SS & CD Lab

VISVESVARAYA TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY, BELGAUM - 590014

SS & CD LAB MANUAL

VI Sem CSE Prepared by Mrs. RASAGNA REDDYLecturer

DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE & ENGINEERING K.N.S INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, BANGALORE -560045 2011-12

Dept. of CSE

KNSIT

SS & CD Lab

PART A
LEX AND YACC PROGRAMS: Execute the following programs using LEX: Program 1a Program to count the number of characters, words, spaces and lines in a given input file. %{ /*This is definition sec*/ int cc=0,wc=0,sc=0,lc=0; %} /*This is rules sec*/ %% [ ] {sc++;cc++;} [^ \t\n]+ {wc++;cc+=yyleng;} [\n] {lc++;cc++;} [\t] {sc+=8;cc++;} %% /*This is user defined subroutine section*/ int main() { char fname[20]; printf(Enter a file name:\n); scanf(%s,fname); yyin=fopen(fname,"r"); yylex(); fclose(yyin); printf("The no.of characters = %d\n",cc); printf("The no.of spaces = %d\n",sc); printf("The no.of lines = %d\n",lc); printf("The no.of words = %d\n",wc); } Output:[student@localhost ~]# vi ex Note: A file will be opened enter some lines of sentences in it. Come back by typing Esc :wq [student@localhost ~]# lex 1a.l [student@localhost ~]# cc lex.yy.c -ll [student@localhost usp]# ./a.out Enter a file name: ex The no.of characters = 40 The no.of spaces = 5 The no.of lines = 3 The no.of words = 7 Dept. of CSE KNSIT

SS & CD Lab

Program 1b Program to count the numbers of comments lines in a given C program. Also eliminate them and copy the resulting program into separate file. %{ int comment=0; %} %% //.* {comment++; fprintf(yyout, );} ^[ \t]*/*.* {BEGIN COMMENT; fprintf(yyout, );} ^[ \t]*/*.**/[ \t]*\n {comment++;fprintf(yyout, );} <COMMENT>.**/*[ \t]*\n {BEGIN 0;comment++;fprintf(yyout, );} <COMMENT>*/ {BEGIN 0;fprintf(yyout, );} <COMMENT>\n {comment++;fprintf(yyout, );} <COMMENT>.*\n {comment++;fprintf(yyout, );} . {fprintf(yyout,yytext);} %% int main() { yyin=fopen("ex","r"); yyout=fopen("result","w"); yylex(); fclose(yyin); fclose(yyout); system("cat result"); printf("\n\nThe no.of comment lines = %d",comment); return 0; } Output:[student@localhost usp]# vi ex [Note: Enter some content into this file] //This is single line comment This is not a comment line /* This is a single line comment */ Next line is a multi line comment /* This is multi line comment */ [student@localhost usp]# lex 1b.l [student@localhost usp]# cc lex.yy.c -ll [student@localhost usp]# ./a.out

Dept. of CSE

KNSIT

SS & CD Lab

This is not a comment line Next line is a multi line comment The no.of comment lines = 5 Program 2a Program to recognize a valid arithmetic expression and to recognize the identifiers and operators present. Print them separately. %{ %} OPERATOR [+\-\*\/] OPERANDS [a-zA-Z0-9]+ %% {OPERATOR} {oprcount++;opr[i++]=yytext[0];opr[i++]= ;} {OPERANDS} {opdcount++;for(j=0;j<yyleng;j++) opd[k++]=yytext[j]; opd[k++]= ;} . {} %% int main() { yylex(); if((opdcount-oprcount)!=1) printf(Not valid expression\n); else { printf(Valid\n); printf(the operands = %s and count = %d\n,opd,opdcount); printf(The operators = %s and count = %d\n,opr,oprcount); } return 1; } Output:[student@localhost ~]# lex 2a.l [student@localhost ~]# cc lex.yy.c -ll [student@localhost ~]# ./a.out a+b Valid The operands = a b and count = 2 int opdcount=0,oprcount=0,i=0,j=0,k=0; char opd[20],opr[20];

Dept. of CSE

KNSIT

SS & CD Lab The operators = + and count=1 [student@localhost ~]# ./a.out a+b*(e*d)/f*(h-g) Valid The operands = a b e d f h g and count = 7 The operators = + * * / * - and count=6

Program 2b Program to recognize whether a given sentence is simple or compound. %{ int flag=0; %} %% (" "[aA][nN][dD]" "|" "[oO][rR]" "|" "[bB][uU][tT]" "|" " [eE][iI][tT][hH][eE][rR] " "|" "[nN][eE][iI][tT][hH][eE][rR] " "|" "[nN][oO][rR]" "|" "[bB][eE][cC][aA][uU][sS][eE] " ") {flag=1;} .; %% int main() { Printf(Enter a sentence:\n); yylex(); if(flag==1) printf("Compound sentence\n"); else printf("Simple sentence\n"); return 0; } Output:[student@localhost ~]# vi 2b.l [student@localhost ~]# lex 2b.l [student@localhost ~]# cc lex.yy.c -ll [student@localhost ~]# ./a.out This is usp lab Simple sentence [student@localhost ~]# ./a.out recognize and count the number of identifiers Compound sentence [student@localhost ~]# ./a.out

Dept. of CSE

KNSIT

SS & CD Lab recognize but not identified Compound sentence [student@localhost usp]# ./a.out recognize or count Compound sentence [student@localhost usp]# ./a.out recognize But not count Compound sentence

Program 3 program to recognize and count the number of identifiers in a given input file. %{ %} SPLCH [!@#$%^&] DIGIT [0-9] LETTER [a-zA-Z] USCORE "_" %%
(({LETTER}|{USCORE})+({LETTER}{DIGIT}|{USCORE})*) {count++;} . {} (({LETTER}|{DIGIT}|{USCORE}|{SPLCH})+({LETTER}|{DIGIT}|{USCORE}|{SPLCH})*) {}

int count=0;

%% int main() { yyin=fopen("ex","r"); system(cat ex); yylex(); fclose(yyin); printf("no of identifiers = %d",count); return 1; } Output:[student@localhost ~]# lex 3.l [student@localhost ~]# cc lex.yy.c -ll [student@localhost ~]# ./a.out 1243_4664

Dept. of CSE

KNSIT

SS & CD Lab filename a _sdsds no data no. of identifiers = 5 Execute the following programs using YACC:

Program 4a Program to recognize a valid arithmetic expression that uses operators +, -, *, and /. %{ %} #include<stdio.h> #include<ctype.h>

%token digit letter %left '+' '-' %right UMINUS %left '*' '/' %% lines: |lines exp '\n' {printf(valid\n);} |lines '\n' ; exp:exp'+'exp |exp'-'exp |exp'*'exp |exp'/'exp |'('exp')' |'-'exp |letter |number ; number: number digit | digit ; %% int yylex() {

Dept. of CSE

KNSIT

SS & CD Lab int c; while((c=getchar())==' '); if(isalpha(c)) return letter; if(isdigit(c)) return digit; return c; } int main() { yyparse(); return 0; } int yyerror() { printf("Error\n"); return 0; } Output:[student@localhost ~]# yacc 4a.y [student@localhost ~]# cc y.tab.c [student@localhost ~]# ./a.out a+b*c Valid a*d+(a-b)*c Valid (a*c)*(d+4) Valid -b* Invalid

Program 4b Program to recognize a valid variable, which starts with a letter, followed by any number of letters or digits. %{ #include<stdio.h> #include<ctype.h> %} %token letter digit %% id:id letter '\n' {printf("Valid\n");} |id letter other '\n' {printf("Valid\n");}

Dept. of CSE

KNSIT

SS & CD Lab | ; other:other letter |other digit |letter |digit ; %% int main() { yyparse(); return 0; } int yyerror() { printf("Error\n"); return 0; } int yylex() { int c; while((c=getchar())==' '); if(isalpha(c)) return letter; if(isdigit(c)) return digit; else return c; } Output:[student@localhost ~]# yacc 4b.y [student@localhost ~]# cc y.tab.c -ly [student@localhost ~]# ./a.out a2772 Valid affff Valid name Valid 67676 Error

Dept. of CSE

KNSIT

SS & CD Lab

10

Program 5a Program to evaluate an arithmetic expression involving operators +, -, *, and /. %{ #include<stdio.h> #include<ctype.h> #define YYSTYPE double %} %token num %left '+' '-' %left '*' '/' %right UMINUS %% lines: |lines exp '\n' {printf("%g\n",$2); return 1;} |lines '\n' ; exp:exp'+'exp {$$=$1+$3;} |exp'-'exp {$$=$1-$3;} |exp'*'exp {$$=$1*$3;} |exp'/'exp {if($3==0) { printf("Divide by zero error\n"); exit(0); } $$=$1/$3; } |'('exp')' {$$=$2;} |'-'exp {$$=-$2;} |num ; %% int yylex() { int c; while((c=getchar())==' '); if((c=='.')||(isdigit(c))) { ungetc(c,stdin); scanf("%lf",&yylval); return num;

Dept. of CSE

KNSIT

SS & CD Lab } return c;

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int main() { yyparse(); return 0; } int yyerror() { printf("Error\n"); return 0; } Output:[student@localhost ~]# yacc 5a.y [student@localhost ~]# cc y.tab.c [student@localhost ~]# ./a.out 4+4 8 [student@localhost ~]# ./a.out 12+3*(23-5) 66 [student@localhost ~]# ./a.out -55+(5*5) -30 Program 5b Program to recognize strings 'aaab', 'abbb', 'ab', and 'a' using the grammar (anbn ,n>=0). %{ %} #include<stdio.h> #include<ctype.h>

%token ta tb %% S: T \n {printf("Valid\n"); exit(0);} ; T: |ta T tb ;

Dept. of CSE

KNSIT

SS & CD Lab %% int yylex() { int c; while((c=getchar())==' '); if(c=='a') return ta; if(c=='b') return tb; return c; } int main() { yyparse(); return 0; } int yyerror() { printf("Error\n"); return 0; }

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Output:[student@localhost ~]# vi 5b.y [student@localhost ~]# yacc 5b.y [student@localhost ~]# cc y.tab.c [student@localhost ~]# ./a.out aaab In valid [student@localhost ~]# ./a.out aaaaabbbbb Valid ab Valid [student@localhost ~]# ./a.out abbb In valid [student@localhost ~]# ./a.out a Error [student@localhost ~]# ./a.out [no input entered] Valid

Dept. of CSE

KNSIT

SS & CD Lab

13

Program 6 Program to recognize the grammar (anb ,n>=10). %{ %} #include<stdio.h> #include<ctype.h>

%token ta tb %% v: |v ta ta ta ta ta ta ta ta ta ta p '\n' {printf("Valid\n");} ; p:ta p |tb ; %% int yylex() { int c; while((c=getchar())==' '); if(c=='a') return ta; if(c=='b') return tb; return c; } int main() { yyparse(); return 0; } int yyerror() { printf("Error\n"); return 0; } Output:[student@localhost ~]# yacc 6.y [student@localhost ~]# cc y.tab.c [student@localhost ~]# ./a.out aab

Dept. of CSE

KNSIT

SS & CD Lab Error [student@localhost ~]# ./a.out aaaaaaaaaab Valid aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaab Valid aaaaaaaaaabbbbbb Error

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PART B
UNIX PROGRAMMING: Program 1a Non-recursive shell script that accepts any number of arguments and prints them in the Reverse order, ( For example, if the script is named rargs, then executing rargs A B C should produce C B A on the standard output). if [ $# -eq 0 ] then echo "NO ARGUMENTS" else while [ $# -ne 0 ] do x=$1" "$x shift done echo "THE REVERSED STRING IS :$x" fi

Output:
[student@localhost ~]$ sh vijet NO ARGUMENTS [student@localhost ~]$ sh vijet d o g THE REVERSED STRING IS :g o d Program 1b C program that creates a child process to read commands from the standard input and execute them ( a minimal implementation of a shell like program). You can assume that no arguments will be passed to the commands to be executed. #include<stdio.h> #include<sys/types.h> #include<unistd.h> #include<fcntl.h> Dept. of CSE KNSIT

SS & CD Lab int main() { int s; char c[20]; pid_t pid; pid=fork(); if(pid==0) { printf("enter the valid unix command\n"); scanf("%s",c); system(c); } pid=waitpid(pid,&s,0); return 0; }

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Output:

[student@localhost ~]$ vi mann.c [student@localhost ~]$ cc mann.c [student@localhost ~]$ ./a.out enter the valid unix command cal May 2012 Su Mo Tu We Th Fr Sa 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 [student@localhost ~]$ ./a.out enter the valid unix command date Tue May 15 15:22:13 EDT 2012 [student@localhost ~]$ ./a.out enter the valid unix command ls ; 3.c 4b.c 6.y a.c arp.l cht.l first.c kantharaj loka.c man.l op pro.c1 second.c veer1.sh viju1 [student@localhost ~]$ ./a.out enter the valid unix command pwd /home/student

Dept. of CSE

KNSIT

SS & CD Lab

16

Program 2a Shell script that accepts two files names as arguments, checks if the permissions for these files are identical and if the permissions are identical, outputs the common permissions, otherwise outputs each file name followed by its permissions. if [ $# -ne 2 ] then echo "no arguments" elif [ ! -e $1 -o ! -e $2 ] then echo "file doesnot exist" else p1=`ls -l $1|cut -c2-10` p2=`ls -l $2|cut -c2-10` if [ $p1 == $p2 ] then echo "file permissions are equal and are $p1" else echo "file permission are not equal" echo "permission of $1 is $p1" echo "permission of $2 is $p2" fi fi

Output:
[student@localhost ~]$ sh per.sh no arguments [student@localhost ~]$ sh per.sh 3.c 4.c file permission are not equal permission of 3.c is rwxrwxrwx permission of 4.c is rw-rw-r-[student@localhost ~]$ sh per.sh a.c 4.c file permissions are equal and are rw-rw-r--

Program 2b C program to create a file with 16 bytes of arbitrary data from the beginning and another 16 bytes of arbitrary data from an offset of 48. Display the file to demonstrate how the hole in file is handled. #include<unistd.h> #include<sys/types.h> #include<stdio.h>

Dept. of CSE

KNSIT

SS & CD Lab #include<fcntl.h> #include<sys/stat.h> int main() { char s[16]="lokeshajaylokaja"; char f[16]="fhfkjfhjhfjhfjhf"; int fd; fd=creat("la",7); write(fd,s,16); lseek(fd,48,SEEK_SET); write(fd,f,16); return 0; }

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Output:

[student@localhost ~]$ cc loka.c [student@localhost ~]$ ./a.out loka.c [student@localhost ~]$ ./a.out [student@localhost ~]$ vi la [student@localhost ~]$ vi loka.c okeshajaylokaja^@^@^@^@^@^@^@^@^@^@^@^@^@^@^@^@^@^@^@ ^@^@^@^@^@^@^@^@^@^@^@^@^@fhfkjfhjhfjhfjhf

Program 3a Shell function that takes a valid directory names as an arguments and recursively descends all the subdirectories, finds the maximum length of any file in that hierarchy and write this maximum value to the standard output. if [ $# -ne 1 ] then echo "NO ARGUMENTS" exit fi if [ ! -e $1 ] then echo "given directory does not exist" exit fi echo "the file with maximum length $1 directory is" ls -lR $1 | tr -s " " | cut -d " " -f5 | sort -n | tail -n 1

Dept. of CSE

KNSIT

SS & CD Lab

18

output:

[student@localhost ~]$ mkdir kantharaj [student@localhost ~]$ cd kantharaj [student@localhost kantharaj]$ cat > l1 kuhf gfhfg [student@localhost kantharaj]$ cat > l2 sthj jhbi [student@localhost kantharaj]$ cat > l3 jhg8ojhydef lkijdf [student@localhost kantharaj]$ cd .. [student@localhost ~]$ sh v NO ARGUMENTS [student@localhost ~]$ sh v kantharaj the file with maximum lengthkantharaj directory is 19 Program 3b C program that accepts valid file names as command line arguments and for each of the arguments, prints the type of the file (Regular file, Directory file, Character special file, Block special file, Symbolic link etc.) #include<stdio.h> #include<sys/types.h> #include<sys/stat.h> #include<unistd.h> int main(int argc,char **argv) { struct stat s; int i; if(argc==1) printf("No arguments\n"); else for(i=1;i<argc;i++) { lstat(argv[i],&s); if(S_ISREG(s.st_mode)) printf("%s is a regular file \n",argv[i]); if(S_ISDIR(s.st_mode)) printf("%s is a directory file \n",argv[i]); else if(S_ISCHR(s.st_mode)) printf("%s is a character device file \n",argv[i]); else if(S_ISBLK(s.st_mode)) printf("%s is a block device file\n",argv[i]); Dept. of CSE KNSIT

SS & CD Lab else if(S_ISLNK(s.st_mode)) printf("%s is a symbolic link file \n",argv[i]); } return 0; } output: [student@localhost ~]$ ./a.out 3.c 3.c is a regular file [student@localhost ~]$ ./a.out /dev/vcs /dev/vcs is a character device file

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Program 4a Shell script that accepts file names specified as arguments and creates a shell script that contains this file as well as the code to recreate these files. Thus if the script generated by your script is executed, it would recreate the original files. echo "to unbundle sh this file" for i in $* do if [ ! -f $i ] then echo "$i doesnot exist ">/dev/tty fi echo "echo $i is created" echo "cat>$i<<end" cat $i echo "end" done

output:

[student@localhost ~]$ sh 4a.sh to unbundle sh this file [student@localhost ~]$ cat>f1 sdfqw4e5 [Press Ctrl+D] [student@localhost ~]$ cat>f2 etr235edrf [Press Ctrl+D] [student@localhost ~]$ cat>f3 erre5t45y [Press Ctrl+D] [student@localhost ~]$ sh 4a.sh f1 f2 f3> zip [student@localhost ~]$ mkdir rasagna [student@localhost ~]$ cd rasagna

Dept. of CSE

KNSIT

SS & CD Lab [student@localhost rasagna]$ sh ../zip ../zip: line 1: to: command not found f1 is created f2 is created f3 is created

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Program 4b C program to do the following: Using fork() create a child process. The child process prints its own process-id and id of its parent and then exits. The parent process waits for its child to finish(by executing the wait()) and prints its own process-id and the id of its child process and then exits. #include<stdio.h> #include<sys/types.h> #include<sys/stat.h> #include<unistd.h> #include<fcntl.h> int main() { pid_t pid; pid=fork(); if(pid == 0) { printf("IN CHILD PROCESS\n"); printf("child process id is %d\n",getpid()); printf("parent process id is %d\n",getppid()); _exit(0); } pid=waitpid(0); printf("IN PARENT PROCESS\n"); printf("child process id is %d\n",pid); printf("parent process id is %d\n",getpid()); return 0; }

Output:
[student@localhost ~]$ ./a.out IN CHILD PROCESS child process id is 2389 parent process id is 2388 IN PARENT PROCESS child process id is 2389 parent process id is 2388

Dept. of CSE

KNSIT

SS & CD Lab COMPILER DESIGN PROGRAMS:

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1. Write a C program to implement the syntax directed definition of if E then S1 and if E then S1 else S2. [Execute this program in turbo C (file extension as .C) instead of fedora since gets function throws a warning in fedora] #include<stdio.h> #include<stdlib.h> #include<string.h> int parsecondition(char[], int, char*, int); void gen(char [],char [],char [],int); int main() { int ct=0,len=0,eflag=0; char stmt[60]; char stB[54],stS1[50],stS2[45]; clrscr(); printf("Format of if statement\nExample:\n"); printf("if (a<b) then (s=a);\n"); printf("if (a>b) then (s=a) else (s=b);\n"); printf("Enter the statement\n"); gets(stmt); len=strlen(stmt); ct=ct+2; ct=parsecondition(stmt,ct,stB,len); if(stmt[ct]==')') ct++; ct=ct+3; ct=parsecondition(stmt,ct,stS1,len); if(stmt[ct+1]==';') { printf("Parsing the input statement\n"); gen(stB,stS1,stS2,eflag); return 0; } if(stmt[ct]==')') ct++; ct=ct+3; ct=parsecondition(stmt,ct,stS2,len); ct=ct+2; if(ct==len) { eflag=1; printf("Parsing the input statement.....\n"); gen(stB,stS1,stS2,eflag); return 0;

Dept. of CSE

KNSIT

SS & CD Lab } return 0; } int parsecondition(char input[],int cntr,char *dest,int tlen) { int index=0, pos=0; while(input[cntr]!='(' && cntr<=tlen) cntr++; if(cntr>=tlen) return 0; index=cntr; while(input[cntr]!=')') cntr++; if(cntr>=tlen) return 0; while(index<=cntr) dest[pos++]=input[index++]; dest[pos]='\0'; return cntr; } void gen(char B[], char S1[], char S2[],int epart) { int Bt=101,Bf=102,Sn=103; printf("\nif %s goto %d",B,Bt); printf("\n\tgoto %d\n",Bf); printf("%d:",Bt); printf("%s\n",S1); if(!epart) printf("\n%d:\n",Bf); else { printf("goto %d:\n",Sn); printf("%d: %s\n",Bf,S2); printf("\n%d:\n",Sn); } }

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Output:
Format of if statement Example: if (a<b) then (s=a); if (a>b) then (s=a) else (s=b); Enter the statement If (a<b) then (s=a) else (s=b) Parsing the input statement.. If (a<b) goto 101 Dept. of CSE KNSIT

SS & CD Lab goto 102 101: (s=a) goto 103 102: (s=b) 103:

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2. Write a Yacc program that accepts a regular expression as input and produce its parse tree as output. %{ #include<stdio.h> #include<ctype.h> #include<stdlib.h> #include<string.h> #define MAX 100 int getREindex(const char *); signed char productions[MAX][MAX]; int count=0,i,j; char temp[MAX+MAX],temp2[MAX+MAX]; %} %token ALPHABET %left '|' %left '.' %nonassoc '*' '+' %% S:re '\n' { printf("This is the rightmost derivation--\n"); for(i=count-1;i>=0;--i) { if(i==count-1) { printf("\nre =>"); strcpy(temp,productions[i]); printf("%s",productions[i]); } else { printf("\n => "); j=getREindex (temp); temp[j]='\0'; sprintf(temp2,"%s%s%s",temp,productions[i],(temp+j+2)); printf("%s",temp2); strcpy(temp,temp2); } } printf("\n"); exit(0); } re:ALPHABET {

Dept. of CSE

KNSIT

SS & CD Lab temp[0]=yylval;temp[1]='\0'; strcpy (productions[count++],temp); } |'('re')' { strcpy (productions [count++],"(re)");} |re '*' { strcpy (productions [count++],"re*");} |re '+' { strcpy (productions [count++],"re+");} |re '|' re { strcpy (productions [count++],"re | re");} |re '.' re { strcpy (productions [count++],"re . re");} ; %% int main(int argc,char **argv) { printf("enter the expression\n"); yyparse(); return 0; } yylex() { signed char ch=getchar(); yylval=ch; if(isalpha (ch)) return ALPHABET; return ch; } yyerror() { fprintf(stderr,"Invalid Regular Expression!!\n"); exit(1); } int getREindex(const char *str) { int i=strlen(str)-1; for(;i>=0;--i){ if(str[i]=='e' && str[i-1]=='r') return i-1; } }

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Dept. of CSE

KNSIT

SS & CD Lab

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Output:
[root@localhost ~]# vi cd.y [root@localhost ~]# yacc cd.y [root@localhost ~]# cc y.tab.c [root@localhost ~]# ./a.out enter the expression a+|b* This is the rightmost derivation-re =>re | re => re | re* => re | b* => re+ | b* => a+ | b*

Note:
1) For lex programs vi prognsme.l [a new window will be opened press insert key and then start typing. Esc :wq to save the program. Lex progname.l Cc lex.yy.c ll ./a.out [enter the input] For Yacc Programs vi pname.y yacc pname.y cc y.tab.c ./a.out [enter requires input] Cd first program: Type program in turbo C with .C extension. Execute it. For shell programs save the file name with .sh extension or just file name without extension as shown below: vi pname.sh or vi pname sh pname.sh or sh pname

2)

3) 4)

Dept. of CSE

KNSIT