NEW TRENDS IN WIRELESS COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY

(WITH SUITABLE MULTIPLE ACCESS)

Manoj Kr. Shukla Assistant Professor Dept. of Electronics Engineering

Harcourt Butler Technological Institute

Kanpur 208002 Email: manojs@hbti.ac.in, manojkrshukla@rediffmail.com

Question
The EM spectrum is a limited resource
How can we share it?
Time Space Frequency Polarization Spread Spectrum - use a wider bandwidth?

Multiple Access techniques

Goal
allow many users to simultaneously share a communications resource

Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA) Space Division Multiple Access (SDMA) Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA) Polarization Division Multiple Access (PDMA) Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) Interleave Division Multiple Access (IDMA) Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access

Key Issue
separate the signals at the receiver to
extract your information
Two methods Do not mix the signals in the first place
can use space or time (SDMA or TDMA)

Use distinctive properties of each signal as a

means to identify
Frequency spectrum (FDMA) Polarization of waves (PDMA) code sequence attached to each message (CDMA)

International Cocktail Party

FDMA Large room divided up into small rooms with
limited microphones. Each pair of people takes turns speaking.

TDMA Large room divided up into small rooms with

limited microphones. Certain pairs of people per room, however, each pair gets limited seconds to speak.

CDMA No small rooms. Everyone is speaking in

different languages with own microphones. If voice volume is minimized, the number of people is maximized.

Definitions
TDMA Time Division Multiple Access FDMA Frequency Division Multiple Access CDMA Code Division Multiple Access IDMA- Interleave Division Multiple Access

General Specification of TDMA

Rx: 869-894MHz Tx: 824-849MHz 832 Channels spaced 30kHz apart

(3 users/channel) DQPSK modulation scheme 48.6kbps bit rate Interim Standard (IS) 54 Digital AMPS (Advanced Mobile Phone System) Uses Time Division Duplexing (TDD) usually

TDMA Details
The incoming data from each source are
briefly buffered and scanned to to form a composite digital data stream mc ( t ) .
Buffer Buffer Frame mc ( t )
preamble preamble

U1 U2

m1 ( t ) m2 ( t )

Frame

1 2

...

1 2
Time slot

UN

mN ( t )

Buffer
Scan operation

information

Each slot may be empty or occupied. + has preamble & guard bits

TDMA System
Each user receives half of
the frame and the full bandwidth.
Interval of Interest

Users can resolve both multipath

s0 h1

s0 h2 s1 h1 s1 h2 s2 h1 s2 h2

Time allocation is

independent of power allocation. Nonlinear ISI cancellation.

Cancel edge effects as well.

TDMA Block Diagram

User 1 Data Estimate Channel

Channel

ISI Cancellation

Equalize

Detect and Decode

User 2 Data Output

Advantages of TDMA


Flexible bit rate No frequency guard band required No need for precise narrowband filters Easy for mobile or base stations to initiate and execute hands off Extended battery life TDMA installations offer savings in base station equipment, space and maintenance The most cost-effective technology for upgrading a current analog system to digital

Disadvantages to using TDMA

Requires network-wide timing
synchronization Requires signal processing fro matched filtering and correlation detection Demands high peak power on uplink in transient mode Multipath distortion

General Specification of FDMA

Rx: 869-894MHz Tx: 824-849MHz 832 Channels spaced 30kHz apart

(3 users/channel) DQPSK modulation scheme 48.6kbps bit rate Used in analog cellular phone systems (i.e. AMPS) Uses Frequency Division Duplexing (FDD) ISI (Intersymbol Interference) is low

Advantages of FDMA
Channel bandwidth is relatively narrow (30kHz) Simple algorithmically, and from a hardware

standpoint Fairly efficient when the number of stations is small and the traffic is uniformly constant Capacity increase can be obtained by reducing the information bit rate and using efficient digital code No need for network timing No restriction regarding the type of baseband or type of modulation

Disadvantages to using FDMA

The presence of guard bands Requires right RF filtering to minimize

adjacent channel interference Maximum bit rate per channel is fixed Small inhibiting flexibility in bit rate capability Does not differ significantly from analog system If channel is not in use, it sits idle

SDMA

Space Division Multiple Access

Use highly directional

The receiver selects the beam that provides the greatest signal enhancement and interference reduction Smart antenna systems can adjust their antenna pattern to enhance the desired signal, null or reduce interference.

Desired Signal Direction

SDMA Pros and Cons

Advantages BW increases with km2 Disadvantages Restricted Geometry
terminals in same direction cannot share

Simple system

May have unused BW

if no terminals in given zone, bw not used

PDMA

Polarization Division Multiple Access

Two methods
Two antennas with orthogonal polarizations an antenna with dual-polarization (SATCOM)

Each polarization provides one separate

channel

PDMA Pros and Cons

Advantages doubles BW Disadvantages Large specialized Ae

Spread Spectrum
CDMA - FHMA - DSMA - SSMA

Definition - Spread Spectrum

The transmission bandwidth must be much
larger than the information bandwidth

The resulting RF bandwidth is determined

by a function other than the information being sent

Spread Spectrum - illustrated

Power Density Conventional Transmission

PDi

same total power

Spread Spectrum Transmission

PDSS Bi

BSS

How
Two main methods
Frequency Hopped Multiple Access (FHMA) Direct Sequence Multiple Access (DSMA) THMA does exist, but not common

Both depend on pseudo random

orthogonal codes often called pseudo noise

FHSS

Frequency Hopping Multiple Access

message is "cut" into small "chunks"

Each chunk is modulated by a different fc

(determined by pseudo-random code)

A band pass filter accepts the signals that

follow the hopping sequence and rejects all other requires synchronization predictable patterns

note - some early systems used short

FHSS - illustrated
Frequency

Frequency Hop Tune Time Dwell Time

Time

DSMA

Direct Sequence Multiple Access

Each bit is chipped Example - time domain

Data
0.1 ms

1 bit
0.1 s

Chips
1000 chips
Requires much wider bandwidth

Cross Correlation
Mathematical process used to determine the
similarity between two signals

15-bit Code Received Signal Modulo-2 sum

111101011001000 011110101100100
100011110101100

Correlation = -1/15 (very poor)

Used for despreading

to determine start of code to lock onto correct code

Pseudo Random Orthogonal...

Different sequences are said to be
orthogonal if they do not interfere with one another (ie have low cross correlation)

A sequence is pseudo random if it is

orthogonal with a time shifted version of itself number of codes available << 2 n -1

note - this significantly reduces the

Spreading Process
Info

Noise Info Signal

Baseband Signal
Before spreading

Transmitted (Coded) Signal

After spreading

How can you recover signal < noise

SNR gain of spread spectrum

The ratio of the SNR out to the SNR into
the demodulator ( spreading factor).

GP =

SNRout SNRin

BWRF Rinfo

Example
Given: 1 Mcps PN code 1 kbps information data signal
BW
RF
6

= 2 MHz

G = 2 x 10 = 2000 = 33 dB p 3 10
This means that after de-spreading, signal is 33 dB (2000 times) bigger than the noise.

General Specification of CDMA

Rx: 869-894MHz Tx: 824-849MHz 20 Channels spaced 1250kHz apart

(798 users/channel) QPSK/(Offset) OQPSK modulation scheme 1.2288Mbps bit rate IS-95 standard Operates at both 800 and 1900 MHz frequency bands

CDMA Operation
Spread Spectrum Multiple
Access Technologies

 Sender A

CDMA in theory

sends Ad = 1, key Ak = 010011 (0= -1, 1= +1) sending signal As = Ad * Ak = (-1, +1, -1, -1, +1, +1)

Sender B
sends Bd = 0, key Bk = 110101 (0= -1, 1= +1) sending signal Bs = Bd * Bk = (-1, -1, +1, -1, +1, 1)

Both signals superimpose in space

interference neglected (noise etc.) As + Bs = (-2, 0, 0, -2, +2, 0)

Decoding CDMA
Receiver wants to receive signal from sender A
apply key Ak bitwise (inner product) Ae = (-2, 0, 0, -2, +2, 0) Ak = 2 + 0 + 0 + 2 + 2 + 0 =
6 result greater than 0, therefore, original bit was 1

receiving B Be = (-2, 0, 0, -2, +2, 0) Bk = -2 + 0 + 0 - 2 - 2 + 0 = 6, i.e. 0

CDMA Encode/Decode output Z channel

sender
data bits code
d0 = 1 d1 = -1
1 1 1 -1 1 -1 -1 -1 1 1 1 -1

Zi,m= di.cm

i,m

1 -1 -1 -1 -1

1 1 1 1 1 1 -1

1 -1 -1 -1

1 -1 -1 -1

slot 1

slot 0

slot 1 channel output

slot 0 channel output

Di = S Zi,m.cm
m=1

received input code

1 -1 -1 -1 -1

1 1 1 1 1 1 -1

1 -1 -1 -1

M
d0 = 1 d1 = -1

1 1 1 -1

1 -1 -1 -1

1 1 1 -1

1 -1 -1 -1

receiver

slot 1

slot 0

slot 1 channel output

slot 0 channel output

CDMA: two-sender interference

MC-CDMA System
Complex orthogonal spreading
Full Bandwidth s1c11f1 s2c21f1 s1c12f2 s2c22f2

codes. Length 2 Spread over two subcarriers. Both users use full bandwidth and full frame. Each subcarrier is flat fading Code allocation and spreading length is independent of power allocation.

User 1 User 2

First Subcarrier

Second Subcarrier

Half Bandwidth

Multicarrier CDMA

The data is serial-to-parallel converted. Symbols on each branch spread in time. Spread signals transmitted via OFDM Get spreading in both time and frequency
c(t)

S/P convert

s(t)

IFFT c(t) P/S convert

MC-CDMA Block Diagram

User 1 Data Spread IFFT Estimate Channel

Channel

Interference Cancellation

FFT

Equalize

Spread

IFFT

Despread

User 2 Data

Detect and Decode

Output

DS-CDMA System
Complex, orthogonal spreading
codes.
Symbol Interval
s1c11h s1c12h

Synchronous transmission Users can resolve both

multipath components. Nonlinear interference cancellation

Length 2

User 1 User 2

s2c21h

s2c22h

Code assignment and

ISI Other user

Chip Interval

spreading length are independent of power allocation.

DS-CDMA Block Diagram

User 1 Data Spread Estimate Channel

Channel

Interference Cancellation

Despread

Equalize

User 2 Data

Spread

Detect and Decode

Output

Capacity
CDMA has the ability to deliver 10 to 20
times the capacity as FDMA for the same bandwidth. CDMA also has a capacity advantage over TDMA by 5 to 7 times.

TD-SCDMA development
Datang Telecommunication
technology (former China Academy of Telecommunication Technology) is the most active TD-SCDMA developer The biggest manufacturers have formed number of Joint Ventures for TD-SCDMA R&D The Chinese Government has already invested more than 1 billion (US$123.3 million) in the research and development (R&D) of TD-SCDMA Domestic companies have got heavy public subsidies for TDSCDMA development
TD-SCDMA developer pool

TD-SCDMA
Pros:
ITU standard, belongs to

Cons:
Standard development far
behind rivals. Standard is very immature, no commercial use so far No large scale support from industry. Only few TDSCDMA chips available Lack of equipments and handsets. No mass production. No uniform platform for applications -> No application developer pool Some unsolved technical problems:
Cell interference large cell area functions high speed mobility poor stability of existing ICs Power consumption of handsets

3GPP TDD technology, fully compatible with GSM and GPRS Easy to upgrade from existing infrastructure Efficient use of spectrum Effective data transmission. Asynchronous uplink downlink, suitable for Internet traffic Use of Smart Antenna technology Good mobility: > 120 km/h Large cells, with diameter up to 40 km

5. Third Generation Mobile 5.3 TD-SCDMA

TD-SCDMA forum
Industry consortium devoted to develop
and support TD-SCDMA technology Established in Dec/2000 by China Mobile, China Telecom, China Unicom, Datang, Huawei, Motorola, Nortel and Siemens More than 420 members
16 Board Members 18 Senior Members 390 ordinary members

Advantages of CDMA
Many users of CDMA use the same frequency,

TDD or FDD may be used Multipath fading may be substantially reduced because of large signal bandwidth No absolute limit on the number of users Easy addition of more users Impossible for hackers to decipher the code sent Better signal quality No sense of handoff when changing cells

Disadvantages to using CDMA

As the number of users increases, the
overall quality of service decreases Self-jamming Near- Far- problem arise higher complexity of a receiver all signals should have the same strength at a receiver

near and far terminals

Terminals A sends and B receives

signal strength decreases proportional to the square of the distance the signal of terminal B therefore drowns out As signal

Comparison SDMA/TDMA/FDMA/CDMA
Approach Idea SDMA
segment space into cells/sectors

TDMA
segment sending time into disjoint time-slots, demand driven or fixed patterns all terminals are active for short periods of time on the same frequency synchronization in the time domain

FDMA
segment the frequency band into disjoint sub-bands

CDMA
spread the spectrum using orthogonal codes

Terminals

only one terminal can be active in one cell/one sector cell structure, directed antennas

every terminal has its own frequency, uninterrupted filtering in the frequency domain simple, established, robust inflexible, frequencies are a scarce resource

Signal separation

all terminals can be active at the same place at the same moment, uninterrupted code plus special receivers flexible, less frequency planning needed, soft handover complex receivers, needs more complicated power control for senders

Advantages very simple, increases established, fully

capacity per km digital, flexible

Disadvantages

inflexible, antennas typically fixed

Comment

only in combination with TDMA, FDMA or CDMA useful

guard space needed (multipath propagation), synchronization difficult standard in fixed networks, together with FDMA/SDMA used in many mobile networks

typically combined with TDMA (frequency hopping patterns) and SDMA (frequency reuse)

still faces some problems, higher complexity, lowered expectations; will be integrated with TDMA/FDMA

CDMA Design Considerations

Bandwidth limit channel usage to 5 MHz Chip rate depends on desired data rate, need for

error control, and bandwidth limitations; 3 Mcps or more is reasonable Multirate advantage is that the system can flexibly support multiple simultaneous applications from a given user and can efficiently use available capacity by only providing the capacity required for each service

CDMA2000 Pros and Cons

Evolution from original Qualcomm CDMA
Now known as cdmaOne or IS-95 Better migration story from 2G to 3G cdmaOne operators dont need additional spectrum 1xEVD0 promises higher data rates than UMTS, i.e. W-CDMA Better spectral efficiency than W-CDMA(?) Arguable (and argued!) CDMA2000 core network less mature cmdaOne interfaces were vendor-specific Hopefully CDMA2000 vendors will comply w/ 3GPP2

W-CDMA (UMTS) Pros and Cons

Wideband CDMA
Standard for Universal Mobile Telephone Service (UMTS) Committed standard for Europe and likely migration path for other GSM operators Leverages GSMs dominant position Requires substantial new spectrum 5 MHz each way (symmetric) Legally mandated in Europe and elsewhere Sales of new spectrum completed in Europe At prices that now seem exorbitant

TD-SCDMA
Time division duplex (TDD) Chinese development
Will be deployed in China Good match for asymmetrical traffic! Single spectral band (1.6 MHz) possible Costs relatively low Handset smaller and may cost less Power consumption lower TDD has the highest spectrum efficiency Power amplifiers must be very linear Relatively hard to meet specifications

IMT-2000 Radio Standards

IMT-SC* Single Carrier (UWC-136): EDGE
GSM evolution (TDMA); 200 KHz channels; sometimes called 2.75G

IMT-MC* Multi Carrier CDMA: CDMA2000

Evolution of IS-95 CDMA, i.e. cdmaOne

IMT-DS* Direct Spread CDMA: W-CDMA

New from 3GPP; UTRAN FDD

IMT-TC** Time Code CDMA

New from 3GPP; UTRAN TDD
New from China; TD-SCDMA

IMT-FT** FDMA/TDMA (DECT legacy)

* Paired spectrum; ** Unpaired spectrum

Some Requirements for Future Wireless Systems

low receiver cost de-centralized (i.e., asynchronous) control, simple treatment of ISI, cross-cell interference mitigation, diversity against fading, power efficiency (long battery life), multi-media services (e.g., mixed voice and IP), high user number, high throughput and high spectral efficiency,

FDMA TDMA CDMA

Dept. of Electronics & Communication Engineering

57

Evolution of IDMA
A conventional CDMA system requires separate coding
and spreading operations.

Verdu and Viterbi [2]* has shown that the optimum

multiple channel capacity (MAC) is achievable only when entire bandwidth is devoted to coding.
This suggests combining the coding and spreading operations using low-rate codes to maximize coding gain.
Dept. CDMA with random *S. Verd and S. Shamai, Spectral efficiency of of Electronics &
spreading, IEEE Trans. Inform. Theory, vol. 45, pp. 622640, Mar. 1999

Communication Engineering

58

Evolution of IDMA..
Possible Solution for User Separation Narrow band coded-modulation scheme using trellis code structures [4]

To employ chip-level interleavers [3][4][5][6]

Improvement in CDMA scheme by assigning different interleavers to different users [5]*[6]**
*A. Tarable,et al, Analysis and design of interleavers for CDMA systems, IEEE Commun. Lett., vol. 5,, Oct. 2001. **S. Brck, U. Sorger, S. Gligorevic, and N. Stolte, Interleaving for outer convolutional Dept. of Electronics & codes in DSCDMA Systems, IEEE Trans. Commun.,July 2000.

Communication Engineering

59

Conventional CDMA Transmitter and an Iterative MUD Receiver

Encoder (C) User 1 Interleaver Spreader 1 Multiple Access Multipath Channel Encoder (C) User K Interleaver Deinterleaver User1 Decoder Interleaver Turbo Processor Deinterleaver User K Decoder Interleaver Elementary Multi-User Detector (EMUD) Spreader K

Correlator Bank

Dept. of Electronics & Communication Engineering

60

IDMA Transmitter and Receiver structures

Encoder (C) User 1 CODER Spreader Interleaver 1 Multiple Access Multipath Channel Spreader Interleaver K r(j)

Encoder (C) User K

User 1

Decoder (DEC)
Turbo Processor

Deinterleaver 1 Interleaver 1

eESE (x1 (j)) eDEC (x1 (j)) eESE (xK (j)) Elementary Signal Estimator (ESE)

Deinterleaver K Decoder User K (DEC)

Dept. of Electronics & Communication Engineering

Interleaver K

eDEC (xK (j))

61

Categories of Wireless Networks

Beyond 100 meters WWAN : WLAN : WMAN : Wide Area Connectivity Local Area Connectivity Metro Area Connectivity (Broad geographic 100 meters (City or suburb) coverage)

WPAN : Personal Area Connectivity 10 meters

Bluetooth, UWB

WiFi, HiperLan

WiMax

AMPS, GSM, IS-95 cdma2000, W-CDMA

<source : Wireless communication technology landscape, DELL >

Digital Technology
Frequency-shift keying (FSK)
- uses two frequencies (one for 1s & the other for 0s) - alternates between the two frequencies modulation and encoding schemes - convert the analog ->digital, compress it>analog - acceptable level of voice quality maintained Cell phones need a lot of processing power

Cellular vs. PCS

digital cellular,
paging, caller ID and email
Frequency

Cellular PCS
824MHz894 MHz 1850 MHz-1990
MHz

PCS has smaller cells

and larger number of antennas.

Channel spacing Time slots

30 KHz 3

200 KHz 8

Dual band, Dual mode Triband, Trimode

What is Dual band?
What is Triband? Dual Mode
CDMA digital cellular (800 MHz) or CDMA digital PCS (1900 MHz).

GSM 900, 1800 and 1900 (MHz)

AMPS and TDMA Analog and digital Two digital (CDMA and TDMA) and analog Two bands in digital and analog

Trimode

WWAN (Wireless Wide Area Network)

1G 2G
IS-136/ PDC TDMA

2.5G
EDGE TDMA

3G

3.5G

4G

NMT TACT FDMA

W-CDMA GSM TDMA GPRS TDMA CDMA

W-CDMA/ HSDPA CDMA

IDMA
? OFDM

AMPS FDMA

IS-95 CDMA

IS-95B CDMA

cdma2000 CDMA

cdma2000 EV,DO,DV CDMA

Analog FDMA TDMA CDMA Voice 64~384K Packet

Digital OFDM

~2M Multimedia

~10M Multimedia

~100M Multimedia

Can be Implemented by Programmable DSP

No fully programmable H/W solutions

The FUNDAMENTAL Issue: Network Congestion

Congestion, at one of many points, can block a call !

Local Exchange Networks

AT&T MCI SPRINT

Local Exchange Networks

Mobile Switch
Government Emergency Telecommunications Service addresses wireline congestion

Mobile Switch

Wireless Priority Service addresses wireless congestion at call origination and call termination

Key Resource
Spectrum:
802.11 operates in the unlicensed band (ISM Industrial Scientific and Medical band) ~ 3 such bands Cordless Telephony: 902 to 928 MHz 802.11b: 2.4 to 2.483 GHz 3rd ISM Band: 5.725 to 5.875 GHz 802.11a: 5.15 to 5.825 GHz

Data Rates and Range

802.11: 2Mbps (Proposed in 1997) 802.11b: 1, 2, 5.5 and 11 Mbps, 100mts.
range (product released in 1999, no product for 1 or 2 Mbps)

802.11g: 54Mbps, 100mts. range (uses

OFDM; product expected in 2003)

802.11a: 6 to 54 Mbps, 50mts. range (uses

OFDM)

2G+ networks (contd.)

HSCSD one step towards 3G wideband mobile data networks. This circuit switched technology improves data rates up to 57.6 kbps. GPRS packet based and designed to work in parallel with 2G GSM, PDC and TDMA technologies. EDGE enhances the throughput per timeslot for both HSCSD and GPRS. ECSD (max data rate 64 kbps and EGPRS data rate per time slot triples to a staggering 384 kbps.

EDGE Cheaper and Gives Near-3G Performance

Modem GSM/TDMA Analog Modem GPRS ISDN CDMA 1x EDGE DSL W-CDMA Cable Technology 2G Wireless Fixed Line Dial-up 2.5G Wireless Fixed Line Digital 2.75G Wireless 2.75G Wireless Fixed Line DSL 3G Wireless Fixed Line Cable Throughput <9.6 Kbps 9.6 Kbps 30-40 Kbps 128 Kbps 144 Kbps 150 - 200 Kbps 0.7 - 1.5 Mbps 1.0 Mbps 1.0 - 2.0 Mbps 1 MB File Download Speed ~20 min 16 min 4.5 min 1.1 min 50 sec 36 to 47 sec 1 to 3 sec 1.5 sec 0.8 to 1.5 sec

EDGE is 2.75G, with significantly higher data rates than

GPRS Deploying EDGE significantly cheaper than deploying WCDMA Takeaway: Look for EDGE to gain traction in 2002/2003+

Upgrade Cost, By Technology

2G
2.5G / 2.75G
Software/Hardware Cost GSM GPRS Software-based Incremental W-CDMA Hardware-based Substantial CDMA CDMA 1x Hardware-based Substantial cdma2000 Software-based Incremental TDMA GSM/GPRS/EDGE Hardware and software Middle of the road W-CDMA Hardware-based Middle of the road

3G
Software/Hardware Cost

CDMA upgrade to 2.75G is expensive; to 3G is cheap GSM upgrade to 2.5G is cheap; to 3G is expensive TDMA upgrade to 2.5G/3G is complex Takeaway: AT&T and Cingular have a difficult road to 3G

3G CDMA Reported* Subscribers (As of March 30, 2007)

85 80 75 70 65 60 55 50 45 40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0
Mar Apr May June July
88.2 million 6.46 million 4.31 million

Subscribers (M)

Aug

Sep

Oct

Nov

Dec

Jan

Feb

Mar

Source: www.3Gtoday.com

3G CDMA is Well Established & Growing

Now in Use in Two Flavors: CDMA2000 and WCDMA

Worldwide CDMA Subscriber Evolution Forecast
Over 800M Subscribers, 205 Operators, 74 Countries, 530 Handsets, 63 Vendors
(Millions)

800 700 600 500 400 300 200 100 0 2000 2001 2002 2003

Future

September >174M subs

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2G CDMA

3G CDMA

3G WCDMA

Source: Strategy Analytics, April 2003 and www.3gtoday as of December 2003, CDG September 2003

Latest Trends and Driving Factors

High Intensity Multi-Media
Push to See

Capabilities More efficiency in multi-media content delivery

Enhancements to support Quality

of Service

Samsung SCH V310

Efficient and flexible Packet based

Video Telephony

5500

6500

 Support for VoIP and Low-latency applications,

e.g., Gaming applications

Instant Multi Media (IMM)

Broadcast and Multicast services High Speed Data on both Up and Down Links

3G CDMA Evolution
Designed for In-Band Migration and New Spectrum
1.25 MHz
Optimized for Data

3G CDMA

CDMA2000 1xEV-DO
IS-856, Rel. 0 Enhancements Rel. A

Dedicated & Optimized For Packet Data 2.4 Mbps Peak Rates All IP Architecture

QoS, Broadcast, Personal Media, IMM ,2x

Fwd & Rev. Capacity Gains

Forward Link: Peak Rate 3.1 mbps

Reverse Link: Peak Rate 1.8 mbps

2G CDMA

2.5G CDMA

Additional voice capacity doubling - Terminal antenna diversity

1.25 MHz In - Band

Voice & Data

cdmaOne Migration and

IS - 95A IS-95B 64 kbps packet data Channel Concatenation

CDMA2000 1X
IS-2000 Rel. 0 Double voice capacity Fast Fwd Power Control Coherent Uplink 153.6 kbps packet data Turbo Codes Rel. A 307 kbps packet data Rel. B Rel. C

1xEV-DV
Rel. D Forward Link: Peak Rate: 3.1 mbps Reverse Link: Peak Rate: 1.8 mbps

14.4 kbps data Soft Handoff Synchronous Timing

Simultaneous voice and data

Improvements to data services. More flexible data packet scheduling.

Designed for New Spectrum

5 MHz
Voice & Data

UMTS (WCDMA)

HSDPA
Rel. 5

EUL

3GPP Rel. 99

Rel. 4

Rel. 6

64/384 kbps cs/packet data Improvements Enhanced to data services Up-Link Soft handoff Asynchronous timing More flexible data packet scheduling

1995 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006

Migration To 3G
2.5G 2G 1G
Analog Voice
GSM GPRS

2.75G
Intermediate Multimedia Packet Data

3G
Multimedia

Digital Voice
W-CDMA (UMTS)

EDGE
115 Kbps

NMT

9.6 Kbps

384 Kbps

Up to 2 Mbps

TDMA TACS
9.6 Kbps

GSM/ GPRS
(Overlay) 115 Kbps

TD-SCDMA
2 Mbps?

iDEN
9.6 Kbps

iDEN PDC
9.6 Kbps (Overlay)

AMPS CDMA
14.4 Kbps / 64 Kbps

CDMA 1xRTT PHS

(IP-Based)

cdma2000
1X-EV-DV

144 Kbps

Over 2.4 Mbps

PHS

64 Kbps

1984 - 1996+

1992 - 2000+

2001+

2003+

2003 - 2004+
Source: U.S. Bancorp Piper Jaffray

CDMA2000 Standards Status

IS-95A/B
cdma2000 family
Done Done Done Done Done

1x Release 0

1x/3x Release A

1x/3x Release B

1x Revision C
(1xEV-DV FL)

1x Revision D
(1xEV-DV RL)
Publish Date: March 2006

Done

1xEV-DO Revision 0

1xEV-DO Revision A
Publish Date: March 2006

Arrow denotes evolution of standard, maintaining backward compatibility

CDMA2000 Compatibility
CDMA2000 Revision C is fully backward compatible:
IS-95A or newer mobile stations can operate in a Revision C cell 1xEV-DV capable mobiles can do data on older systems

F-PDCH

F-SCH

Base Station supporting Revision C

Mobile Mobile Station Station supporting supporting Revision C Revision C

Base Station supporting Revision 0

Key Factors to Better Performance

Capacity Improvement
Higher Data Rates and Finer Quantization

Data rates ranging from 4.8 kbps to 1.8 Mbps Smoother rate transitions and interference variation
Improved code rates and higher order modulation for large packets

QPSK modulation introduced Data channel spreading uses either or both of 2-ary and 4ary Walsh code channel

Code rate 1/5 for all 16-slot packets

Hybrid ARQ with IR

Enables packet to early terminate in the presence of

channel variation and imperfect power control

Biggest Threat to Todays 3G Wireless LANs

Faster than 3G
11 or 56 Mbps vs. <2 Mbps for 3G when stationary

Data experience matches the Internet

With the added convenience of mobile Same user interface (doesnt rely on small screens) Same programs, files, applications, Websites.

Low cost, low barriers to entry Organizations can build own networks
Like the Internet, will grow virally

Opportunity for entrepreneurs! Opportunity for wireless operators?

Critical For 3G Continued Growth In China

Likely 3G licensing outcomes: China Unicom cdma2000 China Mobile WCDMA China Telecom WCDMA/ TD-SCDMA? China Netcom WCDMA/ TD-SCDMA?
Risk:

CDMA IS-95 (2G) has been slow to launch in China

Why would the launch of 3G be any different?

PHS (2G) with China Telecom/Netcom is gaining

momentum

Mobile Standard Organizations

Mobile Operators ITU Members ITU GSM, W-CDMA, UMTS Third Generation Patnership Project (3GPP) IS-95), IS-41, IS2000, IS-835

CWTS (China)

Third Generation Partnership Project II (3GPP2)

ARIB (Japan) TTC (Japan) TTA (Korea) ETSI (Europe) T1 (USA) TIA (USA)

UWB Technology & Advantages

Doesnt need licensed dedicated spectrum Low power consumption Small semiconductor size Ranging/location as a byproduct of
communications

Questions ?

Manoj Kr. Shukla Assistant Professor Dept. of Electronics Engineering Harcourt Butler Technological Institute Kanpur 208002

Email: manojs@hbti.ac.in, manojkrshukla@rediffmail.com