Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
2010
Introduction
RF people work in either
RF Planning Responsibilities Nominal Plan Design Sites Survey Validation from field Set RF design (Structure, Azimuth, Height, Tilt, Cables type) Frequency Plan Sites Acceptance
They have to provide the coverage either outdoor or indoor.
RF Optimization Responsibilities Maintain the Networks Accessibility KPIs Maintain the Networks Retain ability KPIs Maintain the Networks Service Integrity KPIs Study and Apply new features Try to think of innovative solutions to maximize the Network capacity
They have to maintain the performance of the Network as good as possible.
Introduction
What will be our concern during this part of the course? RF Optimization
How the RF Optimization people can maintain the KPIs? By studying the different radio network features and studying the controlling parameters of each feature and how to tune them in a smart way to achieve the target KPIs. What are we going to study during this part of the course? Most of the Radio Network features and their controlling parameters. KPIs monitoring and analysis. Trouble shooting and Tuning.
Course Outlines
Idle Mode Behavior. Handover. HCS (Hierarchical Cell Structure). Concentric & Multi Band Cells. CLS ( Cell Load Sharing). Frequency Hopping. Intra Cell Handover. Dynamic HR Allocation. Power Control. GSM to UMTS Cell Reselection and Handover. Trouble Shooting and KPIs monitoring.
Manual PLMN Selection Mode: 1. Home PLMN. 2. All other available PLMNs and give the user the choice to select.
Tune to the RF Frequency with the highest average received signal strength
Check if the chosen frequency is a BCCH carrier frequency or not Yes MS will synchronize to the BCCH frequency and read system information (LAI,BA List,etc) Check if PLMN is desired or not Yes Check if Cell is barred or not No Check if C1 > 0 or not Camp on the Cell Copy Rights LEGEND Co. 2010 Yes
No
No
Yes No
PT: If PT is set to 31, this means that a (ve) SS offset CRO will be applied to this cell and it appears less favorite for cell reselection.
If D reaches zero, then a Down Link Signaling Failure is detected and cell reselection took place.
N.B: D cant exceed the bucket size given by round(90/MFRMS)
1. 2. 3.
There are three different types of location updating defined: Normal Location Updating. Periodic registration. IMSI attach & IMSI detach (when the MS informs the network when it enters an inactive state)
F S 1 2 3
B 4 6 8
C 10
F S 9 11 12 13
C 14 16
C 18 20
F S 21 22 23
C 24 26
C 28 30
F S 31 32 33
C 34 36
C 38 40
F S 41 42 43
C 44 46
C 48 50
I 51
15
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25
27
29
35
37
39
45
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49
Default Mapping on TS0/C0 (BCH+CCCH) Non Combined Mode 51 TDMA Frames = 1 Control Multi-frame
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D0
D0
D0
D0
D1
D1
D1
D0
1 2 3 4 5
D1
6 7 8 9
D2
10 11 12
D3
13 14 15 16 17
D4
18 19 20 21
D5
22 23 24 25
D6
26 27 28
D7
29 30 31 32 33
A0
34 35 36 37
A1
38 39 40 41
A2
42 43 44 45
A3
46 47 48
I I I 50
49
51
Non Default Mapping on TS0/C0 (BCH+CCCH) 2*51 TDMA Frames = 2 Control Multi-frame
CBCH exist
1 block for BCCH 9 blocks for CCCH 7 blocks for SDDCH 1 block for CBCH
CBCH exist
1 block for BCCH 3 blocks for CCCH 3 blocks for SDDCH 1 block for CBCH
Frame 5
Frame 6
Frame 7
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
F S 1
F S 9
F S
F S
F S
10
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Default Mapping on TS0/C0 (BCH+CCCH) Non Combined Mode 51 TDMA Frames = 1 Control Multi-frame
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CBCH exist
9 blocks for CCCH
CBCH exist
3 blocks for CCCH
The structure of the CCCH will depend on a parameter called AGBLK. If AGBLK=1 1 CCCH block will be reserved for AGCH and we will have either 8 or 2 blocks assigned for Paging. If AGBLK=0 No Blocks are reserved for AGCH and we will have either 9 or 3 blocks assigned for Paging.
Recommended Value
Unit
Recommended Value
4
Unit
Recommended Value
NCOMB 1
Unit
Recommended Value
Yes
Unit
Recommended Value
6 0 40
Unit
Control Channel Multi frame 6 minutes
AGBLK
T3212
Recommended Value
110 dBm GSM900: 33 dBm GSM1800: 30 dBm 0 0 0
Unit
dBm dBm
ACCMIN
CCHPWR
CRO TO PT CRH
2 dB 10 dB
dB
Handover (Locating)
Handover (Locating) Algorithm
The Handover (Locating) Algorithm is the basic feature to provide mobility in the Radio Network. Aims At? i. Keep the continuity of a current call with acceptable quality. ii. Cell size control in-order to decrease total interference in the system. Implemented where? In the BSC. Location process initiated when? After Hand Over (HO), Assignment or Immediate Assignment.
Handover (Locating)
Handover (Locating) Algorithm
Inputs to the Algorithm? Signal Strength, Quality measurements &TA for serving cell and Signal Strength measurements for neighbor cells. Output from the Algorithm? List of candidates which the algorithm judges to be possible candidates for HO (List of HO candidates are ranked and sorted in descending order)
Handover (Locating)
Handover (Locating) Algorithm
What types of Handover (locating) algorithm we have? i. SS & Path Loss based Algorithm: Follows the GSM specifications. HO decision is taken based on both Signal Strength (SS) and Path Loss. ii. SS based Algorithm: HO decision is taken based on Signal Strength only and this leads to better performance. It is less complex, uses less parameters and easy to be maintained in the Radio Network.
Handover (Locating)
Handover (Locating) Algorithm
The main Flow of the Handover (locating) Algorithm goes as follow:
Initiation Filtering Basic Ranking Urgency Conditions Handling
Handover (Locating)
Handover (Locating) Algorithm
I. Initiation. II. Filtering. III. Basic Ranking. IV. Urgency Conditions Handling. V. Auxiliary Radio Network Features Evaluation. VI. Organizing the List. VII. Sending the List & Allocation Reply.
Handover (Locating)
I. Initiation of the Handover (Locating) Process/Algorithm
The Locating Process is initiated when one of the following occurs:
1.
2.
3.
Handover (Locating)
I. Initiation of the Handover (Locating) Process/Algorithm
Handover on SDCCH can be enabled/disabled based on parameter SCHO
At initiation of Locating after successful HO, Assignment or Immediate assignment a timer TINIT starts which will disable HO for some time until it expires.
The reason is to leave the connection on the current channel for some time until the locating algorithm produces reliable results we can rely on. TINIT will disable HO only, but Assignment on own or other cell will occur normally and will not wait TINIT till expired. TINIT is a BSC parameter not a cell parameter and it measured in SACCH periods.
Handover (Locating)
II. Filtering
Simply it is the process of collecting the required data on Signal Strength (SS), Quality and Time Advance (TA) for serving and neighbor cells and average these consecutive measurements over a specified period to rank these cells. This is accomplished in two steps: Measurements Preparation SS, Quality and TA Filtering
1. 2.
Handover (Locating)
II. Filtering
1. Measurements Preparation Data that is measured: Cell on which measurements are reported
Serving Cell 6 Strongest neighbor cells
Measured Quantity
SS DL Quality DL (rxqual_DL) Quality UL (rxqual_UL) TA SS DL
The MS can measure the SS of up to 32 neighbor frequencies but only the six strongest neighbors (which it succeeded to decode its BSIC over the last 10 seconds) are reported and considered candidates for HO.
Handover (Locating)
II. Filtering
1. i. ii. Measurements Preparation SS measurements are delivered as integer values 0 63 corresponds to real SS from -110 dBm - 47 dBm Quality is measured based on the BER and it may be represented in two forms: Integers 0 (Best) 7 (Worst) Deci Transformed Quality Units (dtqu) from 0 (Best) 70 (Worst)
Time Advance (TA): is reported as values between 0 63 bit period. N.B: If TA=1 then the MS is at nearly 0.5 km from the cell
Handover (Locating)
II. Filtering
2. SS, Quality and TA Filtering: The consecutive measurements for SS, Quality and TA are averaged in some way based on the equation of the filter used. Weve 5 Types of Filters that may be used, each one has its own equation or its way to produce output results from the collected consecutive measurements: A. General FIR Filters B. Recursive Straight Average Filter C. Recursive Exponential Filter D. Recursive 1st Order Butterworth Filter E. Median Filter
Handover (Locating)
II. Filtering
2. SS, Quality and TA Filtering: In addition to the way each filter use to produce output results from the consecutive measurements, each filter has what we call filter length which is the period over which measurements are considered. We have controlling parameters on cell basis to select the type of filter used and the length of the filter. Also the type of the filter used in signaling (call setup) and dedicated phases may be configured separately as well see.
Handover (Locating)
II. Filtering
2. SS, Quality and TA Filtering: 2-i) Signal Strength Filters controlling parameters SSEVALSI Selects the Type of the filter that will be used during Signaling phase. SSEVALSD Selects the Type of the filter that will be used during Connection phase. SSLENSI Selects the Length of the filter that will be used during Signaling phase. SSLENSD Selects the Length of the filter that will be used during Connection phase. N.B: SSLENSI & SSLENSD are measured in the form of SACCH periods, i.e. if SSLENSD=10, then the length of the filter during the connection phase = 10*0.48 sec = 4.8 seconds
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Handover (Locating)
II. Filtering
2. SS, Quality and TA Filtering: 2-ii) Quality Filters controlling parameters QEVALSI Selects the Type of the filter that will be used during Signaling phase. QEVALSD Selects the Type of the filter that will be used during Connection phase. QLENSI Selects the Length of the filter that will be used during Signaling phase. QLENSD Selects the Length of the filter that will be used during Connection phase. N.B: QLENSI & QLENSD are measured in the form of SACCH periods, i.e. if QLENSD=10, then the length of the filter during the connection phase = 10*0.48 sec = 4.8 seconds
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Handover (Locating)
II. Filtering
2. SS, Quality and TA Filtering: 2-iii) Time Advance (TA) controlling parameters One single type of filters is used which is the Recursive Straight Average Filter and the length of the filter is specified by parameter TAAVELEN which is also measured in SACCH periods.
Handover (Locating)
III. Basic Ranking
It is called Basic coz in this stage ranking is done before handling the urgency conditions and evaluation of the auxiliary radio network features. As mentioned earlier, two algorithms are available for basic ranking (SS&Path loss based Algorithm and SS based Algorithm) and theyre selected according to the parameter EVALTYPE
EVALTYPE=1, SS & Path loss based Algorithm is used for basic ranking taking into consideration both Signal Strength measurements and the path loss.
EVALTYPE=3, SS based Algorithm is used for basic ranking taking into consideration Signal Strength measurements only.
Handover (Locating)
III. Basic Ranking
Basic Ranking Algorithm following the SS based Algorithm will be done on four steps: Correction of Base Station output power. Common Evaluation of the minimum signal strength condition for neighbors. for both Subtraction of signal strength penalties. Algorithms Rank the Candidates after applying Offsets and Hysteresis.
A. B. C. D.
Handover (Locating)
III. Basic Ranking
A. Basic Ranking Algorithm following the SS based Algorithm Correction of Base Station output power The location algorithm aims at making the Pure Traffic Frequencies to control the cell borders and not the BCCH frequencies, coz most of the time the seized TCH Time slot will be located on a TCH frequency. BSPWR is a parameter to set the output power of the BCCH carrier And BSTXPWR is a parameter to set the output power of the TCH frequencies. Correction for the output power will done for both: (A-i) Correction for Neighbor Cells. (A-ii) Correction for Serving Cell.
Handover (Locating)
III. Basic Ranking
Basic Ranking Algorithm following the SS based Algorithm A. Correction of Base Station output power (A-i) Correction for Neighbor Cells The MS is informed by the BCCH frequencies of the neighbors cells on which he has to perform his measurements via Active BA list.
Handover (Locating)
III. Basic Ranking
Basic Ranking Algorithm following the SS based Algorithm A. Correction of Base Station output power (A-ii) Correction for Serving Cell 1) TCH Time Slot (TS) is on the BCCH frequency
Handover (Locating)
III. Basic Ranking
B. Basic Ranking Algorithm following the SS based Algorithm Evaluation of the minimum Signal Strength condition for Neighbors Not all the neighbors are allowed to be ranked!! The neighbor should pass the minimum signal strength condition in order to be ranked.
SS_corrected_DLneighbor will be compared with respect to parameter called MSRXMIN, If SS_corrected_DLneighbor MSRXMIN this neighbor will be included in ranking If SS_corrected_DLneighbor < MSRXMIN this neighbor will be excluded from ranking If UL measurements are included then SS_corrected_ULneighbor will be compared with respect to parameter called BSRXMIN, If SS_corrected_ULneighbor BSRXMIN this neighbor will be included in ranking If SS_corrected_ULneighbor < BSRXMIN this neighbor will be excluded from ranking
Handover (Locating)
III. Basic Ranking
B. Basic Ranking Algorithm following the SS based Algorithm Evaluation of the minimum Signal Strength condition for Neighbors
Example: Assume that a MS is connected to cell A that has five neighbors B,C,D,E&F, the MSRXMIN for all the cells is -104 dBm and the SS_corrected_DLneighbor for each cell after correcting the BTS o/p power is given in the below Table:
Neighbors
B C D E F
SS_corrected_DLneighbor
-85 dBm -110 dBm -87 dBm -70 dBm -100 dBm
Cell C will be excluded from ranking and wont be considered in the next stage and the MS will never HO to it
Handover (Locating)
III. Basic Ranking
C. Basic Ranking Algorithm following the SS based Algorithm Subtraction of signal strength penalties Penalties or Punishments will be applied on cells that are for some reasons temporarily undesirable. A Penalty value will decrease the rank of some cells for certain penalty time. SS_punished_DL = SS_corrected_DL Locating Penalties HCS Penalties In the coming slides well talk about the two types of penalties: (C-i) Locating Penalties (C-ii) HCS Penalties
Handover (Locating)
III. Basic Ranking
Basic Ranking Algorithm following the SS based Algorithm C. Subtraction of signal strength penalties (C-i) Locating Penalties 1) Due to HO failure: If HO to a neighbor cell failed then weve to apply a penalty value for some time on this neighbor so when basic ranking is done again we dont go back to this cell. Penalty value will be configured using parameter PSSHF (default 63 dB) Penalty time will be configured using parameter PTIMHF (default 5 sec)
Handover (Locating)
III. Basic Ranking
Basic Ranking Algorithm following the SS based Algorithm C. Subtraction of signal strength penalties (C-i) Locating Penalties 2) Due to Bad Quality (BQ) Urgency HO: If a cell was abandon due to BQ, then it should have been the best cell from SS point of view so without penalties using the basic ranking well be back to this cell. Penalty value will be configured using parameter PSSBQ (default 7 dB) Penalty time will be configured using parameter PTIMBQ (default 5 seconds) 3) Due to Excessive TA Urgency HO: Handled in the same manner like the BQ case. Penalty value will be configured using parameter PSSTA (default 63 dB) Penalty time will be configured using parameter PTIMTA (default 30 seconds)
Handover (Locating)
III. Basic Ranking
Basic Ranking Algorithm following the SS based Algorithm C. Subtraction of signal strength penalties (C-ii) HCS Penalties It is related to the HCS (Hierarchical Cell Structure) feature when a MS is detected as a fast moving mobile. A penalty will be applied on lower layer cells so in ranking we will prioritize cells in the same layer of the serving cell and cells in higher layers and in this way unnecessary HOs are prevented ( ex: layer2 cells will be prioritized than layer1 cells)
Handover (Locating)
III. Basic Ranking
D. Basic Ranking Algorithm following the SS based Algorithm Rank the Candidates after applying Offsets and Hysteresis Ranking for neighbor cells will be done after applying Offsets and Hysteresis.
Offset: Displace the cell border as compared to the border strictly given by SS. Controlling parameter: OFFSET (default: zero dB) Hysteresis: To reduce the risk of ping pong HO a region for Hysteresis is applied around the cell border.
Handover (Locating)
III. Basic Ranking
D. Basic Ranking Algorithm following the SS based Algorithm Rank the Candidates after applying Offsets and Hysteresis If the Hysteresis value is too high there will be a risk that the MS will be connected to the cell of low SS for long time and if the Hysteresis is too low then there will be a risk that ping pong HOs occur. So the applied value of Hysteresis will be variable based on the received SS of the serving cell. SS_corrected_DLservingcell will be compared to value HYSTSEP (default -90 dBm), If SS_corrected_DLservingcell > HYSTSEP, then the serving cell is strong enough and high value of Hysteresis will be applied such that Hysteresis value=HIHYST (default 5 dB) If SS_corrected_DLservingcell < HYSTSEP, then the serving cell is not strong enough and low value of Hysteresis will be applied such that Hysteresis value=LOHYST (default 3 dB)
Handover (Locating)
III. Basic Ranking
D. Basic Ranking Algorithm following the SS based Algorithm Rank the Candidates after applying Offsets and Hysteresis
SS_corrected_DLservingcell > HYSTSEP Yes HYST=HIHYST No HYST=LOHYST
Handover (Locating)
IV. Urgency Conditions Handling
After the Basic Ranking stage a check is made on the serving cell to know if Urgency conditions are detected or not. We have two types of Urgency HO: Bad Quality (BQ) Urgency HO Excessive Time Advance (TA) Urgency HO If Urgency conditions are detected then the serving cell should be abandon as fast as possible, but some of the neighbors will be removed from the candidate list and the MS will not be able to HO to them as we will see later.
1. 2.
As seen before, cells that were abandon due to Urgency HO will be subjected to punishment/penalty.
Handover (Locating)
IV. Urgency Conditions Handling
1. Bad Quality (BQ) Urgency HO The Quality measured at the DL and UL for the serving cell will be compared with two parameters QLIMDL & QLIMUL (default 50 dtqu) and if: rxqual_DL > QLIMDL Or Urgency HO due to BQ should be performed rxqual_UL > QLIMUL The Quality may drop like that as a result of Co-Channel Interference or when the SS became very low. When Urgency Condition is detected the MS has to leave the cell and make HO to other cell, but in this case the serving cell is the one that has the highest SS so the MS has to HO to a cell of worse SS, but is the MS allowed to HO to any worse cell?
Handover (Locating)
IV. Urgency Conditions Handling
1. Bad Quality (BQ) Urgency HO Is the MS allowed to HO to any worse cell? No, this will be based on a parameter called BQOFFSET which will ensure that far neighbors wont be selected. If Rankservingcell Rankneighbor < BQOFFSET+HYST, then this neighbor is near to the serving cell and it is not much worse than the serving cell and it can be candidate for HO. If Rankservingcell Rankneighbor > BQOFFSET+HYST, then this neighbor is far from the serving cell and it will be removed from the candidate list.
Handover (Locating)
IV. Urgency Conditions Handling
1. Bad Quality (BQ) Urgency HO
Example: If Urgency condition is detected where Rankservingcell = -75 dBm and the neighbors: ((RankB = -79 dBm , RankC = -90 dBm , RankD = -87 dBm)) and ((BQOFFSET=5dB, HYST=0 dB)) Rankservingcell RankB = 4dB < BQOFFSET= 5dB Cell B is kept in the candidate list Rankservingcell RankC = 15dB > BQOFFSET= 5dB Cell C is removed from the candidate list Rankservingcell RankD = 8dB > BQOFFSET=5dB Cell D is removed from the candidate list
Handover (Locating)
IV. Urgency Conditions Handling
2. Excessive Time Advance (TA) Urgency HO TA can be used as a measure for the distance between the BTS and the MS. If TA > TALIM (63 bit period) Urgency HO due to TA is initiated.
Handover (Locating)
After Basic Ranking and Evaluation of the Urgency Conditions, the Serving Cell and Neighbor Cells will be divided into 3 Groups:
Better Cell
Categorization #1
Handover (Locating)
V. Auxiliary Radio Network Features Evaluation
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Assignment to Another Cell Evaluation Cell Load Sharing Evaluation Over Laid/Under Laid sub-cell Evaluation IHO Evaluation HCS Evaluation
After these Evaluations, some candidates will be removed from the HO candidate list and Categorization#2 will be performed.
Handover (Locating)
V. Auxiliary Radio Network Features Evaluation
1. Assignment to Another Cell Evaluation The Locating Algorithm may be initiated after immediate assignment to know whether it is better for the MS to take a TCH time slot on the current cell or not. If during the signaling phase a Better Cell was found after ranking then Assignment to Better Cell will be initiated. If during the signaling phase no better cell was found, then the MS will normally be assigned a TCH time slot on the current cell. If the Better/Serving Cells were congested then Assignment to Worse Cell will be done.
Handover (Locating)
V. Auxiliary Radio Network Features Evaluation
1. Assignment to Another Cell Evaluation Is the MS allowed to take TCH time slot on any worse cell? No, this will be based on a parameter called AWOFFSET which will ensure that far neighbors wont be selected. Only if Rankservingcell Rankneighbor < AWOFFSET, then this neighbor is near to the serving cell and it is not much worse than the serving cell and assignment to it can be done. If Rankservingcell Rankneighbor > AWOFFSET, then this neighbor is far from the serving cell and it will be removed from the candidate list.
Handover (Locating)
V. Auxiliary Radio Network Features Evaluation
2. i) ii) Cell Load Sharing (CLS) Evaluation This feature is used to reduce congestion on the serving cell. When CLS is activated and the load on the serving cell becomes higher than certain threshold then: Valid CLS HO candidates are defined Re-calculation of their ranking values will be performed.
Handover (Locating)
V. Auxiliary Radio Network Features Evaluation
2. i. Cell Load Sharing (CLS) Evaluation Valid CLS HO candidates are defined as follow: Worse cells: coz if they were better then theyll be chosen at Basic Ranking Load on neighbor cells < CLS load threshold Internal cells: lies in the same BSC Same Layer Re-calculation of their ranking values will be performed: Were going to recalculate the Ranking values of the valid CLS neighbors with reduced Hysteresis so these worse neighbors will appear with higher SS than they really are and the MS can make HO to them and relief the congestion on the current cell.
ii.
Handover (Locating)
V. Auxiliary Radio Network Features Evaluation
3. OL/UL Sub-Cell Evaluation The OL/UL feature provides a way of increasing the traffic capacity in a cellular network without building new sites. Since OL sub-cell serves smaller area than the corresponding UL sub-cell a smaller reuse distance can be used in in the OL sub-cell than in the under laid. The OL/UL evaluation may result in a recommendation to change the subcell from the one currently in use, this evaluation is based on: DL SS, TA Serving Cell, Distance to cell border, Traffic Load in the cell This feature will be discussed in details afterwards.
Handover (Locating)
V. Auxiliary Radio Network Features Evaluation
4. Intra Cell HO (IHO) Evaluation The IHO feature provides a way to improve the speech quality during the conservation when bad quality is detected while the SS is high. This is can be accomplished by changing the channel the connection is currently using within the same cell.
Handover (Locating)
V. Auxiliary Radio Network Features Evaluation
5. Hierarchical Cell Structure (HCS) Evaluation The HCS feature provides the possibility to give priority to cells that are not strongest but provide sufficient SS. The priority of a cell is given by associating a layer to the cell. We have 8 layers from layer 1 (Highly prioritized) to layer 8 (least prioritized). Micro cells are prioritized than Macro cells for capacity purposes.
Cells of lower layers will be ranked higher than cells of higher layers in the HO candidate list.
Handover (Locating)
After the Auxiliary Radio Network features evaluation some candidates may be prioritized and the order of the candidate list will be modified. The Serving Cell and Neighbor Cells will be divided into 3 Groups:
Above S
Categorization #2
Handover (Locating)
VI. Organizing the List
The final list will contain maximum up to Six Neighbors + The Serving Cell and categorized as follows: Serving Cell (SC), Above S, Below S To reach the final form before sending the list the following steps will be done: Removal of Candidates Ordering the Candidate List based on the Current Conditions.
A. B.
Handover (Locating)
VI. Organizing the List
A. Removal of Candidates Some Candidates may be removed coz: Some Controlling timers are active and preventing HO to certain cell: TALLOC: This timer prevents HO on a target cell for some time after assignment/HO failure due to congestion on target cell. (N.B: No penalties are applied on this cell) TURGEN: This timer prevents HO on a target cell for some time after urgency HO failure due to congestion on target cell. N.B: TALLOC and TURGEN are BSC parameters
Handover (Locating)
VI. Organizing the List
B. Ordering the Candidate list based on the Current Conditions Means what? Means in what order the 3 categories (Above S, S, Below S) will be arranged before sending the candidate list. This will be based on some condition flags. Condition Flags: Assignment Request Arrived Assignment to Worst Cell is in Use Excessive TA Detected BQ Urgency HO OL/UL Sub-Cell Load Change or IHO
1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
Handover (Locating)
VI. Organizing the List
B. Case
1 2 3 4
Condition Flags 2 3 4
x x 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0
5
0 0 0 0
Ordering
Above S Above S Below S
Comment
Normal Case
Serving Cell has BQ so it should be abandon either to the Above S or Below S cell An Assignment request came and the AW flag is Above S S not raised An Assignment request came and the AW flag is Above S S Below S raised
Serving Cell has BQ so it should be abandon but coz the OL/UL subcell change flag is raised, then Above S S Below S the serving cell is included coz this subcell change may solve the issue with no need to go for a below worse cell
3 Excessive TA Detected 4 BQ Urgency HO 5 OL/UL Sub-Cell Load Change or IHO
Condition Flags:
1 Assignment Request Arrived 2 Assignment to Worst Cell is in Use
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Handover (Locating)
VII. Sending the List & Allocation Reply
The resulting candidate list will form the basis on which HO will be performed. Empty list means that no options are better than remaining on the current cell and no HO will occur. The channel allocation reply may be success or failure. Failure may be due to congestion or signaling failure on the target cell. Based on the result of allocation either success/failure, some actions will be taken like applying some penalties or enabling of certain timers as we saw previously.
Handover (Locating)
Example: Assume that the o/p from the Filtering stage for the SS measurements is as below and we want to prepare the Basic Ranking Candidate list for HO:
Cell
A B (Serving Cell) C D E F G
SS(dBm)
-70 -74 -78 -68 -80 -92 -95
Where, BSPWR = BSTXPWR, MSRXMIN = -90 dBm, Cell A was abandon due to BQ urgency HO (PSSBQ=7dB) SS based Algorithm is in use where OFFSET=0, HYSTSEP= -90 dBm, HIHYST= 5 dB, LOHYST= 3 dB
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Handover (Locating)
Solution: A) Correction of Base Station output power: Since BSPWR = BSTXPWR then the current measurements will be kept as it is. SS_corrected_DLneighbor = SS_measured_DLneighbor SS_corrected_DLserving = SS_measured_DLserving B) Evaluation of the minimum Signal Strength condition for Neighbors: The SS for neighbors will be compared against MSRXMIN = -90 dBm Cell F and Cell G have SS < MSRXMIN then they will be removed from the list and cant be candidates for HO. Cell SS(dBm)
A B (Serving Cell) C D E F G
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Handover (Locating)
Solution: C) Subtraction of signal strength penalties: Since Cell A was abandon due to BQ urgency HO (PSSBQ=7dB) then it will be punished, SS_punished_DL Cell A = SS_corrected_DL PSSBQ = -70 7 = -77 dBm The candidate list will now be in the following form:
Cell
A B (Serving Cell) C D E
SS(dBm)
-77 -74 -78 -68 -80
Handover (Locating)
Solution: D) Rank the Candidates after applying Offsets and Hysteresis Since SSServing cell B = -74 dBm > HYSTSEP= -90 dBm, then it is better to stay on the current cell and high Hysteresis will be applied Cell SS(dBm) A -77 i.e. HYST = HIHYST = 5 dB
B (Serving Cell) C D E -74 -78 -68 -80
Rankservingcell B = -74 dBm Serving Cell RankA= -77 dBm OFFSET HYST = -77 0 5 = -82 dBm RankC= -78 dBm OFFSET HYST = -78 0 5 = -83 dBm RankD= -68 dBm OFFSET HYST = -68 0 5 = -73 dBm RankE= -80 dBm OFFSET HYST = -80 0 5 = -85 dBm
Handover (Locating)
Solution: Now the final list according to Categorization#1 will be arranged as follows:
Categorization#1 Cell
D B A
SS(dBm)
-73 -74 -82
Category
Better Cell Serving Cell Worse Cell
C
E
-83
-85
Worse Cell
Worse Cell
Handover (Locating)
Disconnection Criteria
The Disconnection algorithm is not part of the locating algorithm but for completeness, the topic is treated here. The Disconnection algorithm manages when the connection between the MS and the Network shall be dropped when signaling failure is detected. The Disconnection criterion can be made in both the DL and the UL such that: In the DL: managed by the MS and In the UL: managed by the BSC
Handover (Locating)
Disconnection Criteria
In DL:
Controlled by a parameter RLINKT (max. bucket size) , when the MS couldnt decode a SACCH message (0.48 sec), the bucket will be decreased by 1 unit, when the MS successfully decodes a SACCH message, the bucket will be increased by 2 units, if the bucket reached value = Zero then disconnection will occur, recommended value RLINKT=16
In UL:
The disconnection algorithm will run in the same way, the BSC will make the evaluation, and the controlling parameter is called RLINKUP, , recommended value RLINKUP=16 N.B: The bucket cant have values larger than the max. value given by RLINKT/RLINKUP
Handover (Locating)
Parameters Summary
Algorithm Selection
Parameter Name EVALTYPE Value Range
1 or 3
Recommended Value
3
Unit
Recommended Value
10 2 2
Unit
SACCH period=480 msec SACCH period=480 msec SACCH period=480 msec
Handover (Locating)
Parameters Summary
Filtering Control Parameters
Parameter Name SSEVALSI SSEVALSD QEVALSI QEVALSD SSLENSI SSLENSD QLENSI QLENSD TAAVELEN Value Range
1 to 9 1 to 9 1 to 9 1 to 9 1 to 20 1 to 20 1 to 20 1 to 20 1 to 20
Recommended Value
6 6 6 6 4 10 4 10 4
Unit
SACCH period=480 msec SACCH period=480 msec SACCH period=480 msec SACCH period=480 msec SACCH period=480 msec
Handover (Locating)
Parameters Summary
Signal Strength based Basic Ranking Parameters
Parameter Name HYSTSEP LOHYST HIHYST OFFSET Value Range
150 to 0 0 to63 0 to63 63 to 63
Recommended Value
-90 3 3 0
Unit
dBm dB dB dB
Recommended Value
63 5
Unit
dB Seconds
Handover (Locating)
Parameters Summary
Urgency Conditions Parameters
Parameter Name QLIMUL QLIMDL BQOFFSET PSSBQ PTIMBQ TALIM PSSTA PTIMTA Value Range
0 to 100 0 to 100 0 to 63 0 to 63 0 to 600 0 to 63 0 to 63 0 to 600
Recommended Value
55 55 3 7 15 62 63 30
Unit
dtqu dtqu dB dB Seconds Bit Period (0.577msec) dB Seconds
Recommended Value
16 16
Unit
SACCH period=480 msec SACCH period=480 msec
Up to 8 layers (in up to 8 bands) may be defined, where one or several layers can be assigned to the same HCS band.
A mixture of small micro cells (lower layers) and large macro (higher layers) cells will achieve both high capacity and good coverage. Micro cells will be used for capacity issues while macro cells will be used to provide coverage, fill coverage holes and handle the fast moving mobiles.
Output
In this stage, the strongest cells in each Band from SS point of view will be identified. Strongest cells will pass direct to be HCS Ranked The rest of cells that are not strongest within the band will be moved to Step(C)
Cells that are strongest within their own layer will be identified and theyll pass direct to be HCS ranked. Cells that are not strongest within their own layer will be moved to the next step.
(E) Check how many cells from each layer are allowed to pass to be HCS ranked
Now we will deal with cells that passed the band evaluation (in Step A) and they were not strongest within their own band (in Step B) and they passed the layer threshold condition (in Step C) and they are not strongest within their own band (in step D) MAXCELLSINLAYER: will identify how many cells from each layer can pass to be HCS ranked, ex: if MAXCELLSINLAYER = 2 then two cells only are allowed to pass to be HCS ranked. MAXDBDEVINLAYER: will identify how the next strongest cell in the layer is far from the strongest cell in the layer. i.e. if SS_Strongest Celllayer x - SS_next strongest celllayer x<MAXDBDEVINLAYER then the next strongest cell is not weak and it will pass to be HCS ranked.
SS(dBm)
-68 -72 -73 -74 -75 -75 -95
Band
Band 8 Band 8 Band 4 Band 4 Band 8 Band 4 Band 4
Layer
Layer 7 Layer 6 Layer 4 Layer 3 Layer 7 Layer 4 Layer 4
SS(dBm)
-68 -72 -73 -74 -75 -75 -95
Band
Band 8 Band 8 Band 4 Band 4 Band 8 Band 4 Band 4
Layer
Layer 7 Layer 6 Layer 4 Layer 3 Layer 7 Layer 4 Layer 4
Cell D didnt fulfill the condition (SS_CellD = -95 dBm < -90 dBm), so it will be out of the HCS evaluation and it will go to be sorted in the Basic Ranking List.
Layer
Layer 7 Layer 6 Layer 4 Layer 3 Layer 7 Layer 4 Layer 4
Comment
Strongest in Band 8 - Go direct to HCS Evaluation list Will go to the next step: Layer Evaluation Strongest in Band 4 - Go direct to HCS Evaluation list Will go to the next step: Layer Evaluation Will go to the next step: Layer Evaluation Will go to the next step: Layer Evaluation Out of the HCS Evaluation Back to the Basic Ranking list
Now Cells G & B will go direct to be HCS evaluated, while cells E,A,C&F will be examined in the next steps.
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Cells E&A are strongest within their own layer so they will go direct to be HCS ranked. Cells C&F are not the strongest within their own layer, so they will be examined in the next step to know if they can pass to be HCS ranked or not.
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MAXDBDEVINLAYER: will identify how the next strongest cell in the layer is far from the strongest cell in the layer. i.e. if SS_Strongest Celllayer x - SS_next strongest celllayer x< MAXDBDEVINLAYER = 3 dB, then the next strongest cell is not weak and it will pass to be HCS ranked.
Comment
Layer 7 Strongest in Band 8 - Go direct to HCS Evaluation list Layer 6 Strongest in Layer 6 - Go direct to HCS Evaluation list Layer 4 Strongest in Band 4 - Go direct to HCS Evaluation list Layer 3 Strongest in Layer 3 - Go direct to HCS Evaluation list Layer 7 Out of the HCS Evaluation Back to the Basic Ranking list Layer 4 Layer 4 Out of the HCS Evaluation Back to the Basic Ranking list
Comment
Layer 7 Strongest in Band 8 - Go direct to HCS Evaluation list Layer 6 Strongest in Layer 6 - Go direct to HCS Evaluation list Layer 4 Strongest in Band 4 - Go direct to HCS Evaluation list Layer 3 Strongest in Layer 3 - Go direct to HCS Evaluation list Layer 7 Out of the HCS Evaluation Back to the Basic Ranking list Layer 4 2nd Strongest in Layer4-Go to HCS Evaluation list Layer 4 Out of the HCS Evaluation Back to the Basic Ranking list
SS(dBm) Band
-74
-73 -75 -72 -68 -75 -95
Layer
Layer 3
Layer 4 Layer 4 Layer 6 Layer 7 Layer 7 Layer 4
Comment
HCS Prioritized List (Layer Ranking)
Band 4
Band 4 Band 4 Band 8 Band 8 Band 8 Band 4
Final List
HCSTRAFDISSTATE: Is a BCS Parameter that shows if HCS Traffic Distribution is enabled within the cells in the BCS or not. If the HCS traffic distribution is allowed then two checks will be made: (i) Check on the serving cells availability vs. parameter on cell level called HCSOUT (ii) Check on the neighbor cells availability vs. parameter on cell level called HCSIN The Availability means: the percentage of Free (non-occupied) Time Slots.
(ii)
Check on the neighbor cells availability: If AvailabilityneighborCell < HCSIN, then this cells has few free Time slots and it cant accept HOs due to HCS prioritization.
SS(dBm)
-74 -73 -75 -72 -68 -75 -95
Band
Band 4 Band 4 Band 4 Band 8 Band 8 Band 8 Band 4
Layer
Layer 3 Layer 4 Layer 4 Layer 6 Layer 7 Layer 7 Layer 4
Comment
HCS Prioritized List (Layer Ranking)
SS(dBm)
-74 -73 -75 -72 -68 -75 -95
Band
Band 4 Band 4 Band 4 Band 8 Band 8 Band 8 Band 4
Layer
Layer 3 Layer 4 Layer 4 Layer 6 Layer 7 Layer 7 Layer 4
Comment
HCS Prioritized List (Layer Ranking)
SS(dBm)
-74 -73 -72 -68 -75 -75 -95
Band
Band 4 Band 4 Band 8 Band 8 Band 4 Band 8 Band 4
Layer
Layer 3 Layer 4 Layer 6 Layer 7 Layer 4 Layer 7 Layer 4
Comment
HCS Prioritized List (Layer Ranking)
SS(dBm)
-74 -73 -75 -72 -68 -75 -95
Band
Band 4 Band 4 Band 4 Band 8 Band 8 Band 8 Band 4
Layer
Layer 3 Layer 4 Layer 4 Layer 6 Layer 7 Layer 7 Layer 4
Comment
HCS Prioritized List (Layer Ranking)
SS(dBm)
-74 -73 -75 -72 -68 -75 -95
Band
Band 4 Band 4 Band 4 Band 8 Band 8 Band 8 Band 4
Layer
Layer 3 Layer 4 Layer 4 Layer 6 Layer 7 Layer 7 Layer 4
Comment
HCS Prioritized List (Layer Ranking)
Band
Band 4 Band 4 Band 8 Band 8 Band 4 Band 8 Band 4
Layer
Layer 4 Layer 3 Layer 7 Layer 6 Layer 4 Layer 7 Layer 4
Comment
Prioritized Basic Ranking List
Final List
Unit
dBm (ve) dB
2 1 3 1
dBm (ve) dB dB
% %
For reduced HCS functionality we have only 2 bands HCS Band1 and HCS Band2 (default) For reduced HCS functionality we have only 3 layers
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Now high Co-channel interference will occur on f4 at the border between the two cells, coz f4 is reused between two adjacent cells.
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f4 will be used in the OL sub-cell and it will be restricted to serve in a small area only near to the site so interference from the neighbor cell will be minimized and a good C/I can be enjoyed.
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Using Sub-cell Load Distribution (SCLD) Concept, we can configure the cell to use the OL as the preferred sub-cell initially and when traffic on the OL increased beyond certain load, any extra traffic will be offloaded to the UL sub-cell.
Example: If serving cell is the OL sub-cell and the following occur Percentage of idle TCHs in the OL sub-cell < SCLDLOL and Percentage of idle TCHs in the UL sub-cell > SCLDLUL then sub-cell change from OLUL due to SCLD will occur.
Default Value
3 0 -63 2 10 3 OFF 20 20 UL
Recommended Value
3 2 1 OL
Unit
dB dB Bit Periods (3.69 sec) Bit Periods (3.69 sec) dB dB dB % %
It is recommended to select the BCCH frequency to lie in the Better Coverage i.e. UL sub-cell.
For the previous example then BCCH frequency will belong to the 900MHz band.
As mentioned before, the Path Loss/Distance to Cell Border/Time Advance Criteria will define the coverage limit of the frequency band used in the OL sub-cell vs. UL sub-cell, (In this case the OL&UL will belong to two different bands) Also the traffic load can be maintained between the two sub-cells (that belong to two different bands) using the sub-cell load distribution feature where the SCLD parameter will define which sub-cell is preferred first.
MS is in the same location but the reported SS differs depend on the used frequency band
2.
FBOFFS has to be adjusted in a correct way coz: a. It will be used to locate the MS correctly with respect to neighbors. b. It will be used to locate the MS correctly in the Sub-cell Change Evaluation.
Ex: MS is on the OL subcell (1800 band) and reporting SS_Serving_cellA1800 band = -85 dBm FBOFFS =7dB, and after applying the offset and Hysteresis SS_neighbor_cellB900 band = -83dBm
Without applying FBOFFS
With applying FBOFFS
SS_Serving_cellA 1800 band < SS_neighbor_cellB900 band SS_Serving_cellA 900band = SS_Serving_cellA1800 band+ 7 dB SS_Serving_cellA 900band = -78 dBm SS_Serving_cellA 900 band > SS_neighbor_cellB900 band
Cell A will remain the serving cell but sub-cell change may occur if needed.
Wrong Decision
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Right Decision
Ex: Assume a MS is served by the OL 1800 sub-cell and reporting SS1800 band = -90 dBm, BSTXPWR=46dBm, FBOFFSET=7dB, LOL=131dB, LOLHYST=zero
Ex: Assume a MS is served by the OL 1800 subcell and reporting SS1800 band = -90 dBm, BSTXPWR=46dBm, FBOFFSET=7dB, LOL=131dB, LOLHYST=zero
Without applying FBOFFS
With applying FBOFFS
Path loss= BSTXPWR - SS1800 band = 46-(-90)=136 dB Path loss= BSTXPWR - SS1800 band = 46-(-90)=136 dB
Wrong Decision
Right Decision
FBOFFS
dB
RHYST
0 50 100
Hysteresis Reduction
No reduction of the Hysteresis area Cell Border is reduced to the nominal cell border All the Hysteresis area is removed
Parameter
CLSLEVEL CLSACC HOCLSACC RHYST CLSTIMERINTERVAL LSSTATE
Default Value
20 40 OFF 75 100 Inactive
Unit
% % % ms
Frequency Hopping
Frequency Hopping
During a call connection, a time slot (burst) can easily be lost when the mobile station happens to be located in a fading dip for that particular frequency or if it is subjected to interference. If the next time slot is sent on another frequency, there is high probability that this time slot will be received correctly and this can be done via frequency hopping. With frequency hopping: Tighter frequency reuse can be implemented and so higher capacity can be maintained. More robust environment can be obtained. There will be a possibility to give subscribers more uniform speech quality.
Frequency Hopping
Frequency Hopping
In frequency hopping, a set of predefined frequencies is used in each cell and the MS will be allowed to transmit on different frequency every TDMA frame (4.61 msec) i.e. The MS will change its frequency 217 times per second With frequency hopping we can get: i. Frequency Diversity ii. Interference Diversity
Frequency Hopping
I.
Frequency Diversity
Frequency hopping can solve the multipath fading (fast fading) problem.
The multipath fading results from reflections from the surrounding buildings resulted in low signal strength fading dips.
The multipath fading is frequency and location dependent. With frequency hopping, slow and non-moving MS wont still in a low signal strength fading dip more than 1TDMA frame.
F1 F2
Average
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Frequency Hopping
II.
Interference Diversity
Frequency hopping can also offer better quality when the currently used frequency is interfered. Interference depends on the time, frequency and the MS location. With frequency hopping, certain MS will experience interference only for 1time during number of hops i.e. if a MS will hop on 4 frequencies one of them is interfered, then the MS will be subjected to interference1 time every 4 hops. Using frequency hopping will result in spreading the interference on many MSs which will lead to a radio environment that is more even (symmetric). The interference diversity can be expressed as a gain in the C/I ratio.
Frequency Hopping
Channel Group Concept (CHGR)
Each number of frequencies (Transmitters) in the cell are grouped in what we called channel group (CHGR), some parameters are defined per the CHGR and not per cell, for example: within the same cell frequency hopping can be enabled on certain CHGRs and disabled on others. HOP: Is a parameter that is used to enable or disable frequency hopping on certain CHGR, it has two values either ON/OFF
Frequency Hopping
Frequency Hopping
Frequency Hopping is applied on Traffic channels (TCHs), on SDCCHs and packet data channels but it is not applied on Broadcast and Common control channels which are mapped on TS#0 on F0 Methods of Hopping: we have two methods of hopping: A. Base Band Hopping (BB Hopping) B. Synthesized frequency Hopping (SY Hopping) FHOP: Is a parameter to specify the method of hopping, it takes values:BB/SY
Frequency Hopping
A. Base Band Hopping (BB Hopping)
Each Transmitter is assigned certain frequency and connected to many MSs, each Time slot out of the transmitter will belong to different MS but at the same frequency. From MS prospective, each MS will transmit each TS via different transmitter and on different frequency. MS1-TS1-F1 TRX1 Transmitter F1
TS1 TS2 TS3
MS1
TRX2 MS2
TS1 TS2 TS3
Transmitter F2
MS2-TS1-F2 MS1-TS2-F2
TRX3 MS3
TS1 TS2 TS3
Transmitter F3
MS3-TS1-F3 MS2-TS2-F3
MS1-TS3-F3
TRX4
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Transmitter F4
Bus for routing the time slots
Frequency Hopping
B. Synthesizer Frequency Hopping (SY Frequency Hopping)
With Synthesized frequency hopping, the MS will transmit all its time slots via only 1 transmitter and the transmitter will change its frequency consequently every TDMA frame based on certain sequence.
TRX1
MS1
TS1 TS2 TS3
Trans F1.Fn
TRX2 MS2
TS1 TS2 TS3
Trans F1.Fn
TRX3 MS3
TS1 TS2 TS3
Trans F1..Fn
TRX4
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Trans F1Fn
Frequency Hopping
B. Synthesizer Frequency Hopping (SY Frequency Hopping)
The Advantage of Synthesized frequency hopping is that the number of hopping frequencies can be larger than the number of the already existing transmitters causing the hopping gain to increase without a need to use more hardware. Modes of Hopping: i. Cyclic Frequency Hopping ii. Random Frequency Hopping
Frequency Hopping
Modes of Hopping
i. Cyclic Frequency Hopping With this type of hopping, frequencies are changed every TDMA frame in a consecutive order starting with the frequency of the lowest Absolute Radio Frequency Channel Number (ARFCN). For P-GSM (UL 890-915 MHz, DL 935-960MHz), ARFCNs: 1,2,3,4, 124 For example for four frequencies the cyclic hopping between them will appear as follow: f1, f2, f3, f4, f1, f2, f3, f4, f1, f2, f3, f4, f1, HSN (Hopping Sequence Number) : Is a parameter defined per CHGR (number of frequencies) that will be used to specify the mode of hopping with Synthesized frequency hopping, it take values from 0 63 When HSN = 0, this means that Cyclic frequency hopping will be used.
Frequency Hopping
Modes of Hopping
ii. Random Frequency Hopping With this type of hopping, frequencies are changed every TDMA frame randomly based on a pseudo-random sequence. The sequence is stored in a look-up table in the MS as well as the BTS and up to 63 independent sequences can be defined. Based on the settings of the parameter HSN (163), one of the 63 independent random sequences will be used. The period of the Random sequence=6 minutes, i.e. the random sequence repeats itself once every 6 minutes.
Frequency Hopping
Synthesizer Frequency Hopping (SY Frequency Hopping)
MAIO Concept As we mentioned before that HSN is defined per CHGR, so if a CHGR contains 4 Transmitters and HSN=0, then this means that cyclic hopping will be used over these 4 transmitters. But in order for the transmitters within the same CHGR to not interfere each other they must start their hopping with different frequencies. And in order to do so a MAIO Same CHGR, HSN=0 (Mobile Allocation Index Offset)will Transmitter#1 (f0,f1,f2,.fn) f0,f1,f2,f3,f4,f5,f0, . Be assigned for each transmitter so f1,f2,f3,f4,f5,f0,f1 each of them will start the hoppingTransmitter#1 (f0,f1,f2,.fn) . sequence either cyclic/random from
f2,f3,f4,f5,f0,f1,f2 . f3,f4,f5,f0,f1,f2,f3 .
Frequency Hopping
Synthesizer Frequency Hopping (SY Frequency Hopping)
MAIO Concept We have different MAIOs, i.e. there are different ways through which each transmitter will start the cyclic/random hopping. Using the default MAIO, the even MAIO values in increasing order are picked first then the odd values, example: for a CHGR of 4 Transmitters, the default MAIO list is 0,2,4,1 Transmitter#1 (f0,f1,f2,.fn) Same CHGR, HSN=0 Transmitter#1 (f0,f1,f2,.fn) Transmitter#1 (f0,f1,f2,.fn) Transmitter#1 (f0,f1,f2,.fn)
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f0,f1,f2,f3,f4,f5,f0,.
f2,f3,f4,f5,f0,f1,f2.
f4,f5,f0,f1,f2,f3,f4.
f1,f2,f3,f4,f5,f0,f1.
Frequency Hopping
Parameters Summary
Default Value
OFF Default
Recommended Value
ON
Unit
When a connection suffers from bad quality and at the same time the Signal Strength is still high, there is a reason to believe that the bad quality is due to interference.
For uplink interference, the MSs connected to the interferer cell will be located in different places from the cell causing different levels of interference.
Example: If RXLEV_DL = 57 and QOFFSETDL=SSOFFSETDL= zero, then when rxqual_DL > 52 dtqu an intra cell handover will be initiated.
f1
f2
f3
Dynamic HR Allocation
Dynamic HR Allocation
In high load situations it is important that the allocation of a traffic channel is done efficiently for a new connection. This will result in high utilization of the channels while keeping good speech quality for the existing connections.
Dynamic HR Allocation
Dynamic HR Allocation
For a new connection the Dynamic HR Allocation Algorithm evaluates the traffic load in the cell and based on this decides the connection mode: FR, HR or AMR HR To Activate the feature, set the parameter: DHA to ON The feature differentiates between AMR and NAMR MSs and can be controlled on cell level.
Dynamic HR Allocation
Dynamic HR Allocation
New Connection No Yes Yes No. of Idle TCHs % < DTHNAMR Total no. of TCHs Yes No No. of Idle TCHs % < DTHAMR Total no. of TCHs Yes Dual Rate MS ? (Supports HR?) Support AMR HR?
No
HR Allocation
AMR HR Allocation
FR/AMR FR Allocation
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Dynamic HR Allocation
Dynamic HR Allocation
DTHAMR: The threshold below which the Dynamic HR Allocation starts for AMR supported MSs DTHNAMR: The threshold below which the Dynamic HR Allocation starts for Non AMR supported MSs
Dynamic HR Allocation
Parameters Summary
As the Quality got worse ( 0 7), the BTS will try to increase its power to compensate for the quality drop.
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Source
MS MS BTS
Both SS_DL and Quality_DL measurements will be used in the equation through which the next power order is calculated.
0
0 23
10
1 19
20
2 17
30
3 15
40
4 13
50
5 11
60
6 8
70
7 4
If SS_DLCompensated (k) < SS_DLFiltered(K-1) then L = SSLENDL where, SSLENDL = 3 15 SACCH periods In this case up regulation is needed and it should be done very fast in order to not lose the connection.
If SS_DLCompensated (k) > SS_DLFiltered(K-1) then L = SSLENDL *UPDWNRATIO/100 where, SSLENDL = 3 15 SACCH periods UPDWNRATIO = 100 700 In this case Down regulation is needed and it should be done in a smooth way, coz decreasing the power suddenly may harm the connection.
If Quality_DLCompensated (k) < Quality_DLFiltered(K-1) then L = QLENDL where, QSLENDL = 1 20 SACCH periods In this case up regulation is needed and it should be done very fast in order to not lose the connection.
If Quality_DLCompensated (k) >Quality_DLFiltered(K-1) then L = QSLENDL *UPDWNRATIO/100 where, QSLENDL = 1 20 SACCH periods UPDWNRATIO = 100 700 In this case Down regulation is needed and it should be done in a smooth way, coz decreasing the power suddenly may harm the connection.
Compensation
Q_DLCompensated
i = 1,2 and 1 & 1 are parameters to compensate for the path loss and quality.
1 = LCOMPDL/100, 1 = QCOMPDL/100, 2 = 0.3, 2 = 0.4 PU1 is calculated according to settings of 1 & 1 ( The operator will set the proper values from his point of view for LCOMPDL & QCOMPDL),
i = 1,2 and 1 & 1 are parameters to compensate for the path loss and quality.
PU1 and PU2 both of them aim to maintain the SS within the desired value defined according to SSDESDL and to maintain the Quality within the desired value defined according to QDESDL but each will calculate the path loss in different way. PU_used = max (PU1, PU2), max of pu1 and PU2 will be used as the desired power order in the next measurement report coz the max of both of them will mean lower down regulation/higher up regulation.
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The highest allowed power order PU_used = zero, which means keeping the output power at maximum value with no power control.
The lowest allowed power order is given by the minimum of the following:
pu_used will be interpreted into final form PL_used which takes values from 0 15
PL_used =Integer(-pu_used/2)
Ex: if PL_used = 3 and Down regulation for power is required, then in the next measurement report the BSC will inform the BTS to decrease its current power by 2* PL_used = 6 dBs
Value Range
110 to 47 0 to 76 3 to 15 1 to 20 0 to 100
Unit
dBm dtqu SACCH period (0.48 Seconds) SACCH period (0.48 Seconds)
QCOMPDL
UPDWNRATIO
0 to 100
100 to 700
55
200
55
300
REGINTDL
1 to 10
As the Quality got worse ( 0 7), the MS will try to increase its power to compensate for the quality drop.
Source
BTS BTS MS
Both SS_UL and Quality_UL measurements will be used in the equation through which the next power order is calculated.
dB transformation (dB) 23 19
17
15
13
11
If Quality_ULCompensated (k) < Quality_ULFiltered(K-1) then L = QLENUL where, QSLENUL = 1 20 SACCH periods In this case up regulation is needed and it should be done very fast in order to not lose the connection.
If Quality_ULCompensated (k) >Quality_ULFiltered(K-1) then L = QSLENUL *UPDWNRATIO/100 where, QSLENUL = 1 20 SACCH periods UPDWNRATIO = 100 700 In this case Down regulation is needed and it should be done in a smooth way, coz decreasing the power suddenly may harm the connection.
Q_ULmeasured(dB)
Compensation
Q_ULFiltered
Filtering
Q_ULCompensated
i = 1,2 and 1 & 1 are parameters to compensate for the path loss and quality.
1 = LCOMPUL/100, 1 = QCOMPUL/100, 2 = 0.3, 2 = 0.4 pu1 is calculated according to settings of 1 & 1 ( The operator will set the proper values from his point of view for LCOMPUL & QCOMPUL)
pu2 is calculated according to recommended settings of 2 & 2 based on trials and field measurements.
i = 1,2 and 1 & 1 are parameters to compensate for the path loss and quality.
pu1 and pu2 both of them aim to maintain the SS within the desired value defined according to SSDESUL and to maintain the Quality within the desired value defined according to QDESUL but each will calculate the path loss in different way. pu_used = max (pu1,pu2), max of pu1 and pu2 will be used as the desired power order in the next measurement report coz the max of both of them will mean lower down regulation/higher up regulation
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The highest allowed power order pu_used = zero, which means keeping the output power at maximum value with no power control.
The lowest allowed power order is given by the minimum of 16 dB i.e. it is not allowed to decrease the o/p power or increase it by a value > 16 dB
pu_used will be interpreted into final form PL_used which takes values from 0 8
PL_used =Integer(-pu_used/2) Ex: if PL_used = 3 and Down regulation for power is required, then in the next measurement report the BSC will inform the MS to decrease its current power by 2* PL_used = 6 dBs
QLENUL
LCOMPUL QCOMPUL UPDWNRATIO REGINTUL
1 to 20
0 to 100 0 to 100 100 to 700 1 to 30
3
6 75 200 1
3
6 75 300 1
COEXUMTS: Is a BSC parameter used to activate the feature GSM-UMTS cell reselection and Handover.
CPICH RSCP: Common Pilot Channel - Received Signal Code Power. Used as a measure of the SS of the neighbor UMTS cell after dispreading.
15 Never Example: If QSC=8, then the UE is allowed to measure the neighbor UMTS cell only when the SS of the serving GSM Cell > -78 dBm SS(dBm) -78 dBm -90 dBm GSM GSM&UMTS measurements measurements
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GSM measurements
GSM&UMTS measurements
time
UMTS Evaluation
Aux. Radio features Organizing the list Add UMTS cells to Candidate list Sending the list and allocation reply
GSM Evaluation
Urgency HO Condition
No Load
GSM list UMTS list
Load
UMTS list GSM list
Load
UMTS list GSM list
N.B: To have balance between the behavior in the idle & active modes it is recommended to set the values for FDDQMIN (idle) = MRSL (active)
(C) Service Integrity: The ability to keep the quality of the service good enough during the connection with the network.
Causes of low random access success rate may be due to: Too high Time Advance (TA) High Interference Bad BSIC Planning
Poor Handover Success rate may be due to: Bad Frequency plan. Wrong definitions and missing neighbors. Wrong parameters settings. Hardware problems.
Handover failure does not mean a drop call will occur.
Rxqual take values from 0 (Best) 7 (Worst) and gives indication for the quality of the radio environment.
There are counters to measure the no. of samples that received with Rxqual 0,1,2,.7