Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
19-10-2005
Definition
The term power quality means different things to different people . Power quality is the interaction of electronic equipment within the electrical environment. This consists of generators, Transformers, breakers, wiring and grounding. Good power quality would be a reliable supply of sinusoidal, 60Hz waveforms resulting in few operational anomalies.
19-10-2005 3
Power quality is an increasingly important issue for all electrical consumer . Problems with powering and grounding can cause data and processing errors that affect production and service quality.
Each time production is interrupted electrical consumer, your loses the margin on the product that is not manufactured and sold
4
19-10-2005
Definition. P.Q. problems is any power problem manifested in voltage , Current ,or frequency deviation that result in failure or miss operation of Costumer equipment. Surges and spikes (overpowering). Harmonics ( current & voltage ) Voltage Fluctuations.
5
19-10-2005
Cont.
Transient voltages . blackouts . noise . sags (under powering). Poor power quality can yield repeated equipment failures, safety hazards, process interruptions and shutdowns.
19-10-2005 6
Lightning
19-10-2005
19-10-2005
Voltage Fluctuations
Lights flickering? It could be the result of voltage fluctuations in your facility's electrical system. High- and low-voltage conditions can result in equipment damage, data loss and erroneous readings on monitoring systems. Overloaded power circuits are typically the cause behind under-voltage conditions. Heavily loaded motors such as air conditioners can result in intermittent low voltages. Less common but more damaging are over-voltage conditions, which can be seen in facilities that have rapidly 19-10-2005 varying loads.
Harmonics
Harmonic current are generated to small extent and at law distortion level by . 1- Generation equipment . 2- transmission equipment. 3- Distribution equipment . 4- Industrial load . 5- Domestic load.
19-10-2005 10
19-10-2005
11
Harmonic
19-10-2005
12
19-10-2005
13
Equipment to fail prematurely. Decrease the efficiency of the electrical. distribution and utilization network. Causes grounding potential rise. light flickering. Faulty operation of Computerized data processing equipments and computer. networks and computer equipment.
19-10-2005 14
Cont.
Faulty
operation of Control devices, protective relays etc. Extra loss in transformer, rotating machines etc. Noise in electrical equipments Noise are generated by electronic devices
19-10-2005 15
The THD is defined as the root mean square (RMS) value of the total harmonics of the signal, divided by the RMS value of its fundamental signal
19-10-2005
16
Mathematical THD
19-10-2005
17
Interruption
interruptions are the most severe form of power problem, because equipment shuts down or lighting goes off since the voltage dropped below the point that these devices can operate. Where sags and under voltage typically represent more than 92% of power problem events, interruptions represent less than 4% of such problems.
19-10-2005
18
Over voltage
Over voltage is an increase in voltage above 110% of nominal for more than one minute.
Over voltage has detrimental effects on most electronics by causing them to overheat.
19
19-10-2005
19-10-2005
20
19-10-2005
21
Uninterruptible Power Supplies Variable Frequency Drives Battery Chargers Large Motors During Startup Electronic Dimming Systems Lighting Ballasts (esp. Electronic) Arc Welders, and Other Arc Devices Medical Equipment, e.g. MRI s and X-Ray Machines
22
19-10-2005
Solutions
Power filters .
Isolation transformer . Line reactors. Online UPS.
23
19-10-2005
Power filters
Filter is a device that removes something from whatever passes through it. To eliminate line-current harmonics.
19-10-2005
Electrical Filter
Any combination of Passive (R, L and C) and/or active (transistors or operational amplifiers) elements designed to select or rejects a band of frequencies.
19-10-2005
25
cont
Mainly shunt type Usually connected in parallel with power system or electric load Provide low impendence (ZF) path to ground for all harmonic currents at one or more tuned harmonic frequencies.
19-10-2005
26
19-10-2005
Cont.
Excellent performance despite variation of the system frequency. Self-adaptation to changes in the network impedance. Reduced size, allowing implementation using container techniques. In addition to reducing installation time, this makes it possible to test the complete equipment as a system at the factory before shipment.
19-10-2005 28
Active filter
Use op amps with resistor and capacitors in their feed loops. Active filters can have high input impedance ,low out put impedance . Easier to design than passive filters. Using Op amp can achieve very good accuracy.
19-10-2005 29
Active Filter
19-10-2005
30
19-10-2005
31
19-10-2005
32
More flexibility Better noise filtering. Easy to Read Graphical Circuit Displays Doesnt address fundamental issue of capacitor size. Issues: Requires a passive filter before active filter so Op amp doesnt have to work so hard Requires quicker op amp Requires more power. Generate noise. Problems of accuracy.
19-10-2005 33
Switched Tuned Arm Power filters (STAF) Switched Damped power filters (S.C-Type) Switched Asymmetrical Tuned Arm Filter (SATAF). Switched Combined Tuned Arm filter and Static Capacitor Compensator. Switched Static Capacitor Compensator Switched Blocking Filter
19-10-2005 34
19-10-2005 35
19-10-2005
36
Simple and common Filter impedance Zf=R-j[L-1/C] Acts as low impedance at the tuned frequency effectively shunts most harmonic at frequencies below or above the tuned value Resonance Frequency fr=1/[2(LC)] Used to filter specific dominant frequency
19-10-2005 37
harmonics)
19-10-2005
38
Compensator
19-10-2005
39
19-10-2005
40
High pass damped power filters Used to reduce higher-order harmonics above 5th and 7th orders Provide low impedance path for wide spectra of dominant harmonics, thus requires less tuning Less sensitive to temperature variation Alternative to costly number of TAF Low quality factor (Q) Demerits- large capacitance-costly
41
19-10-2005
19-10-2005
42
Switched Hybrid-Tuned filter with wideband filtering and static capacitor Compensator
19-10-2005
43
19-10-2005
44
Single Phase Switched Filter and capacitor Compensator for single phase motorized load
19-10-2005
45
19-10-2005
46
Single line diagram of Distribution system with PWM (TAP) power filter
19-10-2005
47
Single Line Diagram of System and Modulated/ PWM Switched Asymmetrical STAF
19-10-2005
48
19-10-2005
49
Single Line Diagram of the Utilization Circuit with the series blocking capacitive Scheme (SBCS)
19-10-2005
50
Summery
Power Quality becoming a concern . Awareness is growing among industries. Utility monitors voltage , costumer dictate current . THD, voltage sags, swells. Transient voltage. Many nonlinear loads exist, increasing.
19-10-2005
51
References
1- Low cost shunt modulated/ switched power filters (by Dr. A.M. Sharaf- 1995) 2-A.M.Sharaf ,senior member, IEEE and Pierre Kreidi. (power quality Enhancement and harmonic Reduction using Dynamic power filters. 3- Electric power quality, harmonic reduction and power/energy saving using modulated power filters and capacitor compensators by Pierre Kreidi 4-Power System Voltage Stability by CW Taylor 5- Power Systems Analysis by AR Bergen 7- Electric Power Systems by BM Weedy and BJ Cory
19-10-2005 52
THANKS
19-10-2005
53
QUESTIONS
?
19-10-2005 54