BNBC Chapter 2 6

CHAPTER
Loads
2.1 2.1.1
INTRODUCTION Scope This chapter specifies the minimum design forces including dead load, live load, wind and earthquake loads, miscellaneous loads and their various combinations. These loads shall be applicable for the design of buildings and structures in conformance with the general design requirements provided in Chapter 1. Limitations Provisions of this chapter shall generally be applied to majority of buildings and other structures subject to normally expected loading conditions. For those buildings and structures having unusual geometrical shapes, response characteristics or site locations, or for those subject to special loading including tornadoes, special dynamic or hydrodynamic loads etc., sitespecific or casespecific data or analysis may be required to determine the design loads on them. In such cases, and all other cases for which loads are not specified in this chapter, loading information may be obtained from reliable references or specialist advice may be sought. However, such loads shall be applied in compliance with the provisions of other sections of this Code. DEAD LOADS General
2.1.2
2.2 2.2.1
Part 6
Structural Design
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Structural Design The minimum design dead load for buildings and portions thereof shall be determined in accordance with the provisions of this section. In addition, design of the overall structure and its primary loadresisting systems shall conform to the general design provisions given in Chapter 1. 2.2.2 Definition Dead Load is the vertical load due to the weight of permanent structural and nonstructural components of a building such as walls, floors, ceilings, permanent partitions and fixed service equipment etc. Assessment of Dead Load Dead load for a structural member shall be assessed based on the forces due to : i) weight of the member itself, ii) weight of all materials of construction incorporated into the building to be supported permanently by the member, iii) weight of permanent partitions, iv) weight of fixed service equipment, and v) net effect of prestressing. Weight of Materials and Constructions In estimating dead loads, the actual weights of materials and constructions shall be used, provided that in the absence of definite information, the weights given in Tables 6.2.1 and 6.2.2 shall be assumed for the purposes of design. Table 6.2.1 Unit Weight of Basic Materials Unit Weight (kN/m3) 27.0 21.2 83.6 87.7 18.9 14.7 8.8 22.8* 20.4* 86.4 1.7 3.7 25.5 Unit Weight (kN/m3) 26.4 70.7 75.4 111.0 24.5 26.4 15.7 22.6 28.3 77.0 5.911.0 70.0
2.2.3
2.2.4
Material Aluminium Asphalt Brass Bronze Brick Cement Coal, loose Concrete stone aggregate (unreinforced) brick aggregate (unreinforced) Copper Cork, normal Cork, compressed Glass, window (sodalime)
Material Granite, Basalt Iron cast wrought Lead Limestone Marble Sand, dry Sandstone Slate Steel Timber Zinc
* for reinforced concrete, add 0.63 kN/m3 for each 1% by volume of main reinforcement 2.2.5 Weight of Permanent Partitions When partition walls are indicated on the plans, their weight shall be considered as dead load acting as concentrated line loads in their actual positions on the floor. The loads due to anticipated partition walls, which are not indicated on the plans, shall be treated as live loads and determined in accordance with Sec 2.3.3.3. Weight of Fixed Service Equipment Weights of fixed service equipment and other permanent machinery, such as electrical feeders and other machinery, heating, ventilating and airconditioning systems, lifts and escalators, plumbing stacks and risers etc. shall be included as dead load whenever such equipment are supported by structural members. Additional Loads
2.2.6
2.2.7
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Loads In evaluating the final dead loads on a structural member for design purposes, allowances shall be made for additional loads resulting from the (i) difference between the prescribed and the actual weights of the members and construction materials (ii) inclusion of future installations (iii) changes in occupancy or use of buildings and (iv) inclusion of structural and nonstructural members not covered in Sec 2.2.2 and 2.2.3. 2.3 2.3.1 LIVE LOADS General The live loads used for the structural design of floors, roof and the supporting members shall be the greatest applied loads arising from the intended use or occupancy of the building, or from the stacking of materials and the use of equipment and propping during construction, but shall not be less than the minimum design live loads set out by the provisions of this section. For the design of structural members for forces including live loads, requirements of the relevant sections of Chapter 1 shall also be fulfilled. Definition Live load is the load superimposed by the use or occupancy of the building not including the environmental loads such as wind load, rain load, earthquake load or dead load. Minimum Floor Live Loads The minimum floor live loads shall be the greatest actual imposed loads resulting from the intended use or occupancy of the floor, and shall not be less than the uniformly distributed load patterns specified in Sec 2.3.3.1 or the concentrated loads specified in Sec 2.3.3.2 whichever produces the most critical effect. The live loads shall be assumed to act vertically upon the area projected on a horizontal plane. Table 6.2.2 Weight of Construction Materials Weight per UnitArea 2 (kN/m ) Weightper UnitArea 2 (kN/m )
2.3.2
2.3.3
Material
Material
Bangladesh National Building Code
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Structural Design
Floor Asphalt,25mmthick Claytiling,13mmthick Concreteslab(stoneaggregate)* solid,100mmthick solid,150mmthick Galvanizedsteelfloordeck(excl.topping) Magnesiumoxychloride normal(sawdustfiller),25mmthick heavyduty(mineralfiller),25mmthick Terrazzo paving16mmthick Roof Acrylicresinsheet,corrugated 3mmthick,standardcorrugations 3mmthick,deepcorrugations Asbestoscement,corrugatedsheeting (incl.lapandfastenings) 6mmthick(standardcorrugations) 6mmthick(deepcorrugations) Aluminium,corrugatedsheeting (incl.lapandfastenings) 1.2mmthick 0.8mmthick 0.6mmthick Aluminiumsheet(plain) 1.2mmthick 1.0mmthick 0.8mmthick Bituminousfelt(5ply)andgravel Slates 4.7mmthick 9.5mmthick Steelsheet,flatgalvanized 1.00mmthick 0.80mmthick 0.60mmthick Steel,galvanizedstd.corrugatedsheeting (incl.lapandfastenings) 1.0mmthick 0.8mmthick 0.6mmthick
0.526 0.268
2.360 3.540 0.1470.383 WallsandPartitions Acrylicresinsheet,flat,permmthickness 0.345 Asbestoscementsheeting 0.527 4.5mmthick 0.431 6.0mmthick Brickmasonrywork,excl.plaster burntclay,per100mmthickness sandlime,per100mmthickness 0.043 Concrete(stoneaggregate)* 0.062 100mmthick 150mmthick 250mmthick 0.134 Fibreinsulationboard,per10mmthickness 0.158 Fibrousplasterboard,per10mmthickness Glass,per10mmthickness Hardboard,per10mmthickness 0.048 Particleorflakeboard,per10mmthickness 0.028 Plasterboard,per10mmthickness 0.024 Plywood,per10mmthickness 0.033 0.024 0.019 0.431 0.335 0.671 0.082 0.067 0.053 0.120 0.096 0.077 Ceiling Fibrousplaster,10mmthick Cementplaster,13mmthick Suspendedmetallathandplaster (twofacedincl.studding) Miscellaneous Felt(insulating),per10mmthickness Plaster cement,per10mmthickness lime,per10mmthickness PVCsheet,per10mmthickness Rubberpaving,per10mmthickness TerracottaHollowBlockMasonry 75mmthick 100mmthick 150mmthick
Roof(contd.) Tiles terracotta(Frenchpattern) concrete,25mmthick claytiles
0.575 0.527 0.60.9 0.012 0.072 0.106 1.910 1.980 2.360 3.540 5.900 0.034 0.092 0.269 0.961 0.075 0.092 0.061 0.081 0.287 0.480
0.019 0.230 0.191 0.153 0.151 0.671 0.995 1.388
*forbrickaggregate,90%ofthelistedvaluesmaybeused.
2.3.3.1 Uniformly Distributed Loads : The uniformly distributed load shall not be less than the values listed in Table 6.2.3, reduced as may be specified in Sec 2.3.9, applied uniformly over the entire area of the floor, or any portion thereof to produce the most adverse effects in the member concerned. 2.3.3.2 Concentrated Loads : The concentrated load to be applied nonconcurrently with the uniformly distributed load given in Sec 2.3.3.1, shall not be less than that listed in Table 6.2.3. Unless otherwise specified in Table 6.2.3 or in the following paragraph, the concentrated load shall be applied over an area of 300 mm x 300 mm and shall be located so as to produce the maximum stress conditions in the structural members. In areas where vehicles are used or stored, such as car parking garages, ramps, repair shops etc., provision shall be made for concentrated loads consisting of two or more loads spaced nominally 1.5 m on centres in absence of the uniform live loads. Each load shall be 40 per cent of the gross weight of the maximum size
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Loads
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Structural Design vehicle to be accommodated and applied over an area of 750 mm x 750 mm. For the storage of private or pleasuretype vehicles without repair or fuelling, floors shall be investigated in the absence of the uniform live load, for a minimum concentrated wheel load of 9 kN spaced 1.5 m on centres, applied over an area of 750 mm x 750 mm. The uniform live loads for these cases are provided in Table 6.2.3. The condition of concentrated or uniform live load producing the greater stresses shall govern. 2.3.3.3 Provision for Partition Walls : When partitions, not indicated on the plans, are anticipated to be placed on the floors, their weight shall be included as an additional live load acting as concentrated line loads in an arrangement producing the most severe effect on the floor, unless it can be shown that a more favourable arrangement of the partitions shall prevail during the future use of the floor. In the case of light partitions, wherein the total weight per metre run is not greater than 5.5 kN, a uniformly distributed live load may be applied on the floor in lieu of the concentrated line loads specified above. Such uniform live load per square metre shall be at least 33% of the weight per metre run of the partitions, subject to a minimum of 1.2 kN/m2. 2.3.3.4 More than One Occupancy : Where an area of a floor is intended for two or more occupancies at different times, the value to be used from Table 6.2.3 shall be the greatest value for any of the occupancies concerned. 2.3.4 Minimum Roof Live Loads Roof live loads shall be assumed to act vertically over the area projected by the roof or any portion of it upon a horizontal plane, and shall be determined as specified in the following sections : 2.3.4.1 Regular Purpose Flat, Pitched and Curved Roofs : Live loads on regular purpose roofs shall be the greatest applied loads produced during use by movable objects such as planters and people, and those induced during maintenance by workers, equipment and materials but shall not be less than those given in Table 6.2.4. Table 6.2.4 Minimum Roof Live Loads(1) Type and Slope of Roof Distributed Load, kN/m2 1.5 1.0 Concentrated Load, kN 1.8 0.9
I II
Flat roof (slope = 0) 1. Pitched or sloped roof (0 < slope < 1/3) 2 Arched roof or dome (rise < 1/8 span) 1. Pitched or sloped roof (1/3 slope < 1.0) 2. Arched roof or dome (1/8 rise < 3/8 span) 1. Pitched or sloped roof (slope 1.0) 2. Arched roof or dome (rise 3/8 span) Greenhouse, and agriculture buildings
III
0.8
0.9
IV
0.6
0.9
0.5
0.9
VI
Canopies and awnings, except those with cloth same as given in I through IV above covers based on the type and slope.
Greater of this load and rain load as specified in Sec 2.6.3 shall be taken as the design live load for roof. The distributed load shall be applied over the area of the roof projected upon a horizontal plane and shall not be applied simultaneously with the concentrated load. The concentrated load shall be assumed to act upon a 300 mm x 300 mm area and need not be considered for roofs capable of laterally distributing the load, e.g. reinforced concrete slabs.
Note : (1)
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Loads 2.3.4.2 Special Purpose Roofs : For special purpose roofs, live loads shall be estimated based on the actual weight depending on the type of use, but shall not be less than the following values : a) b) c) d) roofs used for promenade purposes roofs used for assembly purposes roofs used for gardens roofs used for other special purposes 3.0 kN/m2 5.0 kN/m2 5.0 kN/m2 to be determined as per Sec 2.3.5
2.3.4.3 Accessible Roof Supporting Members : Roof trusses or any other primary roof supporting member beneath which a full ceiling is not provided, shall be capable of supporting safely, in addition to other roof loads, a concentrated load at the locations as specified below : a) Industrial, Storage and Garage Buildings Any single panel point of the lower chord of a roof truss, or any point of other primary roof supporting member 9.0 kN b) Building with Other Occupancies Any single panel point of the lower chord of a roof truss, or any point of other primary roof supporting member
1.3 kN
2.3.5
Loads Not Specified Live loads, not specified for uses or occupancies in Sec 2.3.3.1 and 2.3.3.2, shall be determined from loads resulting from : a) b) c) weight of the probable assembly of persons weight of the probable accumulation of equipment and furniture, and weight of the probable storage of materials.
2.3.6
Partial Loading and Other Loading Arrangements The full intensity of the appropriately reduced live load applied only to a portion of the length or area of a structure or member shall be considered, if it produces a more unfavourable effect than the same intensity applied over the full length or area of the structure or member. Where uniformly distributed live loads are used in the design of continuous members and their supports, consideration shall be given to full dead load on all spans in combination with full live loads on adjacent spans and on alternate spans whichever produces a more unfavourable effect.
2.3.7
Other Live Loads Live loads on miscellaneous structures and components, such as handrails and supporting members, parapets and balustrades, ceilings, skylights and supports, and the like, shall be determined from the analysis of the actual loads on them, but shall not be less than those given in Table 6.2.5. Table 6.2.5 Miscellaneous Live Loads Structural Member or Component Live Load(1) (kN/m)
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Structural Design 1. Handrails, parapets and supports : a) Light access stairs, gangways etc. i) width 0.6 m ii) width > 0.6 m b) Staircases other than in (a) above, ramps, balconies : i) Single dwelling and private ii) Staircases in residential buildings iii) Balconies or portion thereof, stands etc. having fixed seats within 0.55 m of the barrier vi) Public assembly buildings including theatres, cinemas, assembly halls, stadiums, mosques, churches, schools etc. vi) Buildings and occupancies other than (i) through (iv) above 2. Vehicle barriers for car parks and ramps : a) For vehicles having gross mass 2500 kg b) For vehicles having gross mass > 2500 kg c) For ramps of car parks etc.
Note : (1) (2)
0.25 0.35
0.35 0.35 1.5 3.0
0.75
100(2) 165(2) see note (3)
(3)
These loads shall be applied nonconcurrently along horizontal and vertical directions, except as specified in note (2) below. These loads shall be applied only in the horizontal direction, uniformly distributed over any length of 1.5 m of a barrier and shall be considered to act at bumper height. For case 2(a) bumper height may be taken as 375 mm above floor level. Barriers to access ramps of car parks shall be designed for horizontal forces equal to 50% of those given in 2(a) and 2(b) applied at a level of 610 mm above the ramp. Barriers to straight exit ramps exceeding 20 m in length shall be designed for horizontal forces equal to twice the values given in 2(a) and 2(b).
2.3.8
Impact and Dynamic Loads The live loads specified in Sec 2.3.3 shall be assumed to include allowances for impacts arising from normal uses only. However, forces imposed by unusual vibrations and impacts resulting from the operation of installed machinery and equipment shall be determined separately and treated as additional live loads. Live loads due to vibration or impact shall be determined by dynamic analysis of the supporting member or structure including foundations, or from the recommended values supplied by the manufacture of the particular equipment or machinery. In absence of a definite information, values listed in Table 6.2.6 for some common equipment, shall be used for design purposes. Table 6.2.6 Minimum Live Loads on Supports and Connections of Equipment due to Impact (1) Equipment or Machinery Additional load due to impact as percentage of static load including self weight Vertical Horizontal 100% 20% 50% 33%
1. 2. 3. 4.
Lifts, hoists and related operating machinery Light machinery (shaft or motor driven) Reciprocating machinery, or power driven units. Hangers supporting floors and balconies
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Loads 5. Cranes : a) Electric overhead cranes
25% of maximum wheel load
i)
Transverse to the rail : 20% of the weight of trolley and lifted load only, applied onehalf at the top of each rail Along the rail : 10% of maximum wheel load applied at the top of each rail 50% of the values in (a) above
ii)
b) Manually operated cranes
50% of the values in (a) above 25%
c) Caboperated travelling cranes Not applicable
Note : (1)
All these loads shall be increased if so recommended by the manufacturer. For machinery and equipment not listed, impact loads shall be those recommended by the manufacturers, or determined by dynamic analysis.
2.3.9
Reduction of Live Loads Reduction of live load is permitted for primary structural members supporting floor or roof, including beam, girder, truss, flat slab, flat plate, column, pier, footing and the like. Where applicable, the reduced live load on a primary structural member shall be obtained by multiplying the corresponding unreduced uniformly distributed live load with an appropriate live load reduction factor, R as listed in Table 6.2.7 and set forth in Sec 2.3.9.1. 2.3.9.1 Load Groups : All possible live loads applied on floors and roof of a building due to various occupancies and uses, shall be divided into three load groups as described below for determining the appropriate live load reduction factors. a) Load Group 1 : Uniformly distributed live loads arising from the occupancies and uses of (i) assembly occupancies or areas with uniformly distributed live load of 5.0 kN/m2 or less, (ii) machinery and equipment for which specific live load allowances have been made, (iii) special roof live load as described in Sec 2.3.4.2, and (iv) printing plants, vaults, strong rooms and armouries, shall be classified under Load Group 1. Reduction of live load shall not be allowed for members or portions thereof under this load group and a reduction factor, R =1.0 shall be applied for such cases. Load Group 2 : Uniformly distributed live loads resulting from occupancies or uses of (i) assembly areas with uniformly distributed live load greater than 5.0 kN/m2, and (ii) storage, mercantile, industrial and retail stores, shall be classified under Load Group 2. Live load reduction factor, 1.0 < R < 0.7 shall be applied to this load group depending on the tributary area of the floors or roof supported by the member as specified in Sec 2.3.9.3. Load Group 3 : Uniformly distributed live loads arising due to all other occupancies and uses except those of Load Group 1 and Load Group 2, shall be grouped into Load Group 3. Live load reduction factor, 1.0 R 0.5 as specified in the Sec 2.3.9.3, shall be applied to tributary areas under this load group.
b)
c)
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Structural Design 2.3.9.2 Tributary Area : The tributary area of a structural member supporting floors or roof shall be determined as follows : a) Tributary Area for Wall, Column, Pier, Footing and the like : Tributary areas of these members shall consist of portions of the areas of all floors, roof or combination thereof that contribute live loads to the member concerned. Tributary Area for Beam, Girder, Flat plate and Flat slab : Tributary area for such a member shall consist of the portion of the roof or a floor at any single level that contributes loads to the member concerned. Table 6.2.7 Live Load Reduction Factors for Various Occupancies and Uses Tributary (1) Area (floor, or roof, or combination) At (m2) Live Load (2,3) Reduction Factor, R
b)
Load Group
Occupancy or Use
a)
Assembly areas with uniformly distributed live load of 5.0 kN/m2 or less. Live loads from machinery and equipment for which specific load allowance has been made Special roof live loads as specified in Sec 2.3.4.2 Printing plants, vaults, strong room and armouries all 1.0
b)
c) d)
a)
Assembly areas with uniformly distributed live load greater than 5.0 kN/m2 . Storage, mercantile, industrial, parking retail stores garage,
b)
50 60 80 100 120 140 280 220 300 400 800
1.00 0.97 0.92 0.88 0.86 0.84 0.81 0.79 0.76 0.74 0.70
a)
Uniformly distributed live loads from all occupancies and uses except those listed in load groups 1 and 2 above.
< 25 2530 40 50 60 80 100 120 140 180 220
1.00 0.90 0.84 0.78 0.73 0.67 0.62 0.59 0.57 0.53 0.50
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Note : (1) (2) (3) At = sum of all tributary areas with loads from any one load group (i.e. Load Group 1, 2 or 3) Linear interpolation may be made to obtain values of R lying between the listed values. Live load reduction factor, R is based on the relations: R = 0. 6 + 8 At for Load Group 2 and R = 0.25 + 14At for Load Group 3
2.3.9.3 Determination of Reduced Live Load : The value of the live load reduction factor, R shall depend on the load group specified in Sec 2.3.9.1 and on the tributary area of the floor or the roof and combination thereof supported by a primary structural member. The reduced live load on a structural member shall be determined using the following steps: a) Portions of the tributary area pertaining to each of the three load groups specified in Sec 2.3.9.1 shall be identified and summed up, and a value of the reduction factor R shall be obtained from Table 6.2.7 corresponding to each portion of the tributary area, The reduced live loads or load intensities shall then be obtained for each load group by multiplying the unreduced live loads or load intensities by the corresponding reduction factors, and finally, The total reduced live load on a structural member shall be determined by summing up the reduced live loads from each load group.
b)
c)
2.4 2.4.1
WIND LOADS General The minimum design wind load on buildings and components thereof, shall be determined based on the velocity of the wind, the shape and size of the building and the terrain exposure condition of the site as set forth by the provisions of this section. For the overall design of structures, the general design requirements as specified in Chapter 1 shall also be fulfilled. 2.4.1.1 Scope : Provisions of this section shall apply to the calculation of design wind loads for the primary framing systems and for the individual structural components and cladding of buildings. The design wind load shall include the effects of the sustained wind velocity component and the fluctuating component due to gusts. For slender buildings, the design wind load shall also include additional loading effects due to wind induced vibrations of the building. 2.4.1.2 Limitations : Provisions of this section shall include forces due to alongwind response of regularshaped buildings, caused by the common windstorms including cyclones, thunderstorms and norwesters. However, the following cases shall remain beyond the scope of these provisions : a) b) c) forces due to crosswind response of buildings and structures, forces, such as torsion etc. generated due to unusual or unsymmetrical geometry of the building, and forces generated due to special types of winds, such as tornadoes.
For calculation of wind loads arising due to the above special cases and for buildings requiring more accurate loading information, reference shall be made to reliable literature pertaining to these loads, or specialist advice shall be sought. 2.4.2 Definitions The following definitions shall apply only to the provisions of Sec 2.4. AWNINGS (e.g. PORCH COVER) : A rooflike structure, usually of limited extent, projecting from a wall of a building. BASIC WIND SPEED, Vb : Fastestmile wind speed in km/h corresponding to the level of 10 metres above the ground of terrain ExposureB defined in Sec 2.4.4 and associated with an annual probability of occurrence of 0.02. BUILDINGS : Structures that enclose a space and are used for various occupancies.
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CANOPY : A roof adjacent to or attached to a building, generally not enclosed by walls. COMPONENTS AND CLADDING : Structural elements that are either directly loaded by the wind or receive wind loads originating at relatively close locations and transfer those loads to the primary framing system. Examples include curtain walls, exterior glass windows and panels, roof sheeting, purlins, grits, studs, and roof trusses. CYCLONE : An intense lowpressure centre accompanied by heavy rain and galeforce winds. It forms over warm tropical oceans and decays rapidly over land. DESIGN WIND PRESSURES, p : Equivalent static pressure due to wind including gusts to be used in the determination of wind loads for buildings. The pressure shall be assumed to act in a direction normal to the surface considered and is denoted as: p
z
= pressure that varies with height in accordance with the sustained wind pressure q evaluated
z
at height z, or p
h
= pressure that is uniform with respect to height as determined by the sustained wind pressure q evaluated at mean roof height h.
ENCLOSED BUILDING : Buildings which have full perimeter wall (nominally sealed) from floor to roof level. ESSENTIAL FACILITIES : Buildings and structures which are necessary to remain functional during an emergency or a post disaster period. FASTESTMILE WIND SPEED : The highest sustained average wind speed in km/h based on the time required for a milelong sample of air to pass a fixed point. FREE STANDING ROOF : A roof (of any type) with no enclosing walls underneath, e.g. freestanding carport. FREESTANDING WALLS : Walls which are exposed to the wind on both sides, with no roof attached, e.g. fences. GABLED FRAME : A rigid frame having vertical side members and a sloped top with a ridge. GRADIENT HEIGHT: Height from the mean ground level above which the variation of wind speed with height need not be considered. HOARDING : Free standing (rectangular) signboards, etc., supported clear of the ground. ISOTACH : A line on a map joining points of equal wind speed. MOONSCAPE ROOF : A planar roof with no ridge, which has a constant slope. OPENINGS: Apertures or holes in the exterior walls of a building or structure. Doors or other openings in exterior walls shall be considered as openings unless such openings and their frames are specifically detailed and designed to resist the wind loads in accordance with the provisions of this section. PITCHED ROOF : A bifold, biplanar roof with a ridge at its highest point. PRESSURE : Air pressure in excess of ambient. Negative values are less than ambient and positive values exceed ambient. Net pressures act normal to a surface in the specified direction. PRIMARY FRAMING SYSTEM : An assemblage of major structural elements assigned to provide support for secondary members and cladding. The system primarily receives wind loading from relatively remote
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Loads locations. Examples include rigid and braced frames, space trusses, roof and floor diaphragms, shear walls, and rodbraced frames. SLENDER BUILDINGS AND STRUCTURES : Buildings and structures having a height exceeding five times the least horizontal dimension, or a fundamental natural frequency less than 1.0 Hz. For those cases in which the horizontal dimensions vary with height, the least horizontal dimension at midheight shall be used. STRUCTURES : See Sec 1.2.2. STRUCTURE IMPORTANCE COEFFICIENT, CI : A factor that accounts for the degree of hazard to human life and damage to property. SUSTAINED WIND PRESSURE, q : The theoretically computed incident pressure of a uniform air stream (fastestmile speed) of known density, evaluated at a given height above ground level, for a specific terrain exposure condition and for a known occupancy of a building. TERRAIN : The surface roughness condition when considering the size and arrangement of obstructions to wind. TOPOGRAPHY : Major land surface features comprising hills, valleys and plains which strongly influence wind flow patterns. TORNADO : A violently rotating column of air, pendant from the base of a connective cloud, and often observable as a funnel cloud attached to the cloud base. TRIBUTARY AREA : That portion of the surface area receiving wind loads assigned to be supported by the structural element considered. TROUGH ROOF : A bifold, biplanar roof with a valley at its lowest point. UNENCLOSED BUILDING OR STOREY : A building or storey which has 85% or more openings on all sides.
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Structural Design 2.4.3 Symbols and Notation The following symbols and notation shall apply to the provisions of Sec 2.4 only : A A a B c Cc CG CI Cp = = = = = = = = = = =
C pe C pi
tributary area, square metres. area of other structures or components and cladding thereof projected on a plane normal to wind direction, square metres. width of pressure coefficient zone used in Fig 6.2.7 and 6.2.8, metres horizontal dimension of buildings and structures measured normal to wind direction, metres. average horizontal dimension of the building or structure in a direction normal to the wind, metres. velocitytopressure conversion coefficient = 47.2x106 gust coefficient structure importance coefficient pressure coefficient to be used for determination of wind loads on buildings and structures. C pe external pressure coefficients for surfaces of buildings and structures to be used for wind loads on primary framing systems using Method 1 in Sec 2.4.6.4 (a). C overall pressure coefficient for buildings and structures to be used for p wind loads on primary framing systems using Method 2 in Sec 2.4.6.4 (b). external peak pressure coefficients to be used for wind loads on building components and cladding. internal peak pressure coefficient to be used for wind loads on buildings and components. local topographic coefficient given in Sec 2.4.6.8. combined height and exposure coefficient for a building at height z above ground diameter of a circular structure or member, metres diameter of a circular structure or member, metres depth of protruding elements (ribs or spoilers), metres surface drag coefficient given in Table 6.2.12. fundamental frequency of buildings or structures in a direction parallel to the wind, Hz design wind forces on primary framing system, kN design wind forces on components and cladding, kN gust response factor for primary framing systems of flexible buildings and structures gust response factor for primary framing systems evaluated at height z = h gust response factor for components and cladding evaluated at height z above ground mean roof height or height to top of parapet whichever is greater of a building or structure, except that eaves height may be used for roof slope of less than 10 degrees, metres. pressure profile factor as a function of ratio g horizontal dimension of a building or structure measured parallel to wind direction, metres larger dimension of a sign, metres smaller dimension of a sign, metres design pressure to be used in determination of wind loads for buildings, kN/m2 design pressure evaluated at height z =h, kN/m2 internal pressure, kN/m2 design wind pressure evaluated at height z above ground, kN/m2 sustained wind pressure, kN/m2 sustained wind pressure evaluated at height z=h, kN/m2 sustained wind pressure evaluated at height z above ground, in kN/m2 risetospan ratio for arched roofs surface friction factor given in Table 6.2.12 structure size factor given in Fig 6.2.4 turbulence intensity factor evaluated at twothirds of the mean roof height or parapet height of the structure (see Eq 2.4.11)
= = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = =
Ct Cz D d D Do f F1, F2 F G Gh Gz h J L M N p p
h i z
p p q q q
h z
r s S TI
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Loads V X Y = = = = = = = = = = = = basic wind speed, km/h distance to centre of pressure from windward edge, metres response factor as a function of the ratio g and the ratio c/h given in Fig 6.2.3 height above ground level, metres gradient height given in Table 6.2.12, metres powerlaw coefficient given in Table 6.2.12 structural damping coefficient (fraction of critical damping) ratio obtained from Table 6.2.12 ratio of solid area to gross area for open sign face of a trussed tower, or lattice structure angle of the plane of roof from horizontal, degrees heighttowidth ratio for sign or hoarding angle between wind direction and chord of tower guy, degrees.
z
zg
a b g e q u f
2.4.4
Terrain Exposure A terrain exposure category that adequately reflects the surface roughness characteristics of the ground shall be determined for the building site, taking into account the variations in ground roughness arising from existing natural topography, vegetation and manmade constructions. 2.4.4.1 Exposure Category : The terrain exposure in which a building or structure is to be sited shall be assessed as being one of the following categories: a) Exposure A : Urban and suburban areas, industrial areas, wooded areas, hilly or other terrain covering at least 20 per cent of the area with obstructions of 6 metres or more in height and extending from the site at least 500 metres or 10 times the height of the structure, whichever is greater. Exposure B : Open terrain with scattered obstructions having heights generally less than 10m extending 800 m or more from the site in any full quadrant. This category includes air fields, open park lands, sparsely builtup outskirts of towns, flat open country and grasslands. Exposure C : Flat and unobstructed open terrain, coastal areas and riversides facing large bodies of water, over 1.5 km or more in width. Exposure C extends inland from the shoreline 400 m or 10 times the height of structure, whichever is greater.
b)
c)
2.4.4.2 Selection of Exposure Category for Primary Framing System : Design wind load for primary framing systems for all buildings and structures shall be determined based on the terrain exposure categories defined in Sec 2.4.4.1. 2.4.4.3 Selection of Exposure Category for Components and Cladding : Design wind load on the components and cladding of all buildings and structures shall be determined on the basis of the exposure category defined in Sec 2.4.4.1, except that Exposure B shall be assumed for buildings or structures having h 20 m and sited in a terrain with Exposure A. 2.4.5 Basic Wind Speed 2.4.5.1 Basic Wind Speed Map : The Basic Wind Speed Map as shown in Fig 6.2.1 is the map showing the basic wind speeds in km/h for any location in Bangladesh, having isotachs representing the fastest mile wind speeds at 10 metres above the ground with terrain Exposure B for a 50year recurrence interval. The minimum value of the basic wind speed set in the map is 130 km/h. Basic wind speeds for selected locations are also provided in Table 6.2.8. 2.4.5.2 Selection of Basic Wind Speed : Value of the basic wind speed required for any specific location where a building or structure is sited, shall be obtained as follows: i) When the location is listed in Table 6.2.8, value of the basic wind speed shall be taken from that table. If the location lies within any wind region (shown shaded in the map of Fig 6.2.1), the value marked for that wind region shall be used.
ii)
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Structural Design
iii) iv)
For a location lying on any isotach in the map, the value of that isotach shall be taken. For a location lying outside the positions (i) through (iii) above, linear interpolation shall be made between the adjacent isotachs to obtain the basic wind speed.
For areas where local records or terrain conditions indicate higher values of basic wind speeds (substantiated by sitespecific analysis) than those reflected in Fig 6.2.1 and Table 6.2.8, the sitespecific values shall be adopted as the minimum basic wind speeds. 2.4.6 Determination of Design Wind Loads 2.4.6.1 Basis of Wind Load Calculation : The minimum design wind load on buildings, structures and components thereof shall be calculated, within the scope and limitations given in Sec 2.4.1 taking into account the following effects which shall be determined in accordance with the provisions of this section : a) equivalent static pressure or suction on building surfaces arising due to the sustained or mean wind velocity, i.e. the fastestmile wind speed, variation of the mean wind velocity, and hence the pressure, along the height above the ground, terrain exposure of the building site,
b) c)
616
Chapter 2
Loads
617
Part 6
Structural Design Table 6.2.8 Basic Wind Speeds for Selected Locations in Bangladesh Basic Wind Speed (km/h) 150 252 200 260 256 225 198 180 160 130 260 198 196 260 150 210 130 202 205 210 215 242 172 260 225 180 180 205 260 208 180 238 260 207 210 215 162 Basic Wind Speed (km/h) 204 220 208 185 185 260 168 184 217 175 222 195 190 198 210 140 184 202 130 260 260 188 155 180 209 183 198 200 160 160 260 195 195 260 160 260 130
Location Angarpota Bagerhat Bandarban Barguna Barisal Bhola Bogra Brahmanbaria Chandpur Chapai Nawabganj Chittagong Chuadanga Comilla Coxs Bazar Dahagram Dhaka Dinajpur Faridpur Feni Gaibandha Gazipur Gopalganj Habiganj Hatiya Ishurdi Joypurhat Jamalpur Jessore Jhalakati Jhenaidah Khagrachhari Khulna Kutubdia Kishoreganj Kurigram Kushtia Lakshmipur d) e) f)
Location Lalmonirhat Madaripur Magura Manikganj Meherpur Maheshkhali Moulvibazar Munshiganj Mymensingh Naogaon Narail Narayanganj Narsinghdi Natore Netrokona Nilphamari Noakhali Pabna Panchagarh Patuakhali Pirojpur Rajbari Rajshahi Rangamati Rangpur Satkhira Shariatpur Sherpur Sirajganj Srimangal St. Martins Island Sunamganj Sylhet Sandwip Tangail Teknaf Thakurgaon
configuration and dynamic response characteristics of the building or structure, occupancy importance of the building, magnification of the mean wind pressure due to the effect of the fluctuating component of wind speed, i.e. gusts, and
618
Chapter 2
Loads g) additional load amplification resulting from the dynamic windstructure interaction effects due to gusts on slender buildings and structures. Sustained Wind Pressure : The sustained wind pressure, qz on a building surface at any height z
2 qz = Cc CI Cz Vb
2.4.6.2
above ground shall be calculated from the following relation : (2.4.1)
where,
qz =
sustained wind pressure at height z, kN/m2
CI = structure importance coefficient as given in Table 6.2.9 Cc = velocitytopressure conversion coefficient = 47.2x106 Cz = combined height and exposure coefficient as given in Table 6.2.10 Vb = basic wind speed in km/h obtained from Sec 2.4.5 If a structure is located within a local topographic zone, qz shall be modified in accordance with Sec 2.4.6.8. Table 6.2.9 Structure Importance Coefficients, CI for Wind Loads Structure Importance Category (see Table 6.1.1 for Occupancy) I II III IV V Essential facilities Hazardous facilities Special occupancy structures Standard occupancy structures Lowrisk structures Structure Importance Coefficient, CI 1.25 1.25 1.00 1.00 0.80
Table 6.2.10 Combined Height and Exposure Coefficient, Cz Height above ground level, z (metres) Exposure A Coefficient, Cz (1) Exposure B Exposure C
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Structural Design 04.5 6.0 9.0 12.0 15.0 18.0 21.0 24.0 27.0 30.0 35.0 40.0 45.0 50.0 60.0 70.0 80.0 90.0 100.0 110.0 120.0 130.0 140.0 150.0 160.0 170.0 180.0 190.0 200.0 220.0 240.0 260.0 280.0 300.0
Note: (1)
0.368 0.415 0.497 0.565 0.624 0.677 0.725 0.769 0.810 0.849 0.909 0.965 1.017 1.065 1.155 1.237 1.313 1.383 1.450 1.513 1.572 1.629 1.684 1.736 1.787 1.835 1.883 1.928 1.973 2.058 2.139 2.217 2.910 2.362
0.801 0.866 0.972 1.055 1.125 1.185 1.238 1.286 1.330 1.371 1.433 1.488 1.539 1.586 1.671 1.746 1.814 1.876 1.934 1.987 2.037 2.084 2.129 2.171 2.212 2.250 2.287 2.323 2.357 2.422 2.483 2.541 2.595 2.647
1.196 1.263 1.370 1.451 1.517 1.573 1.623 1.667 1.706 1.743 1.797 1.846 1.890 1.930 2.002 2.065 2.120 2.171 2.217 2.260 2.299 2.337 2.371 2.404 2.436 2.465 2.494 2.521 2.547 2.596 2.641 2.684 2.724 2.762
Linearinterpolationisacceptableforintermediatevaluesof z.
2.4.6.3 Design Wind Pressure : The design wind pressure, pz for a structure or an element of a structure at any height, z above mean ground level shall be determined from the relation : pz = CG Cp qz (2.4.2)
where, pz = design wind pressure at height z , kN/m2 CG = gust coefficient which shall be Gz , Gh, or `G as set forth in Sec 2.4.6.6 Cp = pressure coefficient for structures or components as set forth Sec 2.4.6.7 qz = sustained wind pressure obtain from Eq (2.4.1). 2.4.6.4 Design Wind Load for Buildings and Structures : Design wind load on the main wind force resisting systems of buildings and structures shall be determined by using one of the following two methods:
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Chapter 2
Loads a) Method 1 (Surface Area Method) : The surface area method shall be used for gabled rigid frames and single storey rigid frames and may be used of other framing systems. In this method the design wind pressures shall be assumed to act simultaneously normal to all exterior surfaces including roof of buildings or structures. The forces F1 , acting normal to the building surfaces or the roof, shall be calculated as follows : i) For all framing systems: F1 = pAz (2.4.3)
where, F1 = wind force on primary framing systems acting normal to a surface, or roof, or a part thereof. p = design wind pressure on building surfaces, kN/m2 = pz for windward surfaces as used in Eq (2.4.2) = p for nonwindward surfaces as used in Eq (2.4.2)
h
Az
= area of the building surface or roof tributary to the framing system at height z upon which the design pressure p operates, in square metres.
ii)
For gabled frames and singlestorey rigid frames: In order to obtain the most critical loading condition, gabled frames and other singlestorey rigid frames shall be investigated for both the force F1 obtained from Eq (2.4.8) and that given by the relation : F1 = where, p
C pi
i
(p- pi )Az
h
(2.4.4)
= internal pressure = C q pi
= internal peak pressure coefficient as given in Sec 2.4.6.7, and = sustained wind pressure evaluated at mean roof height, given by Eq (2.4.1).
The resultant force of the complete framing system of the building shall be taken to be the summation of forces F1 due to the effects of the pressures on all surfaces of the building. For the maximum force on the building, forces along all critical directions shall be investigated. b) Method 2 (Projected Area Method) : This method may be used for any building or structure as a whole except those specified in a(ii) above. In the projected area method, the horizontal pressure shall be assumed to act upon the full vertical projected area of the structure and the vertical pressure shall be assumed to act simultaneously upon the full horizontal projected area, except where the pressure coefficients are given for the surface area, e.g. Table 6.2.17. According to Method 2, the total wind force on the primary framing system of a building or a structure shall be calculated using the formula : F2 =
pzAz
(2.4.5)
where, F2 = total wind force on the framed system of the building in a specified direction, kN pz = design wind pressure, in kN/m2, for use with the overall pressure coefficient Cp for the crosssectional shapes provided in Tables 6.2.15 to 6.2.21 = Projected frontal area normal to wind tributary to the framing system at height z, in square metres. In the projected area method, the overall pressure coefficients Cp provided in Tables 6.2.15 to 6.2.21 for various crosssectional shapes, shall be used for the total height of the building or the structure having a particular crosssectional shape. In order to determine the most critical loads, the total wind force F2 shall be calculated for each wind direction for which the overall pressure coefficient
Az C is provided. p
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Structural Design
2.4.6.5 Design Wind Loads for Components and Cladding : Design wind load on individual structural components such as roofs, walls, and individual cladding units and their immediate supporting members and fixings etc., of enclosed buildings and structures shall be determined in accordance with the following relation:
F = C q - C q Az i pi pe
(2.4.6)
where, F C pe
C pi
i
= total wind force on a building component perpendicular to the surface, kN = external peak pressure coefficient for components, see Fig 6.2.7 and 6.2.8 for rectangular building = internal peak pressure coefficient as given in Table 6.2.14
q = sustained wind pressure acting on external surfaces of a building q = wind pressure developed at the interior of the building. The pressures q and q shall be determined as follows :
i
For h 18 m: For h > 18 m:
q q q q
i
= =
q and q = q
h i
q for ( + ve) values of C , and pe

z h z
= q for ( ve) values of C , pe = q for all values of Cpe.
If the peak pressure coefficients C and C are not provided in Fig 6.2.7 and 6.2.8 and in Table 6.2.14, pe pi the following equation may be used for determining the wind forces on structural components :
F = 1.25 p Az z
(2.4.7)
where,
pz = design wind pressure for components as given in Eq (2.4.2), kN/m2

Az
= Projected area of the component normal to wind at level, z above ground, in square metres.
2.4.6.6 Wind Gust Effects : Wind gusts cause additional loading effects due to turbulence over the sustained wind speed. For slender buildings and structures, this additional loading gets further amplified due to dynamic wind structure interaction effects. A slender or windsensitive building shall be one having (i) a height exceeding five times the least horizontal dimension, or (ii) a fundamental natural frequency less than 1.0 Hz. Gust coefficient, CG as included in Eq (2.4.2) shall account for such additional gust loading effects on nonslender and slender buildings and shall be set equal to the Gust Response Factors, Gh, Gz or ` G as set forth below : a) Gust Response Factor, Gh for Nonslender Buildings and Structures : For the main wind force resisting systems of nonslender buildings and structures, the value of the gust response factor, Gh shall be determined from Table 6.2.11 evaluated at height h above mean ground level of the building or structure. Height h shall be defined as the mean roof level or the top of the parapet, whichever is greater. b) Gust Response Factor, Gz for Building Components : For components and cladding of all buildings and structures, the value of the gust response factor Gz shall be determined from Table 6.2.11 evaluated at the height above the ground, z at which the component or cladding under consideration is located on the structure.
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Chapter 2
Loads Table 6.2.11 Gust Response Factors, Gh and Gz(1) Height above ground level (metres) 04.5 6.0 9.0 12.0 15.0 18.0 21.0 24.0 27.0 30.0 35.0 40.0 45.0 50.0 60.0 70.0 80.0 90.0 100.0 110.0 120.0 130.0 140.0 150.0 160.0 170.0 180.0 190.0 200.0 220.0 240.0 260.0 280.0 300.0
Note : (1) (2)
Gh (2) and Gz Exposure A 1.654 1.592 1.511 1.457 1.418 1.388 1.363 1.342 1.324 1.309 1.287 1.268 1.252 1.238 1.215 1.196 1.180 1.166 1.154 1.114 1.134 1.126 1.118 1.111 1.104 1.098 1.092 1.087 1.082 1.073 1.065 1.058 1.051 1.045 Exposure B 1.321 1.294 1.258 1.233 1.215 1.201 1.189 1.178 1.170 1.162 1.151 1.141 1.133 1.126 1.114 1.103 1.095 1.087 1.081 1.075 1.070 1.065 1.061 1.057 1.053 1.049 1.046 1.043 1.040 1.035 1.030 1.026 1.022 1.018 Exposure C 1.154 1.140 1.121 1.107 1.097 1.089 1.082 1.077 1.072 1.067 1.061 1.055 1.051 1.046 1.039 1.033 1.028 1.024 1.020 1.016 1.013 1.010 1.008 1.005 1.003 1.001 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000
For main windforce resisting systems, use building or structure height h for z. Linear interpolation is acceptable for intermediate values of z.
c)
Gust Response Factor, G for Slender Buildings and Structures : Gust response factor, G for the primary framing systems of slender buildings and structures shall be calculated by a rational analysis incorporating the dynamic properties of the primary framing system as given by the following relations.
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Structural Design
P 11.0T2S I = 0. 65 + + 1+ kc b
(2.4.8)
where,
P = `fJ U
(2.4.9) (2.4.10)
`f =
55 . 44fh sVb
TI f = = = = = = = = = =
2.35 Do
(h13.72)
and
(2.4.11)
b h c
Vb k J
fundamental natural frequency of the building or structure, Hz structural damping coefficient (fraction of critical damping) mean roof height or height to parapet, metre average horizontal dimension of the building or structure normal to wind, metre basic wind speed, km/h 0.00656 for building or structure 0.00328 for open framework (lattice) structure pressure profile factor given in Fig 6.2.2 resonance factor given in Fig 6.2.3 structure size factor provided in Fig 6.2.4
U
S
Other parameters of Eq (2.4.8) through (2.4.11) are defined in Sec 2.4.2. Values of the parameters a, Do , s and g shall be those given in Table 6.2.12. The gust response factor `G as determined by this provision shall account for the load magnification effect caused by the wind gusts in resonance with alongwind oscillations of the structure, but shall not provide allowances for any crosswind response such as that due to vortex shedding, galloping, flutter and ovalling nor for any torsional loading effect resulting from such response. Cases where crosswind or torsional loading is possible, specialist advice shall be sought for further analysis, or wind tunnel tests specified in Sec 1.5.3.5 shall be made for determining such effects.
624
Chapter 2
Loads
625
Part 6
Structural Design
Table 6.2.12 Building Exposure Parameters Building Exposure A B C
a
0.222 0.143 0.100
Do 0.010 0.005 0.003
s 1.33 1.00 0.85
g
1.0/h 0.07/h 0.0061/h
2.4.6.7 Pressure Coefficients for Buildings, Structures and Components : The pressure coefficients Cp to be used in Eq (2.4.2) for the determination of design wind pressure shall be equal to the values described below:
626
Chapter 2
Loads a) Cpe : external pressure coefficient as given in Fig 6.2.5 and Fig 6.2.6 and in Table 6.2.13 for external surfaces of buildings or structures. This coefficient shall be used with Method 1 given in Sec 2.4.6.4a(i). internal peak pressure coefficients as given in Table 6.2.14 for internal surfaces of buildings. These coefficients shall be used along with the coefficients Cpe for design wind load on components, or with Cpe for design wind load on buildings as per provisions of Sec 2.4.6.4a (ii)
b)
C pi
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Part 6
Structural Design
Notation :
B CG : :
Horizontal dimension of building, in metres measured normal to wind direction Gust response coefficient Mean roof height, in metres except that eave height may be used for q 10 degrees Horizontal dimension of building, in metres measured parallel to wind direction Design wind pressure Sustained wind pressure, in kN/m2 evaluated at respective heights Height above ground in metres Roof slope from horizontal, degrees
h
L ph qh, qz z
:
: :
:
: :
External Pressure Coefficient Cpe for Walls * Surface Windward wall L/B all values 0.10 0.65 1.00 2.00 4.00 all values Cpe 0.8 0.5 0.6 0.5 0.3 0.2 0.7 For use with pz = CG Cpe qz
Leeward wall
pz = CG Cpe qh pz = CG Cpeqz
Side wall *
These coefficients may be used when h/B 5.0. Alternatively, use Table 6.2.15 and Method 2, Sec 2.4.6.4(b)
External Pressure Coefficients, Cpe for Roof Windward Side q (degrees) 1015 20 30 40 0.2* 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.9* 0.9 0.75 0.2 0.3 0.9 0.75 0.2 0.3 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.35 0.7 0.8
Wind Direction Normal to ridge
h/L 0.3 0.5 1.0 1.5 h/B or h/L 2.5 h/B or h/L > 2.5
0 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.7
50 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.2
> 60 0.01 q 0.01 q 0.01 q 0.01 q
Leeward Side 0.7 for all values of h/L and q 0.7 0.8
Parallel to ridge
Coefficients are to be used with p
= CG Cpe qh , see Sec 2.4.6.6(a) h
Both values of Cpe shall be used for load calculations. These coefficients shall be used with Method 1, Sec 2.4.6.4.(a). Refer to Table 6.2.13 for arched roofs.
Note : (1) (2)
628
Chapter 2
Loads
(3) (4) (5) For flexible buildings and structures, use appropriate G as determined by Sec 2.4.6.6 (c). Plus and minus signs signify pressures acting toward and away from the surfaces, respectively. Linear interpolation may be made for values of q, h/L, and L/B ratios other than listed.
Fig 6.2.5 ExternalPressureCoefficients,C for PrimaryFraming pe SystemsofRectangularBuildings
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Part 6
Structural Design
630
Chapter 2
Loads c)
C pe
external peak pressure coefficient as given in Fig 6.2.7 and 6.2.8 to be applied on external surfaces of buildings to obtain design wind load on individual components and cladding in accordance with Sec 2.4.6.5.
d)
`Cp
overall pressure coefficient as given in Tables 6.2.15 through 6.2.21 for various cross sectional shapes to be used with the projected area of buildings or structures when Method 2 in Sec 2.4.6.4(b) is used.
If pressure coefficients Cpe , C , C or `Cp are not provided herein for certain buildings, structures or pi pe components, reliable references shall be followed or specialist advice shall be sought.
Table 6.2.13 External Pressure Coefficients, Cpe for Arched Roofs Cpe Centre half 0.7 r 0.7 r 0.7 r 0.7 r
Condition
Risetospan Ratio, r 0 < r < 0.2 0.2 < r < 0.3* 0.3 < r < 0.6 < r < 0.6
Windward Quarter 0.9 1.5 r 0.3 2.75 r 0.7 1.4 r
Leeward Quarter 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5
Roofs on elevated structures
Roofs springing from 0 ground level
* When the risetospan ratio is 0.2 < r < 0.3 alternate coefficients given by (6r 2.1) shall also be used for the windward quarter. Notes: (1) (2) (3) Values listed are for the determination of average loads on primary framing system. Plus and minus signs signify pressures acting toward and away from the surfaces, respectively. For components and cladding : a) At roof perimeter, use the external pressure coefficients in Fig 6.2.7 with q based on spring line slope and q based on Exposure B.
h
b)
For remaining roof area, use external pressure coefficients of this table multiplied by 1.2 and q based on Exposure B.
h
Table 6.2.14 Internal Peak Pressure Coefficients for Buildings, C pi Condition C pi
Percentage of total wall area occupied by openings in one wall exceeds that of all other walls by 10% or more and openings in all other walls do not exceed 20% of respective wall area. All other cases
+ 0.75 and 0.25
0.25
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Part 6
Structural Design
Notes: (1) (2) (3) (4)
Values are to be used with q or q as specified in Sec 2.4.6.4 a(ii) and 2.4.6.5.
z h
Plus and minus signs signify pressures acting toward and away from the surfaces, respectively. Appropriate positive and negative values of Cpi shall be considered when determining the controlling load requirement. Percentage of openings is based on gross area of wall.
632
Chapter 2
Loads
(2) (3) (4) (5) (6)
(1) Vertical scale denotes C to be used with q based on Exposure B . pe h The horizontal scale denotes tributary area in square metres. External pressure coefficients for walls may be reduced by 10% when q 10 degrees. Plus and minus signs signify pressures acting toward and away from the surfaces, respectively. Each component shall be designed for maximum positive and negative pressures. Roof overhangs shall have C given in Fig (b) to be applied at the top surface plus a C = + 0.8 applied at the pe pe Note : bottom surface.
Fig6.2.7
External Peak Pressure Coefficients pe for Loads on Building Components and Cladding for Buildings with Mean Roof Height, h of18metresorLess
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Part 6
Structural Design
(2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9)
Vertical scale denotes C to be used with appropriate q or q pe z h Horizontal scale denotes tributary area A in square metres Use q with negative values of C pe h Each component shall be designed for maximum positive and negative pressures If a parapet is provided around the roof perimeter, zones (3) and (4) may be treated as zone (2) For roofs with a slope of more than 10 degrees, use C from Fig 6.2.7 and q based on Exposure B pe h Plus and minus signs signify pressures acting toward and away from the surfaces, respectively. Roof overhangs shall have C given in Fig (b) to be applied at the top surface plus a C = + 0.8 applied at the pe pe Note : (1) bottom surface. For parapet use C = 1.3 pe
Notation:
a : 5% of minimum width or 0.5h, whichever is smaller

h : Mean roof height in metres z : Height above ground in metres.
Fig 6.2.8
External Peak Pressure Coefficients pe for Loads on Building Components and Cladding for Buildings with Mean Roof Height, h GreaterThan18metres
634
Chapter 2
Loads Table 6.2.15 (1) Overall Pressure Coefficients,`Cp(2) for Rectangular Buildings with Flat Roofs h/B <0.5 10.0 20.0 40.0 0.1 1.40 1.55 1.80 1.95 0.5 1.45 1.85 2.25 2.50 0.65 1.55 2.00 2.55 2.80 L/B 1.0 1.40 1.70 2.00 2.20 2.0 1.15 1.30 1.40 1.60 > 3.0 1.10 1.15 1.20 1.25
Note:(1) These coefficients are to be used with Method2 given in Sec 2.4.6.6a(ii). Use `Cp = + 0.7 for roof in all cases. (2) Linear interpolation may be made for intermediate values of``h/B and L/B.
Table 6.2.16 Overall Pressure Coefficient,`Cp for Buildings and Structures such as Chimneys, Tanks, etc. Shape Square (wind normal to a face) Square (wind along diagonal) Hexagonal or octagonal: (D q > 0.167 ) z Round (D q > 0.167): z Type of surface All All All Moderately smooth Rough (D/D 0.02) Very rough(D/D 0.08) All 1 1.3 1.0 1.0 0.5 0.7 0.8 0.7
`Cp for h/D values of

7 1.4 1.1 1.2 0.6 0.8 1.0 0.8 25 2.0 1.5 1.4 0.7 0.9 1.2 1.2
Round (D q 0.167): z
Notes: 1) 2) 3)
The design wind force shall be calculated based on the area of the structure projected on a plane normal to the wind direction. The force shall be assumed to act parallel to the wind direction. Linear interpolation may be used for h/D values other than those shown. Notation : D: diameter or least horizontal dimension, metres. D: depth of protruding elements such as ribs and spoilers, metres. h: height of structure, metres.
Table 6.2.17 Overall Pressure Coefficients`Cp for Monoslope Roofs Over Unenclosed Buildings and Structures
q
(degrees) 10 15 20 25 30 5 0.2 0.35 0.5 0.7 0.9 3 0.25 0.45 0.6 0.8 1.0
10 to 20 25 30
2 to 5 0.35 0.35 0.35
L/B 2 1 1/2 0.3 0.45 0.55 0.5 0.7 0.85 0.75 0.9 1.0 0.95 1.15 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.2 Location of centre of pressure, X/L, for L/B values of : 1 0.3 0.35 0.4
1/3 0.7 0.9 0.95 1.05 1.1
1/5 0.75 0.85 0.9 0.95 1.0
1/5 to 1/2 0.3 0.4 0.45
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Part 6
Structural Design
Note: 1) 2) 3) Wind forces act normal to the surface and shall be directed inward or outward. Wind shall be assumed to deviate by 10 degrees from horizontal. Notation : B: dimension of roof measured normal to wind direction, metres L: dimension of roof measured parallel to wind direction, metres X: distance to centre of pressure from windward edge of roof, metres Q: angle of plane of roof from horizontal, degrees.
636
Chapter 2
Loads
Table 6.2.18 Overall Pressure Coefficients,`Cp for Solid Signs At Ground Level `Cp 3 1.2 5 1.3 8 1.4 10 1.5 20 1.75 30 1.85 40 2.00 Above Ground Level M/N `Cp 6 1.2 10 1.3 16 1.4 20 1.5 40 1.75 60 1.85 80 2.00
Note :1) 2)
3)
4)
Signs with openings comprising less than 30% of the gross area shall be considered as solid signs. Signs for which the distance from the ground to the bottom edge is less than 0.25 times the vertical dimension shall be considered to be at ground level. To allow for both normal and oblique wind directions, two cases shall be considered : a) Resultant force acts normal to sign at geometric centre, and b) Resultant force acts normal to sign at level of geometric centre and at a distance from windward edge of 0.3 times the horizontal dimension. Notation: u Ratio of height to width M: Larger dimension of sign, metres N Smaller dimension of sign, metres.
Table 6.2.19 Overall Pressure Coefficients `Cp for Open Signs and Lattice Frameworks
`Cp e
< 0.1 0.1 to 0.29 0.3 to 0.7
Notes: 1) 2)
Flatsided Members 2.0 1.8 1.6
Round Members
D qz 0.167 D qz > 0.167
1.2 1.3 1.5
0.8 0.9 1.1
3)
Signs with openings comprising 30% or more of the gross area are classified as open signs. The calculation of the design wind forces shall be based on the area of all exposed members and elements projected on a plane normal to the wind direction. Forces shall be assumed to act parallel to the wind direction. Notation : e : Ratio of solid area to gross area D : Diameter of a typical round member, in metres.
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Table 6.2.20 Overall Pressure Coefficients, `Cp for Trussed Towers
`Cp e
< 0.025 0.025 to 0.44 0.45 to 0.69 0.7 to 1.0
Note : 1) 2)
Square Towers 4.0 4.1 5.2e 1.8 1.3 + 0.7e
Triangular Towers 3.6 3.7 4.5e 1.7 1.0 + e
3) 4)
5)
6) 7) 8)
Force coefficients are given for towers with structural angles or similar flat sided members. For towers with rounded members, the design wind force shall be determined using the values in the above table multiplied by the following factors: For e < 0.29: factor = 0.67 For 0.3 < e < 0.79: factor = 0.67 e + 0.47 For 0.8 < e < 1.0: factor = 1.0 For triangular section towers, the design wind forces shall be assumed to act normal to a tower face. For square section towers, the design wind forces shall be assumed to act normal to a tower face. To allow for the maximum horizontal wind load, which occurs when the wind is oblique to the faces, the wind load acting normal to a tower face shall be multiplied by the factor 1.0 + 0.75 e for e< 0.5 and shall be assumed to act along a diagonal. Wind forces on tower appurtenances, such as ladders, conduits, lights, elevators, and the like, shall be calculated using appropriate force coefficients for these elements. For guyed towers, the cantilever portion of the tower shall be designed for 125% of the design force. A reduction of 25% of the design force in any span between guys shall be made for determination of controlling moments and shears. Notation: e : Ratio of solid area to gross area of tower face. D : Typical member diameter, in metres.
Table 6.2.21 Overall Pressure Coefficients,`Cp,D and`Cp,L for Tower Guys
f
(degrees) 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
Notes: 1)
`Cp,D
0.05 0.10 0.20 0.35 0.60 0.80 1.05 1.15 1.20
`Cp,L
0.05 0.15 0.30 0.35 0.45 0.45 0.35 0.20 0.00
2)
The force coefficients shall be used in conjunction with exposed area of the tower guy in square metre, calculated as chord length multiplied by guy diameter. Notation:
638
Chapter 2
Loads
`Cp,D : Force coefficient for the component of force acting
in direction of the wind.
`Cp,L : Force coefficient for the component of force acting f :

normal to direction of the wind and in the plane containing the angle f. Angle between wind direction and chord of the guy, in degrees.
2.4.6.8 Effect of Local Topography : If a structure or any portion thereof is located within a local topographic zone, such as regions around hills and ridges as shown in Fig 6.2.9, the sustained wind pressure obtained from Sec 2.4.6.2 shall be modified by multiplying by a local topographic coefficient, Ct . Value of the coefficient, Ct shall be obtained from Fig 6.2.9.
Local Topographic Coefficient, Ct at Crest Upwind slope (tan f) 0.05 0.1 0.2 0.3
Legend: tanf = the upwind slope,
H 2L u
Coefficient, Ct 1.19 1.39 1.85 2.37
639
Part 6
Structural Design tanfd H Lu
Notes: (1) (2)
= = =
the average downwind slope, measured from the crest of a hill or ridge or to the ground level at a distance of 5H. the height of the hill or ridge in meters the horizontal distance upwind from the crest to a level half the height below the crest in meters.
For intermediate values of upwind slope, linear interpolation is permitted. Ct = 1.0 for a point at or out side the boundary of the local topographic zones as shown in the figure . For any point within the local topographic zone, value of the coefficient, Ct shall be obtained by interpolation from the value at crest given in the table and the value of Ct=1 at the boundary of the zone. The interpolation shall be linear with horizontal distance from the crest, and with height above the local ground level.
Fig6.2.9 LocalTopographicCoefficient,CtforHillsandRidges.
2.5 2.5.1 EARTHQUAKE LOADS General Minimum design earthquake forces for buildings, structures or components thereof shall be determined in accordance with the provisions of this section. For primary framing systems of buildings or structures, the design seismic lateral forces shall be calculated either by the Equivalent Static Force Method or by the Dynamic Response Method based on the criteria set forth in Sec 2.5.5.1. Overall design of buildings and structures to resist seismic ground motion and other forces shall comply with the applicable design requirements given in Chapter 1. Definitions The following definitions of terms shall be applicable only to the provisions of Sec 2.5 : BASE : The level at which the earthquake motions are considered to be imparted to the structures or the level at which the structure as a dynamic vibrator is supported. BASE SHEAR : Total design lateral force or shear at the base of a structure. BEARING WALL SYSTEM : A structural system without a complete vertical load carrying space frame, see Sec 1.3.2. BRACED FRAME : An essentially vertical truss system of the concentric or eccentric type which is provided to resist lateral forces. BUILDING FRAME SYSTEM : An essentially complete space frame which provides support for gravity loads, see Sec 1.3.2. DIAPHRAGM : A horizontal or nearly horizontal system of structures acting to transmit lateral forces to the vertical resisting elements. The term "diaphragm" includes horizontal bracing systems. DUAL SYSTEM : A combination of a Special or Intermediate Moment Resisting Frame and Shear Walls or Braced Frames designed in accordance with the criteria of Sec 1.3.2. ECCENTRIC BRACED FRAME (EBF) : A steel braced frame designed in conformance with Sec 1.8. ESSENTIAL FACILITIES : Buildings and structures which are necessary to remain functional during an emergency or a post disaster period. FLEXIBLE DIAPHRAGM : A floor or roof diaphragm shall be considered flexible, for purposes of this provision, when the maximum lateral deformation of the diaphragm is more than two times the average storey drift of the associated storey. This may be determined by comparing the computed midpoint in plane deflection of the diaphragm under lateral load with the storey drift of adjoining vertical resisting elements under equivalent tributary lateral load.
2.5.2
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Loads FLEXIBLE ELEMENT OR SYSTEM : An element or system whose deformation under lateral load is significantly larger than adjoining parts of the system. FLEXIBLY SUPPORTED EQUIPMENT : Nonrigid or flexibly supported equipment is a system having a fundamental period, including the equipment, greater than 0.06 second. HORIZONTAL BRACING SYSTEM : A horizontal truss system that serves the same function as a floor or roof diaphragm. INTERMEDIATE MOMENT RESISTING FRAME (IMRF) : A concrete or steel frame designed in accordance with Sec 8.3 or 10.5.17 respectively. MOMENT RESISTING FRAME : A frame in which members and joints are capable of resisting forces primarily by flexure. ORDINARY MOMENT RESISTING FRAME (OMRF) : A moment resisting frame not meeting special detailing requirements for ductile behaviour. PRIMARY FRAMING SYSTEM : That part of the structural system assigned to resist lateral forces. RIGIDLY SUPPORTED EQUIPMENT : A rigid or rigidly supported equipment is a system having a fundamental period less than or equal to 0.06 second. SHEAR WALL : A wall designed to resist lateral forces parallel to the plane of the wall (sometimes referred to as a vertical diaphragm or a structural wall). SOFT STOREY : Storey in which the lateral stiffness is less than 70 per cent of the stiffness of the storey above. SPACE FRAME : A threedimensional structural system without bearing walls composed of members interconnected so as to function as a complete self contained unit with or without the aid of horizontal diaphragms or floor bracing systems. SPECIAL MOMENT RESISTING FRAME (SMRF) : A moment resisting frame specially detailed to provide ductile behaviour complying with the seismic requirements provided in Chapters 8 and 10 for concrete and steel frames respectively. SPECIAL STRUCTURAL SYSTEM : A structural system not listed in Table 6.2.24. STOREY : The space between floor levels. Storeyx is the storey below levelx. STOREY SHEAR, Vx : The summation of design lateral forces above the storey under consideration. STRENGTH : The usable capacity of an element or a member to resist the load as prescribed in these provisions. STRUCTURE : An assemblage of framing members designed to support gravity loads and resist lateral forces. Structures may be categorized as building and nonbuilding structures as defined in Sec 1.2.2. TOWER : A tall, slim vertical structure. VERTICAL LOADCARRYING FRAME : A space frame designed to carry all vertical gravity loads. WEAK STOREY : Storey in which the lateral strength is less than 80 per cent of that of the storey above. 2.5.3 Symbols and Notation The following symbols and notation shall apply to the provisions of this section :
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Structural Design Ac Ae Ax C C Ct De ft Fi,Fn,Fx
F Ft F x g hi, hn, hx
= = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = =
the combined effective area, in square metres of the shear walls in the first storey of the structure. the effective horizontal crosssectional area, in square metres of a shear wall in the first storey of the structure. the torsion amplification factor at levelx. numerical coefficient specified in Sec 2.5.6.1. numerical coefficient specified in Sec 2.5.8 and given in Table 6.2.26. numerical coefficient given in Sec 2.5.6.2. the length in metres of a shear wall element in the first storey in the direction parallel to the applied forces. lateral force at level i for use in Eq (2.5.5). lateral force applied to leveli, n, or x respectively. lateral forces on an element or component or on equipment supports. that portion of the base shear V, considered concentrated at the top of the structure in addition to Fn. force on floor or roofdiaphragm. acceleration due to gravity. height in metres above the base to level i, n or x respectively. structure importance coefficient given in Table 6.2.23. structure importance coefficient specified in Sec 2.5.8 for structural and nonstructural components and equipment. level of the structure referred to by the subscript i, e.g., i = 1 designates the first level above the base. the uppermost level in the main portion of the structure. the level under consideration e.g., x = 1 designates the first level above the base. response modification coefficient for structural systems given in Table 6.2.24. site coefficient for soil characteristics given in Table 6.2.25. fundamental period of vibration, in seconds, of the structure in the direction under consideration. the total design lateral force or shear at the base the design storey shear in storey x the total seismic dead load defined in Sec 2.5.5.2 that portion of W which is located at or assigned to level i or x respectively
I I Leveli Leveln Levelx R S T V Vx W w , wx i

w x W = Z
di
2.5.4
the weight of the diaphragm and the elements tributary thereto at levelx, including applicable portions of other loads defined in Sec 2.5.5.2. the weight of an element or component = seismic zone coefficient given in Table 6.2.22. = horizontal displacement at leveli relative to the base due to applied lateral forces, in metre, for use in Eq (2.5.5).
Seismic Zoning 2.5.4.1 Seismic Zoning Map : The seismic zoning map of Bangladesh is provided in Fig 6.2.10. Based on the severity of the probable intensity of seismic ground motion and damages, Bangladesh has been divided into three seismic zones, i.e. Zone 1, Zone 2 and Zone 3 as shown in Fig 6.2.10 with Zone 3 being the most severe. 2.5.4.2 Selection of Seismic Zone and Zone Coefficient : Seismic zone for a building site shall be determined based on the location of the site on the Seismic Zoning Map provided in Fig 6.2.10. Each building or structure shall be assigned a Seismic Zone Coefficient, Z corresponding to the seismic zone of the site as set forth in Table 6.2.22.
2.5.5
Design Earthquake Forces for Primary Framing Systems The design earthquake lateral forces on the primary framing systems of every building or structure shall be calculated based on the provisions set forth in this section. The design seismic forces shall be assumed
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Loads to act nonconcurrently in the direction of each principal axis of the building or the structure, except otherwise required by the provisions of Sec 1.5.4 and 1.7. 2.5.5.1 Selection of Lateral Force Method : Seismic lateral forces on primary framing systems shall be determined by using either the Equivalent Static Force Method provided in Sec 2.5.6, or the Dynamic Response Method given in Sec 2.5.7 complying with the restrictions given below : a) The Equivalent Static Force Method of Sec 2.5.6 may be used for the following structures : i) All structures, regular or irregular, in Seismic Zone 1 and in Structure Importance Category IV in Seismic Zone 2, except case b(iv) below. ii) Regular structures under 75 metres in height with lateral force resistance provided by structural systems listed in Table 6.2.24. except case b(iv) below. iii) Irregular structures not more than 20 metres in height. iv) A tower like building or structure having a flexible upper portion supported on a rigid lower portion where: 1) 2) 3) both portions of the structure considered separately can be classified as regular structures, the average storey stiffness of the lower portion is at least ten times the average storey stiffness of the upper portion, and the period of the entire structure is not greater than 1.1 times the period of the upper portion considered as a separate structure fixed at the base.
b)
The Dynamic Response Method as given in Sec 2.5.7 may be used for all classes of structure, but shall be used for structures of the following types. i) Structures 75 metres or more in height except as permitted by case a(i) above. ii) Structures having a stiffness, weight or geometric vertical irregularity of Type I, II, or III as defined in Table 6.1.3. or structures having irregular features not described in either Table 6.1.3 or 6.1.4. iii) Structures over 20 metres in height in Seismic Zone 3 not having the same structural system throughout their height except as permitted by Sec 1.6.4. iv) Structures, regular or irregular, located on Soil Profile Type S4 as given in Table 6.2.25, which have a period greater than 0.7 second. The analysis shall include the effects of the soils at the site and shall conform to Sec 2.5.7.1 (c).
2.5.5.2 Seismic Dead Load : Seismic dead load, W, is the total dead load of a building or a structure, including permanent partitions, and applicable portions of other loads listed below : a) In storage and warehouse occupancies, a minimum of 25 per cent of the floor live load shall be applicable. Where an allowance for partition load is included in the floor design in accordance with Sec 2.3.3.3, all such loads but not less than 0.6 kN/m2 shall be applicable. Total weight of permanent equipment shall be included.
b)
c)
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Structural Design
644
Chapter 2
Loads 2.5.6 Equivalent Static Force Method This method may be used for calculation of seismic lateral forces for all structures specified in Sec 2.5.5.1(a) 2.5.6.1 Design Base Shear : The total design base shear in a given direction shall be determined from the following relation :
V = ZIC W R
(2.5.1)
where, Z I R W C
= = = = =
Seismic zone coefficient given in Table 6.2.22 Structure importance coefficient given in Table 6.2.23 Response modification coefficient for structural systems given in Table 6.2.24 The total seismic dead load defined in Sec 2.5.5.2 Numerical coefficient given by the relation :
C = 1.25 S T2 / 3
(2.5.2)
S = Site coefficient for soil characteristics as provided in Table 6.2.25 T = Fundamental period of vibration in seconds, of the structure for the direction under consideration as determined by the provisions of Sec 2.5.6.2. The value of C need not exceed 2.75 and this value may be used for any structure without regard to soil type or structure period. Except for those requirements where Code prescribed forces are scaled up by 0.375R, the minimum value of the ratio C/R shall be 0.075. Table6.2.22 SeismicZoneCoefficients,Z SeismicZone (seeFig6.2.10) Zone Coefficient Table6.2.23 StructureImportanceCoefficientsI,I StructureImportanceCategory (seeTable6.1.1foroccupancy) Structure Importance Coefficient I I 1.25 1.50 1.25 1.50 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00
1 2 3
0.075 0.15 0.25
I II III IV V
Essentialfacilities Hazardousfacilities Specialoccupancystructures Standardoccupancystructures LowriskStructures
2.5.6.2 Structure Period : The value of the fundamental period, T of the structure shall be determined from one of the following methods : a) Method A : For all buildings the value of T may be approximated by the following formula : T = Ct (hn) 3/4 where, Ct = = (2.5.3)
= hn =
0.083 for steel moment resisting frames 0.073 for reinforced concrete moment resisting frames, and eccentric braced steel frames 0.049 for all other structural systems Height in metres above the base to level n.
Alternatively, the value of Ct for buildings with concrete or masonry shear walls may be taken as
0. 031 Ac . The value of Ac shall be obtained from the relation :
Ac = Ae 0.2 +(De hn)
(2.5.4)
645
Part 6
Structural Design where, Ac = Ae = De = The combined effective area, in square metres, of the shear walls in the first storey of the structure. The effective horizontal crosssectional area, in square metres of a shear wall in the first storey of the structure. The length, in metre of a shear wall element in the first storey in the direction parallel to the applied forces.
The value of De /hn for use in Eq ( 2.5.4) shall not exceed 0.9.
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Loads
Table6.2.24 ResponseModificationCoefficientforStructuralSystems, R
BasicStructural (1) System
a.BearingWall System 1. 2. 3. 4. DescriptionofLateralForceResistingSystem Lightframedwallswithshearpanels i) Plywoodwallsforstructures,3storeysorless ii) Allotherlightframedwalls Shearwalls i) Concrete ii) Masonry Lightsteelframedbearingwallswithtensiononlybracing Bracedframeswherebracingcarriesgravityloads i) Steel ii) Concrete(3) iii) Heavytimber Steeleccentricbracedframe(EBF) Lightframedwallswithshear panels i) Plywoodwallsforstructures3storeysorless ii) Allotherlightframedwalls Shearwalls i) Concrete ii) Masonry Concentricbracedframes(CBF) i) Steel ii) Concrete(3) iii) Heavytimber Specialmomentresistingframes(SMRF) i) Steel ii) Concrete
(4) Intermediatemomentresistingframes(IMRF),concrete Ordinarymomentresistingframes(OMRF) i) Steel
(2)
8 6 6 6 4 6 4 4 10 9 7 8 8 8 8 8 12 12 8 6 5
b.BuildingFrame System
1. 2. 3. 4.
c.MomentResisting FrameSystem
1.
2. 3.
ii) Concrete
(5)
d. DualSystem
e. SpecialStructural
1. Shearwalls i) ConcretewithsteelorconcreteSMRF ii) ConcretewithsteelOMRF iii) ConcretewithconcreteIMRF(4) iv) MasonrywithsteelorconcreteSMRF v) MasonrywithsteelOMRF vi) MasonrywithconcreteIMRF(3) 2. SteelEBF i) WithsteelSMRF ii) WithsteelOMRF 3. Concentricbracedframe(CBF) i) SteelwithsteelSMRF ii) SteelwithsteelOMRF iii) ConcretewithconcreteSMRF(3) iv) ConcretewithconcreteIMRF(3) SeeSec1.3.2,1.3.3,1.3.5
12 6 9 8 6 7 12 6 10 6 9 6
Systems Notes:(1) BasicStructuralSystemsaredefinedinSec1.3.2,Chapter1. SeeSec2.5.6.6forcombinationofstructuralsystems,andSec1.3.5forsystemlimitations. ProhibitedinSeismicZone3. (2) ProhibitedinSeismicZone3exceptaspermittedinSec2.5.9.3. ProhibitedinSeismic Zones2and3.Sec1.7.2.6. (3) (4) (5)
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Part 6
Structural Design Table 6.2.25 Site Coefficient, S for Seismic Lateral Forces (1) Site Soil Characteristics Type S1 Description A soil profile with either : a) A rocklike material characterized by a shearwave velocity greater than 762 m/s or by other suitable means of classification, or b) Stiff or dense soil condition where the soil depth is less than 61 metres A soil profile with dense or stiff soil conditions, where the soil depth exceeds 61 metres A soil profile 21 metres or more in depth and containing more than 6 metres of soft to medium stiff clay but not more than 12 metres of soft clay A soil profile containing more than 12 metres of soft clay characterized by a shear wave velocity less than 152 m/s Coefficient, S
1.0
S2 S3 S4
1.2
1.5
2.0
Note : (1)
The site coefficient shall be established from properly substantiated geotechnical data. In locations where the soil properties are not known in sufficient detail to determine the soil profile type, soil profile S3 shall be used. Soil profile S4 need not be assumed unless the building official determines that soil profile S4 may be present at the site, or in the event that soil profile S4 is established by geotechnical data.
b)
Method B : The fundamental period T may be calculated using the structural properties and deformational characteristics of the resisting elements in a properly substantiated analysis. This requirement may be satisfied by using the following formula :
T = 2 p
widi2
i =1
g f idi
i=1
(2.5.5)
The values of fi represent any lateral force distributed approximately in accordance with the principles of Eq (2.5.6), (2.5.7) and (2.5.8) or any other rational distribution. The elastic deflections, di shall be calculated using the applied lateral forces, fi. The value of T determined from Eq (2.5.5) shall not exceed that calculated using Eq (2.5.3) by more than 40%. 2.5.6.3 Vertical Distribution of Lateral Forces : In the absence of a more rigorous procedure, the total lateral force, which is the base shear V, shall be distributed along the height of the structure in accordance with Eq (2.5.6), (2.5.7) and (2.5.8):
n
V =F + t
Fi
i= 1
(2.5.6)
where, Fi Ft
= =
Lateral force applied at storey level i and Concentrated lateral force considered at the top of the building in addition to the force Fn.
The concentrated force, Ft acting at the top of the building shall be determined as follows: Ft = 0.07 TV 0.25 V Ft = 0.0 when T > 0.7 second when T 0.7 second (2.5.7a) (2.5.7b)
648
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Loads
The remaining portion of the base shear (VFt), shall be distributed over the height of the building, including leveln, according to the relation :
(V -F )wxh t x Fx = n
wihi
i= 1 (2.5.8) At each storey levelx, the force Fx shall be applied over the area of the building in proportion to the mass distribution at that level.
2.5.6.4 Horizontal Distribution of Shear : The design storey shear Vx, in any storey x is the sum of the forces Fx and Ft above that storey. Vx shall be distributed to the various elements of the vertical lateral force resisting system in proportion to their rigidities, considering the rigidity of the floor or roof diaphragm. Allowance shall also be made for the increased shear arising due to any horizontal torsional moments as specified in Sec 2.5.6.5. 2.5.6.5 Horizontal Torsional Moments : Provision shall be made for the increased shears resulting from horizontal torsion where floor diaphragms are not flexible. The torsional design moment at a given storey shall be the moment resulting from eccentricities between applied design lateral forces at levels above that storey and the vertical resisting elements in that storey plus an accidental torsional moment. The accidental torsional moment in any storey shall be determined assuming the storey mass to be displaced from the calculated centre of mass in each direction a distance equal to 5% of the building dimension at that level perpendicular to the direction of the force under consideration. Where torsional irregularity exists (Plan Irregularity Type I as defined in Table 6.1.4) the effects shall be accounted for by increasing the accidental torsion at each level by an amplification factor, Ax determined from the formula:
Ax = dmax
(1.2 davg)]3. 0
(2.5.9)
where, dmax = davg =
The maximum displacement at levelx. The average of the displacements at extreme positions of the building at levelx.
The more severe loading for each element shall be considered for design. 2.5.6.6 Combination of Structural Systems : When structural systems defined in Sec 1.3.2 are combined to be incorporated into the same structure, the following requirements shall be satisfied: a) Vertical Combinations: The value of the response modification coefficient, R used in the design of any storey for a given direction shall not be greater than that used for the storey above. However, this requirement need not apply to a storey where the dead load above that storey is less than 10 per cent of the total dead weight of the structure. Structures may be designed using the procedures of Sec 2.5.6 under the following conditions: i) The entire structure is designed using the lowest value of R for the lateral force resisting systems used, or The following procedure is used for structures conforming to Sec 2.5.5.1a(iv). 1. The flexible upper portion, shall be designed as a separate structure, supported laterally by the rigid lower portions using the appropriate value of R.
ii)
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Part 6
Structural Design
2.
The rigid lower portion shall be designed as a separate structure using the appropriate value of R . The reactions from the upper portion shall be increased by the ratio of the R values of the two portions. These factored reactions shall be applied at the top of the rigid lower portion in addition to the forces determined for the lower portion itself.
b)
Combinations Along Different Axes: i) In Seismic Zone 3, where a structure has a Bearing Wall System in only one direction, the value of R used for the orthogonal direction shall not be greater than that used for the Bearing Wall System defined in Sec 1.3.2. Any combination of Building Frame Systems, Dual Systems, or Moment Resisting Frame Systems defined in Sec 1.3.2 may be used to resist design seismic forces in structures less than 50 m in height. Only combinations of Dual Systems and Special Moment Resisting Frames (SMRF) can be used to resist the design seismic forces in structures exceeding 50 m in height in Seismic Zone 3.
ii)
650
Chapter 2
Loads 2.5.7 Dynamic Response Method The Dynamic Response Method, where used, shall conform to the criteria established in this section. The analysis of the structure shall be based on an established principle of mechanics, using a mathematical model specified in Sec 1.2.6.1(a) and one of the dynamic analysis procedures given in Sec 2.5.7.2 and 2.5.7.3. The mass and mass moments of inertia of various components of a structure, required for the dynamic analysis, shall be calculated based on the seismic dead load specified in Sec 2.5.5.2. 2.5.7.1 Ground Motion : The ground motion representation as set out in this section shall, as a minimum, be one having 20% probability of being exceeded in 50 years and may be one of the following: a) Response Spectrum : The response spectrum to be used in the dynamic analysis shall be any one of the following: i) Site Specific Design Spectra : A site specific response spectra shall be developed based on the geologic, tectonic, seismologic, and soil characteristics associated with the specific site. The spectra shall be developed for a damping ratio of 0.05 unless a different value is found to be consistent with the expected structural behaviour at the intensity of vibration established for the site. Normalized Response Spectra : In absence of a sitespecific response spectrum, the normalized response spectra given in Fig 6.2.11 shall be used in the dynamic analysis procedure given in Sec 2.5.7.2.
ii)
b)
Time History : Ground motion time history developed for the specific site shall be representative of actual earthquake motions for the directions under consideration. Response spectra from time history, either individually or in combination, shall approximate the sitespecific design spectra conforming to paragraph a (i) above.
651
Part 6
Structural Design c) Structures on Soil Profile Type S4 : The following provisions shall apply when required by Sec 2.5.5.1 b (iv): i) The ground motion representation shall be developed in accordance with paragraphs a (i) and b above. Possible amplification of building response due to soilstructure interaction and lengthening of building period caused by inelastic behaviour shall be considered.
ii)
iii) The base shear determined by these procedures may be reduced to a design base shear, V, by dividing by a factor not greater than the appropriate R value for the structure but shall not be less than that required by Sec 2.5.7.2c(i). d) Vertical Component: The vertical component of ground motion may be defined by scaling the corresponding horizontal ground accelerations by a factor of twothirds. Alternative factors may be used when substantiated by sitespecific data.
2.5.7.2 Response Spectrum Analysis : Where this procedure is used, an elastic dynamic analysis of a structure shall be performed based on the criteria set forth in this section with a mathematical model conforming to Sec 1.2.6.1(a) and using a response spectrum as specified in Sec 2.5.7.1(a ). The analysis shall include the peak dynamic response of all modes having a significant contribution to total structural response. Peak modal response shall be calculated using the ordinates of the appropriate response spectrum curve which correspond to the modal periods. Maximum modal contributions shall be combined in a statistical manner to obtain an approximate total structural response. a) Number of Modes : The requirement that all significant modes be included may be satisfied by demonstrating that, for the modes considered, at least 90 per cent of the participating mass of the structure is included in the calculation of response for each principal horizontal direction. Combination of Modes : The peak member forces, displacements, storey forces, storey shears, and base reactions for each mode shall be combined using established procedures in order to estimate resultant maximum values of these response parameters. When three dimensional models are used for analysis, modal interaction effects shall be considered when combining modal maximum. Scaling of Results : Where the base shear for a given direction, determined by this procedure, is different from the base shear obtained by using the procedure of Sec 2.5.6.1, it shall be adjusted as follows : i) When the base shear is less than that determined from Sec 2.5.6.1, the following values shall be taken : 1. 2. The value of the base shear as obtained from Sec 2.5.6.1, for irregular structures. 90 per cent of the value from Sec 2.5.6.1 for regular structures except that the base shear shall not be less than 80 per cent of that determined using T from Sec 2.5.6.2(a).
b)
c)
ii)
When the base shear is greater than that determined from Sec 2.5.6.1, the value need not exceed that required by c(i) above, except for structures required to conform to Sec 2.5.7.1(c) All corresponding response parameters, including deflections, member forces and moments, shall be adjusted in proportion to the adjusted base shear.
d)
Torsion : The analysis shall account for torsional effects, including accidental torsional effects as prescribed in Sec 2.5.6.5. Where threedimensional models are used for analysis, effects of accidental torsion shall be accounted for by appropriate adjustments in the model such as adjustment of mass locations, or by the equivalent static procedure provided in Sec 2.5.6.5.
2.5.7.3 Time History Analysis : When this procedure is followed, an elastic or inelastic dynamic analysis of a structure shall be made using a mathematical model of the structure specified in
652
Chapter 2
Loads Sec 1.2.6.1(a) and applying at its base or any other appropriate level, a ground motion time history as specified in Sec 2.5.7.1(b). The timedependent dynamic response of the structure shall be obtained through numerical integration of its equations of motion. 2.5.8 Seismic Lateral Forces on Components and Equipment Supported by Structures 2.5.8.1 Lateral Forces on Structural and Nonstructural Components, and Equipment : The minimum design seismic lateral forces on elements of structures, nonstructural components, equipment and their attachments including anchorage and bracing to the main structural system shall be determined in accordance with the formula :
F = ZIC W
(2.5.10)
where, F Z I C W
= = = = =
Total lateral seismic force Seismic zone coefficient as given in Table 6.2.22 Structure Importance Coefficient for components as given in Table 6.2.23 Horizontal force Coefficient as specified in Sec 2.5.8.2. Weight of an element, component or piece of equipment.
The total lateral seismic force, F obtained from Eq (2.5.10) shall be distributed in proportion to the mass distribution of the element, component or piece of equipment. These forces shall be applied in the horizontal direction to cause the most critical loading for design. Friction resulting from gravity forces shall not be considered to provide resistance to seismic forces. Seismic lateral forces on attachments for floor or roofmounted equipment weighing less than 1.8 kN and for furniture need not be determined for design purposes. 2.5.8.2 Horizontal Force Coefficient C : The value of the coefficient C shall be determined as follows : a) For elements of structure and nonstructural components, and for rigid or rigidly supported equipment supported by structures above grade, C shall be taken as those given in Table 6.2.26. b) For nonrigid or flexibly supported equipment, supported by a structure and located above grade on a structure, the seismic lateral force shall be determined considering the dynamic properties of both the equipment and those of the structure which supports it, but the value of C shall not be less than that listed in Table 6.2.26. In the absence of an analysis or empirical data, the value of C shall be taken as twice the value listed in Table 6.2.26 but it need not exceed 2.0. For piping, ducting and conduit systems which are constructed of ductile materials and connections, the values of C may be taken as those given in Table 6.2.26. c) The value of C for elements, or components and equipment laterally selfsupported and located at or below ground level may be twothirds of the value set forth in Table 6.2.26. However, the design lateral forces obtained from Eq (2.5.10) for these elements shall not be less than that as would be obtained using the provision of Sec 2.5.9.
2.5.8.3 Seismic Lateral Forces on Floor or Roof Diaphragms : Seismic lateral forces on floor and roof diaphragms and collector elements shall be determined in accordance with the following formula :
n
( F + F ) t i F = x
i = x n
w x
(2.5.11)
wi
i =x
a)
The force F determined from Eq (2.5.11) need not exceed 0.75 ZI w but it shall not be less than x x 0.35 ZI. When the diaphragm is required to transfer lateral forces from the vertical resisting elements above the diaphragm to other vertical resisting elements below the diaphragm due to offset in the
b)
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Structural Design placement of the elements or to changes in stiffness in the vertical elements, these forces shall be added to those determined from Eq (2.5.11). 2.5.9 Seismic Lateral Forces on NonBuilding Structures Nonbuilding structures shall include all selfsupporting structures other than buildings that carry gravity loads and resist the effects of earthquake and other lateral forces. Determination of seismic lateral forces for such structures shall be based on the following provisions: 2.5.9.1 Seismic Dead Load : For nonbuilding structures, the seismic dead load, W shall include all loads defined for buildings in Sec 2.5.5.2. In addition, W shall include all normal operating contents for structures such as tanks, vessels, bins and piping. 2.5.9.2 Fundamental Period : For structures with primary framing systems similar to buildings, the fundamental period T, shall be determined in accordance with Sec 2.5.6.2. For other structures, T shall be obtained by using a rational method such as Method B of Sec 2.5.6.2. 2.5.9.3 Structures Similar to Buildings : The seismic lateral forces on structures with primary framing systems similar to buildings (i.e. structural systems listed in Table 6.2.24) shall be determined in accordance with the provisions of Sec 2.5.5 through 2.5.8 with following modifications : a) Intermediate moment resisting frames (IMRF) may be used in structures within Seismic Zone 3 and in structure importance categories III through V, if, (i) the structure is less than 15 m in height, and (ii) R = 4.0 is used in load calculations. Seismic dead load and structure period shall be calculated in accordance with Sec 2.5.5.2 and 2.5.9.2 respectively.
b)
Table 6.2.26 Horizontal Force Coefficient, C for Elements, Components and Equipment Elements of Structures and Nonstructural Components and Equipment(1) I Elements of Structures 1. Walls including the following: a. Unbraced (cantilevered) parapets b. Other exterior walls above the ground floor(2,3) c. All interior bearing and nonbearing walls and partitions(3) d. Masonry or concrete fences over 1.8 m high 2. Penthouse (except when framed by an extension of the structural frame) 3. Connections for prefabricated structural elements other than walls, with force applied at centre of gravity (4) Diaphragms(3,5) Value of C
2.00 0.75 0.75 0.75 0.75 0.75
4. II.
Nonstructural Components 1. Exterior and interior ornamentation and appendages 2. Chimneys, stacks, trussed towers and tanks on legs: a. Supported on or projecting as an unbraced cantilever above the roof more than onehalf their total height b. All others, including those supported below the roof with unbraced projection above the roof less than onehalf their height, or braced or guyed to the structural frame at or above their centres of mass
2.00 2.00 0.75
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Loads 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. III. Signs and billboards Storage racks (including contents) Anchorage for permanent floorsupported cabinets and book stacks more than 1.5 m in height (including contents) Anchorage for suspended ceilings and light fixtures(4, 6) Access floor systems(4, 7) 2.00 0.75 0.75 0.75 0.75
Equipment 1. Tanks and vessels (including contents), together with support systems and anchorage 2. Electrical, mechanical and plumbing equipment and associated conduit, ductwork and piping, and machinery (8)
0.75 0.75
Notes: (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6)
See Sec 2.5.8.2 for items supported at or below grade. See Sec 1.7.2.3 and 2.5.8.2 Where flexible diaphragms provide lateral support for walls and partitions, the value of C for anchorage shall be increased 50 per cent for the centre onehalf of the diaphragm span. Applies to Seismic Zones 2 and 3 only. See Sec 1.7.2.9 and 2.5.8.3. Ceiling weight shall include all light fixtures and other equipment or partitions which are laterally supported by the ceiling. For the purpose of determining the seismic force, a ceiling weight of not less than 0.2 kN/m2 shall be used. Ceilings constructed of lath and plaster or gypsum board, screw or nail attached to suspended members that support a ceiling at one level extending from wall to wall need not be analysed provided the walls are not over 15 m apart. W for access floor systems shall be the dead load of the access floor systems plus 25 per cent of the floor live load plus a 0.5 kN/m2 partition load allowance. Equipment includes, but is not limited to , boilers, chillers, heat exchangers, pumps, airhanding units, cooling towers, control panels, motors, switchgear, transformers and lifesafety equipment. It also includes major conduit, ducting and piping serving such equipment and fire sprinkler systems. See Sec 2.5.8.2 for additional requirements for determining C for nonrigid or flexibly mounted equipment.
(7) (8)
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Structural Design 2.5.9.4 Rigid Structures : For rigid structures (i.e. those with period, T 0.06 second) including their anchorage, the total lateral force, V shall be determined in accordance with the relation : V = 0.5 Z I W (2.5.12)
2.5.9.5 Flatbottom Tanks at or Below Grade : Seismic forces for flatbottom tanks or other tanks with supported bottoms, founded at or below grade, shall be calculated using the procedure of Sec 2.5.9.4 considering the entire weight of the tank and its contents. Alternatively, such forces may be determined using one of the following methods. a) A response spectrum analysis, which includes consideration of the actual ground motion anticipated at the site and the inertial effects of the contained fluid. A substantiated analysis prescribed for the particular type of tank provided that the seismic Zones and Structure Importance Categories are in conformance with Fig 6.2.10 and Sec 1.2.3 respectively.
b)
2.5.9.6 Other Structures : For structures (other than buildings), which are not covered by Sec 2.5.9.3 through 2.5.9.5, the minimum seismic lateral forces shall be determined in accordance with the following provisions : a) The total lateral seismic force, V shall be determined using the provisions of Sec 2.5.6 with the coefficient R taken from Table 6.2.27. However, the ratio C/R shall not be less than 0.5. Table 6.2.27 Coefficient, R for NonBuilding Structures Structure Type 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. b) Tanks, vessels or pressurized spheres on braced or unbraced legs Castinplace concrete silos and chimneys having walls continuous to the foundation Distributed mass cantilever structures such as stacks, chimneys, silos and skirt supported vertical vessels Trussed towers (free standing or guyed), guyed stacks and chimneys Inverted pendulumtype structures Cooling towers Bins and hoppers on braced or unbraced legs Storage racks Signs and billboards Amusement structures and monuments All other selfsupporting structures not otherwise covered Coefficient R 3 5 4 4 3 5 4 5 5 3 4
The vertical distribution of the total lateral seismic force, V, may be determined by one of the following procedures: 1. 2. Using provisions of Sec 2.5.6.3. Using procedures of Sec 2.5.7.
Exception: For irregular structures assigned to Structure Importance Categories I and II, which cannot be modeled as a single mass, the procedures of Sec 2.5.7 shall be used.
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Loads c) When any other established standard or method is used as a basis for obtaining the seismic lateral forces for a particular type of nonbuilding structure covered by this section, such a standard may be used subject to the following limitations: i) The Seismic Zones and Structure Importance Categories shall be in conformance with the requirements of Sec 2.5.4 and 1.2.3 respectively.
2.6 2.6.1
The values for total lateral force and total base overturning moment used in design shall not be less than 80% of the values which would be obtained using these provisions. MISCELLANEOUS LOADS General The procedures and limitations for the determination of selected miscellaneous loads are provided in this section. Loads that are not specified in this section or elsewhere in this chapter, may be determined based on information from reliable references or specialist advice may be sought. Definitions The following definitions and notation shall apply to the provisions of this section only. ESSENTIAL FACILITIES : Buildings and structures which are necessary to remain functional during an emergency or a post disaster period. RATIONAL ANALYSIS : An analysis based on established methods or theories using mathematical formulae and actual or appropriately assumed data. SITESPECIFIC DATA : Data obtained either from measurements taken at a site or from substantiated field information required specifically for the structure concerned.
ii)
2.6.2
2.6.3
Rain Loads Rain loads shall be determined in accordance with the following provisions. 2.6.3.1 Blocked Drains : Each portion of a roof shall be designed to sustain the load from all rainwater that could be accumulated on it if the primary drainage system for that portion is undersized or blocked. Ponding instability shall be considered in this situation. 2.6.3.2 Controlled Drainage : Roofs equipped with controlled drainage provisions shall be designed to sustain all rainwater loads on them to the elevation of the secondary drainage system plus 0.25 kN/m2. Ponding instability shall be considered in this situation.
2.6.4
Loads Due to Flood and Surge For the determination of flood and surge loads on a structural member, consideration shall be given to both hydrostatic and hydrodynamic effects. Required loading shall be determined in accordance with the established principles of mechanics based on site specific criteria and in compliance with the following provisions of this section. For essential facilities like cyclone and flood shelters and for hazardous facilities specified in Table 6.1.1, values of maximum flood elevation, surge height, wind velocities etc., required for the determination of flood and surge load, shall be taken corresponding to 100year return period. For structures other than essential and hazardous facilities, these values, shall be based on 50year return period. 2.6.4.1 Flood Loads on Structures at Inland Areas : For structures sited at inland areas subject to flood, loads due to flood shall be determined considering hydrostatic effects which shall be calculated based on the flood elevation of 50year return period. For riverside structures such as that under Exposure C specified in Sec 2.4.4.1, hydrodynamic forces, arising due to approaching windgenerated waves shall also be determined in addition to the hydrostatic load on them. In this case, the amplitude of such wind induced water waves shall be obtained from sitespecific data. 2.6.4.2 Flood and Surge Loads on Structures at Coastal Areas : For structures sited at coastal areas, the hydrostatic and hydrodynamic loads shall be determined as follows :
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Structural Design a) Hydrostatic Loads : The hydrostatic loads on structural elements and foundations shall be determined based on the maximum static height of water, Hm produced by floods or surges as given by the relation : Hm = max (hs, hf ) where, hs yT yg i) hf = yT yg and (2.6.1) (2.6.2)
= Maximum surge height as specified in a(i) below. = Elevation of the extreme surface water level corresponding to a Tyear return period specified in (ii) below, metres = Elevation of ground level at site, metres. Maximum Surge Height, hs : The maximum surge height, hs, associated with cyclones, shall be that corresponding to a 50year or a 100year return period as may be applicable, based on site specific analysis. In the absence of a more rigorous site specific analysis, the following relation may be used : hs = hT (x 1) k where, hT x k = = = (2.6.3)
design surge height corresponding to a return period of Tyears at sea coast, in metres, given in Table 6.2.28. distance of the structure site measured from the spring tide highwater limit on the sea coast, in km x = 1, if x<1. rate of decrease in surge height in m/km the value of k may be taken as 1/2 for ChittagongCox's BazarTeknaf coast and as 1/3 for other coastal areas.
ii)
Extreme Surface Water Level , yT : The elevation of the extreme surface water level, yT for a site, which may not be associated with a cyclonic storm surge, shall be that obtained from a site specific analysis corresponding to a 50year or a 100year return period. Values of yT are given in Table 6.2.29 for selected coastal locations which may be used in the absence of any site specific data.
b)
Hydrodynamic Loads : The hydrodynamic load applied on a structural element due to wind induced local waves of water, shall be determined by a rational analysis using an established method and based on site specific data. In the absence of a sitespecific data the amplitude of the local wave, to be used in the rational analysis, shall be taken as hw = hs/4 1m, where, hs is given in Sec 2.6.4.2(a). Such forces shall be calculated based on 50year or 100year return period of flood or surge. The corresponding wind velocities shall be 260 km/h or 289 km/h respectively.
2.6.4.3 Breakaway Walls : When nonstructural walls, partitions or other nonstructural elements located below the maximum flood or surge elevation, are required to break away under high tides or wave action, such nonstructural elements shall be designed to sustain a maximum uniformly distributed load of 1.0 kN/m2 but not less than 0.5 kN/m2 applied on a vertical projection of the area. 2.6.5 Temperature Effects Temperature effects, if significant, shall be considered in the design of structures or components thereof in accordance with the provision of this section. In determining the temperature effects on a structure, the following provisions shall be considered : a) The temperatures indicated, shall be the air temperature in the shade. The range of the variation in temperature for a building site shall be taken into consideration. Effects of the variation of temperature within the material of a structural element shall be accounted for by one of the following methods.
b)
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Loads
i) ii)
relieve the stresses by providing adequate numbers of expansion or contraction joints, design the structural element to sustain additional stresses due to temperature effects. Table 6.2.28 Design Surge Heights at the Sea Coast, hT* Coastal Region Surge Height at the Sea Coast, hT (m) T = 50year(1) T = 100year(2) 5.8 8.6
Teknaf to Cox's Bazar Chakaria to Anwara, and MaheshkhaliKutubdia Islands Chittagong to Noakhali Sandwip, Hatiya and all islands in this region Bhola to Barguna Sarankhola to Shyamnagar
* Values prepared from information obtained from AnnexD3, MCSP. Note : (1) (2)
4.5 7.1
7.9 7.9 6.2 5.3
9.6 9.6 7.7 6.4
These values may be used in the absence of site specific data for structures other than essential facilities listed in Table 6.1.1. These values may be used in the absence of site specific data for essential facilities listed in Table 6.1.1.
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Structural Design Table 6.2.29 Extreme Surface Water Levels During Monsoon at Selected Locations of the Coastal Area above PWD Datum, yT*
Coastal Area
yT (m) T=50 years(1) 2.33 3.84 4.67 4.95 5.05 4.72 4.08 7.02 6.09 7.53 5.55 4.62 3.60 3.79 2.87 2.93 3.32 3.65 3.66 4.41 3.23 3.51 3.94 T=100 years(2) 2.44 3.88 4.87 5.19 5.24 4.88 4.16 7.11 6.2 7.94 5.76 4.72 3.73 3.92 3.03 3.02 3.37 3.84 3.75 4.66 3.36 3.87 4.12
Location
Thana
Teknaf Cox's Bazar Shaflapur Lemsikhali Banigram Chittagong Patenga Sonapur Sandwip Companyganj Hatiya Daulatkhan Dashmina Galachipa Patuakhali Khepupara Bamna Patharghata Raenda Chardouni Mongla Kobodak (river estuary) Kaikhali
Teknaf Cox's Bazar Moheshkhali Kutubdia Patiya Bandar Bandar Sonagazi Sandwip Companyganj Hatiya Daulatkhan Dashmina Galachipa Patuakhali Kalapara Bamna Patharghata Sarankhola Patharghata Monglaport Shyamnagar Shyamnagar
* Values prepared from information obtained from Annex D3, MCSP Note : (1) (2) These values may be used in the absence of site specific data for structures in Structure Importance Categories III, IV and V listed in Table 6.1.1. These values may be used in the absence of site specific data for structures in Structure Importance Categories I and II listed in Table 6.1.1.
c)
when the method b(ii) above is considered to be applicable, the structural analysis shall take into account the following : i) ii) the variation in temperature within the material of the structural element, exposure condition of the element and the rate at which the material absorb or radiate heat. the warping or any other distortion caused due to temperature changes and temperature gradient in the structural element.
d)
When it can be demonstrated by established principle of mechanics or by any other means that neglecting some or all of the effects of temperature, does not affect the safety and serviceability of the structure, the temperature effect can be considered insignificant and need not be considered in design.
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Loads
2.6.6
Soil and Hydrostatic Pressure For structures or portions thereof, lying below ground level, loads due to soil and hydrostatic pressure shall be determined in accordance with the provisions of this section and applied in addition to all other applicable loads. 2.6.6.1 Pressure on Basement Wall : In the design of basement walls and similar vertical or nearly vertical structures below grade, provision shall be made for the lateral pressure of adjacent soil. Allowance shall be made for possible surcharge due to fixed or moving loads. When a portion or the whole of the adjacent soil is below the surrounding water table, computations shall be based on the submerged unit weight of soil, plus full hydrostatic pressure.
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Part 6
Structural Design 2.6.6.2 Uplift on Floors : In the design of basement floors and similar horizontal or nearly horizontal construction below grade, the upward pressure of water, if any, shall be taken as the full hydrostatic pressure applied over the entire area. The hydrostatic head shall be measured from the underside of the construction. Loads Due to Explosions Loads on buildings or portions thereof, shall be assessed in accordance with the provisions of this section. 2.6.7.1 Explosion Effects in Closed Rooms : a) Determination of Loads and Response : Internal overpressure developed from an internal explosion such as that due to leaks in gas pipes, evaporation of volatile liquids, internal dust explosion etc., in rooms of sizes comparable to residential rooms and with ventilation areas consisting of window glass breaking at a pressure of 4 kN/m2 (34 mm machine made glass) may be calculated from the following method : i) The overpressure, qo provided in Fig 6.2.12(a) shall be assumed to depend on a factor Ao/v, where, Ao is the total window area in m2 and v is the volume in m3 of the room considered, The internal pressure shall be assumed to act simultaneously upon all walls and floors in one closed room, and The action qo obtained from Fig 6.2.12(a) may be taken as static action.
2.6.7
ii)
iii)
When a time dependent response is required, an impulsive force function similar to that shown in Fig 6.2.12(b) shall be used in a dynamic analysis, where t1 is the time from the start of combustion until maximum pressure is reached and t2 is the time from maximum pressure to the end of combustion. For t1 and t2 the most unfavourable values shall be chosen in relation to the dynamic properties of the structures. However, the values shall be chosen within the intervals as given in Fig 6.2.12(b). The pressure may be applied solely in one room or in more than one room at the same time. In the latter case, all rooms are incorporated in the volume v. Only windows or other similarly weak and light weight structural elements may be taken as ventilation areas even though certain limited structural parts break at pressures less than qo.
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Loads b) Limitations : Procedure for determining explosion loads given in (a) above shall have the following limitations: i) Values of qo given in Fig 6.2.12(a) are based on tests with gas explosions in room corresponding to ordinary residential flats, and may be applied to considerably different conditions with caution after appropriate adjustment of the values based on more accurate information. Fig 6.2.12 shall be taken as a guide only, and probability of occurrence of an explosion shall be checked in each case using appropriate values.
ii)
2.6.7.2 Minimum Design Pressure : Walls, floors and roofs and their supporting members separating a use from an explosion exposure, shall be designed to sustain the anticipated maximum load effects resulting from such use including any dynamic effects, but for a minimum internal pressure or suction of 5 kN/m2, in addition to all other loads specified in this chapter. 2.6.7.3 Design Pressure on Relief Vents : When pressurerelief vents are used, such vents shall be designed to relieve at a maximum internal pressure of 1.0 kN/m2. 2.6.7.4 Loads Due to Other Explosions : Loads arising from other types of explosions, such as those from external gas cloud explosions, external explosions due to high explosives (TNT) etc. shall be determined, for specific cases, by rational analyses based on information from reliable references or specialist advice shall be sought. 2.6.8 Vertical Forces on Air Raid Shelters For the design of air raid shelters located in a building e.g. in the basement below ground level, the characteristic vertical load shall be determined in accordance with provisions of Sec 2.6.8.1 below. 2.6.8.1 Characteristic Vertical Loads : Buildings in which the individual floors are acted upon by a total distributed live load of up to 5.0 kN/m2, vertical forces on air raid shelters generally located below ground level, such as a basement, shall be considered to have the characteristic values provided in Table 6.2.30. In the case of buildings having floors that are acted upon by a live load larger than 5.0 kN/m2, above values shall be increased by the difference between the average live loads on all storeys above the one used as the shelter and 5.0 kN/m2. Table 6.2.30 Characteristic Vertical Loads for an Air Raid Shelter in a Building No. of Storeys (1) Above the Air Raid Shelter < 2 34 > 4 Buildings of particularly stable construction irrespective of the number of storeys
Note : (1) (2)
Vertical Load kN/m2 28 34 41 28 (2)
Storeys shall mean every usable storey above the shelter floor Buildings of particularly stable construction shall mean buildings having bearing structural elements made from reinforced insitu concrete.
2.6.9
Loads on Helicopter Landing Areas In addition to all other applicable loads provided in this chapter, including the dead load, the minimum live load on helicopter landing or touch down areas shall be one of the loads L1, L2 or L3 as given below producing the most unfavourable effect : i) ii) iii) L1 L2 L3 = = = W1 kW2 w (2.6.4a)
(2.6.4b)
(2.6.4c)
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Part 6
Structural Design where, W1 W2 w k = Actual weight of the helicopter in kN, = Fully loaded weight of the helicopter in kN, = A distributed load of 5.0 kN/m2, = 0.75 for helicopters equipped with hydraulic type shock absorbers, and = 1.5 for helicopters with rigid or skidtype landing gear.
The live load, L1 shall be applied over the actual areas of contact of landing. The load, L2 shall be a single concentrated load including impact applied over a 300 mm x 300 mm area. The loads L1 and L2 may be applied anywhere within the landing area to produce the most unfavourable effects of load. 2.6.10 Erection and Construction Loads All loads required to be sustained by a structure or any portion thereof due to placing or storage of construction materials and erection equipment including those due to operation of such equipment shall be considered as erection loads. Provisions shall be made in design to account for all stresses due to such loads. COMBINATIONS OF LOADS General Buildings, foundations and structural members shall be investigated for adequate strength to resist the most unfavourable effect resulting from the various combinations of loads provided in this section. The combination of loads may be selected using the provisions of either Sec 2.7.4 or 2.7.5 whichever is applicable. However, once Sec 2.7.4 or 2.7.5 is selected for a particular construction material, it must be used exclusively for proportioning elements of that material throughout the structure. In addition to the load combinations given in Sec 2.7.4 and 2.7.5 any other specific load combination provided elsewhere in this Code shall also be investigated to determine the most unfavourable effect. The most unfavourable effect of loads may also occur when one or more of the contributing loads are absent, or act in the reverse direction. Loads such as F, H or S shall be considered in design when their effects are significant. Floor live loads shall not be considered where their inclusion result in lower stresses in the member under consideration. The most unfavourable effects from both wind and earthquake loads shall be considered where appropriate, but they need not be assumed to act simultaneously. 2.7.2 Definitions ALLOWABLE STRESS DESIGN METHOD (ASD) : A method for proportioning structural members such that the maximum stresses due to service loads obtained from an elastic analysis does not exceed a specified allowable value. This is also called Working Stress Design Method (WSD). DESIGN STRENGTH : The product of the nominal strength and a resistance factor. FACTORED LOAD : The product of the nominal load and a load factor. LIMIT STATE : A condition in which a structure or component becomes unfit for service and is judged either to be no longer useful for its intended function (serviceability limit state) or to be unsafe (strength limit state). LOAD EFFECTS : Forces, moments, deformations and other effects produced in structural members and components by the applied loads. LOAD FACTOR : A factor that accounts for unavoidable deviations of the actual load from the nominal value and for uncertainties in the analysis that transforms the load into a load effect. LOADS : Forces or other actions that arise on structural systems from the weight of all permanent constructions, occupants and their possessions, environmental effects, differential settlement, and restrained dimensional changes. Permanent loads are those loads in which variations in time are rare or of small magnitude. All other loads are variable loads. NOMINAL LOADS : The magnitudes of the loads such as dead, live, wind, earthquake etc. specified in Sec 2.2 through 2.6 of this chapter.
2.7 2.7.1
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Loads
NOMINAL STRENGTH : The capacity of a structure or component to resist the effects of loads, as determined by computations using specified material strengths and dimensions and formulas derived from accepted principles of structural mechanics or by field tests or laboratory tests of scaled models, allowing for modelling effects and differences between laboratory and field conditions. RESISTANCE FACTOR : A factor that accounts for unavoidable deviations of the actual strength from the nominal value and the manner and consequences of failure. This is also known as strength reduction factor. STRENGTH DESIGN METHOD : A method of proportioning structural members using load factors and resistance factors satisfying both the applicable limit state conditions. This is also known as Load Factor Design Method (LFD) or Ultimate Strength Design Method (USD). WORKING STRESS DESIGN METHOD (WSD) : See ALLOWABLE STRESS DESIGN METHOD. 2.7.3 Symbols and Notation D = dead load consisting of : a) weight of the member itself, b) weight of all materials of construction incorporated into the building to be permanently supported by the member, including builtin partitions, c) weight of permanent equipment. E = earthquake load E = amplified earthquake load equal to (0.375R)E F = loads due to fluids with welldefined pressures and maximum heights, including loads due to water pressure during flood and surge. H = loads due to weight and lateral pressure of soil and water in soil L = Lf + (Lr or P) Lf = live loads due to intended use and occupancy, including loads due to movable objects and movable partitions and loads temporarily supported by the structure during maintenance. Lf includes any permissible reduction. If resistance to impact loads is taken into account in design, such effects shall be included with the live loads Lf . Lr = roof live loads P = loads due to initial rainwater ponding R = seismic coefficient defined in Sec 2.5.3 S = selfstraining forces and effects arising from contraction or expansion resulting from temperature changes, shrinkage, moisture changes, creep in component materials, movement due to differential settlement, or combinations thereof. W = wind load Combinations of Loads and Stress Increase for Allowable Stress Design Method 2.7.4.1 Combination of Loads : Provisions of this section shall apply to all construction materials permitting their use in proportioning structural members by allowable stress design method. When this method is used in designing structural members, all loads listed herein shall be considered to act in the following combinations. The combination that produces the most unfavourable effect shall be used in design. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. D D+L D+S D + (W or E) 0.9D + (W or E) D + (H or F) D + L + (H or F) D+S+L D + S + (W or E) D + L + (W or E) D + L + (H or F) + (W or E) D + S + L + (H or F) + (W or E)
2.7.4
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Part 6
Structural Design 2.7.4.2 Stress Increase : Except as specified in Sec 1.5.5.(b) and elsewhere in this Code, the maximum permissible increase in the allowable stresses of all materials and soil bearing capacities specified in this Code for working (or allowable) stress design method, when load combinations (7) through (11) in Sec 2.7.4.1 above is used, shall be 33%. 2.7.5 Combinations of Loads for Strength Design Method When strength design method is used, structural members and foundations shall be designed to have strength not less than that required to resist the most unfavorable effect of the combinations of factored loads listed in the following sections : 2.7.5.1 Load Combinations for Reinforced Concrete and Masonry Structures 1. 1.4D 2. 1.4D + 1.7L 3. 1.4 D + 1.4 S 4. 0.9D + 1.3 (W or 1.1 E) 5. 0.9D + 1.7 ( H or F) 6. 1.4D + 1.7L + 1.7 (H or F) 7. 0.75 [ 1.4D + 1.4S + 1.7L ] 8. 0.75 [ 1.4D + 1.4S+1.7 (W or 1.1E) ] 9. 0.75 [ 1.4D + 1.7L+ 1.7W ] 10. 0.75 [ 1.4D + 1.7L + 1.7 (H or F) + 1.7 (W or 1.1E) ] 11. 0.75 [ 1.4D + 1.4S + 1.7L + 1.7 ( H or F) + 1.7 (W or 1.1E) ] 12. 1.4 (D+L+E) 2.7.5.2 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Load Combinations for Steel Structures 1.4D 1.2D + 1.6Lf + 0.5 (Lr or P) 1.2D + 1.6 (Lr or P) + (0.5Lf or 0.8W) 1.2D + 1.3W + 0.5Lf + 0.5 (Lr or P) 1.2D + 1.5E + (0.5Lf) 0.9D + (1.3W or 1.5E)
Exception : The load factor on Lf in combinations (3), (4) and (5) shall be equal to 1.0 for garages, areas occupied as places of public assembly, and all areas where the live load exceeds 5.0 kN/m2.
When the structural effects of F, H, or S are significant, their factored values shall be considered as 1.3F, 1.6H, and 1.2S and included with the above combinations to obtain the most unfavourable effect. Also for buildings in Seismic Zone 3 and in Seismic Zone 2 having an Structural Importance Coefficient, I greater than 1.0, the following additional load combinations shall be considered : 7. 8. 1.2D + 0.5L + E 0.9D + E
2.7.5.3 Load Combinations for Design using Other Materials : When structural members are designed using the strength design method and using a construction material not covered in Sec 2.7.5.1 and 2.7.5.2, any other code or standard having load combinations applicable for that construction material may be used provided that other requirements of Sec 2.7 are satisfied.
Related Appendix Appendix A Conversion of Expressions from SI to FPS Units
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Chapter 2
Loads
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CHAPTER

Bangladesh National Building Code

Roof(contd.) Tiles terracotta(Frenchpattern) concrete,25mmthick claytiles

0.019 0.230 0.191 0.153 0.151 0.671 0.995 1.388

Bangladesh National Building Code

Bangladesh National Building Code

0.35 0.35 1.5 3.0

100(2) 165(2) see note (3)

25% of maximum wheel load

b) Manually operated cranes

50% of the values in (a) above 25%

c) Caboperated travelling cranes Not applicable

Bangladesh National Building Code

50 60 80 100 120 140 280 220 300 400 800

< 25 2530 40 50 60 80 100 120 140 180 220

Bangladesh National Building Code

Bangladesh National Building Code

Bangladesh National Building Code

Bangladesh National Building Code

above ground shall be calculated from the following relation : (2.4.1)

sustained wind pressure at height z, kN/m2

Bangladesh National Building Code

Bangladesh National Building Code

For h 18 m: For h > 18 m:

q for ( + ve) values of C , and pe

= q for ( ve) values of C , pe = q for all values of Cpe.

pz = design wind pressure for components as given in Eq (2.4.2), kN/m2

Bangladesh National Building Code

Bangladesh National Building Code

Table 6.2.12 Building Exposure Parameters Building Exposure A B C

Do 0.010 0.005 0.003

s 1.33 1.00 0.85

Bangladesh National Building Code

Wind Direction Normal to ridge

0 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.7

50 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.2

> 60 0.01 q 0.01 q 0.01 q 0.01 q

Coefficients are to be used with p

= CG Cpe qh , see Sec 2.4.6.6(a) h

Note : (1) (2)

Fig 6.2.5 ExternalPressureCoefficients,C for PrimaryFraming pe SystemsofRectangularBuildings

Bangladesh National Building Code

Windward Quarter 0.9 1.5 r 0.3 2.75 r 0.7 1.4 r

Leeward Quarter 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5

Roofs on elevated structures

Roofs springing from 0 ground level

Table 6.2.14 Internal Peak Pressure Coefficients for Buildings, C pi Condition C pi

+ 0.75 and 0.25

Bangladesh National Building Code

Notes: (1) (2) (3) (4)

(2) (3) (4) (5) (6)

Bangladesh National Building Code

(2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9)

a : 5% of minimum width or 0.5h, whichever is smaller

`Cp for h/D values of

2 to 5 0.35 0.35 0.35

1/3 0.7 0.9 0.95 1.05 1.1

1/5 0.75 0.85 0.9 0.95 1.0

1/5 to 1/2 0.3 0.4 0.45

Bangladesh National Building Code

Flatsided Members 2.0 1.8 1.6

1.2 1.3 1.5

0.8 0.9 1.1