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NATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF MEMORIAL MASONS NATIONAL ASSOCIATIONOF MEMORIAL MASONS

founded 1907 incorporated 1987 founded 1907 incorporated 1987

RECOMMENDED CODE OF WORKING PRACTICE

Head Office: 27a Albert Street, Rugby, Warwickshire CV21 2SG Tel: 01788 542264 Fax: 01788 542276 e-mail: enquiries@namm.org.uk web site: www.namm.org.uk

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NATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF MEMORIAL MASONS 27a Albert Street, Rugby, Warwickshire CV21 2SG Tel: 01788 542264 Fax: 01788 542276 E-mail: www.namm.org.uk

RECOMMENDED CODE OF WORKING PRACTICE

The following Recommended Code of Working Practice was originally adopted by members at the Association's Annual General Meeting on 10th October 1990 to come into effect as from 1st January 1991. It has since been subject to several revisions and amendments ~see below). Revisions and Amendments Each page of this loose-leaf booklet is numbered and dated. The Association will publish individual replacement pages when any revisions or amendments are made - see overleaf Note: This Recommended Code of Working Practice will be regularly revised and updated to include any changes such as: i) Changes in British Standards, which may be applicable ii) New information coming to light as a result of research and development being undertaken regarding memorial stability etc. iii) Results of tests of a range of memorial sizes, types etc which may not yet be included in this recommended code. iv) Any other matters, which the National Association of Memorial Masons deems to affect this recommended code. RECOMMENDED CODE OF WORKING PRACTICE

AMENDMENT DETAILS - REVISION DATED 1ST MAY 2001 Section 3 Lawn Memorials: Addition of Memorials of up to 5 in height with suitable foundations and fixing methods. A few small changes to the Bolting Method section 3-6 A few other changes have also been made. This version now supersedes any version you may already have.

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NAMMs Recommended Code of Working Practice INDEX

Preliminaries Section 1 Section 2 Section 3 - Memorial Stability the basics - Adhesives - Lawn Memorials (i.e. memorials fixed to a base (ground level) and foundation) - Foundations - Fixing to foundation and ground - Fixing plate to base - Dowels and dowel holes - Size of dowels and dowel holes - Joggles - Fixing thin slate memorials - The Bolting Method

iii 1-1 2-1

3-1 3-3 3-4 3-4 3-5 3-6 3-6 3-6 3a - 1

Section 3a - Recommendation re crosses Section 4 - Upright memorials consisting of a plate set directly into the ground - Amount of plate below ground level - Fixing (Foundation & Infilling) - Dowels, dowel holes & joggles - Dowels and dowel holes - Size of dowels and dowel holes - Joggles - Fixing thin slate memorials - Upright memorials with Kerbs - Foundations - Sloping ground - Fixing plate to foundation - Dowels and dowel holes - Drilling and filling - Number and type - Size - Joggles - Fixing thin slate memorials - Fixing kerbs and posts - Size of dowels

4-1 4-1 4-2 4-3 4-4 4-4

Section 5

5-1 5-1 5-2 5-2 5-2 5-3 5-4 5-4 54

/Section 6 Kerb surrounds

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Index (continued)

Section 6

- Kerb surrounds (i.e. where there is no upright memorial) - Foundations - Fixing kerbs and posts - Size of dowels - Tablets, plaques and open books - Memorials on rests - Foundations - Fixing to foundation and ground - Fixing rest(s) to base - Fixing book / tablet to rests - Dowels and dowel holes - Tick rests - Support rests - Low risers - Recumbent tablets - Wall plaques - Lettering, Finishes & General - Exposed surfaces - Lettering - Additional inscriptions - Tidiness Fixing systems for memorials NAMMs testing criteria for methods of memorial fixing Concrete Glossary

61 61

Section 7

71 73 75 7 7 7 7 7 7 5 6 6 6 6 6

Section 8

8 8 8 8

1 1 1 1

Appendix I Appendix II Appendix III

Appendix I 1 Appendix II 1 Appendix III - 1 Glossary - 1

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PRELIMINARIES
Note: Throughout this document the imperial sizes quoted are approximate and are included only to assist those not yet fully conversant with metric measurements. (i) Memorial Strength: The Association recognises that the determined vandal will probably break a memorial if it cannot be pushed over. For this reason the fixing standards recommended in this Recommended Code do not attempt to be vandal proof. They are, however, designed to: - ensure memorials are strong enough to withstand all reasonable forces to which they might be subject; - ensure, as far as is reasonably practicable, that, should a memorial fall as a result of excessive force being applied, it will only fall slowly - i.e. in a manner unlikely to cause an accident. Note: The Association, under the guidance of its consultant structural engineer, has calculated that a resistance to a 70kg force applied at its apex or, in the case of a tall memorial, at a height of 1500mm (5) i.e. notionally shoulder height, would permit a memorial to withstand two 14 stone people pulling themselves up on it at the same time. This Recommended Code therefore recommends that every memorial be erected in a manner which enables it to withstand such a force.

ii)

Test strength: 70kg force is taken as the proof load but, in order to build in a substantial safety margin, NAMMs testing criteria dictate that at least 100kg load is applied when testing a system which is designed to fail slowly if excessive force were to be applied, and at least 150 kg when testing a system which is designed to stand rigidly

iii)

Tested methods of fixing: In recent years some ground anchor or ground support fixing systems have been devised as one way to achieve the above memorial stability. Those, and any other methods of fixing, which have been proved, to NAMMs satisfaction, to pass the Associations testing criteria are listed in Appendix I Criteria for testing: For details of NAMMs criteria for testing methods of fixing, see Appendix II Preparation of grave area: The recommendations in this Recommended Code assume that the grave area has been suitably prepared for the safe erection of any memorials permitted under the relevant Burial Authoritys regulations. Unusual-sized memorials: Unless stated otherwise, the sizes quoted in this Recommended Code in respect of dowels and dowel holes etc. in general refer to the more usual size of memorial e.g. up to approximately 1500mm (5) in overall height and erected on a single grave space. Larger memorials will require independent calculations made by a suitably qualified person or body. Memorial Height: Unless obviously otherwise, all measurements of memorial heights are taken from ground level.

iv) v)

vi)

viii) Materials: Stone memorials supplied by members of the Association shall be of natural quarried materials and subject only to those variations in colour, natural characteristics and regional variations as are accepted by the trade and approved by the NAMM Region or Regions concerned.

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THE RECOMMENDED CODE

Section 1

MEMORIAL STABILITY - THE BASICS

(See also Preliminaries on page 2). 1.1 Proof strength : Every memorial should be erected to withstand a minimum pull/push force of 70kg applied at its apex or, in the case of a tall memorial, at a height of 1500mm (5) i.e. notionally shoulder height. Adhesives: All adhesives used

1.2

- shall conform to the relevant British Standard (BS) - shall be confirmed by the manufacturers as being suitable for the purpose - shall be applied correctly on correctly prepared surfaces.
1.3 1.4 Fixings: All fixings used shall conform to the relevant British Standard (BS) and shall be confirmed by the manufacturers as being suitable for the purpose. Drilling & Filling of Dowel Holes: All dowel holes shall be drilled with great care to ensure the sides of the holes are not fractured in any way. Attention shall be given to the careful drilling, filling and sealing of all dowel holes. 1.5 A good quality adhesive or cement (see Section 2) shall be used.

Level: All memorials shall be set at the proper level for the design, with due allowance being made for sloping ground. There shall be no backward or forward lean unless a specific design dictates otherwise. Drainage: Provision shall be made for adequate drainage on all memorials and their

1.6

foundations, as well as in vases and bases.

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Section 2

ADHESIVES
2.1 CEMENT:
a) MIXING: Great care must be taken when mixing cement. The cement must be mixed to a thick, creamy consistency. Uncontaminated water should be used. Once the correct consistency has been reached, additional water must not be added as this is likely to reduce its strength, b) SECURING DOWELS: When using cement to secure dowels, it is important that the dowel holes are properly filled. Precautions should be taken to ensure the cement is not allowed to come out of the holes during fixing. - This may require the plate to be held upside down while the dowels are being inserted and until the cement has set. c) SURFACES KEYED: All surfaces to be fixed shall be completely roughened to form a good key for good and lasting adhesion. This applies equally to the memorial plate, base and foundation/s. d) BEDDING SURFACES : Except where the design of the fixing system being used dictates otherwise, all meeting surfaces shall be fully bedded. Note: When using porous stone (eg Portland and sandstone) the stone should be prewetted to avoid hydraulic shock. d) POINTING: All joints shall be properly pointed.

2.2 RESINS: Great care has to go into the mixing of resins.

a) All the manufacturers instructions must be strictly adhered to. b) All surfaces to be joined must be clean, dry and free from dust. c) When using resin to secure dowels it is particularly important: i) that the holes are completely dry, clean and free from dust. (Note: after drilling the hole, a strong blast of air should be used to thoroughly remove the stone dust); ii) that the dowel holes are properly filled. Precautions should be taken to ensure the resin is not allowed to come out of the holes during fixing. - This may require the plate to be held upside down while the dowels are being inserted and until the resin has hardened.

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Section 3

LAWN MEMORIALS UP TO 1500MM (5) IN HEIGHT

3.1 FOUNDATIONS
a) SIZES & TIME OF L AYING
Note i) In the Associations opinion the following foundations are sufficient for most ground conditions. However, it is possible that additional foundations may be required where unusual ground conditions prevail or where the memorial is unusually large. ii) Where it is possible for the foundation to be wider than the width of the grave this is always preferable. Where the memorial is being fixed on disturbed ground it is really necessary. Minimum sizes & times of laying:

i) This type of foundation when used with memorials over 500mm (20) in height, must always be in conjunction with a suitable ground support system as in Appendix 1
Type of foundation For Memorials up to 1200mm (4) high) (see also b) below Hydraulically pressed slab conforming to the relevant BS Time foundation laid Minimum size on plan Minimum thickness Minimum depth (i.e. front to back)

Can be when memorial is erected

Always larger than the memorial base

65mm (2 )

375mm (15)

ii) This type of foundation when used with memorials over 500mm (20) in height, must always be in conjunction with a suitable ground support system as in Appendix 1

Type of foundation For Memorials up to 1200mm (4) high

Time foundation laid

Minimum size on plan

Minimum thickness

Minimum depth (i.e. front to back) 375mm (15)

Reinforced concrete slab

Can be when memorial is erected

Always larger than the memorial base

75mm (3)

/minimum sizes etc. continued

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Section 3 Lawn Memorials (continued)

iii) This type of foundation does not require a ground support system, but does require the memorial being doweled to the foundation

Type of foundation

Time Minimum foundation size on to be laid plan

Minimum size of each concrete block Height Width Depth (front to back)

For Memorials up to 1200mm (4) high 2 pillars (below ground) each 2 concrete blocks high the blocks being cemented together and dowelled - with compressed backfill in between For Memorials up to 1500mm (5) high 2 pillars (below ground) each 3 concrete blocks high the blocks being cemented together and dowelled - with compressed backfill in between
At least 14 days prior to the memorial being erected Always larger than the memorial base 212mm (81 /2 ) 212mm (81 /2 ) 375mm (15) At least 14 days prior to the memorial being erected Always larger than the memorial base 212mm (8 /2 )
1

212mm (8 /2 )
1

375mm (15)

/below gro und foundations

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Section 3 Lawn Memorials (continued)

iv) This type of foundation does not require a ground support system, but does require the memorial being doweled to the foundation

Type of foundation

For Memorials up to 1500mm (5) high Poured concrete

Time foundation to be laid

Minimum size on plan

Minimum depth

At least 14 days prior to the memorial being erected

Always larger than the memorial base

350mm 14

b) BELOW GROUND FOUNDATIONS

i) Bricks: If bricks are used underground they shall conform to the relevant British Standard (BS) and be of the appropriate durability designation in accordance with the principles of the relevant British Standard (BS)

ii) Concrete blocks: If concrete blocks are used underground they shall conform to the relevant British Standard (BS) iii) Poured concrete: see appendix 3

3.2 FIXING LAWN MEMORIALS TO FOUNDATION AND GROUND

Note: In addition to the fixings detailed below, an adhesive suitable for the purpose (usually Portland cement) and conforming to the relevant British Standard (BS) shall be applied between base and foundation. For details of the correct mixing and application etc of cement and resin see Adhesives i.e. Section 2.

a) MEMORIALS OVER 500 MM (20) IN HEIGHT: When the memorial is fixed to a base and
foundation, a method of fixing which conforms to the standards laid down by this Recommended Code (see Preliminaries (i) on page 2) shall be used. (Note: i) ii) If a ground support system is used it must be suitable to the height and material of the memorial - see Appendix I) If a ground support is not used, the base must always be doweled to the foundation, using the correct size dowels

/memorials up to 500mm

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Section 3 Lawn Memorials (continued)

b)

MEMORIALS UP TO 500 MM (20)

used. However:

IN HEIGHT: A ground support system need not necessarily be

the base must be doweled to the foundation using 2 solid threaded stainless steel or fully galvanised dowels galvanised to BS 729(1971); and the number, type and size of dowels and dowel hole must be the same as the minimum for fixing memorial plate to memorial base (see 3.3 below).

3.3 FIXING PLATE TO BASE

Note 1: For thin slate memorials see 3.3 b) below For the bolting method see 3.3 c) below Note 2: In addition to the fixings detailed below, an adhesive suitable for the purpose (usually Portland cement) and conforming to the relevant British Standard (BS) shall be applied between base and foundation. For details of the correct mixing and application etc of cement and resin see Adhesives i.e. Section 2.

a) DOWELS & DOWEL HOLES

i) Drilling of Dowel Holes: All dowel holes shall be drilled with great care to ensure the sides of the holes are not fractured in any way.

ii) Filling of Dowel Holes: Attention shall be given to the careful filling and sealing of all dowel holes. A good quality adhesive or cement (see Section 2) shall be used. iii) Number & type of dowels: 2 solid stainless steel dowels (smooth or threaded), or 2 solid fully galvanised dowels - galvanised to the relevant BS

/dowel size table

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Section 3 Lawn Memorials (continued)

iv) Size of dowels & dowel holes

Plate Size Dowels - Size Dowel holes Diameter
The sizes below relate to the minimum dowel diameters (see col 3 below). If a thicker dowel is used the dowel hole diameter may be increased accordingly

Height

Minimum Thickness

Min. diameter

Total length

Length in plate

Length in memorial base

In plate (i.e. up to 4mm larger than dowel diameter)

In me morial base (i.e. up to 8mm larger than dowel diameter) 20mm

up to & incl 600mm (2) 601mm (over 2) to 900mm (3) 901mm (over 3) to 1200mm (4) 1200mm (over 4) to 1500mm (5)

up to & incl 63mm (2) over 63mm (2) over 63mm (2)
BUT SEE NOTE 1 BELOW

12mm 100mm (4) 16mm 50mm (2) 50mm (2)

16mm

20mm

24mm

16mm

150mm (6)

75mm (3)

75mm (3)

20mm

24mm

over 75mm (3)

BUT SEE NOTE 1 BELOW

16mm

200mm* (8)

100mm* (4)

100mm* (4)

20mm

24mm

Over 100mm (4)

BUT SEE NOTE 2 BELOW

25mm

200mm* (8)

100mm* (4)

100mm* (4)

30mm

35mm

BUT BUT SEE SEE NOTE 3 NOTE 3 BELOW BELOW

* recommended maximum length

/fixing thin slate memorials

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Section 3 Lawn Memorials (continued) Note1: The minimum thickness for these heights of memorial will depend on the type of stone being used. However, generally, the minimum thickness for any stone (other than slate see below) should be as shown Note2: The minimum thickness for these heights of memorial is 4 for Granite and 6 for soft stones like Portland. Note3: These diameters are recommended due to the fact that 25mm dowels do not bend, and consequentially do not ride out of the holes.

v) Joggles between plate and base: Joggles, when used between plate and base, can create weaknesses and stress levels and are therefore not recommended unless there is also adequate doweling. b) FIXING THIN SLATE MEMORIALS: Thickness of memorial Height of memorial (measured without base) Method of fixing plate to base

50mm (2) 50mm (2)

up to 675 mm (23) over 675mm (23)

as for similar sized memorials in 3.3 above not be fixed to a base, but set in a concrete (see Appendix III) or hardstone shoe which is set below ground (see Section 4)

Less than 50mm (2)

Slate memorials less than 50mm (2) thick, and irrespective of height, should not be fixed to a base, but should be set in a concrete (see Appendix III) or hardstone shoe which is set below ground (see Section 4)

c) T HE BOLTING METHOD FOR FIXING PLATE TO BASE:

Note: It is recommended that threaded dowels (rods) and nuts must be of different grades of stainless steel (e.g. dowels could be A4 grade, nuts A2) to prevent the possibility of their binding together. i) Dowels Type of dowel Threaded stainless steel Diameter of dowel 10mm Length of dowel into memorial plate Minimum - 75mm (3) Maximum - 100mm (4)

Height of memorial Up to 750mm (2 6) Up to 1200mm (4) Up to 1500mm (5)

Threaded stainless steel

12mm

Minimum - 75mm (3) Maximum - 100mm (4) Minimum - 75mm (3) Maximum - 100mm (4)
/bolting method continued

Threaded stainless steel

16mm

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Section 3 Lawn Memorials (continued)

ii) Fixing the dowels The dowels shall be fixed into the memorial plate in the workshop. The dowel holes shall be dust free and dry when fixing takes place. iii) Resin: (See also Section 2) Resin shall be applied with great care as per the manufacturers instructions. Only resins recommended by a reputable manufacturer as suitable for this purpose shall be used. iv) Nuts & Washers: - Size of washers Total thickness of washer(s) per bolt 3mm minimum Diameter of washer(s) 50% or more bigger than the dowel hole size

v)

Dowel Hole Size: The maximum dowel hole size should not exceed twice the diameter of the dowel.

vi) Countersinking: Either: the nuts and washers shall be counter-sunk in the base. Or: sufficient provision shall be made in the foundation slab for them to be accommodated. Note: Care must be taken not to weaken the foundation.

vii) Fixing memorial plate to base:

Membrane: A suitable membrane shall be placed between plate and base to prevent movement and impact damage to both. (This membrane could be a damp-proof course made of one of the newer plastic materials, which do not cause staining.) Minimum recommended torque: Up to 12mm - 30lb.foot (approximately 40Nm (Newton metres) ). Up to 16mm 65lb.foot (approximately 90Nm (Newton metres) ).

Note: Care must be taken not to over-tighten the nuts.

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Section 3a

RECOMMENDATION RE CROSSES
There are so many different types of crosses that the Association feels it is unable to legislate exactly how they should be fixed. However, it does recommend that, in addition to the traditional method of fixing, each section (i.e. the cross and each of the steps) should be doweled to the next section. Thus the cross should be both doweled and fully bedded to the top step and the dowel holes should be carefully filled and sealed. Where a cross has been joggled, one dowel in the centre is sufficient. In other cases two dowels should be used in order to prevent twisting. Each step should then be independently doweled to the step below, with dowels, and the bottom step should be doweled to the foundation. (Note: Dry dowels may be used if removal is envisaged.) Dowel Size : To determine the size of the dowel between the cross and first block/tier, measure the height of the cross and first block/tier, then refer to the dowel size table in section 3-5. For all dowels between the other blocks the minimum recommended size is 100mm (4) in length x 12mm () in diameter. Note: Dry dowels may be used between the blocks/tiers, but in this instance the dowel size must be the same as between the cross and first base/tier. As for all memorials, the foundation used shall be appropriate to both the size, weight and design of the cross and the prevailing ground conditions.

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Section 4

UPRIGHT MEMORIALS CONSISTING OF A PLATE SET DIRECTLY INTO THE GROUND

(i.e. where they are not fixed on to a memorial base)

4.1

AMOUNT OF MEMORIAL PLATE BELOW GROUND LEVEL

This shall be equivalent to at least 25% of that above ground level

4.2

FIXING (below ground):

a) FOUNDATION: These memorials shall be either set securely into a concrete (see Appendix III) or hardstone shoe, or doweled direct onto a concrete (see Appendix III) or hardstone foundation slab of the necessary thickness i.e. Type of foundation (see also Note below) Pre -cast concrete slab conforming to the relevant BS (but see Note below) Other than above (but see Note below) Minimum size on plan Always wider than the plate Minimum thickness 65mm (2 ) Minimum depth (front to back) 300mm (12)

Always wider than the plate

75mm (3)

300mm (12)

Note: Wide foundations i.e. over 900mm (3): Where a concrete (see Appendix III) slab is used for such a foundation, it should be reinforced. b) INFILLING: It is recommended that concrete infilling around the memorial should be used; such infilling to extend from the bottom of the stone to just below ground level. c) OTHER B ELOW GROUND FOUNDATIONS i) Bricks: If bricks are used underground they shall conform to the relevant British Standard (BS) and be of the appropriate durability designation in accordance with the principles of the relevant British Standard (BS)

ii) Concrete blocks : If concrete blocks are used underground they shall conform to the relevant British Standard (BS)

/Dowels, dowel holes & joggles

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Section 4 Upright memorials consisting of a plate set directly into the ground (continued)

4.3 DOWELS, DOWEL HOLES & JOGGLES:

In addition to the fixings detailed below, an adhesive suitable for the purpose and conforming to the relevant British Standard (BS) shall be applied between the plate and the foundation. For details of the correct mixing and application etc of cement and resin see Section 2. a) DOWELS & DOWEL HOLES i) ii) Drilling of Dowel Holes: All dowel holes shall be drilled with great care to ensure the sides of the holes are not fractured in any way. Filling of Dowel Holes: Attention shall be given to the careful filling and sealing of all dowel holes. iii) A good quality adhesive or cement (see Section 2) shall be used.

Number & type of dowels: 2 solid stainless steel dowels (smooth or threaded), or 2 solid fully galvanised dowels - galvanised to the relevant BS

/Size of dowels & dowel holes

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Section 4 Upright memorials consisting of a plate set directly into the ground (continued)

iv) Size of dowels & dowel holes

Plate Size Dowels - Size Dowel holes Diameter
The sizes below relate to the minimum dowel diameters (see col 3 below). If a thicker dowel is used the dowel hole diameter may be increased accordingly

Height

Minimum Thickness

Min. diameter

Total length

Length in plate

Length in memorial base

In plate (i.e. up to 4mm larger than dowel diameter)

In me morial base (i.e. up to 8mm larger than dowel diameter) 20mm

up to & incl 600mm (2) 601mm (over 2) to 900mm (3) 901mm (over 3) to 1200mm (4) 1200mm (over 4) to 1500mm (5)

up to & incl 63mm (2) over 63mm (2) over 63mm (2)
BUT SEE NOTE 1 BELOW

12mm 100mm (4) 16mm 50mm (2) 50mm (2)

16mm

20mm

24mm

16mm

150mm (6)

75mm (3)

75mm (3)

20mm

24mm

over 75mm (3)

BUT SEE NOTE 1 BELOW

16mm

200mm* (8)

100mm* (4)

100mm* (4)

20mm

24mm

Over 100mm (4)

BUT SEE NOTE 2 BELOW

25mm

200mm* (8)

100mm* (4)

100mm* (4)

30mm

35mm

BUT BUT SEE SEE NOTE 3 NOTE 3 BELOW BELOW

*recommended maximum length Note1: The minimum thickness for these heights of memorial will depend on the type of stone being used. However, generally, the minimum thickness for any stone (other than slate see below) should be as shown /Notes continued

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Section 4 Upright memorials consisting of a plate set directly into the ground (continued)

Note2: The minimum thickness for these heights of memorial is 4 for Granite and 6 for soft stones like Portland. Note3: These diameters are recommended due to the fact that 25mm dowels do not bend, and consequentially do not ride out of the holes.

v)

Joggle s between plate and foundation: Joggles, when used between plate and foundation, can create weaknesses and stress levels and are therefore not recommended unless there is also adequate doweling. Fixing thin slate memorials: Thickness of memorial Height of memorial (above ground) Method of fixing plate to foundation

vi)

50mm (2) 50mm (2)

up to 675 mm (2 3) over 675mm (23)

as for similar sized memorials in Para iii) above not to be doweled to a foundation, but set in a concrete (see Appendix III) or hardstone shoe

Less than 50mm (2)

Slate memorials less than 50mm (2) thick should not be doweled to a foundation, but should be set in a concrete (see Appendix III) or hardstone shoe

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Section 5

UPRIGHT MEMORIALS WITH KERBS

Notes: 1) The following deals with memorials where the headstone/footstone is an integral part of the kerbs. Where the memorial consists of a lawn memorial set as a separate entity within a kerb surround, the lawn memorial and the kerb surround shall be erected in accordance with the standards laid down in Sections 3 and 6 of this Recommended Code respectively. 2) The paragraphs below assume the memorial is being fixed on level ground. For sloping ground see c) below.

5.1 FOUNDATIONS a) SINGLE GRAVE SPACES :

The kerb surround shall be fixed on a suitable one -piece foundation which is at least slightly larger than the surround. (Note: Sectional foundations are not recommended unless they are set on top of a suitable one-piece foundation However, it is recognised that there may be a few situations where the design prohibits this. For fixing methods in these circumstances see b) Multiple Grave Spaces below.)

b) MULTIPLE G RAVE SPACES

For reasons of practicality, sectional foundations are usually necessary in the case of multiple grave spaces. i) Fixing the sections: The sections shall be fixed securely, using solid stainless steel (grade 304 or higher), non-ferrous or fully galvanised dowels or cramps (galvanised to the relevant BS (see Appendix I)). ii) Dowel sizes Minimum Diameter Minimum Total Length Minimum Length into each section being joined 75mm (3)

SECTIONAL FOUNDATIONS :

12mm ()

150mm (6)

iii) Supporting the joints: All joints must be fully supported by a suitable load-bearing foundation.

c) SLOPING GROUND : Note: The fixing of kerb memorials on sloping ground requires
special consideration as it is to some extent dependent upon site conditions. However, the following is the general rule: Foundations shall be of even thickness laid plumb across the contour and with a minimum of slope with the contour to allow effective drainage, to avoid problems of soil slip and erosion.

/Fixing plate to foundation

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Section 5 Upright memorials with kerbs (continued)

5.2 FIXING PLATE TO FOUNDATION: (For thin slate memorials see 5.2 b) below) In addition to the fixings detailed below, an adhesive suitable for the purpose and conforming to the relevant British Standard (BS) shall be applied between the plate and the foundation. For details of the correct mixing and application etc of cement and resin see Section 2.
The memorial plate shall be either fixed to the foundation using a ground support system which conforms to the standards laid down by this Recommended Code (see (i) in Preliminaries on page 2) or, but only when a one-piece foundation is being used, dowelled to the foundation as follows: (Note: Dry dowels must not be used.)
a) DOWELS & DOWEL HOLES i) ii) Drilling of Dowel Holes: All dowel holes shall be drilled with great care to ensure the sides of the holes are not fractured in any way. Filling of Dowel Holes: iii) Attention shall be given to the careful filling and sealing of all dowel holes. A good quality adhesive or cement (see Section 2 Adhesives) shall be used.

Number & type of dowels: 2 solid stainless steel dowels (smooth or threaded), or 2 solid fully galvanised dowels - galvanised to the relevant BS

/Size of dowels & dowel holes

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Section 5 Upright memorials with kerbs (continued)

iii) Size of dowels & dowel holes

Plate Size Dowels - Size Dowel holes Diameter
The sizes below relate to the minimum dowel diameters (see col 3 below). If a thicker dowel is used the dowel hole diameter may be increased accordingly

Height

Minimum Thickness

Min. diameter

Total length

Length in plate

Length in memorial base

In plate (i.e. up to 4mm larger than dowel diameter)

In me morial base (i.e. up to 8mm larger than dowel diameter) 20mm

up to & incl 600mm (2) 601mm (over 2) to 900mm (3) 901mm (over 3) to 1200mm (4) 1200mm (over 4) to 1500mm (5)

up to & incl 63mm (2) over 63mm (2) over 63mm (2)
BUT SEE NOTE 1 BELOW

12mm 100mm (4) 16mm 50mm (2) 50mm (2)

16mm

20mm

24mm

16mm

150mm (6)

75mm (3)

75mm (3)

20mm

24mm

over 75mm (3)

BUT SEE NOTE 1 BELOW

16mm

200mm* (8)

100mm* (4)

100mm* (4)

20mm

24mm

Over 100mm (4)

BUT SEE NOTE 2 BELOW

25mm

200mm* (8)

100mm* (4)

100mm* (4)

30mm

35mm

BUT BUT SEE SEE NOTE 3 NOTE 3 BELOW BELOW

* recommended maximum length /Notes

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Section 5 Upright memorials with kerbs (continued)

Note1: The minimum thickness for these heights of memorial will depend on the type of stone being used. However, generally, the minimum thickness for any stone (other than slate see below) should be as shown Note2: The minimum thickness for these heights of memorial is 4 for Granite and 6 for soft stones like Portland. Note3: These diameters are recommended due to the fact that 25mm dowels do not bend, and consequentially do not ride out of the holes.

iv) Joggles between plate and base: Joggles, when used between plate and foundation, can create weaknesses and stress levels and are therefore not recommended unless there is also adequate doweling. b) FIXING THIN SLATE MEMORIALS: Thickness of memorial Height of memorial (maximum) Method of fixing plate to foundation
As for similar sized memorials detailed in Section 3 Should not be doweled so
NOT SUITABLE FOR THIS TYPE OF MEMORIAL

50mm (2) 50mm (2)

up to 675 mm (2 3) over 675mm (23)

Less than 50mm (2)

Should not be doweled so

NOT SUITABLE FOR THIS TYPE OF MEMORIAL

5.3 FIXING KERBS AND POSTS: These shall be fixed securely, using solid stainless steel
(grade 304 or higher), non-ferrous or fully galvanised dowels or cramps (galvanised to the relevant BS). Size of dowels Minimum total length 75mm (3) Minimum length into each component being joined Approx 38mm (1) Minimum diameter 10mm

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Section 6

KERB SURROUNDS
(i.e. where there is no upright memorial)
6.1 FOUNDATIONS: Note: The paragraphs below assume the kerb surrounds are being fixed on level ground. The fixing of kerb memorials on sloping ground may require special consideration, as it is to some extent dependent upon site conditions
a) SINGLE GRAVE SPACES: The kerb surround shall be fixed on a suitable one -piece foundation which is at least slightly larger than the surround. (Note: Sectional foundations are not recommended unless they are set on top of a suitable one-piece foundation However, it is recognised that there may be a few situations where the design prohibits this. For fixing methods in these circumstances see Multiple Grave Spaces below.) b) MULTIPLE GRAVE SPACES SECTIONAL FOUNDATIONS: For reasons of practicality, sectional foundations are usually necessary in the case of multiple grave spaces. i) Fixing the sections: The sections shall be fixed securely, using solid stainless steel (grade 304 or higher), non-ferrous or fully galvanised dowels or cramps (galvanised to the relevant BS). ii) Dowel sizes Minimum Diameter 12mm Minimum Total length 150mm (6) Minimum length into each section being joined 75mm (3)

iii) Supporting the jo ints: All joints must be fully supported by a suitable load-bearing foundation.

6.2 FIXING KERBS & POSTS: These shall be fixed securely, using solid stainless steel (grade
304 or higher), non- ferrous or fully galvanised dowels or cramps (galvanised to the relevant BS). - Dowel sizes Minimum total length 75mm (3) Minimum length into each component being joined Approx 38mm (1) Minimum diameter 10mm

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Section 7

TABLETS, PLAQUES & OPEN BOOKS

7.1 MEMORIALS ON REST(S) (books, tablets etc) : Note: 1. This section deals with the way the book, tablet etc is secured to the rest(s) and base. 2. The rest(s) shall be doweled to both the memorial (e.g. book) and the base. a) FOUNDATIONS

SIZES & TIME OF L AYING

Note: i) In the Associations opinion the following foundations are sufficient for most ground conditions. However, it is possible that additional foundations may be required where unusual ground conditions prevail or where the memorial is unusually large. ii) Where it is possible for the foundation to be wider than the width of the grave this is always preferable. Where the memorial is being fixed on disturbed ground it is really necessary. Minimum sizes & times of laying:

i) This type of foundation when used with memorials over 500mm (20) in height, must always be in conjunction with a suitable ground support system as in Appendix 1
Type of foundation For Memorials up to 1200mm (4) high) (see also b) below Hydraulically pressed slab conforming to the relevant BS Time foundation laid Minimum size on plan Minimum thickness Minimum depth (i.e. front to back)

Can be when memorial is erected

Always larger than the memorial base

65mm (2 )

375mm (15)

ii) This type of foundation when used with memorials over 500mm (20) in height, must always be in conjunction with a suitable ground support system as in Appendix 1
Type of foundation For Memorials up to 1200mm (4) high Time foundation laid Minimum size on plan Minimum thickness Minimum depth (i.e. front to back) 375mm (15)

Reinforced concrete slab

Can be when memorial is erected

Always larger than the memorial base

75mm (3)

/minimum sizes etc. continued

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Section 7 Tablets, plaques & open books (continued)

iii) This type of foundation does not require a ground support system, but does require the memorial being doweled to the foundation
Type of foundation Time Minimum foundation size on to be laid plan Minimum size of each concrete block Height Width Depth (front to back)

For Memorials up to 1200mm (4) high 2 pillars (below ground) each 2 concrete blocks high the blocks being cemented together and dowelled - with compressed backfill in between For Memorials up to 1500mm (5) high 2 pillars (below ground) each 3 concrete blocks high the blocks being cemented together and dowelled - with compressed backfill in between
At least 14 days prior to the memorial being erected Always larger than the memorial base 212mm (81 /2 ) 212mm (81 /2 ) 375mm (15) At least 14 days pr ior to the memorial being erected Always larger than the memorial base 212mm (8 /2 )
1

212mm (8 /2 )
1

375mm (15)

iv) This type of foundation does not require a ground support system, but does require the memorial being doweled to the foundation
Type of foundation Time foundation to be laid Minimum size on plan Minimum depth

For Memorials up to 1500mm (5) high Poured concrete

At least 14 days prior to the memorial being erected Always larger than the memorial base 350mm 14

/Below ground foundations

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Section 7 Tablets, plaques & open books (continued)

b)

BELOW GROUND FOUNDATIONS

i) Bricks: If bricks are used underground they shall

ii)

conform to the relevant British Standard (BS) and be of the appropriate durability designation in accordance with the principles of the relevant British Standard (BS)

Concrete blocks: If concrete blocks are used underground they shall conform to the relevant British Standard (BS)

iii) Poured concrete: see appendix 3

c)

FIXING MEMORIALS ON RESTS TO FOUNDATION AND GROUND

In addition to the fixings detailed below, an adhesive suitable for the purpose (usually Portland cement) and conforming to the relevant British Standard (BS) shall be applied between base and foundation. For details of the correct mixing and application etc of cement and resin see Section 2 - Adhesives. i) Memorials over 500 mm (20) in height: When the memorial is fixed to a base and foundation, a method of fixing which conforms to the standards laid down by this Recommended Code (see Preliminaries (i) on page 2) shall be used. (Note: If a ground support system is used it must be suitable to the height and material of the memorial - see Appendix I) ii) Memorials up to 500 mm (20) in height: necessarily be used. However: the base shall be doweled to the foundation using 2 solid threaded stainless steel or fully galvanised dowels galvanised to the relevant BS; and the number, type and size of dowels and dowel holes must be as follows A ground support system need not

/Dowel table

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Section 7 Tablets, plaques & open books (continued)

Memorial - Size

Dowels - Size

Dowel holes Diameter The sizes below relate to the minimum dowel diameters (see col 3 below) If a thicker dowel is used the dowel hole diameter may be increased accordingly

Height

Minimum thickness

Minimum diameter

Total length

Length in foundation

Length in me morial base

In base (i.e. up to 4mm larger than dowel diameter

In foundation (i.e. up to 8mm larger than dowel diameter)

Maximum

600mm (2)

up to & incl 63mm (2) over 63mm (2)

12mm 150mm (6) 16mm 100mm (4) 50mm (2)

16mm

20mm

20mm

24mm

/Fixing rest(s) to base

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Section 7 Tablets, plaques & open books (continued)

d)

Fixing rest(s) to base: Dowel & dowel hole sizes etc:

Dowels
Height of memorial Diameter of dowel Total length of dowel Length of Length of dowel in dowel rest in base

Dowel holes
Diameter of dowel hole in rest 20mm Diameter of dowel hole(s) in base 24mm Minimum contact area between each rest & the base 75mm x 100mm 75mm x 125mm

up to 600mm (2) 601mm (over 2) to 900mm (3) 901mm (over 3) 1200mm (4)

16mm

100mm (4) 150mm (6)

50mm (2) 75mm (3)

50mm (2) 75mm (3)

16mm

20mm

24mm

16mm

200mm* (8)

100mm* (4)

100mm* (4)

20mm

24mm

75mm x 150mm

*recommended maximum length of dowel

e) Note: This assembly must be completed in the workshop prior to fixing. Cement has been found to be insufficiently strong for this purpose. The threaded dowel is used in order to give a proper key for the resin. i) Dowel & dowel hole sizes: Dowel sizes - Minimum Dowel holes Length into rest 30mm (1) Diameter in both rest and book/plaque 16mm (i.e. 4mm larger than dowel) Position FIXING BOOK/ TABLETS shall be used.
TO REST(S):

Threaded stainless steel dowels and resin

Diameter
12mm (If a thicker dowel is used the dowel hole may be increased accordingly See col 5)

Total length 60mm (2)

Length into book/plaque 30mm (1)

Midway on the inclined face of the tick or support rest(s) or as near as possible

Note: The above details apply to all books, tablets etc. on tick rests and support rests.
/Where the memorial is on tick rests

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Section 7 Tablets, plaques & open books (continued)

ii) Where the memorial is on tick rests , the lip shall be at right angles to the slope of the

rest and deep enough to support the memorials weight.

iii) Where support rests are used, a V groove or channel shall also be cut into the

surface of the base into which the bottom edge of the book can fit. This groove or channel shall be of sufficient depth as to prevent any forward movement of the book.
iv) Where low risers are used (i.e. the tablet etc is set at ground level but raised at a

low angle by means of a riser): When fixed at an angle of more than 10 to the horizontal, two adjacent parts of the memorial should be doweled together. 7.2 RECUMBENT TABLETS: Unless cemetery regulations dictate otherwise, recumbent tablets shall always be fixed on adequate foundations with a minimum 10 slant and a drainage hole provided in the ground at the foot of the slope. WALL PLAQUES: Wall plaques shall be fixed with stainless, non- ferrous or fully galvanised dowels which should slope at least 10 from the horizontal. The back of the plaque shall be roughened and fixed to the wall with mortar or resin using a guide template for drilling the holes in the wall.

7.3

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Section 8

LETTERING, FINISHES & GENERAL

8.1 EXPOSED SURFACES
a) FINISH: The selected finish of the memorial shall be of an even character - except when a natural or quarried face has been chosen. b) SCRATCHES : Exposed faces of memorials shall be free from scratches. surface holes shall be filled, if required All natural

c) REMOVING THE ARRIS: If it is necessary to remove the arris, the chamfer formed shall be equal along its length and all corners and checks shall be properly squared, unless the design dictates otherwise 8.2 LETTERING a) LEGIBILITY & SPACING: The inscription shall be legible and the letters spaced in a ratio suitable to their size. The edges of the letters shall be clearly defined (except when illegibility is caused by the style of lettering requested by the customer). b) PAINTS & OTHER APPLIED FINISHES shall be carefully chosen as being suitable for memorial work and shall be applied strictly in accordance with the manufacturers instructions. (Note: All applied finishes have a limited life and therefore need periodic renewal) 8.3 8.4 ADDITIONAL INSCRIPTIONS: shall be cut/engraved in a style compatible with the original TIDINESS: Memorials and surrounding areas shall be left in a clean and tidy condition.

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APPENDIX I

FIXING SYSTEMS FOR MEMORIALS

The following methods of fixing memorials to the ground have passed the criteria for testing laid down by NAMM
(For NAMMs criteria for testing fixing systems, see Appendix II) Note: i. The systems listed below have been found to be appropriate in soils with a California Bearing Ratio of 3% or above - i.e. for over 90% of UK burial grounds. ii. If the ground is high in chlorine ( e.g. if it is likely to be soaked with sea-water) it is recommended that the memorial be set directly into the ground. 1.

NAMMS GROUND S UPPORT FIXING S YSTEM (NAMM Fixings)

This system, which has been developed and carefully tested by NAMM in conjunction with their consultant engineer, can be used with - all types of stone generally deemed suitable for memorials - all types of memorials up to 1200mm (4) in overall height (see Two kits are available ... below) is of the progressive failure type - i.e. it is designed to ensure that: a) the memorial is strong enough to withstand all reasonable forces to which it might be subject; b) should the memorial fall as the result of an excessive force being applied, it could only fall very slowly - i.e. in a manner very unlikely to cause an accident. Note: Because this system does allow for this very slow failure it is very unlikely to cause a breaking of the stone itself, even when excessive force is applied. Hence it is suitable for all types of stones deemed suitable for memorials. Two kits are available Kit A - for memorials up to 900 mm (3) in overall height. Kit B - for memorials from 900mm (3) - 1200mm (4) in overall height. For further details and information on implementation, contact: NAMM Fixings Tel: 01782 745533 Fax: 01782 745555

2.

FIXING DIRECTLY INTO

THE GROUND:

The method of fixing memorials directly into the ground, and to the standards laid out in Section 4 of this Recommended Code, has also been tested extensive ly by the Association and has been found to easily meet all the criteria laid out above.

/Myatt & Leasons Memorial Anchor System

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Appendix I (continued)

3.

MYATT & LEASON S MEMORIAL ANCHOR S YSTEM :

This system can be used with - all memorials made from marble or stronger materials; - all memorials up to 1050mm (36) in overall height

is of the rigid type - i.e. is designed to stand rigidly even when excessive force is applied . Note: Because this system is designed to stand rigidly - i.e. it does not allow for progressive failure excessive force being applied to memorials made of very soft stone could result in a breaking of the stone. Hence it is only suitable for marble and stronger stones. For further information contact Myatt & Leason Tel: 01782 848369 Fax: 01782 845750

4. W. BURTS MEMORIAL FIXING S YSTEM

This system can include one or two rods as indicated below When only 1 rod was used the system met NAMMs testing criteria for : i) memorials of any natural quarried material as strong or stronger than marble up to a size of : above ground overall height width thickness of plate thickness of base other dimensions of base foundation (concrete) ii) granite memorials up to a size of: above ground overall height width thickness of plate & base on foundation (concrete) size 210 maximum 21 maximum 4 minimum 42 x 20 x 3minimum 271/2 maximum 110 maximum 3 minimum 4 minimum 24 x 11 minimum 42 x 20 x 3 minimum

When 2 rods were used the system met NAMMs testing criteria for granite and stones as hard or harder than Yorkstone only of : above ground overall height width thickness of plate and base on foundation (concrete) size 41 maximum 21 maximum 3 minimum 42 x 18 x 3minimum

For further information contact W Burt Tel & Fax: 01782 657883

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APPENDIX II

NAMMS TESTING CRITERIA FOR METHODS OF MEMORIAL FIXING

Pre-requisite: Proof must be supplied that all materials used in the manufacture of the system being tested have been chosen for their longevity - i.e. at least 25 years in typical soil conditions. Any metal parts must be made from stainless steel because this is most likely to provide longevity in most ground conditions. Tests: 1. The memorial being used in the test should be subjected to a steadily applied load, applied at its defined apex (see Height of memorial below), of up to 100 kg. This load should be sustained whilst the memorial is examined for signs of distress. The load should then be steadily increased to 150 kg. It should then be sustained at this level for a period of one minute during which the assembly is examined for signs of distress. Should a system failure be witnessed between the loads 100 - 150 kg, such failure must be of a progressive and controlled nature - e.g. by the plastic bending of fixings. Substrate failure or sudden collapse is not acceptable. Notes: (i) Material of memorial: The memorial being used in the tests should be made of the softest stone for which the system is designed. Thickness of Memorial: The memorial being used in the tests should be of the minimum thickness for which the system is designed.

2.

(ii)

(iii) Height of memorial: Each system must be tested by the force being applied at a height equivalent to the height of the tallest memorial for which the system is designed - this is the defined apex referred to above - but see a) and b) below. a) If the system is designed to stand rigidly, a smaller memorial may, for ease, be used if the correct type of testing rig (see testing rig below) is attached to it. If the system is designed to allow progressive failure , a memorial of the maximum size for which the system is designed must be used. This is necessary because once the memorial has fallen beyond its centre of gravity the size and weight of the memorial will affect the speed at which that fall continues.

b)

(iv) Fixing of plate to base: The plate and base of the memorial being used in the test must be joined together very securely (eg by bolting). Movement in this joint could make it impossible to test the system properly.
/Type of ground

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Appendix II (continued)

(v)

Type of ground: The tests should be carried out in an area where the ground is very soft. This is in order to simulate some of the least beneficial conditions in which the system is likely to be used.

(vi) Testing rig: A testing rig can be a stainless steel tube attached to the back of the memorial and extending above it with holes at various heights to take the fixing eyes to which the pulling equipment could be attached

Safety during testing: (i) Everyone involved in testing must wear the appropriate personal protective equipment - eg helmets, leather gloves, goggles, steel toe caps etc. (ii) A barrier should be erected around the memorial being tested. (iii) If clamps are attached to the top of the memorial, great care must be taken to ensure they will not be able to fly off. Note: For safety reasons it is recommended that a testing rig (see above) is used whatever the size of the memorial being tested and that the pulling equipment is attached to this rather than to the memorial.

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APPENDIX III
CONCRETE

Specification for memorial foundation concrete Concrete for memorial foundations (including a ground beam supporting several memorials) shall be proportioned so as to remain strong and durable throughout the life of the memorial(s). Concrete should comprise the following constituents i Ordinary Portland cement ii Sharp sand iii Aggregate iv Water Should any additive or admixture be included in the concrete mix, the manufacturers recommendations must be followed carefully. 1. The materials shall be combined in the following order and in the proportions set out in 2 below: (i) mix cement and sand together (ii) add aggregate to sand/cement mixture (iii) add water to sand/cement/aggregate mixture. Concrete should be mixed over a non-porous surface such as 1000 gauge polythene or painted timber board. Warning: Concrete should not be mixed when ambient temperature is near to or below freezing, or if it is predicted that the temperature will fall below freezing within 12 hours of the concrete being mixed. 2. All materials should be weighed prior to mixing. Batching by volume should be avoided. Warning: Batching by shovelfuls will generally lead to poor concrete. The materials should be batched according to the following proportions by weight: 1 part cement 2 parts sharp sand 4 parts aggregate water/cement ratio: 0:4 The following weights will yield sufficient concrete to form a foundation size 750mm (30) x 600mm (24) x 150mm (6): 22 kg cement 44 kg sharp sand 88 kg aggregate 9 kg water ) ) ) ) total - 163 kg

Note: Each of the above quantities should be increased or decreased by the same proportion if larger or smaller foundations are required. Cement: The cement must be stored in dry conditions and must not be lump at the time of use.

/ Sand

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Appendix III (continued)

Sand: The sand should be a clean, washed, Zone 2 sharp concreting sand (Note: there should be no deleterious material in either the sand or the aggregate.) Aggregate: The aggrega te should have a maximum particle size of 25mm Water: In the case of wet sand or aggregate it may be necessary to reduce the weight of added water. Added Water should be potable (i.e. as free from contaminants as drinking water) and at normal supply temperature. Additional water to make the mix more workable should be avoided. Warning: excessive added water causes the concrete to shrink during curing and this frequently leads to cracking and low strength concrete. Placing the concrete: The concrete should be placed within 1 hour of mixing. Important: Concrete that begins to harden prior to placing should be discarded. No attempt should be made to preserve the fluid state of concrete by adding extra water. Once placed, the concrete should be fully compacted to remove entrapped air. This should be done either by using a poker vibrator or by tamping the surface until air bubbles cease to develop there (i.e. on the surface). If a trowelled finish is desired, the surface must not be over trowelled in such a manner as to produce an excess of laitence (i.e. cement/water slurry)

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GLOSSARY
Alignment: See In alignment below. Arris: Sharp edge where two faces of the material meet. Base: Part of the memorial usually forming the plinth to the memorial plate. The base is generally of the same material as the plate. It will be doweled/bolted to the headstone and, generally, to the foundation. The base may incorporate a flower vase. Bevelled edge: Small chamfer (at 45). Chamfer: Flat surface formed by planing off the sharp angle made by the two faces. *Cramps: Shaped lengths of stainless steel, non-ferrous or fully galvanised metal suitably bedded into sinkings cut into the stone units to tie them together. *Dowels: Lengths of solid stainless steel, non-ferrous or fully galvanised metal sunk into adjacent hidden faces to align and/or to prevent movement. *Note: The Association recommends the use of stainless steel fixings wherever possible. (Experience has shown that there is a chemical reaction between aluminium and cement and therefore aluminium cannot be included in this Recommended Code.)

Foundation/bearer: The support for the whole memorial. It is sometimes visible and other times below ground.
Ground support system: A system of fixing a memorial to its foundation and the ground. Note: NAMMs minimum standards for such systems are laid down in this Recommended Code.

Headstone/memorial plate: see Memorial plate. In alignment: Following the general line of the previously erected memorials, the graves, or the landscape design laid out in cemetery or churchyard regulations. Joggles: A type of tenon where one piece of material is let into another. Kerb: Memorial unit used as an edging around the grave. Landing: Another form of foundation. Can be in a solid piece or in sections. Memorial plate/headstone: The upright part of a memorial on which the inscription is usually cut. Memorial stone: Headstone, footstone, cross, book etc. (including base, or bases, if part of the design). Plate: See Memorial plate Progressive failure type fixing system : A method of fixing memorials whereby, if the memorial should fall as a result of excessive force being applied, it will only be able to fall slowly and in a manner unlikely to cause an accident. Rigid type fixing system: A method of fixing memorials in which the memorial stands firm when subjected to forces up to and inclusive of those laid down in NAMMs testing criteria (see Appendix II). Generally not suitable for stones softer than marble. Stone: Natural quarried material suitable for memorials.

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