Chemical reactions

Atoms and molecules An atom is A molecule is two one single or more particles particle bonded together

substances and are found on the periodic table

Elements and compounds Elements are pure

Compounds are combinations of two or more elements bonded together.

Mixtures
Mixtures contain elements that are not bonded

together

Or elements and compounds that are not

bonded together

Or compounds and compounds that are not

bonded together

Electron donation to form ionic bonds

Electron sharing to form covalent bonds

Bonds
Whether its an ionic bond (donated electrons)

or a covalent bond (shared electrons)..

It is obvious that valence electrons (outer shell)

are extremely important in bonding and allowing new substances to form in the process of a chemical reaction.

Word equations
Show what chemicals are at the beginning of a

reaction. These are called the reactants. reaction. These are called products.

Show what chemicals are formed in the Contain an arrow () to represent the reaction

taking place.

 Example:

Sodium + chlorine Sodium chloride Reactants : sodium and chlorine Products: sodium chloride Magnesium + hydrochloric acid magnesium chloride + hydrogen

Reactants : magnesium and hydrochloric acid Products: magnesium chloride and hydrogen

Chemistry laws
Law of Conservation of Mass states that the total

mass of reactants is equal to the total mass of the products.

The Law of Constant Proportions says that a

compound always contains the same relative amounts of each element.

Inside chemical reactions

Chemical bonds between atoms of the

reactants are broken.

The atoms rearrange in new combinations with

new bonds. These new chemicals that are formed are the products.

Precipitate reactions
Two liquid (soluble) reactants react to form a The solid product is called a precipitate. The products of precipitate reactions are usually

solid (insoluble) and a liquid (soluble) product.

quite easy to predict.

Endothermic reactions
Some reactions take energy in from their

surroundings. These are described as endothermic.

Endothermic reactions cool their surroundings

because they take in heat energy and convert it to chemical energy. endothermic reaction to produce a cooling effect.

Eg. instant ice packs used by athletes use an

Exothermic reactions
Chemical reactions that produce heat energy

are described as exothermic.

This heat energy produced comes from the

chemical energy stored in the reactants.

Explosions are uncontrolled exothermic

reactions.

Eg. hand warming sachets used by skiers rely on

an exothermic reaction

Steps to balancing chemical equations

1. 2.

Start with the word equation. Replace the words in the equation with formulae and rewrite the equation. Count the number of atoms of each element. Where necessary place numbers IN FRONT OF one or more formulae to balance the equation.

3. 4.

Reactions with metals

Metals can be ordered according to their

reactivity.

Group 1 metals are the most reactive. Metals react with acids to form a salt and

hydrogen.

Metal + acid a salt + hydrogen

Properties of metals
Most metals are: malleable, ductile, conduct

electricity, lustrous, expand when heated. according to their properties.

Metals can be chosen for specific jobs Metals can be mixed with another metal or a

non-metal to negate their undesirable properties.

These mixtures are called ALLOYS.

Alloys of iron
Stainless steel (iron, nickel, chromium) Cast iron (iron, carbon, silicon)

Carbon steel (iron and carbon)

Tungsten steel (iron, carbon, tungsten)

Acids and bases

Acids are: corrosive; have a sour taste; dissolve in

water.

Acids have a pH between 0 6.9 Bases are: corrosive; have a bitter taste; have a

slippery feel; do not usually dissolve in water.

Bases have a pH between 7.1 14

Acids and bases in the home

Acids in the home: soda water; yoghurt and milk;

cream of tartar; citrus fruits; shampoo; vinegar; toilet cleaner oven and floor cleaners; soaps; toothpaste

Bases in the home: hair conditioner; bathroom,

Neutralisation
When acids and bases react together a

neutralisation reaction occurs.

Acid + base a salt + water