Experiment 12.A Lab 12.A Report 1. Define (p219): a.

) Solution A homogenous mixture containing particles the size of a typical ion or covalent molecule b.) Solute The dissolved substance in a solution c.) Solvent The major component on a solution d.) Colligative property A property that depends only on the amount of dissolved solute rather than on the chemical identity of the solute e.) Freezing point depression
Adding a solute to make a solution freeze at a lower temperature than the pure solvent

(Definitions from text book) 2. Questions (p219) a.) What is the objective of this experiment? To be able to derive the molar mass of the solute and its molecular formula from the different solute concentrations and their temperature b.) How will that objective be achieved? By following the procedure recording time and temperature in 15 second intervals and then making calculations using the formula Tf=Kfcm where Tf is the change in temperature, Kf is the freezing point depression constant (20.5C/m for cyclohexane) and cm is the molar concentration of the solute. 3. Problem (p220)

4. What Safety rules must be observed during this experiment? (p220)

1.) Gloves, protective eyewear, proper clothing (shirt, pants and shoes) must be worn at all times during the experiment. 2.) Must be careful when handling glass beakers and chemicals. 3.) Cyclohexane is flammable. No open flames allowed during this experiment. 4.) No mouth pipettes. Rubber suction bulb or other suction device is to be used 3.) Clean up afterwards

Results 1. Volume of cyclohexane: ____20_____mL 2. Mass of cyclohexane: ____45.6__g or ___.0456__kg 3. Calculations:

Data

Freezing point of cyclohexane time temp 0:15 14.4 0:30 13.6 0:45 13 1:00 12.4 1:15 11.8 1:30 11.4 1:45 10.8 2:00 10.4 2:15 9.8 2:30 9.6 2:45 9.7 3:00 8.8 3:15 8.5 3:30 8.1 3:45 7.8 4:00 7.6 4:15 7.4 4:30 7.1 4:45 6.9 5:00 6.7 5:15 6.5 5:30 6.3 5:45 6:00 6:15 6:30 6:45 7:00 7:15 7:30 7:45 8:00 8:15 8:30 8:45 9:00 6.1 5.9 5.8 5.6 5.4 5.2 5.2 5 4.8 4.8 4.8 4.8 4.8 4.8

9:15 9:30 9:45 10:00 11:00 12:00 13:00 14:00 15:00 16:00 17:00 18:00 19:00 20:00

4.8 4.7 4.7 4.7 4.6 4.6 4.5 4.4 4.3 4.2 4.1 4 3.9 3.8

Freezing point of the solution time temp 0:15 10.4 0:30 8 0:45 6.4 1:00 5.6 1:15 4.8 1:30 4 1:45 3.4 2:00 3 2:15 2.6 2:30 2 2:45 1.8 3:00 1.7 3:15 1.7 3:30 1.7 3:45 1.7 4:00 1.6 4:15 1.6 4:30 1.4 4:45 1.4 5:00 1.4 5:15 1.3 5:30 1.2 5:45 1.2 6:00 1.2 6:15 1.1 6:30 1 6:45 1 7:00 1 7:15 0.9 7:30 0.9 7:45 0.8 8:00 0.8 8:15 0.8 8:30 0.8 8:45 0.8 9:00 0.8 9:15 0.8 9:30 0.8

mass of paper + Solute mass of paper mass of Solute

0.504 0.173 0.339

CHARTS

Molar mass calculation: (p224)

Molecular Formula: _________________________ (p225) Calculations:

Questions

1.) What would be the best effect of each of the following on the calculated molecular weight of the solute? a. Some Cyclohexane evaporated while the freezing point of pure cyclohexane was being measured. No difference. Freezing point of a pure substance will not change because it is a chemical property of the compound. Since it is pure cyclohexane there is no solute. b. Some cyclohexane evaporated after the solute was added? The solute concentration increases because there is less solvent in the solution. Since the solute concentration increases then the vapor pressure will lower, also it will increase the boiling point and freezing point will experience a depression (deltaT will increase) compared to the solution before evaporation occurred. If the loss of cyclohexane is not taken into account into the calculation then the molar mass will be smaller then what is should be. c. A foreign solute was already present in the cyclohexane A colligative property is dependent on the amount of dissolved solute not its chemical identity. So one should combine the foreign solute and any additional solutes placed in the cyclohexane to get the correct calculations. However, if one did not know about the additional solute and still calculated the molar mass without taking into account the added solute one would find that the change in temperature would increase and the molar mass would be once again smaller then what it should be. d. The thermometer is not calibrated correctly. It gives a temperature that is 1.5 C too low at all temperatures. No Effect. You are measuring the change in temperature.