DCS

Dr.Sobia Baig

BehaviorofDigitalCommunication SysteminthePresenceofNoise h f
Optimum Threshold of Detection OptimumThresholdofDetection
MatchedFilters

FigureofMeritinanalogandDigital Systems
AnalogCommunicationSystem a og Co u cat o Syste
Fidelityofretrievedsignal MeasuredbySNR Howthemessageisinterpretedatthereceiver

DigitalCommunicationSystem
Messageisoneofthewaveforms,chosenfroma givenfinitesetofpossiblewaveforms during detection Question is which of these duringdetectionQuestioniswhichofthese waveformswassent Itisnottoreproducethetransmittedsignalexactly

 Bipolar
TotalErrorProbability
Ap Ap PE = P ( mi ) P ( mi ) = Q P (1) + Q P (0) n n i =0
1

If P(1) P(0) 0 5 IfP(1)=P(0)=0.5

Ap PE = Q = Q() n

MinimizeP Minimize PE
To minimize PE,mustmaximize since Q TominimizeP must maximize sinceQ decreasesmonotonicallyas increases
Ap PE = Q = Q() n

Ap isthesignalamplitudeandn istherms noise. Goal:filtersignaltoenhancesignaland reducenoisepower

LinearFiltering Linear Filtering

x(t)=+/ p(t)+n(t) X(f)
LinearNetwork h(t) H(f)

y(t)=+/ po(t)+no(t) Y(f) (f)

Recall:

y (t ) = h (t ) x (t ) Y ( f ) = H ( f ) X ( f )

S y ( f ) = H ( f ) Sx ( f )
2

Detector
The goal is to maximize Thegoalistomaximize (sameasmaximizing)
+/ p(t)+n(t) h(t) H(f) (f) p(t)+n(t) po(t) p(t) TS 2TS +/ po(t)+no(t)

2 =
t=tm

po 2 ( tm )
2 n
o

Threshold Detector p(t)+n(t)

SignalandNoiseCalculation Signal and Noise Calculation

Signal output Signaloutput
po ( t ) = F 1 { P ( ) H ( )} 1 po ( tm ) = 2

P ( ) H ( )e j tm d

Outputnoisepowerorvariance
1 =n = 2
2 no ____ 2 o

S n ( ) H ( ) d
2

SNRatioCalculation SN Ratio Calculation

P() H()ejtmd 2 =
2 2

2 Sn () H() d

SimplifyUsingSchwartzInequality

X () Y () d

X () d
2

Y ( )

EqualityoccursonlyifY()=kX*()

SimplifyingtheEquation Simplifying the Equation

Apply the Schwartz Inequality ApplytheSchwartzInequality
X ( ) = H ( ) S n ( )
Y ( ) = P ( ) e j tm
2

S n ( )

1 P( ) d 2 Sn ()
2

Equalityoccursif:

H ( )

S n ( ) = k P ( ) e jtm

Sn ( ) = k P ( ) e jtm

S n ( )

P ( ) e jtm H ( ) = k S n ( )

SimplifyingtheEquation Simplifying the Equation

Apply the Schwartz Inequality: ApplytheSchwartzInequality:
X ( ) = H ( ) S n ( )
Y ( ) = P ( ) e j tm
2

S n ( )

Then: h

Equalityoccursif:

1 P( ) d S 2 n( )
2
jtm

H ( ) S n ( ) = k P ( ) e

Sn ( ) = k P ( ) e jtm

S n ( )

P ( ) e jtm H ( ) = k S n ( )

WhiteNoiseChannel White Noise Channel

For a white noise channel Sn() = N/2 Forawhitenoisechannel,S ()=N/2
2Ep 2 1 P() d = N N
2

WhereEp istheenergyofthepulsep(t) and thefilterH()is:

2k 2k H ( ) = P ( ) e jtm N
2 1 Ep = P() d 2

ImpulseResponseofMatchedFilter Impulse Response of Matched Filter

F 2k 2k jtm h (t ) = p ( tm t ) H ( ) = P ( ) e N N

IfasymbollastsforTs seconds,thenthereare 3cases:(tm<Ts,tm=Ts,tm>Ts) 3 ( T T T

tm<Tsgivesanoncausal inputresponse Tm>Tsgivesadelayindecidingwhatwassent i d l i d idi h tm=Ts givestheminimumdelayforadecisionplus itisrealizable it is realizable

ImpulseResponseofMatchedFilter Impulse Response of Matched Filter

h ( t ) = k p (Ts t ) H ( ) = k P ( ) e jTs
F

Thus,p(t)andh(t)havedurationTs. =>p0( ) ( )*h( ) h d (t)=p(t)*h(t)hasduration2Ts witha i 2 ih peakvalueatTs.

MatchedFilter Matched Filter

This filter: h(t) = p(Tst) is called the Matched Thisfilter:h(t)=p(T t)iscalledtheMatched Filter. For white channel noise this filter maximizes Forwhitechannelnoise,thisfiltermaximizes thesignalamplitudetorms noiseratioatTs. Thi i Thisisequivalenttominimizingthe i l i i ii h probabilityoferror

MinimumP Minimum PE
2 1 Ap = P() d 2

NEp 2 N = P() d = 4 2
2 n

2 max

2 Ap

2 n

2Ep N
Onlydependsonwaveform energyandnoisepower

2Ep P = Q( max ) = Q E N

OptimumBinaryReceivers Optimum Binary Receivers

SymbolstransmittedonceeveryTb seconds y y b Totransmit
Sendp(t)fora1 Sendq(t)fora0

NoiseisGaussian

OptimumBinaryReceivers ThroughMatchedFilter h h h d l
After the filter: Afterthefilter:
1 po (Tb ) = P ( ) H ( ) e jTb d 2 1 qo (Tb ) = Q ( ) H ( ) e jTb d 2

N i Noisevarianceis: i i
1 = 2
2 n

S n ( ) H ( ) d
2

Sampleroutputis:

r (Tb ) = po (Tb ) + n r (Tb ) = qo (Tb ) + n

Afterthesampler After the sampler

Conditional output distribution fr/mis Conditionaloutputdistribution,f /
fr m ( r 0) = f r m ( r 1) =

n 2 n

{ 1 exp { ( r p (T ) ) 2
1
0 b

exp ( r q0 (Tb ) ) 2 n 2
2 2

2 n 2

} }

TotalProbabilityofError Total Probability of Error

PE =
i =0

P ( mi ) P ( mi ) = P ( 0 ) A0 + P (1) A1

WanttominimizesumofA0 andA1 IfP(0)=P(1)=0.5,thenao=(po(Tb)+qo(Tb))/2

EqualProbabilities(P(0) P(1)) Equal Probabilities (P(0)=P(1))

In this special case Inthisspecialcase PE = ( Ao + A1 ) / 2 = P ( 0 ) = P ( 1)
r qo (Tb ) = e n 2 ao

2 n 2

dr

r qo (Tb ) = Q n po (Tb ) qo (Tb ) = Q = Q 2 n 2

=
po (Tb ) qo (Tb )

MinimizingP Minimizing PE
po (Tb ) qo (Tb ) PE = Q = Q 2 n 2
1 po (Tb ) = P ( ) H ( ) e jTb d 2 1 qo (Tb ) = Q ( ) H ( ) e jTb d 2

Using:

AndSchwartz Inequality q y

H ( ) = k ( P ( ) Q ( ) ) e jtm Sn ( )

2 max

1 = 2

P ( ) Q ( ) S n ( )

WhiteNoiseCase White Noise Case

For a white noise channel Sn() = N/2 Forawhitenoisechannel,S ()=N/2
H ( ) = k 2 ( P ( ) Q ( ) ) e jtm N = ( P ( ) Q ( ) ) e jtm (if k = N / 2) h ( t ) = p (Tb t ) q (Tb t )

Matched filter: p(t)q(t) Matchedfilter:p(t) q(t)

 for White Noise Case forWhiteNoiseCase

2 max

1 = 2 = = = =

P ( ) Q ( ) N /2

2 1 P ( ) Q ( ) d N 2 2 Tb p ( t ) q ( t ) ) dt 0 ( N 2 Tb 2 dt ( p (t ) + q2 (t ) 2 p (t ) q (t )) d 0 N 2 E p + Eq 2 E pq N

ConclusionsWhitenoise,threshold receiver
Minimized PE is: (For binary case PE = Pb ) MinimizedP is:(ForbinarycaseP =P
max PE = Q 2 E p + Eq 2 E pq = Q 2N = Pb

OptimalthresholdifP(0)=P(1)
a0 = 1 ( po (Tb ) + qo (Tb ) ) = 1 E p Eq 2 2

Applyingtheequations:Polar Applying the equations: Polar

If 1,send+p(t);If0sendp(t) If 1 send +p(t); If 0 send p(t) q(t)= p(t):Ep=Eq E pq = p 2 ( t ) dt = E p Sothefigureofmeritforthethreshold receiverandPolarsignalingis: receiver and Polar signaling is:
E p + Eq 2 E pq Pb = Q 2N 2E p = Q N

Abasisforcomparison A basis for comparison

Error is expressed in terms of the energy of Errorisexpressedintermsoftheenergyof thewaveform,needauniversalcomparison forM ary waveforms,soweuseenergyperbit for Mary waveforms so we use energy per bit (Eb) In the bipolar signaling case with P(0)=P(1) InthebipolarsignalingcasewithP(0)=P(1), thebitenergyis:
Eb = E p + Eq 2 = Ep

2 Eb Pb = Q N

WaterfallCurves Waterfall Curves

Performance depends on pulse energy not Performancedependsonpulseenergynot pulseshape. Probability axis usually on a log10 scale Probabilityaxisusuallyonalog

Applyingtheequations: Unipolar(on/off) l ( / ff)

If 1,sent+p(t);If0send0 If 1 sent +p(t); If 0 send 0 q(t)=0:Eq=Epq=0 Figureofmeritforthresholdreceiverand i f i f h h ld i d polarsignaling: E p + Eq 2 E pq Ep
Pb = Q 2N

= Q 2N

Intermsofbitenergy gy
Eb = E p + Eq 2 = Ep 2 Eb Pb = Q 2N

WaterfallCurves Waterfall Curves

Blue is polar green is unipolar Blueispolar,greenisunipolar polarhasmuchbetterperformance