Introduction

Imagine yourself in the most fabulous building in the world. Now take away the lighting, heating and ventilation, the lifts and escalators, acoustics, plumbing, power supply and energy management systems, the security and safety systems. Now you are left with a cold, dark, uninhabitable shell. Everything inside a building which makes it safe and comfortable to be in comes under the title of Building Services. A building must do what it was designed to do- not just provide shelter but also be an environment where people can live, work and achieve. Building services comprises of 4 basic components, which are soils and waste system, refuse disposal system, gas supply system and fire protection system. For this final project, we have been given a task, our group have been assign to conduct a study about refuse disposal system of a building and theoretical part of it. Refuse disposal system can be define as, technique for the collection, treatment and disposal of the solid wastes of a community. The development and operation of these systems is often called solid-waste management. Although we often dispose of waste by simply contracting out to removal services, the type of waste disposal system our community uses has a large impact on the environment and our health. Even with federal oversight on waste management, wastes can still pollute the ground, air and water. Some disposal systems are so dangerous that they are now banned. In this report, they are merging into 2 main parts. Part 1 explains about the theoretical component of this refuse disposal system and the details explanations of it. Part 2 is the most important part of this project. It explains the details of study case that we have done and comparisons between the conventional and current technology system used for those building that we was studied. Hope you enjoy reading this, thank you.

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Part 1: Theoretical

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1. REFUSE STORAGE
REFUSE COLLECTION The volume of loosely packed refuse from an average three person household is 0.09m 2 per week, slightly less than the capacity of a standard 0.092m2 dustbin. The larger part of the volume of domestic refuse today is bulky lightweight paper and plastic wrapping and container material which, in our throw way style of living, is increasing to extent that it is estimated that the volume of refuse from an average three person household will increase to 0.12m 2 before long. This bulky refuse encourages the householder to compress as much as possible into his refuse bin, which make it difficult to discharge the contents into the refuse collection vehicle. The bin is damage by banging it against the vehicle to empty it and in the short time it too becomes refuse and the cycle of waste accelerates. The smaller part of the domestic refuse is ash from solid fuel appliances, tins, bottles, and kitchen waste. The latter, if not wrapped, may adhere to the side of the bin, putrefy and be the source of disagreeable odours and the breeding ground for flies. The usual sequence in the storage of domestic refuse is the filling of a small bin or other small receptacle inside the dwelling, which is emptied in the refuse bin, a larger storage container or into a refuse chute discharging to a refuse container. Collection is usually once or twice a week. Refuse is collected from the premises or from the kerbside, depending on access and the local arrangements, and the larger containers are usually collected from the premises by vehicles designed for the purpose. The required capacity of refuse containers depends on an assumption of about 0.3m2 refuse per person and the frequency of collection. It is sensible to provide a larger capacity than this average to cover interruption of collection during holiday periods and festival when the volume is bulky, lightweight refuse increases considerably; otherwise refuse bin will be packed and difficult to empty or will have inadequate capacity with resulting spillage of refuse. An additional capacity of 10-25% is not unusual. (Barry.R :164)

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2. REFUSE DISPOSAL COMPONENT

2.1 REFUSE BIN (DUSTBIN) Refuse bin are generally described as dustbins from the days when the solid fuel fire was the principal source of heat and the resultant volume of dust and ash that was discharged to bin gave them their name. at that time a more frugal style of living did not produce the volume of refuse common today.(Barry.R :164)

2.1.1 Galvanized mild steel dustbin. This is traditional dust or refuse bin that has only recently been superseded by the plastic bin and paper sack. A soundly made galvanized steel dustbin is robust and will give useful service for many years providing the zinc coating (galvanizing) is not damaged by mishandling. Once the zinc coated wears, the mild steel rapidly rusts and the bin disintegrated. The standard mild steel dust bins is round in section and tapers on top to bottom to facilitate emptying and also stacking. It is reinforce turnover rim, slightly dished bottom. A standard steel bins is heavy about 12 kg, and when full it is near the limit in weight that can be lifted and emptied by an average person without strain. Various non-standard light section galvanized steel bins are manufactured, mostly from corrugated or fluted sheet to reinforce the flimsy material, because the light section material from which they are made they have short life than the heavier standard bin, and refuse that collects in the troughs of the corrugated or fluted side is difficult to clean., these bins is somewhat cheaper is false. The rubber lid and rubber bases to steel bins are available to reduce the noise of handling the bins.A specialized-steel bin, the dustless loading bin, is manufactured for the storage and emptying of ash and other dusty refuse. The lid is hinges to the bin and so designed that it does not open until the bin has been lifted by the specially collection vehicle and sealed against a shutter for dustless emptying. This type of bin is too heavy for manhandling and has to be wheeled on a trolley to the collection vehicle.(Barry.R :165)

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(http://www.hendler.co.za)

2.1.2 Plastic refuse bins Plastic refuse bin is about half of the weight of a standard steel bin of the same capacity and if made of high density polyethylene or polypropylene are rigid, durable and have useful life of several years if reasonably handled. They do not deteriorate by oxidization as do steel bins. There is no great difference in cost between the standard steel and plastic bins. A good quality plastic bin, such as that has a taper side without flutes or corrugations, a reinforcing rim, lifting handles and a loose lid. Usual capacity are 0.071m2 and 0.092m2 These bins do tend deteriorate fairly rapidly when manhandled in being emptied into collection vehicles. Being lightweight they are liable, if free standing, to be blown about in high wind when empty. Lightweight, low density polythene plastic bins are manufactured with corrugated sides for reinforced. These flimsy bins are brittle and easily fractured, particular are low temperatures and do not have a reasonable useful life. Square section plastic bins on wheel are supplied by some local authorities to reduce labour of collection. These comparatively small, so-called wheelybins are often overfilled and difficult to empty and so defeat the object of their design, which is to reduce labour. (Barry.R :165,166)

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2.1.3 Paper and plastic refuse sacks The disposable paper refuse sack is an alternative to the steel or plastic bin for householders. The obvious advantage is that both the soiled container and its contents are collected and disposed of in one journey from and to the refuse collection vehicle. But the natural resource, wood from which the sack are made is becoming increasingly scarce and expensive in our throwaway society, despite its disadvantages, that the paper sack will replace the steel and plastic bins. Paper sack are made from stout two ply wet strength paper or single ply waterproof kraft paper. Bags of capacity of 0.072m2 and 0.092m2 are generally used. The refuse sack are supported by wall mounted or free standing holders. Wall mounted holders are fixed to a wall with a back plate which supported the sack holder and its lid. Plastic sack have been used instead of paper sacks; they are cheaper than paper, required less space for storage of sacks and do not deteriorate in damp conditions. Plastic sack are fixed to wall mounted or free standing holders similar to those paper sacks. This rational system of refuse storage depend on degree of careful and sensible use by the householder. The all to frequent abuse of this system by overfilling and forcing in angular objects very soon reduces the efficiency of the system by causing needles spillage of refuse and consequent extra labour on the part of the collectors or householders, or both. (Barry.R :166)

(http://www.ajproducts.co.uk/)

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2.2 REFUSE CONTAINER Refuse container are large metal containers in which refuse, both domestic and trade, is stored, the limit of these size of containers is the capacity of a collection vehicle to lift and carry or tow away the container. The galvanized steel container is often describe as Paladin container. These container are wheeled for manhandling to the collection vehicle which is design to lift, upturn and empty the contents into the rear of the collection vehicle. To this end are various lifting attachments to the container such as the stud or angle iron rims to suit the various makes of collection vehicle. These standard 0.95m2 refuse containers are extensively used at the foot of chutes for communal and trade refuse. A wide variety of large purpose-constructed, galvanized steel containers are available, principally for storage at the foot of chutes and for trade waste. These heavy containers are somewhat difficult to manhandle towards the collection vehicle and are noisy in operation of mechanically lifting them into the vehicle for emptying. They are rarely cleaned due to difficulty to access to the inside of the container and are liable to become smelly in warm weather. (Barry.R :168)

(http://www.prlog.org)

2.3 BIN LINERS Of recent years, plastic bin liners have become one of the most used ways of containing refuse for disposal. These cheap liners are convenient for both impatient, careless householders and the refuse collection operatives, but the disadvantage of unsightly black bin liners littering the street, and inevitable spillage. (Barry.R :169)

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2.4 WASTE COMPACTOR

A Compactor is a machine designed to compress waste material to reduce the amount of space it takes up. For example a Portable Compactor will hold many times as much waste as a skip, meaning far fewer collections and much lower disposal costs. Advantages of compactors are: Improve waste management Reduce waste collection costs Save time and increase efficiency Improve the working environment There are many different types of Compactors, includes: Portable Compactors Either chain-lift, or roll-on/roll-off. The machine is taken to a waste site to be emptied.

Wet Waste Compactors

Portable Compactors specially designed to trap moisture content, minimizing odours and spillage.

Static Compactors The Compactor crushes waste in containers using a ram. The Compactor stays on your site - the container is taken to be emptied.

Roll Packers A rolling drum is used to tear and compact bulky materials in open containers.

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Roto Compactors A hugely versatile type of Compactor, this machine uses a revolving drum to tear up almost any materials, producing sacks of up to 500kg waste for easy disposal.

Bramidan Drum Press DP16 The Drum Press is suitable for compacting drums up to 205 litres (50 gallons), reducing the volume by up to 90%. Compact design saves space Designed for simplicity to use and maintain Easy to operate

Bramidan Tin Press TP2 The Tin Press is designed to reduce the volume of tins and cans of up to 30 litres. The pneumatic press can be located where there is access to compressed air. Reduces volume by up to 90% Low overall height Compact design saves space Easy to operate Simple to connect and disconnect air pressure hose

Bramidan Bag Press BP2 The Bag Press compacts waste inside a steel chamber enclosed by a plastic bag. The press is especially useful for cardboard, plastic and cans, and for wet waste. Wheeled press is easy to move and lock in postion with a brake Low overall height, only 185cm Galvanized - resistent in aggressive environments Easy to operate

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(Citation: http://www.kenburn.co.uk/compactors )

3. REFUSE DISPOSAL SYSTEM

3.1Refuse chute For domestic building of more than four floors, a system of refuse shuts is a sensible means of disposal and storage. A refuse chute is a vertical shaft into which refuse is tipped through hopper, the refuse being collected and stored in a cylinder at the foot of the chute. Refuse chutes are lined with cylindrical pipes of clay, concrete or fiber cement, internal diameter not less than 450mm, the smooth impervious surface of the pipes are providing the least impediment to the movement of the chute and facilitating cleansing by periodic hosing down. The lining pipes are enclosed in a brick or concrete shaft for their support and as a protection against spread of fire. Metal hopper at each floor level proc=vide entry point to the chute. The opening of these hopper should not exceed 350mm in width and 250 in depth. Hopper to chute should be located on open communal access balconies or well ventilated lobbies away from habitable rooms or in separate well ventilated lobbied of fire resisting construction, off main circulation lobbies. At the foot of each chute there should be container chamber. When the refuse container is full, the chute is closed by steel shutter, the full container are replaced with an empty one, the shutter opened. Depending on the anticipated volume of refuse variety of arrangement of container, a range of single containers on a turntable, a range of refuse sacks on a turntable or a single large container. Refuse chutes should be carried up to or above roof level with a ventilating terminal of the same diameter as the chute, or where this is not possible with a reduce ventilating pipe and terminal. Ventilation of the chute and lobbies in which the hopper are located is essential.

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With sensible use, reasonable periodic changes of container to avoid spillage, and cleansing of the chute and container chamber the refuse chute is a satisfactory system for storage of refuse in multi-storey buildings. The disadvantage of these chutes is that they can be somewhat noisy in use when heavy objects fall from higher hopper entries. Due to thoughtless use they become blocked with large cardboard boxes and such things as umbrellas which is difficult to clear. (Barry.R : 167)

Vents & Fans Automatic Foul Air Exhaust Fan installed at the top of the chutes, usually above roof level this ventilator maintains a smooth flow of fresh air within the refuse chute. Normally changing the air approximately 50 times per hour. The foul air exhaust fan helps prevent the escape of any bad odors or explosive gases released by aerosols etc, through refuse hoppers or into the refuse room. For use with vent pipes of (9) 230 mm diameter or above. Hoppers Uni-Metal refuse hoppers are supplied with uni-metal refuse chutes or supplied for separate fitting as independent or replacement hoppers. Designed to eject loose or bagged refuse directly into a refuse chute or a container. Hopper door pivots on an anti vandal hinge and is counter balanced to be self closing and self sealing against a fire resistant seal. Uni-Metal hoppers are specially designed to prevent blockages inside refuse chutes Refuse chamber Refuse storage chamber must be surrounded by floors and walls, with at least 1 hour fire rating. Surface finishes must be non-combustible, moisture-proof and easy to clean. A hour fire rating lockable, dust and fume-proof door must be provided and the floor must be laid to falls to an external trapped gully. A tap should be fitted outside, so that the chambers should be structurally isolated from the rest of the building, by means of double walls or separate floor slabs. (Citation: www.sfsp-ikk.com)
(https://picasaweb.google.com)

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3.2 The Matthew Garchey system The Garchey system is a method of waste disposal in which refuse is fed through an enlarge waste outlet in the sink into a waste tube housed inside a receiver, fitted below the sink runs into and filled the waste receiver. When the waste tube is filled it is raised by the householder and its contents are washed down the waste to the 150mm waste stack to the collection chamber. All waste water appliances are connected to the waste stack so that their discharges assist in washing down the refuse. Soil appliance are drained to a separate stack. The Garchey refuse collection chamber is emptied once in a week to a tanker which remove the waste from the refuse, and the carts it away. Surplus water is drained to the sewer. Large material such as paper and contains has to be broken down before being fed into the system. Vegetable or other refuse is placed in a container under the kitchen sink through a sealed hole in the bottom of the sink. From here it is flushed away periodically to underground collection chambers whence it is sucked by vacuum to a central disposal plant next to the heating chamber. Here the refuse is dried and burned, finally emerging as ashes which are carried away for disposal. The system is completely sealed from the public from the moment the refuse is placed in the container under the sink to its final removal as harmless ashes. This refuse disposal system has not been extensively used because of its high initial cost and high maintenance due to careless usage. It was introduces some years ago for use in multi storey blocks in flats, and suited to the disposal of wet and damp waste such as that from kitchen. It is not, however suited to the disposal of the increasing bulk of plastic containers, plastic film and plastic wrapping that is common today.(Barry. R :168)

(Hall.F 2007:272)

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The collection vehicle

It includes a patented pusher plate, which compresses the refuse inside a cylindrical tank

Advantages

The system has proven satisfactory and popular with the user and unlike the refuse chute, the refuse can be removed without taking it to a landing or balcony. The refuse is taken directly from the kitchen sink, to the tip, through an enclosed water-sealed system and it is therefore more hygienic than the chute and there is less risk of fire spread. The refuse collection is easier, quicker and quieter and the damp refuse does not cause spread of dust at the tip.

(http://www.leodis.net/)

(https://picasaweb.google.com)

(https://picasaweb.google.com)

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3.3 Sink waste disposal system. Kitchen waste is fed through the sink waste to a disposal unit in which a grinder, powered by a small electrical motor, reduces the refuse to small particles that are washed down with the waste water from the sink. This unit is design to dispose of such kitchen refuse as food remains which rot and cause disagreeable odours in bins, they are not suited to the disposal of larger bulky lightweight refuse. In common with other seemingly sensible innovation in refuse disposal, this system has lost favour largely because of impatience of user and the need for frequent maintenance. (Barry.R:169) Safety

It should be impossible for the users to insert his or her fingers into the shedding compartment and the blockages should not be freed by hands.

(http://www.unitedfusion.com.my/)

(http://reslife1.tamu.edu/)

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3.4 Pneumatic transport of refuse Nowadays, some cities are adopting underground pneumatic waste systems to transport and collect garbage without any surface activity. The system consists of a fully enclosed vacuum system network, which means doing away with foul-smelling, dirty refuse collection rooms and containers in the streets. The pneumatic underground system has a very complex but efficient operation system. The waste is thrown into a normal inlet, either indoors or outdoors. Sorting at source is handled by using one inlet for each fraction. These systems consist of a number of collection points, linked together by piping that transports the waste to a central collection station. When a refuse bag is deposited into an inlet, it is temporarily stored in a chute on top of a discharge valve. All the full inlets connected to the collection station are automatically emptied at regular intervals. The control system switches on the fans and a vacuum is created in the network of pipes. An air inlet valve is opened to allow transport air to enter the system. One by one, the discharge valves below each of the chutes are opened and the refuse bags fall down by gravity into the horizontal network of pipes and are sucked to the collection station. The refuse enters the collection station via a cyclone that separates the refuse from the air. The refuse falls down into a compactor, which compacts the refuse in the sealed container. The transport air then passes through dust and deodorant filters and a silencer. The system is ideal for separating waste for recycling, in which case there is an additional inlet and container for each category of refuse. The control system directs a diverter valve to convey each category of sorted waste into the correct container. (http://www.ita-aites.org/) However, some disadvantages of pneumatic systems exist. High investment costs. Inconveniences are caused to inhabitants and businesses during the execution of construction works Possibility of blockages occurring in tubes and drop off points

(Hall.F 2007:273)

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3.5 On Site Incineration On site incineration is a waste destruction in a furnace by controlled burning at high temperatures. Incineration function by removes water from hazardous sludge, reduces its mass and/ or volume, and convert it to a non burnable ash that can be safely disposed of on land or underground pits.Incineration is performed by supplying heat from fuel combustion or electrical input to cause thermal decomposition of organic contaminants through cracking and oxidation reactions at high temperatures (usually between 760 to 1,550C (1,400 to 3,000F). The disadvantage of this method is it is highly contentious method because incomplete inceniration can produce carbon monoxide gas, gaseous dioxins, and other harmful substances.Result in air emmisions and ash sometimes contain toxic and need special management which increase the cost. However, health risks associated with storing putrefying rubbish are entirely eliminated as the residue from combustion is odourless and sterile.Refuse removal costs are reduced because the residual waste only about 10% of the initial volume. This system consist of flue to discharge the incinerationed gaseous products of combustion above roof level. A fan ensures negative pressure in the discharge chute to prevent smoke and fumes being misdirected. A large combustion chamber receives and stores the refuse until it is ignited by an automatic burner.Duration of burning is thermostatically and time controlled.Waste gas are washes and cleaned before discharge into the flue.There is no restriction on wet or dry materials, and glass, metal, or plastics may be processed.

(Hall.F 2007:270)

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Materials destined for incineration should be of known origin and composition and may only be incinerated in a furnace that is registered for the incineration of that particular type of waste. Record should be kept of the mass and/or volume, the type and origin of the waste to be incinerated. The incinerator should be preheated to working temperature before charging any waste. Overloading of the incinerator should be avoided at all times. The incinerator should be kept in good working order at all times and should not be used if any component fails. Any malfunction should be recorded in a log book and reported to the relevant control authority. It should be supplied complete with full operating instructions. The incinerator operator and all relevant staff should be trained to the satisfaction of the relevant control authority. A list should be displayed at or near the control panel which identifies all trained operators. The incinerator and its surrounds should be kept in a clean and neat condition at all times. In cases where noxious or offensive gases are emitted that cannot be destroyed by secondary combustion, additional control equipment e.g. scrubbers, bag filters or electrostatic precipitators will be required.

(Hall.F 2007:270)

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(https://picasaweb.google.com)

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3.6 Sanitary Incineration Sanitary incineration are the quickest, easiest and most hygienic method for disposing of dressings, swabs, and sanitary towels. They are usually installed in office lavatories, hospitals and hotels. When the incinerator door opened, gas burners automatically ignites and burn the contents.After a pre-determined time, the gas supply is cut off by a time switch. Each time the door opened, the time switch reverts to its original position to commence another burning cycle. Incinerators have a removable ash pan and a fan assisted flue to ensure efficient extraction of the gaseous combustion products.In event of a fan failure, a sensor ensures that gas burners cannot function.The gas pilot light has a thermocoupled flame failure device. Controlled hygienic, mechanical or automatic feeding methods have to be used which will not influence the air supply and temperature in the chambers of the incinerator negatively. (Hall.F 2007:271) No waste is to be fed into the incinerator in the situation whereas : at start up and until the minimum combustion temperatures have been reached. whenever the minimum combustion temperatures are not maintained. whenever the previous charge has not been completely combusted in the case of a batch loader. until such time as the addition of more waste will not cause the design parameters of the incinerator to be exceeded.

(Hall.F 2007:271) (http://www.consortepl.com) (http://www.flickr.com/)

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3.7 Solid Waste Management (Manual) 3.7.1 DEFINATION Solid waste management may be define as the control of generation, storage, collection, transfer and transport, processing, and disposal of solid wastes in a manner that is accord with the best principle of public health, economic, engineering, conservation, aesthetics, and other enviromental considerations, and that is also responsive to public attitudes. 3.7.2 FUNCTION The function of solid waste management is to remove discarded materials from inhabited places in a timely manner to prevent spread of diseases, minimize the likelihood of fires, and to reduce insults arising from putrefying organic matter. Other than that solid waste management also to : protect the environment health. promote the quality of the urban environment. 3.7.3 THE PROCESS The process of solid waste management involved six elements : 1. Waste management 2. On-site handling, storage, and processing 3. collection 4. transfer and transport 5. processing and recovery 6. disposal

Waste generation Storage collection Transfer and transport Disposal

Figure 1-The process involving the functional element of solid waste management
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Processing and recovery

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1. Solid waste management generation. Solid waste include all solid or semisolid material that has no longer considered of sufficient value to be retained. The factor that influent the generation rate of municipal wastes include : geographic location, season of the year, collection frequency, use of kitchen waste grinders, extent of salvaging and recycling, public attitude and legislation.

2. On site handling. refers to the activities associated the handling of solid until they are placed in the containers used for their storage before collection. It may required to move loaded containers to the collection point and to return the empty containers to the point where they are stored between the collections. On site storage. The factors that must be considered in the on site storage of solid wastes included : Type of containers There are different types and capacities of container commonly used for on site storage of wastes. But because of increasing cost(labor, fuel, equipment costs) the used of large container are recommended. The container location In the newer areas, containers are placed by the side of rear of the house. In old residential areas container are placed in the alleys. In the high rise building storage container are located in the basement or ground floor service area. Processing of solid on site On site method are used to recover usable material from solid wastes and reduce its volume. The common processing operation include manual sorting, compacting and incineration.

3. Collection of solid wastes. Collection services For municipal solid wastes, the most common collection services are curb, alley and back yard collection. The collection services provided to large apartment, residential complexes, commercial and industrial typically in centered around the used of large movable and large stationery compactors.Compactors are of the type that can be used to compress material directly into large containers

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Type of collection systems.

Hauled container system (HCS) It is the collection systems in which the containers used for the storage wastes are hauled to the processing, transfer or disposal site, emptied and returned to the original point or to some other location. There are two types of hauled container system: 1) tilt -frame container, 2) trash-trailer. Tiltframe hauled container system has become widespread because of large volume that can be hauled but trash trailer is better for the collection of especially heavy rubbish. The application of both tilt -frame container and trash-trailer are similar, where, the collector is responsible for driving the vehicles, loading full containers, and unloading empty containers, and emptying the contents of the container at the disposal site. Stationary container systems (SCS) It is the collection systems in which the containers used for the storage of wastes remain at the point of waste generation except when moved for collection. There are two types of stationary container systems: 1) self-loading collection vehicles equipped with compactors. 2) Manually loaded vehicles. Trips to the disposal site, transfer station or processing station are made after the content of the collection vehicle is full.

Figure (2): Various trucks for municipal solid waste and recyclable collection

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4. Transfer and Transport Refers to the mean, facilities, and appurtenances used to affect the transfer of wastes from one location to another. Small collection vehicles are transferred to larger vehicles that are used to transport the waste over extended distances to disposal sites. It is very important to calculate the traveling period between the collection areas to the final disposal area.Depending on the method used to load the transport vehicles, transfer station may be classified into three types: Direct Discharge Storage Discharge: Combined of storage and direct Discharge

5. Processing and recovery Separation of solid waste could be at the source or at the final stage before disposal of the solid waste. Chemical and biological transformation processes are used to reduce the volume and weight of waste requiring disposal. It is very important to separate the recyclable materials to reduce the volume of the waste disposal. Types of separation depend on the types of solid waste. Such as: Density separation: air classification is the unit operation used to separate light materials such as paper and plastic from the heavier materials such as ferrous metal, based on the weight difference of he material in an air stream. Magnetic separation: magnetic separation is a unit operation whereby ferrous metals are separated from other waste materials by utilizing their magnetic properties. Recycling: After source reduction, the recovery of materials for recycling and composting is the next important component of integrated SWM program. Composting:can be carefully controlled to shorten the composting time and space required and to minimize offensive odors. The end product is rich in organic matter but low in nutrients.

6. Disposal Disposal on or in the earth mantel is the viable method for the long- term handling solid wastes. Sanitary lanfilling is the method of disposal used most commonly for municipal wastes.

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Part 2: Case Study

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ACT AND POLICIES

LOCAL GOVERNMENT ACT 1976 Refuse Collection, Removal And Disposal (Subang Jaya Municipal Council) By-Laws 2007 Interpretation 3. In this By-Laws unless the contexts otherwise requiresWaste matter includes any by-product, article or goods disposed, rejected or damaged in the process of manufacture, with or without commercial value. building material waste means the refuse produces during the construction of any house or building or project and includes any stone, wood, sand, earth, cement, attap, zinc or other building material. Commercial waste means any waste or waste matter generated by any industrial activities. Deposit of refuse 5. No refuse, dirt or the like shall be deposited on any public place except in the manner determined by the Council or in any place not determined by the Council as the place to deposit refuse, dirt or the like.

Refuse bins. 6. The owner or occupier of every house or building shall provide refuse bin with lid and shall maintained in good condition.

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Disposal of household refuses 7. (1) all household refuse shall be put into plastic bag and be tied before being put into the refuse bin. (2) Any broken glass, cans and sharp objects shall be wrapped and be put into separate disposable receptacle and placed closed to the refuse bin for collection. (3) The household refuse bin shall be places outside the gate, on a back-lane or at any other convenient place specified by the Council to facilitate the collection of refuse (4) All refuse bins shall be placed within the refuse bins stand or the refuse chamber or the likewise as approved by Council. (5) Other than household refuse, the disposal of home appliances refuse shall be subjected to by-law 10.

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Refuse of the multi-storey buildings 8.(1) In a multi-storey building where a refuse chute has been provided, the Management Corporation of the building or if there is no such corporation, the occupier of the building shall provide and maintain a refuse bin, which shall be placed in the refuse chamber. (2) The refuse bin shall be of a sufficient size to fit the refuse chamber provided at the bottom of the refuse chute in the building. (3) The Management Corporation or the occupier of the building shall at all timer maintain the refuse chute, the metal hopper of the chute and the metal door to the refuse chamber, (4) If the refuse bin, the refuse chute, the metal door, the metal hopper, or the refuse chamber is not in proper condition, the Council may order the Management Corporation or the occupier or the owner of the premise to replace or repair any defect. Prohibition on burning of waste material 16. No person shall burn or cause to be burnt any combustible materials, refuse or waste matter except in such activities as prescribed in the Environmental Quality Act 1974 (Act 127) and the Environmental Quality (Prescribed Activities) (Open Burning) Order 2000 [P.U. (A)308/2000] and in such manner and place approved by the Council. Kampung Area 18. The owner or occupier of any house or building in the kampung area shall provide a pit of sufficient size for the reception of such waste matter and shall be responsible for the disposal of such waste matter by either burying or burning it. (citation : LOCAL GOVERNMENT ACT 1976)

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MENARA BANK ISLAM KUALA LUMPUR

(www.wikimapia.org)

On 23 April 2012, we had conducted research for our studies on Menara Bank Islam Kuala Lumpur. We had arrived there 5.00 pm. The building is located within the area of KLCC. This is a new building comprises 34-storey and multilevel car park. Completed in January 2011, this 34-storey building was developed by Tabung Haji at a cost of RM151 million. The building is also known as Menara MAIWP. It is currently used as the headquarters of Federal Territory's Religious Affairs Council. Under the build, operate and transfer (BOT) concept, Tabung Haji will manage the building for 25 years with a RM56.6 million lease payment to the Religious Affairs Council. Bank Islam is its main anchor tenant, but the building also houses Tabung Haji's various subsidiaries. (www.wikimapia.org)

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To continue our research about waste disposal system, we had met the supervisor in charged, representative from Tabung Haji Properties (THP) Sinar. With his kindness, he had offered us assistances and guidance throughout our research and provided u----s with sufficient information regarding the building refuse disposal system used and demonstrated how the system operates. As a newly completed building, Menara Bank Islams refuse disposal system is very practical and efficient. By applying the act and policies that local government had drawn, there is no refuse chute system used.

This system is highly dependent on manual labour. The refuse is manually picked up by THP cleaning staffs in charged from the refuse bins to the compactor room by using elevator. The refuse is collected every day in the morning. It mostly consist of papers, food containers and minimum household refuse. Furthermore, the cleaning staff of THP Sinar not only in charge of collecting refuse, but also have to maintain the cleanliness and hygiene of the building.

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The cleaning staff required the usage of household cleaning tools and equipment. Such as mop, mop wringer bucket, brooms and shovels, detergent, gloves, cloths, and several types of brushes. Striking PVC cleaning signage is use to warn the passerby that the floor is slippery and there is also cleaning work is carried out.

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We observed that THP Sinar used stainless steel refuse bins and plastic bins. The stainless steel refuse bins usually located in high traffic area such as near elevators, lifts and entrance to offices. There are total 43 of plastic bins and 92 steel refuse bins in this building.

Trolley is use to transport big or heavy refuse such as cardboard boxes and others to the compactor room. For plastic refuse bins usually used inside the office, working area and outside the premise, which the refuse mainly consist of papers and minimal household waste. The design of the bins itself facilitate the work of taking out the refuse. Every bin has plastic bin liners to ease the staffs to remove the rubbish. It also because much cleaner and very efficient.

When the refuse is collected, then it placed into the plastic refuse bins located inside the compactor room. Later when the bins are full, the refuse will be thrown into the compactor. The refuse compactor used is Spiral Waste Bins (wet waste compactor) utilized electric motor operated and adopting hydraulic technology. Designed to handle large volumes of wet waste as well as mixed wet and dry waste. If waste materials have a high moisture content, leakage of effluent can be the result when the material is compacted. If the waste is for example food, this can lead to bad odours and contamination of the working environment. In particularly bad cases there can also be problems with vermin.

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When the operation button is pushed, the bins will move upward by mechanical chain. Then, when the elevator reaches at the top, it will tilt to allow the rubbish fall into the compactor.

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The compactor is powered by electrical motors.

However, there are precautionary measures in types of refuse allowed to compact. Sharp and hard objects such as stones or bricks, woods, metals and even bottle will damage the compactor as well as causing malfunction.

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The municipal refuse truck from Dewan Bandaraya Kuala Lumpur will come to Menara Bank Islam to collect the refuse twice a week; every Monday and Thursday. The big metal piston within the compactor will push the refuse; load it into the refuse truck through an opening.

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In the compactor room there are also drainage system and water supply for cleaning purposes. The drainage are also useful if there are any leakage of effluent from the compactor.

MILLENNIUM SQUARE, PETALING JAYA

(www.propwall. my)

LOCATION

(http://maps.google.com.my/)

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Millennium Square is a mixed leasehold condominium and commercial development located strategically near the Central Business Districts Section 14, Petaling Jaya. It is preferred for its strategic location within central business hub and near several amenities and Petaling Jaya's first smart home enabled serviced apartments. REFUSE DISPOSAL Since the chute system is banned in Malaysia, condominium had stopped using chute system. Today, Millennium Square has located a small room at every floor which is name the Bilik Sampah (Refuse Room). This is because the management of the condominium believes in protecting the environment and serving the community together in small ways. The refuse room is easier way to help residents to get rid of their daily newspaper, bottles and other refuse while serving a good cause at the same time. (http://www.propwall.my) The refuse room also have small window for ventilation. This helps to avoid foul air trap inside the room.

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In the room there are several plastic refuse bins. This system also depends on manpower, where the residents have to bring their rubbish placed into the bins. The cleaning staff shall clear the rubbish from the Refuse Room into a refuse storage room.

The refuse storage room is located at the bottom of the building which is near to the exit. The distance of the storage room to the carpark entrance is approximately 200m. This room consist of few refuse metal containers. The room is kept clean to avoid any leakage of effluent and foul odour and also have water supply for cleaning purposes. Municipal refuse truck from Majlis Bandaraya Petaling Jaya will come and collect the refuse twice a week. The storage room should accommodate entrance and egress of refuse truck.

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COMPARISON

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SUSTAINABLE FEATURES
To conduct this study about refuse disposal system, we had done research in two buildings, Menara Bank Islam Kuala Lumpur and Millennium Square Petaling Jaya. Both of the building is using Solid Waste Management (Manual) system. Each building have their own respective life span, so does the system used in the building. For a period any system shall need to be maintain so it will sustain as long as the building. The type of material and system used should be suitable with the residents and the local law and policies. Furthermore, the system must not cause harm to the environment and human health by pollution. By applying the law that local authorities had drawn, chutes and incinerator system is certainly not allowed to use in Malaysia. This is because refuse chute had caused indoor pollution within the building when the residents abuse the system by throwing rubbish without plastic liners and large rubbish that will clogged the system such as furniture, umbrella and broom sticks. When the chute is blocked, residents however keep throwing rubbish till the chute itself is full with rubbish, then foul smell will emitted and pollute inside of the building. Whereas, onsite incinerator consumes high amount of voltage to reduce the refuse to ashes. These fine ashes will contribute to air pollution and the gas and odour emitted are very hazardous to human and environment.

(www.hmetro.com.my)

(http://yewteezone9.blogspot.com/)

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Material of the refuse bins should also be considered due to its own sustainable features.

Material used Plastic refuse bin

Both in Menara Bank Islam and Millennium Square used standardize plastic refuse bin. There are a pair of wheels at the bottom of bins to ease cleaning staff to remove or transport the bin from one place to another. The design itself is very handy and helpful to unload the bins to containers. This plastic refuse bin can endure wear and tear and also weather condition. However it should handle with care and not abuse it.

Stainless steel refuse bin

This type of bin is mainly used throughout Menara Bank Islam. Even though, its quit expensive but it is very sustainable and will not require replacement. This is because stainless steel refuse bin is very durable and can withstand wear and tear for much longer period. Moreover, it is chosen due to its clean and hygienic appearance.

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Today, some old residential building still have refuse chute. Provided in the Refuse Collection, Removal And Disposal Law, the residents and the Management Corporation must maintain the system so it can still operate or else it shall be replace with refuse room. We can see that there is no longer such refuse system like refuse chute, onsite incinerator or Garchey system allowed to construct. The Solid Waste Management (Manual) system is highly depends on manpower whether to remove the refuse in horizontal or vertical movements. Even though, nowadays system is very different from the formerly used system, but it had proved to be more efficient and effective and most importantly sustainable.

(www.malaysiakini.com)

It is proven to be sustainable because both building is very clean and there is no problem about foul smell and vermin coming from the refuse storage room. The system produces comfortable living and working area.

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CURRENT TECHNOLOGY AND MAINTENANCE

Refuse Compactor

The Spiral Waste Bins (wet waste compactor) used in Menara Bank Islam required regular maintenance. Even though by adopting the hydraulic technology, all limit switches are eliminated as these limit switch are prone to create malfunction hence making the spiral unreliable and often need periodic servicing. (http://www.aplusgroup.com.my)

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(http://www.aplusgroup.com.my)

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Proper servicing will extend the life of the machine and give better performance. On a daily basis a building maintenance person has to check the equipment. A good check starts with safety. When the door to the compactor is opened, the machine should immediately shut off. Building personnel should also look for leaks of the hydraulic fluid. Since the machine is metal with moving parts, it must be checked for signs of metal fatigue. Metal rubbing against metal, must be checked for wear. Often a simple correction can save a considerable amount of money. The hydraulic fluid level in a compactor must be changed. There is also a filter in the hydraulic system that should also be changed. When removing the fluid the technician feels the fluid to see if there are any metallic particles in it. Excessive particles can be a sign of problems. They must check (for signs of wear) and correct the piston that operates the ram for proper garbage compression. The electrical system is also important since it is the basis for the machine's operation. Most of the electrical wiring is incased in piping. Therefore, the integrity of the piping should be visually inspected.

(http://ptrco.com) Once a year a professional cleaning service should be called in to internally clean, deodorize and disinfect the compactor and chute. A complete application of bacteria hungry enzymes should be applied. Hopper doors on each floor should be cleaned, adjusted for tension and aligned.

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Proper maintenance will greatly extend the life of a compactor. The basic steps outlined serve as guidelines, but building personnel should be encouraged to look and listen to the compactor regularly. A good manager can often hear or see changes in the machine that serve as a warning sign that something is wrong. There is no substitute for vigilant daily observations that can shortcut costly repairs. (http://www.nyarm.com) Regularly, thoroughly clean the interior of refuse compactor is needed. Usage a bacteriafighting cleaner and/or degreaser to clean the ram (the platform that presses down on the refuse) and any other part of the compactor that comes into contact with the garbage is recommended If there is food waste put into it, bacteria can grow on the inside of refuse compactor. For temporary odor control between cleanings, spray the interior with a germ-killing deodorant/disinfectant. Also replace the filter (if there is one) once or twice a year. (http://www.repairclinic.com/)

Refuse room

In Millennium Square, refuse room is used. The refuse room is kept clean daily by the cleaning staff. The refuse room is one of the alternatives supported by the local government since we are no longer provided with refuse chute system especially in high rise building. This system also depends highly on manpower from both residents and the cleaning staff.

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We can see that the refuse room had received encouraging response from the building management and occupants can use the facilities provided. By providing an effective garbage room, the building management is able to inculcate sense of responsibility in the population. Additionally, in promoting recycling habits in the population, the building management has provided recycling bins. Refuse room is the responsibility of their own people; cleaning staff will only clean and remove only the garbage to the Refuse storage room.

Wheely bin

Recycling bin

This is the most common method used in Malaysia. A small room for refuse room is provided at every floor of the building. Consist a small window for ventilation and few plastic refuse bins. Square section plastic bins on wheel are supplied by some local authorities to reduce labour of collection. These comparatively small, so-called wheelybins are often overfilled and difficult to empty and so defeat the object of their design, which is to reduce labour. (Barry.R :165,166). Every day, the cleaning staff will transfer the plastic refuse bins to the refuse storage room which usually located at the exit of the building. Municipal refuse truck will collect the rubbish twice a week.

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(http://www.wheeliebinsadelaide.com/)

Keeping the refuse room clean is considered as routine for the cleaning staff. However, based on local law provided, the refuse room is under residents responsibility. Used thick plastic bin liners and tied neatly to prevent waste not fragmented if lifted. Do not leave it wet or smelly items outside the refuse room Do not throw rubbish which on fire Do not leave refuse unethically outside of the bins. Use the bins provided, especially recycling bins. Avoid bins from overflowing and forcing the bins by pressuring. This brings difficulty to unload the bins.

Basically, refuse room will reflect the mentality and awareness of the occupants. Unethical occupants will abuse this system by dumping dirty refuse irresponsibly whereas ethical will keep the refuse room clean and use the bin effectively.

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CONCLUSION
Based on our observation of two buildings that we survey, the Menara Bank Islam and Millennium Square, we had found refuse disposal system used in these building has been adapted to the environment and the users or occupants of the building. From our research, these buildings using sustainable and efficiently. This is because the buildings were found to be very clean and not pollute the environment with poor waste management. Although in Malaysia now is no longer implementing refuse chute, on site Incinerator and other systems, the system used today depends highly on the manpower of the building management and occupants. Moreover, from our eyes, we can see that there are huge efforts from the government to encourage Malaysian to be more aware about this rubbish issue. LOCAL GOVERNMENT ACT 1976 Refuse Collection, Removal and Disposal has been made to the local population to know their respective roles and responsibilities in maintaining and conserving the environment. Without fixed law, people would throw rubbish without thinking about the impact that will override. Thus, people cannot take the easy solution in for littering because it will get a fine and a summons for disobeying the law. We also hope that in the future, the rubbish problems will no longer be a national issue. People should realize now that if they abuse the refusal system prepared, others will receive the consequences. Not only that, it would be detrimental visions and pollute the environment. Effective new technology is also needed to reduce the labor force in bringing rubbish from refuse room to refuse collection room.

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