S
3
:
_
x
0
= 0
x
1
= 0
Biu thc ta ca f c dng:
f :
_

_
k

0
= a
0
x
0
+a
1
x
1
+a
2
x
2
+a
3
x
3
k

1
= b
0
x
0
+b
1
x
1
+b
2
x
2
+b
3
x
3
k

2
= c
0
x
0
+c
1
x
1
+c
2
x
2
+c
3
x
3
k

3
= d
0
x
0
+d
1
x
1
+d
2
x
2
+d
3
x
3
V M(y
0
: y
1
: 0 : 0) S
0
S
1
bin thnh M

(y
0

: y
1

: 0 : 0) S
0
S
1
. Nn:
f :
_

_
ky

0
= a
0
y
0
+a
1
y
1
ky

1
= b
0
y
0
+b
1
y
1
0 = c
0
y
0
+c
1
y
1
0 = d
0
y
0
+d
1
y
1

_
c
0
= c
1
= 0
d
0
= d
1
= 0

a
0
a
1
b
0
b
1

= 0
Tng t N(0 : 0 : z
2
: z
3
) S
2
S
3
bin thnh N

(0 : 0 : z
2

: z
3

) S
2
S
3
. Nn:
f :
_

_
0 = a
2
z
2
+a
3
z
3
0 = b
2
z
2
+b
3
z
3
kz

2
= c
2
z
2
+c
3
z
3
kz

3
= d
2
z
2
+d
3
z
3

_
a
2
= a
3
= 0
b
2
= b
3
= 0

c
2
c
3
d
2
d
3

= 0
14
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Vy biu thc ta ca f cn tm l :
f :
_

_
k

0
= a
0
x
0
+a
1
x
1
k

1
= b
0
x
0
+b
1
x
1
k

2
= c
2
x
2
+c
3
x
3
k

3
= d
2
x
2
+d
3
x
3
Vi
_

a
0
a
1
b
0
b
1

= 0

c
2
c
3
d
2
d
3

= 0
c. Phng trnh tng qut ca cc ng thng (S
0
S
1
):
_
x
2
= 0
x
3
= 0
; (S
2
S
3
):
_
x
0
= 0
x
1
= 0
Biu thc ta ca f c dng:
f :
_

_
k

0
= a
0
x
0
+a
1
x
1
+a
2
x
2
+a
3
x
3
k

1
= b
0
x
0
+b
1
x
1
+b
2
x
2
+b
3
x
3
k

2
= c
0
x
0
+c
1
x
1
+c
2
x
2
+c
3
x
3
k

3
= d
0
x
0
+d
1
x
1
+d
2
x
2
+d
3
x
3
V M(y
0
: y
1
: 0 : 0) S
0
S
1
bin thnh im N(0 : 0 : z
2
: z
3
) S
2
S
3
. Nn:
f :
_

_
0 = a
0
y
0
+a
1
y
1
0 = b
0
y
0
+b
1
y
1
kz
2
= c
0
y
0
+c
1
y
1
kz
3
= d
0
y
0
+d
1
y
1

_
a
0
= a
1
= 0
b
0
= b
1
= 0

c
0
c
1
d
0
d
1

= 0
Vy biu thc ta ca f cn tm l:
f :
_

_
k

0
= a
2
x
2
+a
3
x
3
k

0
= b
2
x
2
+b
3
x
3
kz
2
= c
0
x
0
+c
1
x
1
+c
2
x
2
+c
3
x
3
kz
3
= d
0
x
0
+d
1
x
1
+d
2
x
2
+d
3
x
3

a
2
a
3
b
2
b
3

= 0

c
0
c
1
d
0
d
1

= 0
d. Ta c f(S
0
) = S
0
, f(S
2
) = S
2
. Nn (

e
0
) = k
0

e
0
, (

e
2
) = k
2

e
2
. Biu thc ta ca
php bin i x nh f c dng:
_

_
k

0
= k
0
x
0
+a
1
x
1
+ a
3
x
3
k

1
= b
1
x
1
+ b
3
x
3
k

2
= c
1
x
1
+k
2
x +c
3
x
3
k

3
= d
1
x
1
+ d
3
x
Phng trnh tng qut ca ng thng (S
1
S
3
):
_
x
0
= 0
x
2
= 0
V M(0 : y
1
: 0 : y
3
) S
1
S
3
bin thnh M

(0 : y

1
: 0 : y

3
) S
1
S
3
. Nn:
f :
_

_
0 = a
1
y
1
+a
3
y
3
ky

1
= b
1
y
1
+b
3
y
3
0 = c
1
y
1
+c
3
y
3
ky

3
= d
1
y
1
+d
3
y
3

_
a
1
= a
3
= 0
c
1
= c
3
= 0

b
1
b
3
d
1
d
3

= 0
15
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Vy biu thc ta ca f cn tm l:
_

_
k

0
= k
0
x
0
k

1
= b
1
x
1
+ b
3
x
3
k

2
= k
2
x
2
k

3
= d
1
x
1
+ d
3
x
3
Vi
_
_
_
k
0
, k
2
= 0

b
1
b
3
d
1
d
3

= 0
e. Theo cu b ta c biu thc ta ca f l:
f:
_

_
k

0
= a
0
x
0
+a
1
x
1
k

1
= b
0
x
0
+b
1
x
1
k

2
= c
2
x
2
+c
3
x
3
k

3
= d
2
x
2
+d
3
x
3
, vi
_

a
0
a
1
b
0
b
1

= 0

c
2
c
3
d
2
d
3

= 0
Ta c phng trnh ca f l:

a
0
k a
1
0 0
b
0
b
1
k 0 0
0 0 c
2
k c
3
0 0 d
2
d
3
k

= 0

a
0
k a
1
b
0
b
1
k

c
2
k c
3
d
2
d
3
k

= 0
[(a
0
k)(b
1
k) b
0
a
1
][(c
2
k)(d
3
k) c
3
d
2
] = 0
(k
2
(a
0
+b
1
)k +c
2
d
3
c
3
d
2
) = 0

_
k
2
(a
0
+b
1
)k +a
0
b
1
a
1
b
0
= 0(1)
k
2
(c
2
+d
3
)k +c
2
d
3
c
3
d
2
= 0(2)
qua php bin i x nh f trong P
3
khng c im bt ng v mt phng bt ng th
phng trnh (1) v (2) ch c nghim kp. Tc l
_
(a
0
+b
1
)
2
4(a
0
b
1
a
1
b
0
) = 0
(c
2
+d
3
)
2
4(c
2
d
3
c
3
d
2
) = 0

_
(a
0
b
1
)
2
+ 4a
1
b
0
= 0
(c
2
d
3
)
2
+ 4c
3
d
2
= 0

_
a
1
b
0
< 0
c
3
d
2
< 0
a
0
b
1
= 2
_
a
1
b
0
c
2
d
3
= 2
_
c
3
d
2
Vy
16
www.VNMATH.com
f:
_

_
k

0
= a
0
x
0
+a
1
x
1
k

1
= b
0
x
0
+b
1
x
1
k

2
= c
2
x
2
+c
3
x
3
k

3
= d
2
x
2
+d
3
x
3
, vi
_

_
a
1
b
0
< 0
c
3
d
2
< 0
a
0
b
1
= 2
_
a
1
b
0
c
2
d
3
= 2
_
c
3
d
2

a
0
a
1
b
0
b
1

= 0

c
2
c
3
d
2
d
3

= 0
f. Theo bi ta c:
f(S
0
) = S
0
, f(S
1
) = S
1
f(S
2
) = S
2
, f(S
3
) = S
3
Khi : (

e
0
) = k
0

e
0
, (

e
1
) = k
1

e
1
(

e
2
) = k
2

e
2
, (

e
3
) = k
3

e
3
Biu thc ta ca f c dng:
_

_
k

0
= k
0
x
0
k

1
= k
1
x
1
k

2
= k
2
x
2
k

3
= k
3
x
3
Phng trnh tham s ca ng thng S
2
S
3
:
_
x
0
= 0
x
1
= 0
V M(0 : 0 : 1 : a) S
2
S
3
bin thnh chnh n nn ta c: f(M) = M

_
k

.0 = k
0
.0
k

.0 = k
1
.0
k

= k
2
ak

= ak
3
k
2
= k
3
= k

Ta c biu thc ta ca f cn tm l:
_

_
k

0
= k
0
x
0
k

1
= k
1
x
1
k

2
= k

x
2
k

3
= k

x
3
(k
0
, k
1
= 0)(k

= 0)
g. Ta c:
f(S
0
) = S
0
, f(S
1
) = S
1
, f(S
2
) = S
2
.
Biu thc ta ca f c dng:
_

_
k

0
= k
0
x
0
+a
3
x
3
k

1
= k
1
x
1
+b
3
x
3
k

2
= k
2
x
2
+c
3
x
3
k

3
= d
3
x
3
Phng trnh tng qut ca < S
0
, S
1
, S
2
> l: x
3
= 0.
S
0
S
3
:
_
x
1
= 0
x
2
= 0
17
www.VNMATH.com
V M(a : b : 1 : 0) < S
0
, S
1
, S
2
> bin thnh chnh n nn:
f(M) = M

_
ak = ak
0
bk = bk
1
k = k
0k = 0d
3
k
0
= k
1
= k
2
= k
V N(1 : 0 : 0 : c) S
0
S
3
bin thnh im N

(1 : 0 : 0 : c

) S
0
S
3
. Nn:
_

_
k = k
0
+a
3
c
0 = b
3
c
0 = c
3
c
kc

= d
3
c

_
_
_
b
3
= 0
c
3
= 0
d
3
= 0
Vy biu thc ta ca f cn tm l:
(f) :
_

_
k

0
= kx
0
+a
3
x
3
k

1
= kx
1
+b
3
x
3
k

2
= kx
2
+c
3
x
3
k

3
= d
3
x
3
(d
3
= 0, k = 0)
Bi 8: Trang 76
Cc php bin i x nh di y ca P
3
sinh ra nhng php afin no, gii thch ngha
hnh hc ca nhng php afin ?
a kx

0
= x
0
, kx

i
= x
i
, i = 1, 2, 3
b kx

0
= x
0
, kx

1
= x
1
, kx

2
= x
2
, kx

3
= x
3
c kx

0
= x
0
, kx

1
= x
1
, kx

2
= x
2
, kx

3
= x
3
d kx

0
= x
0
, kx

1
= x
1
, kx

2
= x
2
, kx

3
= 2x
1
2x
2
x
3
Gii
a. Php afin sinh ra bi php x nh l:
X

i
= X
i
, i = 1, 2, 3
ngha hnh hc:
Php bin i afin sinh ra trong nh x x nh trn l php i xng tm l gc ta
.
b. Php afin sinh ra bi php x nh l:
f:
_

_
X

1
= X
1
X

2
= X
2
X

3
= X
3
18
www.VNMATH.com
ngha hnh hc:
M(X
1
, X
2
, X
3
) f(M) = (X
1
, X
2
, X
3
)
Php afin sinh ra trong nh x x nh trn l php ly i xng qua mt phng x
2
= 0.
c. Php afin sinh ra bi php x nh l:
f:
_

_
X

1
= X
1
X

2
= X
2
X

3
= X
3
ngha hnh hc:
M(X
1
, X
2
, X
3
) A
3
f(M) = (X
1
, X
2
, X
3
)
Php afin sinh ra trong nh x x nh trn l php ly i xng qua mt phng x
3
= 0.
d.Php afin sinh ra bi php x nh l:
f:
_

_
X

1
= X
1
X

2
= X
2
X

3
= 2X
1
2X
2
X
3
Bi 1 trang 85:
Trong P
3
cho mc tiu {S
0
, S
1
, S
2
, S
3
; E}. Vit biu thc ca php thu x 1-cp vi c
s l cp ng thng S
0
S
1
, S
2
S
3
v c t s k.
Gii
Phng trnh tng qut ca cc ng thng
(S
0
S
1
):
_
x
2
= 0
x
3
= 0
; (S
2
S
3
):
_
x
0
= 0
x
1
= 0
A(1 : 1 : 0 : 0) S
0
S
1
B(0 : 0 : 1 : 1) S
2
S3
(AB):
_
x
0
x
1
= 0
x
2
x
3
= 0
lyE(1 : 1 : 1 : 1) AB. Gi E

= f(E) AB
E

(x
0
: x
0
: x
1
: x
1
) (x
0
, x
1
= 0)
Theo gi thit ta c :
[E, E

, A, B] = k

1 1
1 0

1 0
1 1

x
0
1
x
1
0

x
0
0
x
1
1

= k x
0
= kx
1
Vy E

(k : k : 1 : 1). V f l php thu x 1-cp vi c s l cp ng thng S

0
S
1
, S
2
S
3
nn ta c:
f(S
0
) = S
0
, f(S
1
) = S
1
, f(S
2
) = S
2
, f(S
3
) = S
3
Biu thc ta f c dng:
_

_
k

0
= a
0
x
0
k

1
= b
1
x
1
k

2
= c
2
x
2
k

3
= d
3
x
3
V f(E) = E

nn:
_

_
k
0
k = a
0
k
0
k = b
1
k
0
= c
2
k
0
= d
3

_
a
0
= b
1
= a
k
2
= d
3
= c
19
www.VNMATH.com
Vy biu thc ta cn tm ca f l:(f)
_

_
k

0
= ax
0
k

1
= ax
1
k

2
= cx
2
k

3
= dx
3
vi a,c = 0
Bi 2 trang 85:
Trong P
2
, cho php bin i x nh:
_
_
_
kx

0
= 2x
0
+x
1
+x
2
kx

1
= x
0
+ 2x
1
+x
2
kx

2
= x
0
+x
1
+ 2x
2
. Chng t rng l mt
php thu x cp. Xc nh c s v t s thu x.
Gii
Tm cc im bt ng ca f. Ta c:

2 k 1 1
1 2 k 1
1 1 2 k

=0
k
3
+ 6K
2
9k + 4 = 0
_
k
1
= 4
k
2
= k
3
= 1
Vi k
1
= 4 ta c h:
_
_
_
2x
0
+x
1
+x
2
= 0
x
0
2x
1
+x
2
= 0
x
0
+x
1
2x
2
= 0
x
0
= x
1
= x
2
O(1 : 1 : 1)
Vi k
2
= k
3
= 1 ta c h:
_
_
_
x
0
+x
1
+x
2
= 0
x
0
+x
1
+x
2
= 0
x
0
+x
1
+x
2
= 0
x
0
+x
1
+x
2
= 0
x
0
+x
1
+x
2
= 0 v O V Nn f l php thu x 0-cp vi c s l
0-cp
(O,V)
T s thu x:
Ly B(0:1:-1) V, M=2(O)+(B)= (2:3:1) OB
f(M) = M

= (8 : 9 : 7) OB
k = [M, M

, O, B]=

2 1
3 1

2 0
3 1

8 1
9 1

8 1
9 1

= 4
Bi 3: trang 85
Trong P
3
cho mt phng V c phng trnh: x
0
+ x
1
+ x
2
+ x
3
= 0. Gi f l php thu
x n c c s V, c tm thu x (1: 0: 0: 0). Tm biu thc ta ca f trong cc trng
hp sau y:
a T s thu x k = 3.
b f bin im (0: 1: 1: 1) thnh im (3: 1: 1: 1). Tm t s thu x.
c f c tnh cht i hp, ngha l f
2
l php ng nht.
Gii
20
www.VNMATH.com
a) Ly M(0 : 1 : 0 : 0) / V v M = O = (OM) :
_
x
2
= 0
x
3
= 0
A = OM V = A(1 : 1 : 0 : 0). Gi f(M) = M

OM = M

(t
1
: t
2
: 0 : 0). M [O, A, M, M

] = 3

1 0
0 1

1 t
1
0 t
2

1 0
1 1

1 t
1
1 t
2

= 3 t
1
= 2t
2
M

(2 : 1 : 0 : 0)
Ly N(0: 1: -1: 0), P(0: 0: 1: -1), B(1: 0: 0: -1) thuc V.
Biu thc ta ca f c dng:
_

_
kx

0
= a
0
x
0
+a
1
x
1
+a
2
x
2
+a
3
x
3
kx

1
= b
0
x
0
+b
1
x
1
+b
2
x
2
+b
3
x
3
kx

2
= c
0
x
0
+c
1
x
1
+c
2
x
2
+c
3
x
3
kx

3
= d
0
x
0
+d
1
x
1
+d
2
x
2
+d
3
x
3
+f(0 : 1 : 1 : 0) = (0 : 1 : 1 : 0) =
_

_
0 = a
1
a
2
k
1
= b
1
b
2
k
1
= c
1
c
2
0 = d
1
d
2
+f(0 : 0 : 1 : 1) = (0 : 0 : 1 : 1) =
_

_
0 = a
2
a
3
0 = b
2
b
3
k
2
= c
2
c
3
k
2
= d
2
d
3
+f(1 : 0 : 0 : 1) = (1 : 0 : 0 : 1) =
_

_
k
3
= a
0
a
3
0 = b
0
b
3
0 = c
0
c
3
k
3
= d
0
d
3
+f(1 : 0 : 0 : 0) = (1 : 0 : 0 : 0) =
_

_
k
4
= a
0
0 = b
0
0 = c
0
0 = d
0
+f(0 : 1 : 0 : 0) = (2 : 1 : 0 : 0) =
_

_
2k
5
= a
1
k
5
= b
1
0 = c
1
0 = d
1
=
_
k
1
= k
2
= k
3
= k
5
k
4
= 3k
1
Vy
(f) :
_

_
kx

0
= 3k
1
x
0
+ 2k
1
x
1
+ 2k
1
x
2
+ 2k
1
x
3
kx

1
= k
1
x
1
kx

2
= k
1
x
2
kx

3
= k
1
x
3
21
www.VNMATH.com
. Hay
(f) :
_

_
kx

0
= 3x
0
+ 2x
1
+ 2x
2
+ 2x
3
kx

1
= x
1
kx

2
= x
2
kx

3
= x
3
b) (V):x
0
+x
1
+x
2
+x
3
= 0.
Ly A, B, C thuc V: A(0: 0: 1: -1), B(1: -1: 0: 0), C(1: 0: 0: -1).
Biu thc ta ca f c dng:
_

_
kx

0
= a
0
x
0
+b
0
x
1
+c
0
x
2
+d
0
x
3
kx

1
= a
1
x
0
+b
1
x
1
+c
1
x
2
+d
1
x
3
kx

2
= a
2
x
0
+b
2
x
1
+c
2
x
2
+d
2
x
3
kx

3
= a
3
x
0
+b
3
x
1
+c
3
x
2
+d
3
x
3
+ f(A) = A. Suy ra:
_

_
0 = c
0
d
0
0 = c
1
d
1
k = c
2
d
2
k = c
3
d
3
(I)
+ f(B) = B. Suy ra:
_

_
k = a
0
b
0
k = a
1
b
1
0 = a
2
b
2
0 = a
3
b
3
(II)
+ f(C) = C. Suy ra:
_

_
k = a
0
d
0
0 = a
1
d
1
0 = a
2
d
2
k = a
3
d
3
(III)
Ta c: D(0: 1: 1: 1), D

(3 : 1 : 1 : 1)
+ f(D) = (D

). Suy ra:
_

_
3k = b
0
+c
0
+d
0
k = b
1
+c
1
+d
1
k = b
2
+c
2
+d
2
k = b
3
+c
3
+d
3
(IV )
T cc h (I), (II), (III), v (IV), ta suy ra:
_

_
a
0
= 2k
0
b
0
= c
0
= d
0
= k
0
b
1
= k
1
c
1
= d
1
= a
1
= 0
a
2
= b
2
= d
2
= 0
a
3
= b
3
= d
3
= 0
c
2
= k
2
d
3
= k
22
www.VNMATH.com
Thay vo biu thc ta ca f ta c:
_

_
kx

0
= 2k
1
x
0
+k
1
x
1
+k
1
x
2
+k
1
x
3
kx

1
= k
1
x
1
kx

2
= k
1
x
2
kx

3
= k
1
x
3
Vy:
(f) :
_

_
kx

0
= 2x
0
+x
1
+x
2
+x
3
kx

1
= x
1
kx

2
= x
2
kx

3
= x
3
(OD):
_

_
x
0
= t
1
x
1
= t
2
x
2
= t
2
x
3
= t
2
Gi E = OD V = E(3 : 1 : 1 : 1)
=
[D, D

, O, E] =

0 1
1 0

0 3
1 1

3 1
1 0

3 3
1 1

= 2
Vy k = - 2.
c) f c tnh cht i hp. Ta c:
f(M) = M

, f(M

= M)
[O, A, M, M

] = k
[O, A, M

, M] = K
1
[O, A, M, M

]
= k
= k
2
= 1 k = 1 =
_
k = 1
k = 1(loai)
Do f c tnh cht i hp suy ra k = -1. M(0 : 1 : 0 : 0) / V v O = M
(OM) :
_
x
2
= 0
x
3
= 0
M A = OM V = A(1 : 1 : 0 : 0). Gi M

= f(M) = M

OM = M

(a : b : 0 : 0)
Theo gi thit ta c: [O, A, M, M

] = 1

1 0
0 1

1 a
0 b

1 0
1 1

1 a
1 b

= 1

1
b
:
1
a+b
= 1
a
b
= 2 a = 2b
Chn b = 1 = a = 2 = M

(2 : 1 : 0 : 0).
23
www.VNMATH.com
Ly N(0 : 1 : 1 : 0), P(0 : 0 : 1 : 1), B(1 : 0 : 0 : 1) thuc V. Ta c:
+f(0 : 1 : 1 : 0) = (0 : 1 : 1 : 0) =
_

_
0 = a
1
a
2
k
1
= b
1
b
2
k
1
= c
1
c
2
0 = d
1
d
2
+f(0 : 0 : 1 : 1) = (0 : 0 : 1 : 1) =
_

_
0 = a
2
a
3
0 = b
2
b
3
k
2
= c
2
c
3
k
2
= d
2
d
3
+f(1 : 0 : 0 : 1) = (1 : 0 : 0 : 1) =
_

_
k
3
= a
0
a
3
0 = b
0
b
3
0 = c
0
c
3
k
3
= d
0
d
3
+f(1 : 0 : 0 : 0) = (1 : 0 : 0 : 0) =
_

_
k
4
= a
0
0 = b
0
0 = c
0
0 = d
0
+f(0 : 1 : 0 : 0) = (2 : 1 : 0 : 0) =
_

_
2k
5
= a
1
k
5
= b
1
0 = c
1
0 = d
1
T cc h phng trnh trn ta suy ra:
_
k
1
= k
2
= k
3
= k
5
k
4
= k
1
Vy
_

_
kx

0
= k
1
x
0
2k
1
x
1
2k
1
x
2
2k
1
x
3
kx

1
= k
1
x
1
kx

2
= k
1
x
2
kx

3
= k
1
x
3
Hay
_

_
kx

0
= x
0
2x
1
2x
2
2x
3
kx

1
= x
1
kx

2
= x
2
kx

3
= x
3
Bi 4: trang 85
Trong P
2
cho cc im A = (1: 1: 1), B = (0: 1: 2), C(1: 0: 3), D = (1: 2: 0), E =
(3: 0: 2). Tm biu thc ta ca php bin i x nh f : P
2
P
2
, bit rng f gi bt
ng cc im A, B, C v bin im D thnh im E. c phi l php thu x khng?
Gii
24
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Biu thc ta ca f c dng:
_

_
k

0
= a
0
x
0
+a
1
x
1
+a
2
x
2
k

1
= b
0
x
0
+b
1
x
1
+b
2
x
2
k

2
= c
0
x
0
+c
1
x
1
+c
2
x
2
V f(1 : 1 : 1) (1 : 1 : 1) nn
_

_
k
1
= a
0
+a
1
+a
2
(1)
k
1
= b
0
+b
1
+b
2
(2)
k
1
= c
0
+c
1
+c
2
(3)
V f(0 : 1 : 2) (0 : 1 : 2) nn
_

_
0 = a
1
+ 2a
2
(4)
k
2
= b
1
+ 2b
2
(5)
2k
2
= c
1
+ 2c
2
(6)
V f(1 : 0 : 3) (1 : 0 : 3) nn
_

_
k
3
= a
0
+ 3a
2
(7)
0 = b
0
+ 3b
2
(8)
3k
3
= c
0
+ 3c
2
(9)
V f(1 : 2 : 0) (3 : 0 : 2) nn
_

_
3k
4
= a
0
+ 2a
1
(10)
0 = b
0
+ 2b
1
(11)
2k
4
= c
0
+ 2c
2
(12)
(*)
T (1), (4), (7) ta c
_

_
a
0
=
3k
1
+k
3
4
a
1
=
k
1
k
3
2
a
2
=
k
3
k
1
4
T (2), (5), (8) ta c
_

_
b
0
=
3
4
(k
1
k
2
)
b
1
=
k
1
+k
2
2
b
2
=
k
2
k
1
4
T (3), (6), (9) ta c
_

_
c
0
=
3k
1
+ 3k
3
6k
2
4
c
1
=
2k
2
3k
3
+k
1
2
c
2
=
3k
3
k
1
+ 2k
2
4
Thay cc a
i
, b
i
, c
i
(i = 0, 2) vo h (*) ta c
_

_
7k
1
3k
3
= 12
7k
1
+k
2
= 0
7k
1
+ 2k
2
9k
3
= 8k
4

_
k
1
= k
4
k
2
= 7k
4
k
3
=
5
3
k
3
Do
_

_
a
0
=
1
3
k
4
a
1
=
4
3
k
4
a
3
=
2
3
k
4
,
_

_
b
0
= 6k
4
b
1
= 3k
4
b
3
= 2k
4
,
_

_
c
0
= 10k
4
c
1
= 4k
4
c
3
= 5k
4
Vy biu thc ta ca f cn tm l:
25
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(f):
_

_
k

0
=
1
3
x
0
+
4
3
x
1

2
3
x
2
k

1
= 6x
0
3x
1
2x
2
k

2
= 10x
0
4x
1
5x
2
k = 0
Hay
(f):
_

_
kx

0
= x
0
+ 4x
1
2x
2
kx

1
= 18x
0
9x
1
6x
2
kx

2
= 30x
0
12x
1
15x
2
k = 0
Phng trnh t trng ca f l:

1 k 4 2
18 9 k 6
30 12 15 k

= 0
k
3
23k
2
27k + 315 = 0
_

_
k
1
= 3
k
2
= 21
k
3
= 5
V phng trnh t trng ch c nghim n nn f ch c 3 im bt ng l A, B, C.
V

A
B
C

1 1 1
0 1 2
1 0 3

= 4 = 0
Nn A,B, C khng thng hng do f khng phi l php thu x v khng tn ti
ng thng d no mi im trn d qua f u bt ng.
Bi 5 trang 86:
Trong P
3
cho hai ng thng d v d ln lt c phng trnh:
_
x
0
x
1
= 0.
2x
0
+x
2
+ 3x
3
= 0.
_
4x
0
3x
1
+x
3
= 0.
x
0
+x
2
= 0.
Tm biu thc ta ca php thu x 1 - cp vi c s l cp (d, d) v t s thu x k =
-1.
Gii
t (d) :
_
x
0
x
1
= 0.
2x
0
+x
2
+ 3x
3
= 0.
(d) :
_
4x
0
3x
1
+x
3
= 0.
x
0
+x
2
= 0.
.
Trn d ly im A(-2 : -2 : 1 : 1) v B(1 : 1 : -2 : 0).
Trn d ly im C(-1 : 0 : 1 : 4) v D(0 : 1 : 0 : 3).
Ly G(3 : 3 : 0 : 2) d v H(1 : 1 : -1 : -1) d.
Phng trnh tham s ca ng thng
26
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(GH) :
_

_
x
0
= 3t
1
+t
2
x
1
= 3t
1
+t
2
x
2
= t
2
x
3
= 2t
1
t
2
Phng trnh tng qut ca GH l:
(GH) :
_
x
0
x
1
= 0.
2x
1
+ 5x
2
3x
3
= 0.
Ly M(4 : 4 : -1 : 1) GH. Khi f(M) = M

(a : a : b :
2a + 5b
3
) GH.
Theo gi thit
k = 1
[M, M

, G, H] = 1

4 3
1 0

4 3
1 0

a 3
b 0

a 1
b 1

= 1 a = 2b
Vy M(2 : 2 : 1 : 3).
V f l php thu x 1 - cp vi cp c s l cp ng thng d v d nn f gi bt ng cc
im A, B, C, D.
Biu thc ta ca f c dng:
_

_
kx

0
= a
0
x
0
+a
1
x
1
+a
2
x
2
+a
3
x
3
kx

1
= b
0
x
0
+b
1
x
1
+b
2
x
2
+b
3
x
3
kx

2
= c
0
x
0
+c
1
x
1
+c
2
x
2
+c
3
x
3
kx

3
= d
0
x
0
+d
1
x
1
+d
2
x
2
+d
3
x
3
Ta c A A

_
2k
0
= 2a
0
2a
1
+a
2
+a
3
(1)
2k
0
= 2b
0
2b
1
+b
2
+b
3
(2)
k
0
= 2c
0
2c
1
+c
2
+c
3
(3)
k
0
= 2d
0
2d
1
+d
2
+d
3
(4)
B B

_
k
1
= a
0
+a
1
2a
2
(5)
k
1
= b
0
+b
1
2b
2
(6)
2k
1
= c
0
+c
1
2c
2
(7)
0 = d
0
+d
1
2d
2
(8)
C C

_
k
2
= a
0
+a
2
+ 4a
3
(9)
0 = b
0
+b
2
+ 4b
3
(10)
k
2
= c
0
+c
2
+ 4c
3
(11)
4k
2
= d
0
+d
2
+ 4d
3
(12)
27
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D D

_
0 = a
1
+ 3a
3
(13)
k
3
= b
1
+ 3b
3
(14)
0 = c
1
+ 3c
3
(15)
3k
3
= d
1
+ 3d
3
(16)
M M

_
2k
4
= 4a
0
+ 4a
1
a
2
+a
3
2k
4
= 4b
0
+ 4b
1
b
2
+b
3
k
4
= 4c
0
+ 4c
1
c
2
+c
3
3k
4
= 4d
0
+ 4d
1
d
2
+d
3
()
T (1), (5), (9), (13) ta c:
_

_
2k
0
= 2a
0
2a
1
+a
2
+a
3
k
1
= a
0
+a
1
2a
2
k
2
= a
0
+a
2
+ 4a
3
0 = a
1
+ 3a
3

_
a
0
= 2k
0
+ 3k
1
4k
2
a
1
= 3k
1
+ 3k
2
a
2
= 2k
0
k
1
k
2
a
3
= k
1
k
2
T (2), (6), (10), (14) ta c
_

_
2k
0
= 2b
0
2b
1
+b
2
+b
3
k
1
= b
0
+b
1
2b
2
0 = b
0
+b
2
+ 4b
3
k
3
= b
1
+ 3b
3

_
b
0
= 2k
0
+ 3k
1
5k
3
b
1
= 3k
1
+ 4k
3
b
2
= 2k
0
k
1
k
3
b
3
= k
1
k
3
T (3), (7), (11), (15) ta c
_

_
k
0
= 2c
0
2c
1
+c
2
+c
3
2k
1
= c
0
+c
1
2c
2
k
2
= c
0
+c
2
+ 4c
3
0 = c
1
+ 3c
3

_
c
0
= k
0
6k
1
+ 4k
2
c
1
= 6k
1
3k
2
c
2
= k
0
+ 2k
1
+k
2
c
3
= 2k
1
+k
2
.
28
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T (4), (8), (12), (16) ta c:
_

_
k
0
= 2d
0
2d
1
+d
2
+d
3
0 = d
0
+d
1
2d
2
4k
2
= d
0
+d
2
+ 4d
3
3k
3
= d
1
+ 3d
3

_
d
0
= k
0
+ 16k
2
15k
3
d
1
= 12k
2
+ 4k
3
d
2
= k
0
+ 4k
2
3k
3
d
3
= 4k
2
3k
3
.
Thay vo () ta c
_

_
6k
0
+ 2k
1
4k
2
= 2k
4
6k
0
+ 2k
1
4k
2
= 2k
4
3k
0
4k
1
+ 4k
2
= k
4
3k
0
+ 16k
2
12k
3
= 3k
4
_

_
k
0
= 4k
4
k
1
=
1
2
k
4
k
2
=
7
4
k
4
k
3
=
7
4
k
4
Thay cc gi tr ca k
0
, k
1
, k
2
, k
3
tm a
i
, b
i
, c
i
, d
i
i = 1, 3
_

_
a
0
=
5
2
k
4
a
1
=
15
4
k
4
a
2
=
23
4
k
4
a
3
=
5
4
k
4
;
_

_
b
0
=
3
4
k
4
b
1
=
11
2
k
4
b
2
=
23
4
k
4
b
3
=
5
4
k
4
_

_
c
0
=
21
4
k
4
c
1
=
9
4
k
4
c
2
=
5
4
k
4
c
3
=
3
4
k
4
;
_

_
d
0
=
9
4
k
4
d
1
= 0
d
2
=
5
4
k
4
d
3
=
7
4
k
4
.
Vy biu thc ta ca f cn tm l
29
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_

_
kx

0
=
5
2
x
0
+
15
4
x
1
+
23
4
x
2

5
4
x
3
kx

1
=
3
4
x
0
+
11
2
x
1
+
23
4
x
2

5
4
x
3
kx

2
=
21
4
x
0
+
9
4
x
1

5
4
x
2
+
3
4
x
3
kx

3
=
9
4
x
0

9
4
x
2
+
7
4
x
3

_
k

0
= 10x
0
+ 15x
1
+ 23x
2
5x
3
k

1
= 3x
0
+ 22x
1
+ 23x
2
5x
3
k

2
= 21x
0
+ 9x
1
5x
2
+ 3x
3
k

3
= 9x
0
9x
2
+ 7x
3
Bi 8: trang 86
Trong P
n
vi mc tiu x nh {S
0
, S
1
, . . . , S
n
; E} cho php thu x n f khc php dng
nht sao cho mi im S
i
u bt ng.
a Chng t rng tm ca php thu x l mt trong cc nh S
i
.
b Vit biu thc ta ca f nu S
i
l tm thu x.
Gii
V f l php thu x n nn trong n + 1 im bt ng S
i
, (i = 0, n) phi c n im
thuc siu phng bt ng.
Gi
i
l siu phng i qua cc nh ta tr nh S
i
.
Ly M
i
khi : M(1 : 1 : . . . 1 : 0 : 1 : . . . : 1). V cc im S
j
, (i = j) v M u bt
ng nn biu thc ta ca f c dng:
_
kx

i
= a
i
x
i
kx

j
= a
j
x
j
(i = j)
V S
i
cng bt ng nn ta c: f(S
i
) = S
i
f :
_
kx

i
= a
i
x
i
kx

j
= ax
j
(i = j)
Trong a
i
= a v nu a
i
= a th f l php ng nht.
Ta s chng minh im S
i
l tm ca php thu x:
Ta c S
i
bt ng. Gi d l ng thng bt k i qua S
i
. Ta s chng minh d l bt
ng.
Ly X(x
0
: x
1
: . . . : x
n
) d
f(X) = (ax
0
: ax
1
: . . . : a
i
x
i
: . . . : ax
n
)
= aM +x
i
(a
i
a)S
i
d
Vy S
i
l tm thu x ca f
30
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Ti liu
1. Vn Nh Cng - Hnh hc x nh - Nh xut bn i hc s phm.
2. Phm Bnh - Bi tp hnh hc x nh - Nh xut bn i hc s phm.
3. Nguyn Mng Hy - Bi tp hnh hc cao cp - Nh xut bn Gio dc.
31
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