1.

Broad Subject Area

Earth & Atmospheric Sciences

2. Specialization
Structural Geology

3. Title of the proposed project

Mantle-lithosphere mechanical interaction in the formation of large scale tectonic boundaries: an investigation through numerical simulations

4. Name and address of the Investigator

Shamik Sarkar Department of Geological Sciences Jadavpur University, Kolkata - 700032 Email : shamiksarkar@gmail.com, Ph. 033-24146666 ext. 2364

5. Detail of the proposed project to be undertaken:

Mantle-lithosphere mechanical interaction in the formation of large scale tectonic boundaries: an investigation through numerical simulations

Definition of problem
Using numerical methods this project aims at studying a number of geodynamic phenomena that are yet to be investigated in detail. An outline of these issues is presented below. An outstanding problem in plate tectonics is concerned with the subduction process of lithospheric plates in convergent boundaries. A continuous plate is believed to be fragmented into two pieces, where one of them subducts beneath the other. This project intends to investigate the nature of plate deformation taking place just before the event of fragmentation. It is expected that lithospheric plates undergo localized deformations with some specific patterns, allowing a subduction zone to initiate. A direction of this study will aim to address a fundamental question- what are the patterns of deformation localization in plate scale, and how they depend on geological factors, such as rheology, density

variations etc. and dynamic conditions at the lithosphere-mantle interface. The proposed study will enable us to develop a concrete model for the mechanics of subduction initiation. Lithospheric slabs are mechanically stiffer than the underlying mantle. Their average viscosity (1023 PaS) is about hundred times that of the mantle (1021 PaS). Thus, subducting slabs perturbs the kinematic state of the ambient mantle region. The pattern of such flow perturbations depends on the nature of slab movement. There are two issues: 1) characterizing flexural deformations versus downward movement ratios and 2) how this slab motion influences the pattern of flow perturbation. A direction of the proposed project will attempt to resolve this problem, considering composite density structure of lithospheric plates (Ganguly et al. 2008). Flexural lithospheric deformations influence shallower level geological processes, e.g. development of forebulge in front of orogens, localization of faults and seismicity. This proposed work intends to investigate the origin of these geological phenomena in relation to flexural deformations of subducting lithospheric slabs. The process of subduction in nature occurs in a spherical space. However, existing models mostly deal with Cartesian space either in three or two dimensions, giving little attention to the problem of space accommodation in the third dimension. In this project an issue is to resolve a fundamental problem- what is the mechanism of trench-parallel length shortening of a subducting lithospheric slab in a spherical space. This poses another problem concerning the modification of three-dimensional plate geometry in chemically non-equilibrium states of the slabs in the mantle. Large-scale mantle plumes travel upward with a high velocity, and can finally hit the lithosphere. This interaction leads to stress localization, resulting in damage of the lithospheric plate. Seismological studies reveal that lithospheric masses can be strongly mechanically anisotropic in large scale. We do not have much analysis showing the nature of plume-driven damages in anisotropic plates. A focus of the proposed study will be to investigate the role of anisotropy in stress distribution in lithospheric plates overlying plumes. As an extension of this problem, the project will attempt to address the issue of fault developments along mid-oceanic ridges.

Origin of proposal
The principal investigator of this project proposal has been carrying out studies on subductionrelated phenomena by employing numerical models for the last couples of years. For example, his recent work shows different patterns of flow perturbation as a function of rotational and translational motion of subducting slabs. In the course of this study it is felt that a complete picture of the phenomenon demands 3

an understanding of the process of subduction initiation. There is a large volume of work available in the literature on subduction zones. However, they mostly describe the processes associated with a lithospheric plate subducting beneath another plate, giving little attention to how a mechanically continuous lithosphere can rupture into two segments along the convergent zones of convecting mantle. The present proposal will aim to analyze the mode of deformation localization in a lithospheric plate required for initiation of subduction zones, and physical factors controlling such deformation localization. In a recent study it has been shown that excess overburden caused by sediment pile can develop localized deformations under specific rheological conditions (Lavier and Steckler, 1997). However, this model probably explains the process of subduction initiation in limited tectonic conditions. Present day observations show oceanic trenches without any association of such huge sediment piles. Furthermore, they often localize along the ocean-continent boundary, e.g. Andes in South America. We therefore need to find a mechanical model which can be applied universally to natural subduction zones. Development of this kind of model would require additional geological factors and dynamic boundary conditions. With this backdrop, this project is proposed to investigate the pattern of possible deformation localization in lithosphere, considering the dynamics of underlying mantle. Understanding the process of subduction initiation provides a first hand clue to the theory of the plate tectonics (Silver and Behn, 2008). An outstanding controversy in earth science pivots on an issuewhen did plate tectonic start to operate in the history of Earths evolution? In order to resolve this question, many workers have used different cooling models, mainly aiming at generation of lithospheric plates along divergent zones of convecting mantle. However, the history of plate tectonics must be constrained with the timing of subduction initiation. Plate tectonics is unlikely to operate unless subduction processes operate simultaneously. A line of studies in the proposed project will also make an attempt for exploring the probable nature of plate consuming processes in the Archean time. The process of lithospheric flexural deformation is a phenomenon virtually ubiquitous in all subdction zones. Earth scientists look at the phenomenon from different direction. A group of workers have studied the flexural deformation in order to explain several surface features, such as foreland basins, foreland bulge in front of mountain belts, like the Himalaya (DeCelles et al, 2001). On other hand, some workers are concerned with plate motion inside the mantle, where flexural deformation plays a crucial role. It is now a well-established fact that the density contrast between lithospheric slab and the ambient mantle is the prime factor controlling the flexural deformation. However, density structures of a slab are poorly understood, and a subject of great interest in geodynamics (Ganguly et al, 2008). Preliminary studies by the PI show that the nature of flow perturbations can change dramatically due to varying by flexural deformations. In continuation of this study, a direction of the proposed study intends to

investigate the process of flexural deformations in detail. Existing models take into account bending of lithospheric plates in uniform mantle condition. The present project proposes to study the deformation behaviour in view of varying density gradients in both subducting lithosphere and mantle. Divergent tectonics control many geological phenomena, such as rifts and mid-oceanic ridges (MOR). The proposed work of this project intends to deal with MOR structures. A MOR characteristically contains transverse disruptions, which are described as transform and transcurrent faults, a type of strike-slip faults. The origin of these transverse faults is still poorly understood. We conducted some preliminary experiments, keeping a thin sand layer on a ductile medium. Convectiontype flow was simulated in the ductile medium. The experiments produced extensional ruptures similar to MOR parallel to the convection axis. However, no fractures developed across the MOR. It appears that the development of such transverse fractures involves additional physical factors, which need to be investigated further. According to Andersons theory, divergent zones are likely to develop stress fields that can form normal faults, but not strike-slip faults. There have been scanty attempts, either theoretical or experiments on this issue. Using physical experiments, backed by numerical models, the proposed work intends to find the conditions required for formation of transform-like transverse fractures in divergent regimes. There are several secondary processes that operate with primary geodynamic processes, e.g. subduction. A lithospheric plate undergoes internal deformation due stresses acting along the transport direction. These stresses can develop due several reasons, such flexural bending, density-controlled stretching or contraction. A lithospheric plate can also undergo lateral deformation during its subduction, which is not well explored. There have been some numerical studies, which are most concerned with trench-parallel flow in the mantle. Furthermore, the studies are based on Cartesian space, where the lateral dimension of lithospheric plates is conserved during subduction. In this proposed project we intend to study the deformation behaviour of subducting slab in a spherical space, depicting the real case. Using numerical models the proposed work intends to estimate the lateral stress possible in a lithospheric slab, undergoing subduction in thermodynamically stable or unstable states. Generation of thermal plumes is another secondary processe in the convection mantle. Hot plumes of lesser density rise upward in the mantle of higher density, and sometimes interact with the uppermost lithospheric layer. The lithosphere behaves like an elastic-plastic layer on the time scale of plume emplacement. Preliminary numerical experiments show that plumes show complex internal flow. The proposed study will attempt for analyzing the deformation of such lithospheric slab by taking into account such internal flow.

Research work engaged in at present

The author is engaged in analyzing mechanical disturbances in different natural systems. The natural systems span from human body to geological earth system and the mechanical forces may be an externally induced impact or may emanate from internal failures, which cause perceptible damages. The mode of analyses carried out by the author is majorly numerical model technique, but physical experiments were done sometimes as well. The PI has done his PhD (2002-2006) in biomechanics by modeling of human head under dynamic impact conditions. Short term impact forces, caused by traffic/domestic accidents induce mechanical vibration in skull-brain complex and render traumatic injuries in brain tissues. A four-parameter (springdashpot) visco-elastic material model has been employed to represent brain tissue response under impact from different directions. Numerical model of structurally realistic skull-brain complex has been created utilizing CT scan data of human head, and impact situations have been simulated through dynamic Finite Element codes. The PI was engaged in Post Doctoral work in Jadavpur University (2006-2007) dealing with strain localization in viscoelastic rock. The PI also got involved in numerical modeling of deformation analysis of large scale mountain belts, stress distribution around a fluid mass injecting into a viscoelastic medium, and deformation of viscoelastic layers embedded in another viscoelastic layer and the phenomenon of plume growth using computational fluid dynamics. These works helped to make an understanding of the large scale geological system and mechanical disturbances upon earth. The PI continued Post Doctoral research in IISER-Kolkata (2007 onward) in Collaboration with Prof. Nibir Mandal. During this research, perturbation in mantle around a subducting lithospheric slab has been modeled and studied. Density differential in both lithosphere and surrounding mantle affects the mantle flow dynamics, which has been studied thoroughly. The initiation of ocean-continent subduction of lithospheric plate is being modeled keeping isostacy in mind. The author is studying the deformation localization in coulomb layer and its implication on thrust formation in mountain belts. This author has also numerically modeled ferroelectric domain formation applying external field as boundary condition, during this post doctoral work. At present PI is working with the Geodynamic group at Jadavpur University.

Recent Publication : Kumar N., Sarkar S. and N. Mandal (2010) Numerical Modeling of Flow Patterns around Subducting Slabs in a Viscoelastic Medium and its Implications in the Lithospheric Stress Analysis. Journal of the Geological Society of India, vol. 75, no. 1 (Special Issue ), pp 98-110. Nibir Mandal, Atin Kumar Mitra, Shamik Sarkar and Chandan Chakraborty, (2009) Numerical estimation of the initial hinge-line irregularity required for the development of sheath folds: A pure shear model, Journal of Structural Geology Volume 31, Issue 10, October 2009, Pages 1161-1173. Manas Kumar Roy, Shamik Sarkar, and Sushanta Dattagupta (2009) Evolution of 180, 90, and vortex domains in ferroelectric films Appl. Phys. Lett. 95, 192905. M. Y. Mahmoud, A. K. Mitra, R. Dhar, S. Sarkar and N. Mandal (2007) Repeated emplacement of syntectonic pegmatites in Precambrian Granite Gneisses: indication of pulsating brittle-ductile rheological transitions. Published in International Conference Journal on Indian Dykes07, BHU, Narosa Publishing House.

Objective of the proposed project

The principal objectives of the proposed project are to investigate the following geophysical phenomena: 1. Mechanics of subduction initiation in convergent zones, taking into account the effect of mantlelithosphere interaction. 2. Characterization of flow patterns around subducting slabs as a function of their kinematic and physical properties, such density gradient. 3. Mode of lateral deformation of subducting lithosphere in spherical space with both thermodynamically equilibrium and non-equilibrium conditions. 4. Analysis of 3D stress field across mid-oceanic ridges, and formation of ridge-parallel and across ruptures. 5. Patterns of lithospheric deformation due to mantle plumes, considering their internal dynamics.

Review of R&D in the proposed area

Two broad categories of views are found in literature about the initiation of subduction, one says that as the lithosphere ages and cools down, it becomes heavier leading to eventual collapse, triggering subduction. A fault at the lithosphere may determine the place of failure, but the causal phenomenon is the density difference. This spontaneous initiation of subduction theory has been challenged by arguing that there must be contribution from the convergence phenomenon. This forced subduction theories go further more, arguing that an externally applied compressive stresses is also needed, and even further, by exhibiting numerically that the subduction in ocean-continent boundary may be an outcome of external vertical loading on lithosphere (Lavier and Steckler, 1997). However this argument cannot explain the subduction at ocean-ocean boundaries. And the forced subduction theories need to explain how the external compressive stress comes into the picture. For the spontaneous subduction, the mechanism of collapse due to density difference is put on question while simulating it numerically, leading to a conclusion that the initiation of subduction is to be studied from the perspective of mantle-lithosphere interaction. Actually, subduction initiation [is] probably the least well-understood aspect of plate tectonic theory (Silver and Behn, 2008). During subduction, lithospheric plate undergoes flexural deformation causing disturbance in mantle. The dynamics of the mantle flow field in subduction zones remains poorly understood, though it is necessary for understanding of subduction. Schelart (2004) carried out some fluid experiments to study subduction induced flow in upper mantle. Long and Silver (2009) studied mantle flow beneath subducting slabs using shear wave splitting measurements. Russo (2009) concludes that a trench-parallel, subslab anisotropy develops when the lithosphere subducts. Kumar (2010) simulated mantle flow around subducting slab numerically (present author is part of this study). The lateral deformation of subducting plate is a topic that has drawn little attention of workers. Laravie (1975) prepared a geometric model of subducting slab and comparing it with the island arc, he predicted lateral extension at deeper levels. The rising plume-lithosphere interaction has been studied by very few researchers. Saunders et al (1992) studied consequences of this interaction and suggested that the successive plume could heat the lithosphere and reduce the viscosity to the effect of rupturing the plate due to regional plate forces. However the interaction has not been seen from the perspective of subducting lithosphere.

Several discontinuities are noticed along the mid-oceanic ridges from high resolution images of the sea floor resulting a re-view of the oceanic lithospheric plate dynamic (Macdonald 1988). These faults are closely related to plate spreading (Buck et al 2005). The slow, intermediate and fast spreading rates at ridges shape the gravity anomalies at transform faults (Gregg et al. 2007). The phenomenon of transform fault is still not explained.

References:
Buck W. R., L. L. Lavier & Alexei N. B. Poliakov (2005) Modes of faulting at mid-ocean ridges. Modes of faulting at mid-ocean ridges. Nature 434, 719-723. doi:10.1038/nature03358. DeCelles, P. G. et al (2001) Stratigraphy, structure, and tectonic evolution of the Himalayan fold-thrust belt in western Nepal. Tectonics, vol 20; part 4, pages 487-509 Ganguly, J., Freed, A.M. and Saxena, S.K. (2008) Density profiles of oceanic slabs and surrounding mantle: Integrated thermodynamic and thermal modeling, and implications for the fate of slabs at the 660 km discontinuity. Physics Earth Planet. Int., doi:10.1016/j.pepi.2008.10.005. Gregg et al. (2007) Spreading rate dependence of gravity anomalies along oceanic transform faults. Nature 448, 183-187. doi:10.1038/nature05962. Kumar N., Sarkar S. and N. Mandal (2010) Numerical Modeling of Flow Patterns around Subducting Slabs in a Viscoelastic Medium and its Implications in the Lithospheric Stress Analysis. Journal of the Geplogical Society of India, vol. 75, no. 1 (Special Issue on ), pp 98-110. Lavier Luc L. & Michael S. Steckler (1997) The effect of sedimentary cover on the flexural strength of continental lithosphere. Nature 389, 476-479. doi:10.1038/39004. Long, M. D., and P. G. Silver (2009), Mantle flow in subduction systems: The subslab flow field and implications for mantle dynamics, J. Geophys. Res., 114, B10312, doi:10.1029/2008JB006200. Macdonald K. C. et al. (1988) A new view of the mid-ocean ridge from the behaviour of ridge-axis discontinuities. Nature 335, 217 - 225; doi:10.1038/335217a0.

P. M. Russo (2009) Subducted oceanic asthenosphere and upper mantle flow beneath the Juan de Fuca slab, Lithosphere , v. 1 no. 4 p. 195-205, doi: 10.1130/L41.1. Saunders A. D., M. Storey, R. W. Kent & M. J. Norry (1992) Magma Generation and Break-Up Processes Consequences of plume-lithosphere interactions. Geological Society, London, Special Publications; 1992; v. 68; p. 41-60; DOI: 10.1144/GSL.SP.1992.068.01.04 Schellart, W. P. (2004), Kinematics of subduction and subduction-induced flow in the upper mantle, J. Geophys. Res., 109, B07401, doi:10.1029/2004JB002970. Shemenda, A I., (1994) Subduction: insights from physical modeling, Kluwer Academic Publisher, Netherland, ISBN 0-7923-3042-0. Silver, Paul G., Mark D. Behn. 4 January 2008. Intermittent Plate Tectonics? Science, Vol. 319, pp. 85-88

Work plan
The work is proposed to be carried out along three major steps: 1) literature review, preparation of numerical models with greater geometric details and realistic material properties, 2) Numerical simulations and validation of numerical results with available data, 3) Designing and running physical model experiments. Literature Review The literature review part is almost over by now. Some basic numerical models of earth surfaces and interiors are already prepared. Material Model Earth may be considered as viscoelastic, being viscous at tectonic time scale, and behave like an elastic for shorter duration processes. The numerical models are based on this material characteristic. The usual practice to model this kind of material behavior is to utilize spring-dashpot combination to have a constitutive equation. Literature shows that the use of Maxwell viscoelastic models is predominant in earth science research and present study will start considering earth interior as Maxwell material. However the relaxation time of different parts of earth interior is different, depending on their viscosities. The relaxation time may roughly be calculated as the ratio of viscosity and shear modulus of a material undergoing viscoelastic deformation. The different relaxation behavior paves the way for material anomaly causing shear at the material interface as well as within the material itself. However, when the rising plume-lithosphere interaction is concerned, viscous fluid model obeying power law may be an option to model the mantle. 10

Validation Numerical results will be compared with the analogue model experiments and field observation along with subsequent remodeling, if necessary. Analogue models of subduction initiation may be developed following Shemenda (1994) who constructed the models of elastoplastic lithosphere and semi-liquid asthenosphere utilizing a combination of paraffins, ceresins, mineral oils and finely ground powders. The whole process is subdivided into the following timeline: 1) Literature Review : 3 months 2) FE model : 2 yrs 3) Validation : 1 yr

Future plans
Knowledge about the tectonic movements, such as subduction initiation is still in very nascent stage. A better understanding of these phenomena through numerical mantle-lithosphere interaction may open up newer visions about how earth evolved and the geodynamic of earth system.

Details of the research funding received in the past and/ongoing projects

Following research funding received as fellowships: 1. Research Associate : IISER-Kolkata (From 7 November 2007 to 31 January 2010) Detail of this work has been provided in the section titled Research Work engaged in at Present. 2. Research Fellow : Jadavpur University (From 21 June 2006 to 6 November 2007) Detail of this work has been provided in the section titled Research Work engaged in at Present 3. CSIR Senior Research Fellow (From 2 June 2003 to 31 March 2006) Detail of this work has been provided in the section titled Research Work engaged in at Present 4. Senior Research Fellow of a DST project (From 2nd October 2002 to 1st June 2003) Ref. No. SR/S3/MECE/32/2002 from DST, Govt. of. India

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Title : Finite Element Analysis of Human Head Under Impact loading

6. Name and address of the institution where the proposal will be/likely to be executed
Name : Department of Geological Sciences, Jadavpur University Address : Jadavpur, Kolkata - 700032, West Bengal

7. Facilities provided/to be made available at the host institute

Lab space for physical model based experiments; Software for numerical simulation; Books and Journals for reference.

8. Name(s) and address(es) of Indian expert(s) in the proposed area

1) Prof. H. B. Srivastava Department of Geology, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi - 221 005 Ph: 91-542-230-7311 Email: hbsrivastava@gmail.com

2) Prof. A.K. Dubey Wadia Institute of Himalayan Geology, 33 General Mahadev Singh Road Dehradun 248 001 Ph : 91-135-2627387 Email: akdubey@wihg.res.in

3) Prof. S. S. Rai, National geophysical research institute Uppal Road, Hyderabad-500606. Andhra Pradesh, India. Ph : +91-40-23434627, 23434815 Email: raiss@rediffmail.com

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4) Prof. Malay Mukul Department of Earth Sciences IIT Bombay Ph : +91-22-2576 7260 Email: malaymukul@iitb.ac.in

5) Dr. Ajay Manglik National geophysical research institute Uppal Road, Hyderabad-500606. Andhra Pradesh, India Ph : 91-40-23434684 Email : ajay@ngri.res.in

9. Details of financial requirements for three years (with justifications) and phasing for each year:
S.No. 1. Head Fellowship @Rs.20,000/p.m. 2. 3. Manpower Consumables: Hydro-carbons for analogue model including Paraffins, PDMS, ceresins and mineral oils. 4. Travel (within India) for field observation, attending conference, discussions etc. Rs. 10,000 Rs. 20,000 Rs. 20,000 Rs. 50,000 ----Rs. 40,000 ----Rs. 40,000 1st Year Rs. 2,40,000 2nd Year Rs. 2,40,000 3rd Year Rs. 2,40,000 Total Rs. 7,20,000

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5.

Contingency for purchasing Books, Journals, small scale Utensils and Instruments, Computer Accessories, Communications etc

Rs. 40,000

Rs. 50,000

Rs. 50,000

Rs. 1,40,000

6.

Equipment (Generic Name with minimum required accessories, make & model & Cost in Indian Rupees)

Rs. 7,40,000

Rs. 7,40,000

1) Quad-core workstations for numerical simulations. Make and Model IBM IntelliStation M Pro (M50) with quad core technology Price @1.2 lakh Number 2 2) ANSYS 12.1 (R) Software for Finite Element Simulation Make ANSYS Software Private Limited

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Perpetual license Price 5 lakh Number 1 7. Overhead Costs (@20% of project cost) TOTAL Rs. 10,30,000 Rs. 3,50,000 Rs. 3,10,000 Rs. 20,28,000 Rs. 3,38,000

TOTAL Rs. 20,28,000 (Including overhead of Rs. 3,38,000) Rs. 16,90,000 excluding overhead

10. Have you ever applied before under this Scheme or Women Scientist Scheme? If yes, give details (Name of the scheme, Title, subject area, reference number, if any, year and the decision).
No.

11. Any other information in support of the proposed project:

The author has a working experience with the Structural Geology and Tectonics group led by Prof Nibir Mandal, Department of Geology, Jadavpur University. This project work will be pursued with the co-operation of this group.

12. Statement from the Present Employer as per Annexure-I (In respect of person holding regular position).
Not Applicable.

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Detailed Biodata

1. Name of the Applicant: Shamik Sarkar

2. Mailing Address :
Department of Geological Sciences Jadavpur University, Kolkata - 700032 Email : shamiksarkar@gmail.com, Ph. 033-24146666 ext. 2364

3. Date of Birth & Gender: 10.12.1977, Male 4. Educational Qualifications (Starting from Graduation onwards):

PostDoc

20072010 20062007 2006

IISER-Kolkata

Geodynamics Modelling

PostDoc

Jadavpur University

Structural Geology

PhD

Bengal Engineering and Science University, Shibpur

Biomechanics

M.E.

2001

Jadavpur University

73%

Biomedical Engineering

B.E.

1999

Jadavpur University

64%

Mechanical Engineering

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5. Details of professional training and research experience, specifying period.

1. Research Associate : IISER-Kolkata (From 7 November 2007 -) 2. Research Fellow : Jadavpur University (From 21 June 2006 to 6 November 2007) 3. CSIR Senior Research Fellow (From 2 June 2003 to 31 March 2006) 4. Senior Research Fellow of a DST project (No: SR/S3/MECE/32/2002) from DST, Govt. of. India)(From 2nd October 2002 to 1st June 2003)

Details of employment (past & present).

1. Research Associate : IISER-Kolkata (From 7 November 2007 -) 2. Research Fellow : Jadavpur University (From 21 June 2006 to 6 November 2007) 3. CSIR Senior Research Fellow (From 2 June 2003 to 31 March 2006) 4. Senior Research Fellow of a DST project (No: SR/S3/MECE/32/2002) from DST, Govt. of. India)(From 2nd October 2002 to 1st June 2003)

List of publications during last five years

Kumar N., Sarkar S. and N. Mandal (2010) Numerical Modeling of Flow Patterns around Subducting Slabs in a Viscoelastic Medium and its Implications in the Lithospheric Stress Analysis. Journal of the Geological Society of India, vol. 75, no. 1 (Special Issue), pp 98-110. Nibir Mandal, Atin Kumar Mitra, Shamik Sarkar and Chandan Chakraborty (2009) Numerical estimation of the initial hinge-line irregularity required for the development of sheath folds: A pure shear model, Journal of Structural Geology Volume 31, Issue 10, October 2009, Pages 1161-1173. Manas Kumar Roy, Shamik Sarkar, and Sushanta Dattagupta (2009) Evolution of 180, 90, and vortex domains in ferroelectric films Appl. Phys. Lett. 95, 192905.

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Shamik Sarkar, Amit Roychowdhury, Ujjalbhanu Ghosh (2008) Prediction of subdural haematoma based on a 3D finite element human head model, International Journal of Vehicle Safety, Vol. 3, No. 3 pp. 276 294. M. Y. Mahmoud, A. K. Mitra, R. Dhar, S. Sarkar and N. Mandal (2007) Repeated emplacement of syntectonic pegmatites in Precambrian Granite Gneisses: indication of pulsating brittle-ductile rheological transitions. Published in International Conference Journal on Indian Dykes07, BHU, Narosa Publishing House.

6. Professional recognition, awards, fellowships received:

A) CSIR Senior Research Fellow (2003) B) Qualified GATE-99 and got UGC scholarship during M.E. C) Ranked 232 in WBJEE-1995

7. Any other information.

Expertise and experience in Finite Element method since 2000 (during M.E.). Expertise and experience in Image processing during PhD. Expertise and experience in FE softwares like ANSYS, LSDYNA, mathematical programs like MATLAB and computer languages like C for 10 years.

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