GSM For Engineer Aircom

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{\phpg\posx1440\pvpg\posy1538\absw4713\absh532 \f40 \fs21 \cf0 \f40 \fs21 \cf0 {
\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 211 \\f Symbol }}{\f10 Copyright}{\f10 2002}{\f10 AI
RCOM}{\f10 International}{\f10 Ltd }
\par}{\phpg\posx1440\pvpg\posy1538\absw4713\absh532 \sl-300 \f40 \fs21 \cf0 {\f1
0 All}{\f10 rights}{\f10 reserved }\par
}
{\phpg\posx1440\pvpg\posy3362\absw8984\absh1483 \f10 \fs21 \cf0 \f10 \fs21 \cf0
AIRCOM Training is committed to providing our customers with quality instructor
led
\par}{\phpg\posx1440\pvpg\posy3362\absw8984\absh1483 \sl-270 \f10 \fs21 \cf0 Tel
ecommunications Training.
\par}{\phpg\posx1440\pvpg\posy3362\absw8984\absh1483 \sl-277 \par\f10 \fs21 \cf0
This documentation is protected by copyright. No part of the contents of this
\par}{\phpg\posx1440\pvpg\posy3362\absw8984\absh1483 \sl-270 \f10 \fs21 \cf0 doc
umentation may be reproduced in any form, or by any means, without the prior
\par}{\phpg\posx1440\pvpg\posy3362\absw8984\absh1483 \sl-285 \f10 \fs21 \cf0 wri
tten consent of AIRCOM International. \par
}
{\phpg\posx1440\pvpg\posy5567\absw4258\absh241 \f10 \fs21 \cf0 \f10 \fs21 \cf0 D
ocument Number: P/TR/003/K011/4.4 \par
}
This manual prepared by: AIRCOM International
\par}{\phpg\posx1440\pvpg\posy6392\absw5537\absh1240 \sl-270 \f10 \fs21 \cf0 \fi
2880 Grosvenor House
2880 65-71 London Road
2880 Redhill, Surrey RH1 1LQ
2880 ENGLAND \par
}
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ort Hotline:
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44 (0) 1737 775700
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{\phpg\posx6405\pvpg\posy12174\absw3324\absh654 \b \f10 \fs28 \cf0 \b \f10 \fs28
\cf0 GSM TECHNOLOGY
\par}{\phpg\posx6405\pvpg\posy12174\absw3324\absh654 \sl-375 \b \f10 \fs28 \cf0
\fi210 FOR ENGINEERS \par
}
\sect\sectd\pard\plain
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}}\par}{\phpg\posx4350\pvpg\posy984\absw2987\absh316 \b \f10 \fs28 \cf0 \b \f10
\fs28 \cf0 Table of Contents \par
}
\cf0 1. Introduction to Cellular Systems
\par}{\phpg\posx1140\pvpg\posy2004\absw8628\absh739 \sl-255 \b \f10 \fs28 \cf0 \
fi570 {\b0 \fs17 1.1}{\b0 \fs17
Introduction}{\b0 \fs17 ....................
................................................................................
.......1 }
fi570 {\b0 \fs17 1.2}{\b0 \fs17
Cellular}{\b0 \fs17 Radio...................
................................................................................
.....2 }\par
}
{\phpg\posx1140\pvpg\posy2782\absw8628\absh10177 \f10 \fs12 \cf0 \fi1125 \f10 \f
s12 \cf0 st
\par}{\phpg\posx1140\pvpg\posy2782\absw8628\absh10177 \sl-175 \f10 \fs12 \cf0 \f
i570 {\fs17 1.3}{\fs17
1}{\fs17
Generation}{\fs17 Cellular}{\fs17 System
s..............................................................................3
}
i1125 nd
i570 {\fs17 1.5}{\fs17
GSM}{\fs17 Development}{\fs17 and}{\fs17 Characteri
stics...................................................................7 }
i570 {\fs17 1.6}{\fs17
Cellular}{\fs17 Systems}{\fs17 Subscriber}{\fs17 Di
stribution}{\fs17 .............................................................
....8 }
i570 {\fs17 1.7}{\fs17
2.5G}{\fs17 Characteristics}{\fs17 .................
.............................................................................9 }
\par}{\phpg\posx1140\pvpg\posy2782\absw8628\absh10177 \sl-345 \f10 \fs12 \cf0 {\
b \fs28 2.}{\b \fs28
Architecture}{\b \fs28 Overview }
i570 {\fs17 2.1}{\fs17
Introduction}{\fs17 .................................
........................................................................11 }
i570 {\fs17 2.2}{\fs17
GSM}{\fs17 Identifiers...............................
.....................................................................12 }
i570 {\fs17 2.3}{\fs17
General}{\fs17 Architecture}{\fs17 Overview}{\fs17
.............................................................................13
}
i570 {\fs17 2.4}{\fs17
The}{\fs17 GSM}{\fs17 Mobile}{\fs17 Station}{\fs17
(MS)...........................................................................
...14 }
i570 {\fs17 2.5}{\fs17
The}{\fs17 Base}{\fs17 Station}{\fs17 Subsystem}{\f
s17 (BSS).}{\fs17 ............................................................
.........16 }
i570 {\fs17 2.6}{\fs17
The}{\fs17 Network}{\fs17 Switching}{\fs17 Subsyste
m}{\fs17 (NSS)}{\fs17 ........................................................
.....17 }
i570 {\fs17 2.7}{\fs17
GSM}{\fs17 Interfaces................................
....................................................................22 }
i1035 {\fs17 Self-Assessment}{\fs17 Exerecises}{\fs17 ........................
........................................................27 }
b \fs28 3.}{\b \fs28
GSM}{\b \fs28 Services }
i570 {\fs17 3.1}{\fs17
Introduction}{\fs17 ................................
........................................................................29 }
i570 {\fs17 3.2}{\fs17

GSM}{\fs17 Bearer}{\fs17 Services...................
........................................................................30 }
i570 {\fs17 3.3}{\fs17
Teleservices}{\fs17 .................................
.......................................................................32 }
i570 {\fs17 3.4}{\fs17
Supplementary}{\fs17 Services........................
...............................................................33 }
i570 {\fs17 3.5}{\fs17
Circuit-Switched}{\fs17 Data}{\fs17 (CSD)}{\fs17 Se
rvices}{\fs17 .................................................................
..34 }
i570 {\fs17 3.6}{\fs17
Short}{\fs17 Message}{\fs17 Service}{\fs17 .......
................................................................................
35 }
i570 {\fs17 3.7}{\fs17
USSD}{\fs17 Data}{\fs17 Services}{\fs17 ...........
................................................................................
.37 }
i1035 {\fs17 Self-Assessment}{\fs17 Exerecises}{\fs17 ........................
........................................................41 }
b \fs28 4.}{\b \fs28
The}{\b \fs28 Air}{\b \fs28 Interface }
i570 {\fs17 4.1}{\fs17
Introduction}{\fs17 .................................
........................................................................43 }
i570 {\fs17 4.2}{\fs17
GSM}{\fs17 Frequency}{\fs17 Spectrum}{\fs17 Allocat
ion}{\fs17 ....................................................................
44 }
i570 {\fs17 4.3}{\fs17
GSM}{\fs17 Multiple}{\fs17 Access}{\fs17 Techniques
}{\fs17 .......................................................................
..50 }
i570 {\fs17 4.4}{\fs17
GSM}{\fs17 Air}{\fs17 Interface}{\fs17 Channels}{\f
s17 ...........................................................................
......52 }
i570 {\fs17 4.5}{\fs17
Frames}{\fs17 and}{\fs17 Multiframes}{\fs17 .......
................................................................................
56 }
i1035 {\fs17 Self-Assessment}{\fs17 Exercises}{\fs17 .........................
.........................................................63 }
b \fs28 5.}{\b \fs28
Protocols }
i570 {\fs17 5.1}{\fs17
Introduction}{\fs17 .................................
........................................................................65 }
i570 {\fs17 5.2}{\fs17
The}{\fs17 ISO}{\fs17 7-Layer}{\fs17 OSI}{\fs17 Mo
del}{\fs17 ....................................................................
.............66 }
i570 {\fs17 5.3}{\fs17
GSM}{\fs17 Protocols}{\fs17 Overview}{\fs17 .......
..............................................................................67
}

i570 {\fs17 5.4}{\fs17
GSM}{\fs17 Transmission}{\fs17 Protocols............
....................................................................69 }
i570 {\fs17 5.5}{\fs17
GSM}{\fs17 Signalling}{\fs17 Protocols}{\fs17 .....
................................................................................
71 }
i570 {\fs17 5.6}{\fs17
GSM}{\fs17 Air}{\fs17 (Um)}{\fs17 Interface}{\fs17
Protocols}{\fs17 .............................................................
............73 }
i570 {\fs17 5.7}{\fs17
GSM}{\fs17 A-bis}{\fs17 Interface}{\fs17 Protocols}
{\fs17 ........................................................................
......75 }
i570 {\fs17 5.8}{\fs17
The}{\fs17 GSM}{\fs17 A}{\fs17 Interface}{\fs17 Pr
otocols.........................................................................
....78 }
b \fs28 6.}{\b \fs28
Speech}{\b \fs28 and}{\b \fs28 Channel}{\b \fs28 Codi
ng }
i570 {\fs17 6.1}{\fs17
Introduction}{\fs17 .................................
........................................................................79 }
i570 {\fs17 6.2}{\fs17
Speech}{\fs17 Coding}{\fs17 Techniques..............
....................................................................80 }
i570 {\fs17 6.3}{\fs17
GSM}{\fs17 Speech}{\fs17 Coding}{\fs17 ...........
...............................................................................8
1 }
i570 {\fs17 6.4}{\fs17
Channel}{\fs17 Coding}{\fs17 Techniques.............
....................................................................83 }
i570 {\fs17 6.5}{\fs17
GSM}{\fs17 Channel}{\fs17 Coding.}{\fs17 ..........
...............................................................................8
8 }
i570 {\fs17 6.6}{\fs17
Interleaving..........................................
................................................................89 }\par
}
{\phpg\posx1710\pvpg\posy3007\absw602\absh241 \f10 \fs17 \cf0 \f10 \fs17 \cf0 1.
4 2 \par
}
{\phpg\posx2482\pvpg\posy3058\absw7285\absh196 \f10 \fs17 \cf0 \f10 \fs17 \cf0 G
eneration Cellular Systems .....................................................
........................5 \par
}
6.7 Radio Burst Multiplexing{\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 188 \\f Symbol }}{\field
{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 188 \\f Symbol }} ..............
\par}{\phpg\posx1710\pvpg\posy14098\absw4155\absh412 \sl-240 \f10 \fs17 \cf0 6.8
Summary of Coding Processes {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 188 \\f Symbol }}{\fi
eld{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 188 \\f Symbol }}{\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 188 \\f Symbol
}}{\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 188 \\f Symbol }} \par
}
{\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 188 \\f Symbol }}{\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 188 \\f Sym
bol }}{\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 188 \\f Symbol }}{\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 188 \

\f Symbol }}{\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 188 \\f Symbol }}{\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL
188 \\f Symbol }}{\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 188 \\f Symbol }}{\field{\*\fldinst
SYMBOL 188 \\f Symbol }}{\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 188 \\f Symbol }}{\field{\*\fl
dinst SYMBOL 188 \\f Symbol }}{\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 188 \\f Symbol }}{\field
{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 188 \\f Symbol }}{\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 188 \\f Symbol }}{
\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 188 \\f Symbol }}{\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 188 \\f Symb
ol }}{\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 188 \\f Symbol }}{\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 188 \\
f Symbol }}{\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 188 \\f Symbol }}..91
300 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 188 \\f Symbol }}{\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 188 \\f
Symbol }}{\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 188 \\f Symbol }}{\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 1
88 \\f Symbol }}{\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 188 \\f Symbol }}{\field{\*\fldinst SY
MBOL 188 \\f Symbol }}{\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 188 \\f Symbol }}{\field{\*\fldi
nst SYMBOL 188 \\f Symbol }}{\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 188 \\f Symbol }}{\field{\
*\fldinst SYMBOL 188 \\f Symbol }}{\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 188 \\f Symbol }}{\f
ield{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 188 \\f Symbol }}{\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 188 \\f Symbol
}}{\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 188 \\f Symbol }}{\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 188 \\f
Symbol }}{\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 188 \\f Symbol }}{\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 18
8 \\f Symbol }}95 \par
}
6.9 Radio Interface Modulation{\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 188 \\f Symbol }}..{\f
ield{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 188 \\f Symbol }}{\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 188 \\f Symbol
}}{\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 188 \\f Symbol }}{\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 188 \\f
Symbol }}{\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 188 \\f Symbol }} \par
}
{\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 188 \\f Symbol }}{\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 188 \\f Sym
bol }}{\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 188 \\f Symbol }}{\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 188 \
\f Symbol }}{\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 188 \\f Symbol }}{\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL
188 \\f Symbol }}{\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 188 \\f Symbol }}{\field{\*\fldinst
SYMBOL 188 \\f Symbol }}{\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 188 \\f Symbol }}{\field{\*\fl
dinst SYMBOL 188 \\f Symbol }}{\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 188 \\f Symbol }}{\field
{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 188 \\f Symbol }}{\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 188 \\f Symbol }}{
\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 188 \\f Symbol }}{\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 188 \\f Symb
ol }}{\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 188 \\f Symbol }}{\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 188 \\
f Symbol }}95 \par
}
GSM Technology for Engineers
\par}{\phpg\posx1140\pvpg\posy15388\absw2759\absh398 \sl-225 \f10 \fs17 \cf0 AIR
COM International 2002 \par
}
{\phpg\posx10740\pvpg\posy15482\absw73\absh241 \f10 \fs21 \cf0 \f10 \fs21 \cf0 i
\par
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0101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101ffc0
001108034a025403012200021101031101ffc4001f00000105010101010101000000000000000001
02030405060708090a0bffc400b5100002010303020403050504040000017d010203000411051221
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0101010101010101010000000000000102030405060708090a0bffc400b511000201020404030407
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5a636465666768696a737475767778797a82838485868788898a92939495969798999aa2a3a4a5a6
00ffd9
0 \fs28 \cf0 7. Mobility Management
\fi570 {\b0 \fs17 7.1}{\b0 \fs17
Introduction}{\b0 \fs17 ...................
................................................................................
......99 }
\fi570 {\b0 \fs17 7.2}{\b0 \fs17
Mobility}{\b0 \fs17 Management}{\b0 \fs17
Procedures}{\b0 \fs17 .........................................................
..............}{\b0 \fs17 100 }
\fi570 {\b0 \fs17 7.3}{\b0 \fs17
Network}{\b0 \fs17 Areas}{\b0 \fs17 ......
................................................................................
.............}{\b0 \fs17 101 }
\fi570 {\b0 \fs17 7.4}{\b0 \fs17
Mobility}{\b0 \fs17 States}{\b0 \fs17 ....
................................................................................
...............}{\b0 \fs17 103 }
\fi570 {\b0 \fs17 7.5}{\b0 \fs17
IMSI}{\b0 \fs17 Attach/Detach..............
..............................................................................}{
\b0 \fs17 104 }
\fi570 {\b0 \fs17 7.6}{\b0 \fs17
Location}{\b0 \fs17 Updating}{\b0 \fs17 ..
................................................................................
............}{\b0 \fs17 107 }
\fi570 {\b0 \fs17 7.7}{\b0 \fs17
Roaming}{\b0 \fs17 ........................
................................................................................
...}{\b0 \fs17 109 }

\fi570 {\b0 \fs17 7.8}{\b0 \fs17
TMSI}{\b0 \fs17 Reallocation}{\b0 \fs17 ..
................................................................................
...........}{\b0 \fs17 110 }
8. Radio Resource Management
\fi570 {\b0 \fs17 8.1}{\b0 \fs17
................................................................................
....}{\b0 \fs17 113 }
\fi570 {\b0 \fs17 8.2}{\b0 \fs17
Radio}{\b0 \fs17 Resource}{\b0 \fs17 Conne
ction}{\b0 \fs17 Setup}{\b0 \fs17 ............................................
.........................}{\b0 \fs17 114 }
\fi570 {\b0 \fs17 8.3}{\b0 \fs17
Cell}{\b0 \fs17 Selection}{\b0 \fs17 and}{
\b0 \fs17 Reselection}{\b0 \fs17 .............................................
..............................}{\b0 \fs17 115 }
\fi570 {\b0 \fs17 8.4}{\b0 \fs17
Handovers...................................
......................................................................}{\b0 \fs1
7 118 }
9. Call Management
\fi570 {\b0 \fs17 9.1}{\b0 \fs17
................................................................................
....}{\b0 \fs17 123 }
\fi570 {\b0 \fs17 9.2}{\b0 \fs17
Mobile}{\b0 \fs17 Originated}{\b0 \fs17 Ca
lls}{\b0 \fs17 ................................................................
......................}{\b0 \fs17 124 }
\fi570 {\b0 \fs17 9.3}{\b0 \fs17
Mobile}{\b0 \fs17 Terminated}{\b0 \fs17 Ca
lls.............................................................................
........}{\b0 \fs17 125 }
\fi570 {\b0 \fs17 9.4}{\b0 \fs17
Call}{\b0 \fs17 Routing}{\b0 \fs17 Example
s}{\b0 \fs17 ..................................................................
.....................}{\b0 \fs17 127 }
\fi570 {\b0 \fs17 9.5}{\b0 \fs17
Echo}{\b0 \fs17 Cancelling.................
................................................................................
}{\b0 \fs17 129 }
\fi1035 {\b0 \fs17 Self-Assessment}{\b0 \fs17 Exercises}{\b0 \fs17 ...........
.....................................................................}{\b0 \fs17
131 }
10. GSM Security
\fi570 {\b0 \fs17 10.1}{\b0 \fs17
Introduction}{\b0 \fs17 ..................
................................................................................
...}{\b0 \fs17 133 }
\fi570 {\b0 \fs17 10.2}{\b0 \fs17
Purposes}{\b0 \fs17 of}{\b0 \fs17 GSM}{\b
0 \fs17 Security...............................................................
.................}{\b0 \fs17 134 }
\fi570 {\b0 \fs17 10.3}{\b0 \fs17

User}{\b0 \fs17 Identity}{\b0 \fs17 Confi
dentiality}{\b0 \fs17 .........................................................
.....................}{\b0 \fs17 134 }
\fi570 {\b0 \fs17 10.4}{\b0 \fs17
Authentication.............................
.....................................................................}{\b0 \fs17
135 }
\fi570 {\b0 \fs17 10.5}{\b0 \fs17
User}{\b0 \fs17 Data}{\b0 \fs17 Confident
iality}{\b0 \fs17 -}{\b0 \fs17 Encryption}{\b0 \fs17 ........................
.......................................}{\b0 \fs17 138 }
\fi570 {\b0 \fs17 10.6}{\b0 \fs17
Signalling}{\b0 \fs17 Data}{\b0 \fs17 Con
fidentiality....................................................................
.......}{\b0 \fs17 140 }
\fi1140 {\b0 \fs17 Self-Assessment}{\b0 \fs17 Exercises}{\b0 \fs17 ...........
...................................................................}{\b0 \fs17
143 }
11. Billing Procedures Overview
\fi570 {\b0 \fs17 11.1}{\b0 \fs17
................................................................................
...}{\b0 \fs17 145 }
\fi570 {\b0 \fs17 11.2}{\b0 \fs17
Billing}{\b0 \fs17 Principles.............
................................................................................
..}{\b0 \fs17 146 }
\fi570 {\b0 \fs17 11.3}{\b0 \fs17
Description}{\b0 \fs17 of}{\b0 \fs17 Call
}{\b0 \fs17 Components}{\b0 \fs17 ............................................
............................}{\b0 \fs17 146 }
\fi570 {\b0 \fs17 11.4}{\b0 \fs17
Charge}{\b0 \fs17 Advice}{\b0 \fs17 Infor
mation}{\b0 \fs17 (CAI)........................................................
...............}{\b0 \fs17 148 }
\fi570 {\b0 \fs17 11.5}{\b0 \fs17
Advice}{\b0 \fs17 of}{\b0 \fs17 Charge}{\
b0 \fs17 (AoC)}{\b0 \fs17 Calculations........................................
.........................}{\b0 \fs17 149 }
\fi570 {\b0 \fs17 11.6}{\b0 \fs17
Call}{\b0 \fs17 Detail}{\b0 \fs17 Records
}{\b0 \fs17 ...................................................................
.......................}{\b0 \fs17 151 }
\fi570 {\b0 \fs17 11.7}{\b0 \fs17
The}{\b0 \fs17 Transferred}{\b0 \fs17 Acc
ount}{\b0 \fs17 Procedure}{\b0 \fs17 (TAP)}{\b0 \fs17 .......................
.................................}{\b0 \fs17 152 }
12. GSM Evolution
\fi570 {\b0 \fs17 12.1}{\b0 \fs17
................................................................................
...}{\b0 \fs17 155 }
\fi570 {\b0 \fs17 12.2}{\b0 \fs17
High}{\b0 \fs17 Speed}{\b0 \fs17 Circuit}
{\b0 \fs17 Switched}{\b0 \fs17 Data}{\b0 \fs17 (HSCSD)}{\b0 \fs17 ..........
............................................}{\b0 \fs17 156 }
\fi570 {\b0 \fs17 12.3}{\b0 \fs17

General}{\b0 \fs17 Packet}{\b0 \fs17 Radi
o}{\b0 \fs17 Service}{\b0 \fs17 (GPRS)........................................
......................}{\b0 \fs17 157 }
\fi570 {\b0 \fs17 12.4}{\b0 \fs17
Enhanced}{\b0 \fs17 Data}{\b0 \fs17 for}{
\b0 \fs17 nGSM}{\b0 \fs17 Evolution}{\b0 \fs17 (EDGE)}{\b0 \fs17 ...........
..........................................}{\b0 \fs17 159 }
\par}{\phpg\posx1020\pvpg\posy984\absw8650\absh10735 \sl-420 \par\b \f10 \fs28 \
cf0 {\f20 \fs21 Appendix}{\f20 \fs21 A}{\f20 \fs21 -}{\f20 \fs21 Solutions}{\
f20 \fs21 to}{\f20 \fs21 Self}{\f20 \fs21 Assessment}{\f20 \fs21 Exercises }
cf0 {\f20 \fs21 Appendix}{\f20 \fs21 B}{\f20 \fs21 -}{\f20 \fs21 Glossary}{\f
20 \fs21 of}{\f20 \fs21 Terms }\par
}
i \par
}
135 AIRCOM International 2002 \par
}
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00ffd9
0 \fs53 \cf0 Course Objectives and Structure \par
}
{\phpg\posx2819\pvpg\posy3531\absw5985\absh4047 \b \f10 \fs28 \cf0 \fi1785 \b \f
10 \fs28 \cf0 Course Objectives
cf0 {\f0\fs21 \bullet }{\b0 \fs16 }{\b0 \fs16
Be}{\b0 \fs16 familiar}{\b0 \
fs16 with}{\b0 \fs16 the}{\b0 \fs16 development}{\b0 \fs16 of}{\b0 \fs16 2G
}{\b0 \fs16 mobile}{\b0 \fs16 systems }
{\f0\fs21 \bullet }{\b0 \fs16 }{\b0 \fs16
Describe}{\b0 \fs16 the}{\b0 \fs1
6 architecture}{\b0 \fs16 of}{\b0 \fs16 a}{\b0 \fs16 GSM}{\b0 \fs16 network
}
Appreciate}{\b0 \fs16 the}{\b0 \f
s16 main}{\b0 \fs16 services}{\b0 \fs16 provided}{\b0 \fs16 within}{\b0 \fs1
6 a}{\b0 \fs16 GSM}{\b0 \fs16 network }
Understand}{\b0 \fs16 the}{\b0 \f
s16 various}{\b0 \fs16 facets}{\b0 \fs16 of}{\b0 \fs16 the}{\b0 \fs16 GSM}{
\b0 \fs16 air}{\b0 \fs16 interface}{\b0 \fs16 including,}{\b0 \fs16 Access }
\fi225 {\b0 \fs16 structures,}{\b0 \fs16 frequency}{\b0 \fs16 allocations,}{\b
0 \fs16 physical}{\b0 \fs16 and}{\b0 \fs16 logical}{\b0 \fs16 channels }
Appreciate}{\b0 \fs16 GSM}{\b0 \f
s16 transmission}{\b0 \fs16 and}{\b0 \fs16 signalling}{\b0 \fs16 protocols }
6 methods}{\b0 \fs16 of}{\b0 \fs16 speech}{\b0 \fs16 and}{\b0 \fs16 error}{
\b0 \fs16 coding}{\b0 \fs16 on}{\b0 \fs16 the}{\b0 \fs16 air}{\b0 \fs16 int
erface }
s16 principals}{\b0 \fs16 mobility}{\b0 \fs16 management }
s16 principles}{\b0 \fs16 of}{\b0 \fs16 radio}{\b0 \fs16 resource}{\b0 \fs16
management }
6 processes}{\b0 \fs16 involved}{\b0 \fs16 in}{\b0 \fs16 connection}{\b0 \fs
16 management }
Appreciate}{\b0 \fs16 the}{\b0 \f
s16 security}{\b0 \fs16 measures}{\b0 \fs16 implemented}{\b0 \fs16 by}{\b0 \
fs16 GSM }
Understand}{\b0 \fs16 GSM}{\b0 \f
s16 mechanisms}{\b0 \fs16 for}{\b0 \fs16 customer}{\b0 \fs16 billing }
Be}{\b0 \fs16 familiar}{\b0 \fs16
with}{\b0 \fs16 the}{\b0 \fs16 future}{\b0 \fs16 evolution}{\b0 \fs16 of}{
\b0 \fs16 GSM}{\b0 \fs16 including}{\b0 \fs16 2G+}{\b0 \fs16 technologies }

Describe}{\b0 \fs16 the}{\b0 \fs
16 evolution}{\b0 \fs16 of}{\b0 \fs16 GSM}{\b0 \fs16 towards}{\b0 \fs16 3G}
{\b0 \fs16 systems }\par
}
\cf0 Course Outline \par
}
10 \fs21 \cf0 Day 1
\par}{\phpg\posx2834\pvpg\posy10472\absw2760\absh3145 \sl-322 \par\b \f10 \fs21
\cf0 {\fs16 Introduction}{\fs16 to}{\fs16 Cellular}{\fs16 Systems }
\cf0 {\fs16 Architecture}{\fs16 Overview }
\cf0 {\fs16 Services }
\cf0 {\fs16 The}{\fs16 Air}{\fs16 Interface }
\cf0 {\fs16 GSM}{\fs16 Protocols }
\cf0 {\fs16 Speech}{\fs16 and}{\fs16 Channel}{\fs16 Coding }\par
}
\cf0 1.
cf0 2.
cf0 3.
cf0 4.
cf0 5.
cf0 6. \par
}
\cf0 7.
cf0 8.
cf0 9. \par
}
10 \fs21 \cf0 Day 2
\cf0 {\fs16 Radio}{\fs16 Resource}{\fs16 Management }
\cf0 {\fs16 Mobility}{\fs16 Management }
\cf0 {\fs16 Connection}{\fs16 Management }\par
}
6 \cf0 10.
Security
\cf0 11.
Billing Procedures Overview
\cf0 12.
GSM Evolution \par
}

}
iii \par
}
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00ffd9
}}\par}{\phpg\posx4890\pvpg\posy15002\absw2006\absh217 \f20 \fs17 \cf0 \f20 \fs1
7 \cf0 Intentional Blank Page \par
}
v \par
}

}
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\cf0 1. Introduction to Cellular Systems \par
}
\cf0 1. Introduction to Cellular
Systems \par
}
{\phpg\posx1140\pvpg\posy11434\absw10564\absh1579 \f20 \fs21 \cf0 \f20 \fs21 \cf
0 ______________________________________________________________________________
___
\par}{\phpg\posx1140\pvpg\posy11434\absw10564\absh1579 \sl-390 \f20 \fs21 \cf0 {
\b \f10 \fs32 1.1}{\b \f10 \fs32
Introduction }
\par}{\phpg\posx1140\pvpg\posy11434\absw10564\absh1579 \sl-292 \par\f20 \fs21 \c
f0 \fi1425 {\fs17 This}{\fs17 section}{\fs17 reviews}{\fs17 the}{\fs17 chara

cteristics}{\fs17 of}{\fs17 first}{\fs17 and}{\fs17 second}{\fs17 generatio
n}{\fs17 cellular}{\fs17 systems}{\fs17 and}{\fs17 is }
\par}{\phpg\posx1140\pvpg\posy11434\absw10564\absh1579 \sl-240 \f20 \fs21 \cf0 \
fi1425 {\fs17 followed}{\fs17 by}{\fs17 an}{\fs17 overview}{\fs17 of}{\fs17
the}{\fs17 functional}{\fs17 blocks}{\fs17 of}{\fs17 GSM}{\fs17 architectu
re,}{\fs17 and}{\fs17 its}{\fs17 functional }
fi1425 {\fs17 entities.}{\fs17 Topics}{\fs17 covered}{\fs17 include: }\par
}
{\phpg\posx2940\pvpg\posy13449\absw165\absh1146 \f40 \fs17 \cf0 {\f0\fs22 \bulle
t }\f40 \fs17 \cf0
\par}{\phpg\posx2940\pvpg\posy13449\absw165\absh1146 \sl-255 \f40 \fs17 \cf0 {\f
0\fs22 \bullet }
0\fs22 \bullet }
0\fs22 \bullet }
0\fs22 \bullet } \par
}
Cellular Radio
\par}{\phpg\posx3345\pvpg\posy13457\absw5832\absh1149 \sl-255 \f20 \fs17 \cf0 1{
\dn006 \fs12 st} generation cellular characteristics and systems
\par}{\phpg\posx3345\pvpg\posy13457\absw5832\absh1149 \sl-255 \f20 \fs17 \cf0 2{
\fs12 nd} generation cellular characteristics and non-GSM systems
\par}{\phpg\posx3345\pvpg\posy13457\absw5832\absh1149 \sl-255 \f20 \fs17 \cf0 GS
M development and characteristics
\par}{\phpg\posx3345\pvpg\posy13457\absw5832\absh1149 \sl-270 \f20 \fs17 \cf0 Wo
rldwide roll-out of cellular systems and subscriber distribution \par
}
}
1 \par
}
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00ffd9
}
________________________________________________________________________________
_
\par}{\phpg\posx1020\pvpg\posy1819\absw10682\absh627 \sl-390 \f20 \fs21 \cf0 {\b
\f10 \fs32 1.2}{\b \f10 \fs32
Cellular}{\b \f10 \fs32 Radio }\par
}
{\phpg\posx2924\pvpg\posy3426\absw5770\absh1855 \b \f10 \fs28 \cf94 \fi1920 \b \
f10 \fs28 \cf94 Mobile{\cf0 Radio}{\cf0 Networks }
cf94 {\f0\fs23 \bullet }{\b0 \fs17 \cf0 }{\b0 \fs17 \cf0 There}{\b0 \fs17 \cf0
are}{\b0 \fs17 \cf0 three}{\b0 \fs17 \cf0 major}{\b0 \fs17 \cf0 types}{\b0 \
fs17 \cf0 of}{\b0 \fs17 \cf0 terrestrial }
\fi150 {\b0 \fs17 \cf0 mobile}{\b0 \fs17 \cf0 communications}{\b0 \fs17 \cf0
technologies: }
cf94 \fi135 {\f0\fs23 \bullet }{\b0 \fs17 \cf0 }{\fs14 \cf0 Paging: }
\fi495 {\b0 \fs14 \cf0 Brief}{\b0 \fs14 \cf0 numeric,}{\b0 \fs14 \cf0 alphanu
meric}{\b0 \fs14 \cf0 or}{\b0 \fs14 \cf0 voice}{\b0 \fs14 \cf0 messages }
\fi495 {\b0 \fs14 \cf0 are}{\b0 \fs14 \cf0 sent}{\b0 \fs14 \cf0 to}{\b0 \fs14
\cf0 the}{\b0 \fs14 \cf0 subscriber}{\b0 \fs14 \cf0 typically}{\b0 \fs14 \cf
0 using }\par
}
{\phpg\posx3045\pvpg\posy5504\absw3407\absh1848 \f10 \fs14 \cf0 \fi374 \f10 \fs1
4 \cf0 simultaneous broadcasting.
{\f0\fs23 \bullet }{\fs17 }{\b Cordless}{\b Communication}:
360 Users are provided limited mobility from a
360 dedicated base station

{\f0\fs23 \bullet }{\fs17 }{\b Cellular: }
359 Users are provided wide area mobility from
359 multiple base stations with handover
359 permitted \par
}
MSC \par
}
{\phpg\posx9075\pvpg\posy4109\absw612\absh161 \b\i \f10 \fs14 \cf1 \b\i \f10 \fs
14 \cf1 Cellular \par
}
{\phpg\posx9045\pvpg\posy4998\absw706\absh240 \f10 \fs21 \cf0 \f10 \fs21 \cf0 PS
TN \par
}
{\phpg\posx7185\pvpg\posy6381\absw479\absh120 \i \f10 \fs10 \cf94 \i \f10 \fs10
\cf94 Cordless \par
}
Paging
\par}{\phpg\posx9510\pvpg\posy6409\absw487\absh436 \sl-165 \f10 \fs12 \cf94 Cont
rol
\par}{\phpg\posx9510\pvpg\posy6409\absw487\absh436 \sl-165 \f10 \fs12 \cf94 Cent
re \par
}
\cf94 Paging Area \par
}
\cf94 Paging Area \par
}
\cf0 Cellular Radio Network Characteristics
\par}{\phpg\posx3660\pvpg\posy9561\absw6524\absh2565 \sl-280 \par\par\b \f10 \fs
28 \cf0 \fi90 {\f0\fs23 \bullet }{\b0 \fs17 }{\b0 \fs17 Mobile}{\b0 \fs17 Radi
o}{\b0 \fs17 Network}{\b0 \fs17 based}{\b0 \fs17 on}{\b0 \fs17 cellular}{\b0
\fs17 structure}{\b0 \fs17 for}{\b0 \fs17 areas }
\fi240 {\b0 \fs17 coverage }
28 \cf0 \fi90 {\f0\fs23 \bullet }{\b0 \fs17 }{\b0 \fs17 Frequency}{\b0 \fs17 r
euse}{\b0 \fs17 required}{\b0 \fs17 due}{\b0 \fs17 to}{\b0 \fs17 limited}{\b
0 \fs17 frequency}{\b0 \fs17 availability }
\fi240 {\b0 \fs17 (frequency}{\b0 \fs17 re-use}{\b0 \fs17 patterns) }
28 \cf0 \fi90 {\f0\fs23 \bullet }{\b0 \fs17 }{\b0 \fs17 Mobility}{\b0 \fs17 be
tween}{\b0 \fs17 cell}{\b0 \fs17 areas}{\b0 \fs17 possible}{\b0 \fs17 (hando
ver) }\par
}
{\phpg\posx1020\pvpg\posy15482\absw165\absh241 \f10 \fs21 \cf0 \f10 \fs21 \cf0 2
\par
}
}
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01010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101
010101010101010101ffdb0043010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101
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00ffd9
}
\cf0 Cellular Generations \par
}
he significant stages in the evolution of
\par}{\phpg\posx2999\pvpg\posy3175\absw3531\absh577 \sl-210 \f10 \fs17 \cf0 cell
ular radio systems is referred to in
\par}{\phpg\posx2999\pvpg\posy3175\absw3531\absh577 \sl-210 \f10 \fs17 \cf0 term
s of generations: \par
}
{\phpg\posx3374\pvpg\posy4212\absw73\absh436 \f10 \fs16 \cf0 {\f0\fs21 \bullet }
\f10 \fs16 \cf0
\par}{\phpg\posx3374\pvpg\posy4212\absw73\absh436 \sl-285 \f10 \fs16 \cf0 {\f0\f

s21 \bullet } \par
}
{\dn006 \fs10 st} Generation or 1G
\par}{\phpg\posx3524\pvpg\posy4212\absw1679\absh436 \sl-285 \f10 \fs16 \cf0 2{\u
p006 \fs10 nd} Generation or 2G \par
}
{\phpg\posx6914\pvpg\posy3231\absw497\absh120 \b \f10 \fs10 \cf0 \b \f10 \fs10 \
cf0 Data rate \par
}
{\phpg\posx3375\pvpg\posy4767\absw551\absh180 \f10 \fs16 \cf0 {\f0\fs21 \bullet
}\f10 \fs16 \cf0 2.5G \par
}
\f10 \fs16 \cf0
s21 \bullet } \par
}
{\dn006 \fs10 rd} Generation or 3G
\par}{\phpg\posx3525\pvpg\posy5052\absw1649\absh436 \sl-285 \f10 \fs16 \cf0 4{\u
p006 \fs10 th} Generation or 4G \par
}
cf0 1978 \par
}
cf0 1992 \par
}
cf0 2000 \par
}
cf0 2002 \par
}
{\phpg\posx9915\pvpg\posy5599\absw91\absh139 \b \f10 \fs12 \cf0 \b \f10 \fs12 \c
f0 ? \par
}
\cf0 time \par
}
\cf0 Progress of data rates with time and generation \par
}
________________________________________________________________________________
_
1005 {\b \f10 \fs20 st }
\f10 \fs32 1.3}{\b \f10 \fs32
1}{\b \f10 \fs32
Generation}{\b \f10 \fs32
Cellular}{\b \f10 \fs32 Systems }\par
}
\cf0 1st Generation Cellular Characteristics \par
}
{\phpg\posx3239\pvpg\posy11004\absw3660\absh2252 \f10 \fs18 \cf0 {\f0\fs23 \bull
et }\f10 \fs18 \cf0
Widespread Introduction in early 1980s
\par}{\phpg\posx3239\pvpg\posy11004\absw3660\absh2252 \sl-225 \par\f10 \fs18 \cf
0 {\f0\fs23 \bullet } Analogue modulation

0 {\f0\fs23 \bullet } Frequency Division Multiple Access
0 {\f0\fs23 \bullet } Voice traffic only
0 {\f0\fs23 \bullet } No inter-network roaming possible
0 {\f0\fs23 \bullet } Insecure air interface \par
}
2 \cf0 The 1st Generation of Cellular
\par}{\phpg\posx7844\pvpg\posy12664\absw2208\absh450 \sl-180 \f10 \fs12 \cf0 Tec
hnology makes use of analogue
30 modulation techniques such as FM \par
}
}
3 \par
}
ffd8ffe000104a46494600010100000100010000ffdb004300010101010101010101010101010101
01010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101
010101010101010101ffdb0043010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101
0101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101ffc0
001108034a025403012200021101031101ffc4001f00000105010101010101000000000000000001
02030405060708090a0bffc400b5100002010303020403050504040000017d010203000411051221
31410613516107227114328191a1082342b1c11552d1f02433627282090a161718191a2526272829
2a3435363738393a434445464748494a535455565758595a636465666768696a737475767778797a
0101010101010101010000000000000102030405060708090a0bffc400b511000201020404030407
05040400010277000102031104052131061241510761711322328108144291a1b1c109233352f015
6272d10a162434e125f11718191a262728292a35363738393a434445464748494a53545556575859
5a636465666768696a737475767778797a82838485868788898a92939495969798999aa2a3a4a5a6
00ffd9
}
{\phpg\posx2445\pvpg\posy1817\absw8004\absh663 \f20 \fs17 \cf0 \f20 \fs17 \cf0 I
n early networks, the emphasis was to provide radio coverage with little conside
ration for
\par}{\phpg\posx2445\pvpg\posy1817\absw8004\absh663 \sl-255 \f20 \fs17 \cf0 the
number of calls to be carried. As the subscriber base grew, the need to provide
greater
\par}{\phpg\posx2445\pvpg\posy1817\absw8004\absh663 \sl-240 \f20 \fs17 \cf0 traf
fic capacity had to be addressed. \par
}
10 \fs28 \cf0 1st Generation Standards
28 \cf0 {\f0\fs23 \bullet }{\b0 \fs17 }{\b0 \fs17
AMPS}{\b0 \fs17 (}{\b0\i \
fs17 Analogue}{\b0 \fs17 Advanced}{\b0 \fs17 Mobile}{\b0 \fs17 Phone}{\b0 \fs
17 System) }
\fi360 {\f0\fs20 \bullet }{\b0 \fs16 }{\b0 \fs16 North}{\b0 \fs16 American}{\
b0 \fs16 Standard}{\b0 \fs16 in}{\b0 \fs16 cellular}{\b0 \fs16 band}{\b0 \fs
16 (800MHz) }
TACS}{\b0 \fs17 (Total}{\b0 \fs17
Access}{\b0 \fs17 Communications}{\b0 \fs17 System) }
\fi360 {\f0\fs20 \bullet }{\b0 \fs16 }{\b0 \fs16 UK}{\b0 \fs16 originated}{\b
0 \fs16 Standard}{\b0 \fs16 based}{\b0 \fs16 on}{\b0 \fs16 AMPS}{\b0 \fs16
in}{\b0 \fs16 900MHz}{\b0 \fs16 band }
NMT}{\b0 \fs17 (Nordic}{\b0 \fs17
Mobile}{\b0 \fs17 Telephony}{\b0 \fs17 System) }
\fi360 {\f0\fs20 \bullet }{\b0 \fs16 }{\b0 \fs16 Scandinavian}{\b0 \fs16 Stan
dard}{\b0 \fs16 in}{\b0 \fs16 450MHz}{\b0 \fs16 and}{\b0 \fs16 900MHz}{\b0 \
fs16 bands }
C-450 }
\fi360 {\f0\fs20 \bullet }{\b0 \fs16 }{\b0 \fs16 German}{\b0 \fs16 Standard}{
\b0 \fs16 in}{\b0 \fs16 450MHz}{\b0 \fs16 band }
JTACS}{\b0 \fs17 (Japanese}{\b0 \f
s17 Total}{\b0 \fs17 Access}{\b0 \fs17 Communications}{\b0 \fs17 System) }
\fi360 {\f0\fs20 \bullet }{\b0 \fs16 }{\b0 \fs16 Japanese}{\b0 \fs16 Standard
}{\b0 \fs16 in}{\b0 \fs16 900MHz}{\b0 \fs16 band }\par
}
{\phpg\posx8940\pvpg\posy6559\absw1033\absh409 \f10 \fs12 \cf0 \f10 \fs12 \cf0 A
nalogue/AMPS
Nokia 252 \par

}
\cf0 1st Generation Planning \par
}
et }\f10 \fs17 \cf0
Macrocellular
i375 {\f0\fs16 \bullet }{\fs12 }{\fs12 High}{\fs12 sites}{\fs12 for}{\fs12
coverage}{\fs12 driven}{\fs12 planning }
i375 {\f0\fs16 \bullet }{\fs12 }{\fs12 Antennas}{\fs12 above}{\fs12 roof}{\f
s12 height }
f0\fs23 \bullet } Frequency planning required
i375 {\f0\fs16 \bullet }{\fs12 }{\fs12 For}{\fs12 networks}{\fs12 with}{\fs1
2 more}{\fs12 cells}{\fs12 than}{\fs12 frequencies }
i525 {\fs12 these}{\fs12 must}{\fs12 be}{\fs12 planned }
f0\fs23 \bullet } Large cell size
i375 {\f0\fs16 \bullet }{\fs12 }{\fs12 Order}{\fs12 30km }
f0\fs23 \bullet } Hard handover
i375 {\f0\fs16 \bullet }{\fs12 }{\fs12 Mobile}{\fs12 only}{\fs12 ever}{\fs12
connected}{\fs12 to}{\fs12 a}{\fs12 single}{\fs12 cell }
f0\fs23 \bullet } Hexagonal Grid Representation \par
}
{\phpg\posx8580\pvpg\posy11129\absw210\absh161 \b\i \f10 \fs14 \cf0 \b\i \f10 \f
s14 \cf0 F1 \par
}
s14 \cf0 F2 \par
}
s14 \cf0 F5 \par
}
s14 \cf0 F4 \par
}
s14 \cf0 F3 \par
}
0 \cf0 The above diagram shows how different
\par}{\phpg\posx7514\pvpg\posy12966\absw2635\absh376 \sl-150 \f10 \fs10 \cf0 fre
quencies are used in different cells in a cellular
1110 network \par
}
\par
}

}
ffd8ffe000104a46494600010100000100010000ffdb004300010101010101010101010101010101
01010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101
010101010101010101ffdb0043010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101
0101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101ffc0
001108034a025403012200021101031101ffc4001f00000105010101010101000000000000000001
02030405060708090a0bffc400b5100002010303020403050504040000017d010203000411051221
31410613516107227114328191a1082342b1c11552d1f02433627282090a161718191a2526272829
2a3435363738393a434445464748494a535455565758595a636465666768696a737475767778797a
0101010101010101010000000000000102030405060708090a0bffc400b511000201020404030407
05040400010277000102031104052131061241510761711322328108144291a1b1c109233352f015
6272d10a162434e125f11718191a262728292a35363738393a434445464748494a53545556575859
5a636465666768696a737475767778797a82838485868788898a92939495969798999aa2a3a4a5a6
00ffd9
}}\par}{\phpg\posx7500\pvpg\posy-278\absw1768\absh320 \b \f10 \fs28 \cf0 \b \f10
\fs28 \cf0 - Problems \par
}
{\phpg\posx7725\pvpg\posy718\absw3163\absh196 \f10 \fs17 \cf0 \f10 \fs17 \cf0 1.
Introduction to Cellular Systems \par
}
\cf94 The{\cf0 First}{\cf0 Generation }\par
}
10 \fs20 \cf0 nd
{\fs32 1.4}{\fs32
2}{\fs32
Generation}{\fs32 Cellular}{\fs32 Systems }
cf0 \fi1425 {\b0 \f20 \fs17 Digital}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 systems}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 of
fer}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 considerable}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 advantages}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 i
n}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 terms}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 of}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 capacity}{\b0 \f20
\fs17 and}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 security}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 and}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 intr
oduce }
\fi1425 {\b0 \f20 \fs17 new}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 possibilities}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 for}
{\b0 \f20 \fs17 data}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 traffic. }\par
}
10 \fs28 \cf0 2nd Generation Characteristics
Widespread}{\b0 \fs17 Intr
oduction}{\b0 \fs17 in}{\b0 \fs17 1990's }
Uses}{\b0 \fs17 digital}{\b0 \
fs17 modulation }
Variety}{\b0 \fs17 of}{\b0 \fs
17 multiple}{\b0 \fs17 access}{\b0 \fs17 strategies }
More}{\b0 \fs17 efficient}{\b0
\fs17 use}{\b0 \fs17 of}{\b0 \fs17 radio}{\b0 \fs17 spectrum }\par
}
et }\f10 \fs17 \cf0
Voice and low rate circuit switched data
0 {\f0\fs23 \bullet } International roaming capability
0 {\f0\fs23 \bullet } Secure air interface
0 {\f0\fs23 \bullet } Compatibility with ISDN \par
}
{\phpg\posx7290\pvpg\posy11958\absw3765\absh1584 \b \f10 \fs21 \cf63 \fi1155 \b
\f10 \fs21 \cf63 000110100110
3 \fi405 {\fs32 \cf94 001001011110 }
3 {\fs21 \cf32 111100010110000010010 }
3 {\fs21 \cf32 0}{\fs32 \cf94 0 }
3 \fi1785 {\fs25 \cf32 111001001111 }
3 \fi2115 {\fs25 \cf32 000 }\par
}
}
5 \par
}
ffd8ffe000104a46494600010100000100010000ffdb004300010101010101010101010101010101
01010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101
010101010101010101ffdb0043010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101
0101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101ffc0
001108034a025403012200021101031101ffc4001f00000105010101010101000000000000000001
02030405060708090a0bffc400b5100002010303020403050504040000017d010203000411051221
31410613516107227114328191a1082342b1c11552d1f02433627282090a161718191a2526272829
2a3435363738393a434445464748494a535455565758595a636465666768696a737475767778797a
0101010101010101010000000000000102030405060708090a0bffc400b511000201020404030407
05040400010277000102031104052131061241510761711322328108144291a1b1c109233352f015
6272d10a162434e125f11718191a262728292a35363738393a434445464748494a53545556575859
5a636465666768696a737475767778797a82838485868788898a92939495969798999aa2a3a4a5a6
00ffd9
}
{\phpg\posx2445\pvpg\posy1472\absw8217\absh892 \f20 \fs17 \cf0 \f20 \fs17 \cf0 W
hile first generation systems used a cellular structure and frequency re-use pat
terns, digital
\par}{\phpg\posx2445\pvpg\posy1472\absw8217\absh892 \sl-255 \f20 \fs17 \cf0 syst
ems developed this concept to include multi-layer cellular patterns (microcells
and
\par}{\phpg\posx2445\pvpg\posy1472\absw8217\absh892 \sl-240 \f20 \fs17 \cf0 macr
ocells). The greater immunity to interference inherent in digital transmission a
llowed
\par}{\phpg\posx2445\pvpg\posy1472\absw8217\absh892 \sl-255 \f20 \fs17 \cf0 tigh
ter frequency re-use patterns to be implemented. \par
}
10 \fs28 \cf0 cdmaOne Characteristics
First}{\b0 \fs17 networks}{\b0
\fs17 in}{\b0 \fs17 1996 }
Derived}{\b0 \fs17 from}{\b0 \fs17
Qualcomm}{\b0 \fs17 IS-95}{\b0 \fs17 air }

\fi209 {\b0 \fs17 interface }
Largely}{\b0 \fs17 American}{\b0 \
fs17 subscriber}{\b0 \fs17 base}{\b0 \fs17 with }
\fi209 {\b0 \fs17 some}{\b0 \fs17 Asian}{\b0 \fs17 networks }
Code}{\b0 \fs17 Division}{\b0 \fs1
7 Multiple}{\b0 \fs17 Access }
\fi375 {\f0\fs21 \bullet }{\b0 \fs16 }{\b0 \fs16 \cf1 The}{\b0 \fs16 \cf1 clo
sest}{\b0 \fs16 \cf1 2nd}{\b0 \fs16 \cf1 generation}{\b0 \fs16 \cf1 standard}
{\b0 \fs16 \cf1 to }
\fi525 {\b0 \fs16 \cf1 many}{\b0 \fs16 \cf1 of}{\b0 \fs16 \cf1 the}{\b0 \fs16
\cf1 3rd}{\b0 \fs16 \cf1 generation}{\b0 \fs16 \cf1 standards }
ANSI-41}{\b0 \fs17 core}{\b0 \fs17
network }
Chip}{\b0 \fs17 rate}{\b0 \fs17 o
f}{\b0 \fs17 1.2288Mcps }\par
}
{\phpg\posx8340\pvpg\posy7414\absw1080\absh139 \f10 \fs12 \cf0 \f10 \fs12 \cf0 c
dmaOne phones \par
}
\cf0 D -AMPS/PDC Characteristics \par
}
t }\f10 \fs17 \cf0
TDMA (D-AMPS)
375 {\f0\fs21 \bullet }{\fs16 }{\fs16 North}{\fs16 American}{\fs16 TDMA/FDMA
}{\fs16 based }
525 {\fs16 standard}{\fs16 based}{\fs16 upon}{\fs16 AMPS }
375 {\f0\fs21 \bullet }{\fs16 }{\fs16 Predominantly}{\fs16 used}{\fs16 in}{\
fs16 North}{\fs16 and }
525 {\fs16 South}{\fs16 America }
375 {\f0\fs21 \bullet }{\fs16 }{\fs16 ANSI-41}{\fs16 Core}{\fs16 Network }
375 {\f0\fs21 \bullet }{\fs16 }{\fs16 Planning}{\fs16 Similar}{\fs16 to}{\fs
16 GSM }\par
}
t }\f10 \fs17 \cf0
PDC
375 {\f0\fs21 \bullet }{\fs16 }{\fs16 Japanese}{\fs16 TDMA/FDMA}{\fs16 based
}
525 {\fs16 standard }
375 {\f0\fs21 \bullet }{\fs16 }{\fs16 Predominantly}{\fs16 used}{\fs16 in}{\
fs16 Asia }
375 {\f0\fs21 \bullet }{\fs16 }{\fs16 Planning}{\fs16 Similar}{\fs16 to}{\fs

16 GSM }\par
}
TDMA and PDC phones \par
}
\par
}
}
ffd8ffe000104a46494600010100000100010000ffdb004300010101010101010101010101010101
01010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101
010101010101010101ffdb0043010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101
0101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101ffc0
001108034a025403012200021101031101ffc4001f00000105010101010101000000000000000001
02030405060708090a0bffc400b5100002010303020403050504040000017d010203000411051221
31410613516107227114328191a1082342b1c11552d1f02433627282090a161718191a2526272829
2a3435363738393a434445464748494a535455565758595a636465666768696a737475767778797a
0101010101010101010000000000000102030405060708090a0bffc400b511000201020404030407
05040400010277000102031104052131061241510761711322328108144291a1b1c109233352f015
6272d10a162434e125f11718191a262728292a35363738393a434445464748494a53545556575859
5a636465666768696a737475767778797a82838485868788898a92939495969798999aa2a3a4a5a6
00ffd9
}
\cf0 1.5 GSM Development and Characteristics
cf0 \fi1425 {\b0 \f20 \fs17 Originally}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 GSM}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 ref
erred}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 to}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 the}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 European}{\b0 \f
20 \fs17 working}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 party}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 set}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 u
p}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 to}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 establish}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 a}{\b0 \f20 \f
s17 new}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 standard }
\fi1425 {\b0 \f20 \fs17 ('Groupe}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 Speciale}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 Mobi
le')}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 but}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 was}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 later}{\b0 \f20
\fs17 amended}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 to}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 reflect}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 a}{
\b0 \f20 \fs17 more}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 global}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 application}{\b0 \
f20 \fs17 (Global }
\fi1425 {\b0 \f20 \fs17 System}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 for}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 Mobile}{\b0
\f20 \fs17 communications). }
cf0 \fi4230 {\fs28 Cellular}{\fs28 Structure }
cf0 \fi2114 {\f0\fs28 \bullet }{\b0 \fs21 }{\b0 \fs21 The}{\b0 \fs21 aim}{\b0
\fs21 of}{\b0 \fs21 a}{\b0 \fs21 cellular}{\b0 \fs21 system}{\b0 \fs21 is}
{\b0 \fs21 to}{\b0 \fs21 make}{\b0 \fs21 best}{\b0 \fs21 use}{\b0 \fs21 of}
{\b0 \fs21 the }
\fi2324 {\b0 \fs21 available}{\b0 \fs21 frequencies}{\b0 \fs21 (spectrum) }
\fi2114 {\f0\fs28 \bullet }{\b0 \fs21 }{\b0 \fs21 The}{\b0 \fs21 cellular}{\b
0 \fs21 structure}{\b0 \fs21 allows}{\b0 \fs21 the}{\b0 \fs21 re-use}{\b0 \f
s21 of }
\fi2324 {\b0 \fs21 frequencies}{\b0 \fs21 across}{\b0 \fs21 the}{\b0 \fs21 ne
twork }
\fi2114 {\f0\fs28 \bullet }{\b0 \fs21 }{\b0 \fs21 Planning}{\b0 \fs21 the}{\b
0 \fs21 pattern}{\b0 \fs21 of}{\b0 \fs21 this}{\b0 \fs21 frequency}{\b0 \fs2
1 re-use}{\b0 \fs21 is}{\b0 \fs21 a }
\fi2324 {\b0 \fs21 key}{\b0 \fs21 part}{\b0 \fs21 of}{\b0 \fs21 the}{\b0 \fs2
1 system}{\b0 \fs21 design }
\fi2114 {\f0\fs28 \bullet }{\b0 \fs21 }{\b0 \fs21 Hexagonal}{\b0 \fs21 patter
n}{\b0 \fs21 best}{\b0 \fs21 represents}{\b0 \fs21 interlocking}{\b0 \fs21 g
rid}{\b0 \fs21 of}{\b0 \fs21 cells }\par
}
f10 \fs28 \cf94 GSM Planning
\fi2490 {\cf0 GSM}{\cf0 Planning }
cf94 {\f0\fs33 \bullet }{\b0 \fs26 \cf0 }{\b0 \fs21 \cf0 Key}{\b0 \fs21 \cf0
Network}{\b0 \fs21 \cf0 planning}{\b0 \fs21 \cf0 parameters }
\fi375 {\f0\fs22 \bullet }{\b0 \fs17 \cf0 }{\b0 \fs14 \cf0 Coverage}{\b0 \fs1
4 \cf0 -}{\b0 \fs14 \cf0 getting}{\b0 \fs14 \cf0 a}{\b0 \fs14 \cf0 usable}{\
b0 \fs14 \cf0 radio}{\b0 \fs14 \cf0 signal}{\b0 \fs14 \cf0 to}{\b0 \fs14 \cf0
all}{\b0 \fs14 \cf0 areas}{\b0 \fs14 \cf0 in}{\b0 \fs14 \cf0 the }
\fi525 {\b0 \fs14 \cf0 network }

\fi375 {\f0\fs22 \bullet }{\b0 \fs17 \cf0 }{\b0 \fs14 \cf0 Capacity}{\b0 \fs1
4 \cf0 -}{\b0 \fs14 \cf0 handling}{\b0 \fs14 \cf0 the}{\b0 \fs14 \cf0 call}{
\b0 \fs14 \cf0 traffic}{\b0 \fs14 \cf0 generated}{\b0 \fs14 \cf0 by}{\b0 \fs1
4 \cf0 the}{\b0 \fs14 \cf0 subscribers }
\fi375 {\f0\fs22 \bullet }{\b0 \fs17 \cf0 }{\b0 \fs14 \cf0 Quality}{\b0 \fs14
\cf0 -}{\b0 \fs14 \cf0 low}{\b0 \fs14 \cf0 interference,}{\b0 \fs14 \cf0 fe
w}{\b0 \fs14 \cf0 calls}{\b0 \fs14 \cf0 dropped}{\b0 \fs14 \cf0 etc. }
{\f0\fs33 \bullet }{\b0 \fs26 \cf0 }{\b0 \fs21 \cf0 Optional}{\b0 \fs21 \cf0
parameters}{\b0 \fs21 \cf0 requiring}{\b0 \fs21 \cf0 planning }
\fi375 {\f0\fs22 \bullet }{\b0 \fs17 \cf0 }{\b0 \fs14 \cf0 Hierarchical}{\b0
\fs14 \cf0 Cell}{\b0 \fs14 \cf0 Structures}{\b0 \fs14 \cf0 (macrocell/microce
ll) }
\fi375 {\f0\fs22 \bullet }{\b0 \fs17 \cf0 }{\b0 \fs14 \cf0 Frequency}{\b0 \fs
14 \cf0 Hopping }
\fi375 {\f0\fs22 \bullet }{\b0 \fs17 \cf0 }{\b0 \fs14 \cf0 Discontinuous}{\b0
\fs14 \cf0 Transmission }
\fi375 {\f0\fs22 \bullet }{\b0 \fs17 \cf0 }{\b0 \fs14 \cf0 Power}{\b0 \fs14 \
cf0 Control }\par
}
t }\f10 \fs26 \cf0 {\fs21 Subscriber/traffic}{\fs21 analysis }
375 {\f0\fs22 \bullet }{\fs17 }{\fs14 Capacity}{\fs14 limited}{\fs14 by}{\fs
14 number}{\fs14 of}{\fs14 TRX's }\par
}
s14 \cf0 F1 \par
}
s14 \cf0 F2 \par
}
s14 \cf0 F5 \par
}
s14 \cf0 F4 \par
}
s14 \cf0 F3 \par
}
Cellular networks can use microcells to
390 provide additional capacity \par
}
}
7 \par
}
ffd8ffe000104a46494600010100000100010000ffdb004300010101010101010101010101010101
01010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101
010101010101010101ffdb0043010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101
0101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101ffc0
001108034a025403012200021101031101ffc4001f00000105010101010101000000000000000001
02030405060708090a0bffc400b5100002010303020403050504040000017d010203000411051221
31410613516107227114328191a1082342b1c11552d1f02433627282090a161718191a2526272829
2a3435363738393a434445464748494a535455565758595a636465666768696a737475767778797a
0101010101010101010000000000000102030405060708090a0bffc400b511000201020404030407
05040400010277000102031104052131061241510761711322328108144291a1b1c109233352f015
6272d10a162434e125f11718191a262728292a35363738393a434445464748494a53545556575859
5a636465666768696a737475767778797a82838485868788898a92939495969798999aa2a3a4a5a6
00ffd9
}
\cf0 1.6 Cellular Systems Subscriber Distribution \par
}
\cf0 Worldwide Mobile Communications Systems \par
}
Subscribers (x million)
269 {\b \fs16 700 }
269 {\b \fs16 600 }
269 {\b \fs16 500 }

269 {\b \fs16 400 }
269 {\b \fs16 300 }
269 {\b \fs16 200 }
269 {\b \fs16 100 }
465 {\b \fs16 0 }
\fi600 {\b \fs16 1991 }\par
}
\cf0 Second Generation - DAMPS
cf0 Second Generation - PDC
cf0 Second Generation - GSM
cf0 Second Generation - cdmaOne
cf0 First Generation - Analogue \par
}
cf0 1993 \par
}
cf0 1995 \par
}
cf0 1997 \par
}
cf0 1999 \par
}
cf0 2001 \par
}
{\phpg\posx6420\pvpg\posy7956\absw3669\absh242 \f10 \fs10 \cf0 \f10 \fs10 \cf0 S
ource:Wideband CDMA for 3rd Generation Mobile Communications,
\par}{\phpg\posx6420\pvpg\posy7956\absw3669\absh242 \sl-135 \f10 \fs10 \cf0 Arte
ch House, 1998 \par
}
\cf0 Worldwide Mobile Subscriber Distribution \par
}
Subscribers (x million)
i330 {\b \fs16 2000 }
0 \fi330 {\b \fs16 1500 }
0 \fi330 {\b \fs16 1000 }
0 \fi420 {\b \fs16 500 }
0 \fi630 {\b \fs16 0 }

i690 {\b \fs16 1995 }\par
}
4 \cf0 European Union Countries
\cf0 North America
\cf0 Asia Pacific
\cf0 Rest of World \par
}
\cf0 2000 \par
}
\cf0 2005 \par
}
\cf0 2010 \par
}
Source: Third Generation Mobile Communications
\par}{\phpg\posx7605\pvpg\posy14136\absw2636\absh255 \sl-150 \f10 \fs10 \cf0 Art
ech House, 2000 \par
}
\par
}
}
ffd8ffe000104a46494600010100000100010000ffdb004300010101010101010101010101010101
01010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101
010101010101010101ffdb0043010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101
0101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101ffc0
001108034a025403012200021101031101ffc4001f00000105010101010101000000000000000001
02030405060708090a0bffc400b5100002010303020403050504040000017d010203000411051221
31410613516107227114328191a1082342b1c11552d1f02433627282090a161718191a2526272829
2a3435363738393a434445464748494a535455565758595a636465666768696a737475767778797a
0101010101010101010000000000000102030405060708090a0bffc400b511000201020404030407
05040400010277000102031104052131061241510761711322328108144291a1b1c109233352f015
6272d10a162434e125f11718191a262728292a35363738393a434445464748494a53545556575859
5a636465666768696a737475767778797a82838485868788898a92939495969798999aa2a3a4a5a6
00ffd9
}
\cf0 1.7 2.5G Characteristics \par
}
10 \fs28 \cf0 2.5G Characteristics
Available}{\b0 \fs17 now... }
Digital}{\b0 \fs17 modulation
}
Voice}{\b0 \fs17 and}{\b0 \fs1
7 intermediate}{\b0 \fs17 rate}{\b0 \fs17 circuit/packet }
\fi224 {\b0 \fs17 switched}{\b0 \fs17 data }
2G}{\b0 \fs17 technology}{\b0
\fs17 roaming }
Secure}{\b0 \fs17 air}{\b0 \fs
17 interface }
Based}{\b0 \fs17 upon}{\b0 \fs
17 existing}{\b0 \fs17 dominant}{\b0 \fs17 2G }
\fi224 {\b0 \fs17 standards}{\b0 \fs17 such}{\b0 \fs17 as}{\b0 \fs17 GSM}{\b0
\fs17 and}{\b0 \fs17 cdmaOne }
Enhanced}{\b0 \fs17 data}{\b0
\fs17 rates }\par
}
}
9 \par
}
ffd8ffe000104a46494600010100000100010000ffdb004300010101010101010101010101010101
01010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101
010101010101010101ffdb0043010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101
0101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101ffc0
001108034a025403012200021101031101ffc4001f00000105010101010101000000000000000001
02030405060708090a0bffc400b5100002010303020403050504040000017d010203000411051221
31410613516107227114328191a1082342b1c11552d1f02433627282090a161718191a2526272829
2a3435363738393a434445464748494a535455565758595a636465666768696a737475767778797a
0101010101010101010000000000000102030405060708090a0bffc400b511000201020404030407
05040400010277000102031104052131061241510761711322328108144291a1b1c109233352f015
6272d10a162434e125f11718191a262728292a35363738393a434445464748494a53545556575859
5a636465666768696a737475767778797a82838485868788898a92939495969798999aa2a3a4a5a6
00ffd9
}
10 \fs28 \cf0 Summary
cf0 {\b0 \fs21 This}{\b0 \fs21 Section}{\b0 \fs21 has}{\b0 \fs21 covered: }
Cellular}{\b0 \fs17 Radio}{\b0
\fs17 in}{\b0 \fs17 context}{\b0 \fs17 with}{\b0 \fs17 other }
\fi209 {\b0 \fs17 wireless}{\b0 \fs17 systems }
Cellular}{\b0 \fs17 Radio}{\b0 \fs
17 Characteristics }

1st}{\b0 \fs17 Generation}{\b0 \fs
17 Cellular}{\b0 \fs17 Systems }
2nd}{\b0 \fs17 Generation}{\b0 \fs
17 Cellular}{\b0 \fs17 Systems }
GSM-specific}{\b0 \fs17 Characteri
stics }
Cellular}{\b0 \fs17 User}{\b0 \fs1
7 Distribution }
2.5}{\b0 \fs17 G}{\b0 \fs17 Chara
cteristics }\par
}
0 \par
}
}
ffd8ffe000104a46494600010100000100010000ffdb004300010101010101010101010101010101
01010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101
010101010101010101ffdb0043010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101
0101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101ffc0
001108034a025403012200021101031101ffc4001f00000105010101010101000000000000000001
02030405060708090a0bffc400b5100002010303020403050504040000017d010203000411051221
31410613516107227114328191a1082342b1c11552d1f02433627282090a161718191a2526272829
2a3435363738393a434445464748494a535455565758595a636465666768696a737475767778797a
0101010101010101010000000000000102030405060708090a0bffc400b511000201020404030407
05040400010277000102031104052131061241510761711322328108144291a1b1c109233352f015
6272d10a162434e125f11718191a262728292a35363738393a434445464748494a53545556575859
5a636465666768696a737475767778797a82838485868788898a92939495969798999aa2a3a4a5a6
00ffd9
\cf0 2. Architecture Overview \par
}
}
0 ______________________________________________________________________________
___
\b \f10 \fs32 2.1}{\b \f10 \fs32
Introduction }
f0 \fi1425 {\fs17 This}{\fs17 section}{\fs17 of}{\fs17 the}{\fs17 course}{\
fs17 provides}{\fs17 an}{\fs17 overview}{\fs17 of}{\fs17 the}{\fs17 GSM}{\
fs17 network}{\fs17 architecture.}{\fs17
This }
fi1425 {\fs17 includes}{\fs17 a}{\fs17 brief}{\fs17 explanation}{\fs17 of}{\
fs17 the}{\fs17 different}{\fs17 network}{\fs17 subsystems}{\fs17 and}{\fs1
7 a}{\fs17 description}{\fs17 of}{\fs17 the }
fi1425 {\fs17 functionality}{\fs17 of}{\fs17 the}{\fs17 elements}{\fs17 with
in}{\fs17 each}{\fs17 of}{\fs17 the}{\fs17 se}{\fs17 subsystems.}{\fs17 T
opics}{\fs17 include: }\par
}
t }\f40 \fs17 \cf0
0\fs22 \bullet }
0\fs22 \bullet }
0\fs22 \bullet }
}
A General architecture overview
\par}{\phpg\posx3285\pvpg\posy13382\absw4392\absh1135 \sl-255 \f20 \fs17 \cf0 Th
e Mobile Station (MS) Subsystem and Elements
e Base Station Subsystem (BSS) and Elements
e Network Subsystem (NSS) and Elements
\par}{\phpg\posx3285\pvpg\posy13382\absw4392\absh1135 \sl-255 \f20 \fs17 \cf0 In
troduction to network interfaces \par
}
}
11 \par
}
ffd8ffe000104a46494600010100000100010000ffdb004300010101010101010101010101010101
01010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101
010101010101010101ffdb0043010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101
0101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101ffc0
001108034a025403012200021101031101ffc4001f00000105010101010101000000000000000001
02030405060708090a0bffc400b5100002010303020403050504040000017d010203000411051221
31410613516107227114328191a1082342b1c11552d1f02433627282090a161718191a2526272829
2a3435363738393a434445464748494a535455565758595a636465666768696a737475767778797a
0101010101010101010000000000000102030405060708090a0bffc400b511000201020404030407
05040400010277000102031104052131061241510761711322328108144291a1b1c109233352f015
6272d10a162434e125f11718191a262728292a35363738393a434445464748494a53545556575859
5a636465666768696a737475767778797a82838485868788898a92939495969798999aa2a3a4a5a6
00ffd9
}
_______________________________________________________________________________
_
b \f10 \fs32 2.2}{\b \f10 \fs32
GSM}{\b \f10 \fs32 Identifiers }
0 \fi4410 {\b \f10 \fs28 GSM}{\b \f10 \fs28 Identifiers }
0 \fi3254 {\f0\fs23 \bullet }{\f10 \fs18 }{\f10 \fs18
IMEI}{\f10 \fs18 -}{\f
10 \fs18 International}{\f10 \fs18 Mobile}{\f10 \fs18 Equipment}{\f10 \fs18
Identifier }

IMSI}{\f10 \fs18 -}{\f
10 \fs18 International}{\f10 \fs18 Mobile}{\f10 \fs18 Subscriber}{\f10 \fs18
Identifier }
TMSI}{\f10 \fs18 -Temp
orary}{\f10 \fs18 Mobile}{\f10 \fs18 Subscriber}{\f10 \fs18 Identity }
MSISDN}{\f10 \fs18 -}{
\f10 \fs18 Mobile}{\f10 \fs18 Subscriber}{\f10 \fs18 ISDN}{\f10 \fs18 number
}
MSRN}{\f10 \fs18 -}{\f
10 \fs18 Mobile}{\f10 \fs18 Station}{\f10 \fs18 Roaming}{\f10 \fs18 Number }
LAI}{\f10 \fs18 -}{\f1
0 \fs18 Location}{\f10 \fs18 Area}{\f10 \fs18 Identity }
CI}{\f10 \fs18 -}{\f10
\fs18 Cell}{\f10 \fs18 Identifier }
BSIC}{\f10 \fs18 -}{\f
10 \fs18 Base}{\f10 \fs18 Station}{\f10 \fs18 Identity}{\f10 \fs18 Code }\pa
r
}
\cf0 2.2.1 {\ul I}{\ul M}{\ul E}{\ul I}{\ul }{\ul -}{\ul }{\ul I}{\ul N}{\u
l T}{\ul E}{\ul R}{\ul N}{\ul A}{\ul T}{\ul I}{\ul O}{\ul N}{\ul A}{\ul L}{\ul
}{\ul M}{\ul O}{\ul B}{\ul I}{\ul L}{\ul E}{\ul }{\ul E}{\ul Q}{\ul U}{\ul I}{\
ul P}{\ul M}{\ul E}{\ul N}{\ul T}{\ul }{\ul I}{\ul D}{\ul E}{\ul N}{\ul T}{\ul
I}{\ul F}{\ul I}{\ul E}{\ul R}{\ul .}
cf0 {\b0 \f20 \fs17 The}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 IMEI}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 is}{\b0 \f20 \fs1
7 an}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 internationally-unique}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 serial}{\b0 \f20
\fs17 number}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 allocated}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 to}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 th
e}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 MS}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 hardware}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 at}{\b0 \f20 \f
s17 the}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 time }
{\b0 \f20 \fs17 of}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 manufacture.}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 It}{\b0 \f20
\fs17 is}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 registered}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 by}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 the}{
\b0 \f20 \fs17 network}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 operator}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 and}{\b0 \f20
\fs17 (optionally)}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 stored}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 in}{\b0 \f20 \fs17
the}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 AuC }
{\b0 \f20 \fs17 for}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 validation}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 purposes. }
cf0 2.2.2 {\ul I}{\ul M}{\ul S}{\ul I}{\ul }{\ul -}{\ul }{\ul I}{\ul N}{\ul
T}{\ul E}{\ul R}{\ul N}{\ul A}{\ul T}{\ul I}{\ul O}{\ul N}{\ul A}{\ul L}{\ul }{
\ul M}{\ul O}{\ul B}{\ul I}{\ul L}{\ul E}{\ul }{\ul S}{\ul U}{\ul B}{\ul S}{\ul
C}{\ul R}{\ul I}{\ul B}{\ul E}{\ul R}{\ul }{\ul I}{\ul D}{\ul E}{\ul N}{\ul T}
{\ul I}{\ul F}{\ul I}{\ul E}{\ul R}
cf0 {\b0 \f20 \fs17 When}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 a}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 subscriber}{\b0 \f2
0 \fs17 registers}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 with}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 a}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 net
work}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 operator,}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 a}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 unique}{\b0
\f20 \fs17 subscriber}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 IMSI}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 identifier}{\b0 \f
20 \fs17 is }
{\b0 \f20 \fs17 issued}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 and}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 stored}{\b0 \f20 \f
s17 in}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 the}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 SIM}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 of}{\b0 \f20
\fs17 the}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 MS.}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 An}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 MS}{\b0 \f
20 \fs17 can}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 only}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 function}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 f
ully}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 if}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 it}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 is}{\b0 \f20 \fs17
operated}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 with}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 a }
{\b0 \f20 \fs17 valid}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 SIM}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 inserted}{\b0 \f20 \
fs17 into}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 an}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 <MS}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 with}{\b0 \
f20 \fs17 a}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 valid}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 IMEI. }
cf0 2.2.3 {\ul T}{\ul M}{\ul S}{\ul I}{\ul }{\ul -}{\ul T}{\ul E}{\ul M}{\ul
P}{\ul O}{\ul R}{\ul A}{\ul R}{\ul Y}{\ul }{\ul M}{\ul O}{\ul B}{\ul I}{\ul L}{
\ul E}{\ul }{\ul S}{\ul U}{\ul B}{\ul S}{\ul C}{\ul R}{\ul I}{\ul B}{\ul E}{\ul
R}{\ul }{\ul I}{\ul D}{\ul E}{\ul N}{\ul T}{\ul I}{\ul T}Y
cf0 {\b0 \f20 \fs17 A}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 TMSI}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 is}{\b0 \f20 \fs17
used}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 to}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 protect}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 the}{\b0 \f2
0 \fs17 true}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 identity}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 (IMSI)}{\b0 \f20 \fs17
of}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 a}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 subscriber.}{\b0 \f20 \fs17
It}{\b0 \
f20 \fs17 is}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 issued}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 by}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 and}{
\b0 \f20 \fs17 stored }
{\b0 \f20 \fs17 within}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 a}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 VLR}{\b0 \f20 \fs17
(not}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 in}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 the}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 HLR)}{\b0 \f20 \f
s17 when}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 an}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 IMSI}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 attach}{\b0
\f20 \fs17 takes}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 place}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 or}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 a
}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 Location}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 Area}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 (LA) }
{\b0 \f20 \fs17 update}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 takes}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 place.}{\b0 \f20
\fs17 At}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 the}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 MS}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 it}{\b0 \f2
0 \fs17 is}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 stored}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 in}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 the}{\b
0 \f20 \fs17 MS's}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 SIM.}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 The}{\b0 \f20 \fs17
issued}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 TMSI}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 only}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 has}{\b0 \f2
0 \fs17 validity }
{\b0 \f20 \fs17 within}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 a}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 specific}{\b0 \f20 \f
s17 LA. }
cf0 2.2.4 {\ul M}{\ul S}{\ul I}{\ul S}{\ul D}{\ul N}{\ul }{\ul -}{\ul }{\ul
M}{\ul O}{\ul B}{\ul I}{\ul L}{\ul E}{\ul }{\ul S}{\ul U}{\ul B}{\ul S}{\ul C}{
\ul R}{\ul I}{\ul B}{\ul E}{\ul R}{\ul }{\ul I}{\ul S}{\ul D}{\ul N}{\ul }{\ul
N}{\ul U}{\ul M}{\ul B}{\ul E}{\ul R}
cf0 {\b0 \f20 \fs17 The}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 MSISDN}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 represents}{\b0
\f20 \fs17 the}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 'true'}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 or}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 'd
ialled'}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 number}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 associated}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 wit
h}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 the}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 subscriber.}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 It}{\b0 \f
20 \fs17 is }
{\b0 \f20 \fs17 assigned}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 to}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 the}{\b0 \f20 \fs1
7 subscriber}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 by}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 the}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 network}
{\b0 \f20 \fs17 operator}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 at}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 registration}{\b0
\f20 \fs17 and}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 is}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 stored}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 in
}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 the}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 SIM.}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 It }
{\b0 \f20 \fs17 is}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 possible}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 for}{\b0 \f20 \fs1
7 an}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 MS}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 to}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 hold}{\b0 \f20 \f
s17 multiple}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 MSISDNs,}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 each}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 a
ssociated}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 with}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 a}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 different}{\
b0 \f20 \fs17 service}{\b0 \f20 . }\par
}
2 \par
}
}
ffd8ffe000104a46494600010100000100010000ffdb004300010101010101010101010101010101
01010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101
010101010101010101ffdb0043010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101
0101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101ffc0
001108034a025403012200021101031101ffc4001f00000105010101010101000000000000000001
02030405060708090a0bffc400b5100002010303020403050504040000017d010203000411051221
31410613516107227114328191a1082342b1c11552d1f02433627282090a161718191a2526272829
2a3435363738393a434445464748494a535455565758595a636465666768696a737475767778797a
0101010101010101010000000000000102030405060708090a0bffc400b511000201020404030407
05040400010277000102031104052131061241510761711322328108144291a1b1c109233352f015
6272d10a162434e125f11718191a262728292a35363738393a434445464748494a53545556575859
5a636465666768696a737475767778797a82838485868788898a92939495969798999aa2a3a4a5a6
00ffd9
}
\cf0 2.2.5 {\ul M}{\ul S}{\ul R}{\ul N}{\ul }{\ul -}{\ul }{\ul M}{\ul O}{\u
l B}{\ul I}{\ul L}{\ul E}{\ul }{\ul S}{\ul T}{\ul A}{\ul T}{\ul I}{\ul O}{\ul N
}{\ul }{\ul R}{\ul O}{\ul A}{\ul M}{\ul I}{\ul N}{\ul G}{\ul }{\ul N}{\ul U}{\
ul M}{\ul B}{\ul E}{\ul R}
cf0 {\b0 \f20 \fs17 The}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 MSRN}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 is}{\b0 \f20 \fs1
7 a}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 temporary,}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 location-dependant}{\b0 \f20 \
fs17 ISDN}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 number}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 issued}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 by}{
\b0 \f20 \fs17 the}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 parent}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 VLR}{\b0 \f20 \fs17
to}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 all }
{\b0 \f20 \fs17 MSs}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 within}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 its}{\b0 \f20 \fs17
area}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 of}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 responsibility.}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 It
}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 is}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 stored}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 in}{\b0 \f20 \fs17
the}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 VLR}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 and}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 associated}{\b0
\f20 \fs17 HLR}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 but}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 not}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 in}{
\b0 \f20 \fs17 the }
{\b0 \f20 \fs17 MS.}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 The}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 MSRN}{\b0 \f20 \fs17
is}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 used}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 by}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 the}{\b0 \f20 \fs
17 VLR-associated}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 MSC}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 for}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 ca
ll}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 routing}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 within}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 the}{\b0 \f
20 \fs17 MSC/VLR }
{\b0 \f20 \fs17 service}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 area. }
cf0 2.2.6 {\ul L}{\ul A}{\ul I}{\ul }{\ul -}{\ul }{\ul L}{\ul O}{\ul C}{\ul
A}{\ul T}{\ul I}{\ul O}{\ul N}{\ul }{\ul A}{\ul R}{\ul E}{\ul A}{\ul }{\ul I}{
\ul D}{\ul E}{\ul N}{\ul T}{\ul I}{\ul T}{\ul Y}
cf0 {\b0 \f20 \fs17 Each}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 Location}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 Area}{\b0 \f
20 \fs17 within}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 the}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 PLMN}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 has
}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 an}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 associated}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 internationall
y-unique}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 identifier }
{\b0 \f20 \fs17 (LAI).}{\b0 \f20 \fs17
The}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 LAI}{\b0 \f20 \f
s17 is}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 broadcast}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 regularly}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 b
y}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 BTSs}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 on}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 the}{\b0 \f20 \fs17
Broadcast}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 Control}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 Channel}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 (
BCCH), }
{\b0 \f20 \fs17 thus}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 uniquely}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 identifying}{\b0
\f20 \fs17 each}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 cell}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 with}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 a
n}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 associated}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 LA.}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 The}{\b0 \f
20 \fs17 purpose}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 of}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 LAs}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 is}{
\b0 \f20 \fs17 covered }
{\b0 \f20 \fs17 later}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 in}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 this}{\b0 \f20 \fs17
course. }
cf0 2.2.7 {\ul C}{\ul I}{\ul }{\ul -}{\ul }{\ul C}{\ul E}{\ul L}{\ul L}{\ul
}{\ul I}{\ul D}{\ul E}{\ul N}{\ul T}{\ul I}{\ul F}{\ul I}{\ul E}{\ul R}
cf0 {\b0 \f20 \fs17 The}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 CI}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 an}{\b0 \f20 \fs17
identifier}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 assigned}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 to}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 each}
{\b0 \f20 \fs17 cell}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 within}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 a}{\b0 \f20 \fs17
network.}{\b0 \f20 \fs17
However,}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 the}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 CI}
{\b0 \f20 \fs17 is}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 only}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 unique }
{\b0 \f20 \fs17 within}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 a}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 specific}{\b0 \f20 \f
s17 Location}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 Area.}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 When}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 com
bined}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 with}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 the}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 internationall
y}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 unique}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 LAI}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 for}{\b0 \f20 \f
s17 its }
{\b0 \f20 \fs17 associated}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 LA,}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 the}{\f20 \fs17
Global}{\f20 \fs17 Cell}{\f20 \fs17 Identity}{\f20 \fs17 (GCI)}{\b0 \f20 \f
s17 is}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 produced}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 which}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 is}{\b
0 \f20 \fs17 also}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 internationally }
{\b0 \f20 \fs17 unique. }
cf0 2.2.8 {\ul B}{\ul S}{\ul I}{\ul C}{\ul }{\ul -}{\ul }{\ul B}{\ul A}{\ul
S}{\ul E}{\ul }{\ul S}{\ul T}{\ul A}{\ul T}{\ul I}{\ul O}{\ul N}{\ul }{\ul I}{
\ul D}{\ul E}{\ul N}{\ul T}{\ul I}{\ul T}{\ul Y}{\ul }{\ul C}{\ul O}{\ul D}{\ul
E}
cf0 {\b0 \f20 \fs17 Each}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 BTS}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 is}{\b0 \f20 \fs1
7 issued}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 with}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 a}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 unique}{\b0
\f20 \fs17 identity,}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 the}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 BSIC}{\b0 \f20 \fs17
and}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 is}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 used}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 to}{\b0 \f20 \f
s17 distinguish}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 neighbouring }
{\b0 \f20 \fs17 BTSs. }\par
}
_______________________________________________________________________________
__
b \f10 \fs32 2.3}{\b \f10 \fs32
General}{\b \f10 \fs32 Architecture}{\b \f10
\fs32 Overview }
0 \fi3465 {\b \f10 \fs28 GSM}{\b \f10 \fs28 Architecture}{\b \f10 \fs28 Overvi
ew }\par
}
\cf94 Air{\cf0 Interfacee{\f63 \u32000\'3f}{\f63 \u16384\'3f} }
\fi239 {\cf0 (Um) }
\fi239 (Um) \par
}
0 \cf94 Abis Interface \par
}
\cf0 A Interface
}{\phpg\posx6794\pvpg\posy10641\absw636\absh120 \b \f10 \fs10 \cf0 {\cf94 A}{\cf
94 Interface }\par
}
\cf0 OMC \par
}
\cf0 MS \par
}
\cf0 VLR
\par}{\phpg\posx7530\pvpg\posy11899\absw340\absh153 \sl-124 \b \f10 \fs12 \cf0 {
\cf125 VLR }\par
}
\cf0 MS \par
}
{\phpg\posx4995\pvpg\posy12321\absw342\absh479 \b \f10 \fs10 \cf0 \fi44 \b \f10
\fs10 \cf0 TRX

\par}{\phpg\posx4995\pvpg\posy12321\absw342\absh479 \sl-195 \par\b \f10 \fs10 \c
f0 {\fs14 BTS }
}{\phpg\posx4995\pvpg\posy12321\absw342\absh479 \b \f10 \fs10 \cf0 {\fs14 \cf125
BTS }\par
}
\cf0 BSS
\par}{\phpg\posx5745\pvpg\posy11958\absw674\absh819 \sl-220 \par\par\b \f10 \fs2
1 \cf0 \fi315 {\fs14 BSC }\par
}
\cf0 MSC \par
}
2 \cf125 HLR
f125 \fi240 AuC \par
}
\cf0 MS \par
}
2 \cf125 EIR \par
}
\cf0 NSS
\cf94 NSS }\par
}
\cf0 PSTN \par
}
}
13 \par
}
ffd8ffe000104a46494600010100000100010000ffdb004300010101010101010101010101010101
01010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101
010101010101010101ffdb0043010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101
0101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101ffc0
001108034a025403012200021101031101ffc4001f00000105010101010101000000000000000001
02030405060708090a0bffc400b5100002010303020403050504040000017d010203000411051221
31410613516107227114328191a1082342b1c11552d1f02433627282090a161718191a2526272829
2a3435363738393a434445464748494a535455565758595a636465666768696a737475767778797a
0101010101010101010000000000000102030405060708090a0bffc400b511000201020404030407
05040400010277000102031104052131061241510761711322328108144291a1b1c109233352f015
6272d10a162434e125f11718191a262728292a35363738393a434445464748494a53545556575859
5a636465666768696a737475767778797a82838485868788898a92939495969798999aa2a3a4a5a6
00ffd9
}
GSM network is made up of three subsystems: \par
}
\f10 \fs17 \cf0
s22 \bullet }
s22 \bullet } \par
}
he Mobile Station (MS)
\par}{\phpg\posx3180\pvpg\posy1727\absw7422\absh879 \sl-240 \f20 \fs17 \cf0 The
Base Station Sub-system (BSS) - comprising a BSC and several BTSs
Network and Switching Sub-system (NSS) - comprising an MSC and associated
\par}{\phpg\posx3180\pvpg\posy1727\absw7422\absh879 \sl-240 \f20 \fs17 \cf0 regi
sters \par
}
he interfaces defined between each of these sub systems include: \par
}
\f10 \fs17 \cf0
s22 \bullet }
s22 \bullet } \par
}
{\phpg\posx3180\pvpg\posy3212\absw4856\absh663 \f20 \fs17 \cf0 \f20 \fs17 \cf0 '
A' interface between NSS and BSS
\par}{\phpg\posx3180\pvpg\posy3212\absw4856\absh663 \sl-255 \f20 \fs17 \cf0 \fi4
5 'Abis' interface between BSC and BTS (within the BSS)

8 'Um' air interface between the BSS and the MS \par
}
\cf0 Abbreviations:
{\b0 MSC}{\b0 -}{\b0 Mobile}{\b0 Switching}{\b0 Centre }
{\b0 BSC}{\b0 -}{\b0 Base}{\b0 Station}{\b0 Controller }
{\b0 BTS}{\b0 -}{\b0 Base}{\b0 Transceiver}{\b0 Station }
{\b0 TRX}{\b0 -}{\b0 Transceiver }
{\b0 MS}{\b0 -}{\b0 Mobile}{\b0 Station }\par
}
BSS - Base Station Sub-system
\par}{\phpg\posx6060\pvpg\posy4697\absw3733\absh1108 \sl-240 \f20 \fs17 \cf0 HLR
- Home Location Register
\par}{\phpg\posx6060\pvpg\posy4697\absw3733\absh1108 \sl-255 \f20 \fs17 \cf0 VLR
- Visitor Location Register
720 AuC - Authentication Centre
720 EIR - Equipment Identity Register \par
}
{\phpg\posx2445\pvpg\posy5942\absw3942\absh433 \f20 \fs17 \cf0 \f20 \fs17 \cf0 O
MC - Operations and Maintenance Centre
\par}{\phpg\posx2445\pvpg\posy5942\absw3942\absh433 \sl-240 \f20 \fs17 \cf0 PSTN
- Public Switched Telephone Network \par
}
_______________________________________________________________________________
__
b \f10 \fs32 2.4}{\b \f10 \fs32
The}{\b \f10 \fs32 GSM}{\b \f10 \fs32 Mobil
e}{\b \f10 \fs32 Station}{\b \f10 \fs32 (MS) }
0 \fi1425 {\fs17 The}{\fs17 Mobile}{\fs17 Station}{\fs17 (MS)}{\fs17 consis
ts}{\fs17 of}{\fs17 the}{\fs17 physical}{\fs17 equipment}{\fs17 used}{\fs17
by}{\fs17 a}{\fs17 PLMN}{\fs17 subscriber}{\fs17 to }
i1425 {\fs17 connect}{\fs17 to}{\fs17 the}{\fs17 network.}{\fs17
It}{\fs17
comprises}{\fs17 the}{\fs17 Mobile}{\fs17 Equipment}{\fs17 (ME)}{\fs17 an
d}{\fs17 the}{\fs17 Subscriber}{\fs17 Identity }
i1425 {\fs17 Module}{\fs17 (SIM).}{\fs17
The}{\fs17 ME}{\fs17 forms}{\fs1
7 part}{\fs17 of}{\fs17 the}{\fs17 Mobile}{\fs17 Termination}{\fs17 (MT)}{
\fs17 which,}{\fs17 depending}{\fs17 on}{\fs17 the }
i1425 {\fs17 application}{\fs17 and}{\fs17 services,}{\fs17 may}{\fs17 also}
{\fs17 include}{\fs17 various}{\fs17 types}{\fs17 of}{\fs17 Terminal}{\fs1
7 Equipment}{\fs17 (TE)}{\fs17 and }
i1425 {\fs17 associated}{\fs17 Terminal}{\fs17 Adapter}{\fs17 (TA). }\par
}
\cf0 GSM Mobile Terminal (MT) \par
}
\cf94 Reference Points \par
}
\cf94 R \par
}
\cf94 S \par
}
0 \fs14 \cf94 U{\fs9 \cf0 m }
{\fs10 \cf0 Interface }
}{\phpg\posx6570\pvpg\posy11354\absw523\absh274 \b \f10 \fs14 \cf94 {\fs10 Inter
face }\par
}
cf94 m \par
}
0 \fs14 \cf94 A
{\fs10 InterfaceInterface }\par
}
\cf94 TA \par
}
\cf0 Base Station
fi60 Subsystem \par
}
\cf0 GSM Core
fi90 Network \par
}
\cf94 SIM \par
}
\cf94 ME \par
}
\cf94 TE \par
}
{\phpg\posx3870\pvpg\posy12509\absw2207\absh1574 \b \f10 \fs14 \cf94 \fi1650 \b
\f10 \fs14 \cf94 MS
\cf94 {\cf0 Mobile}{\cf0 Terminal}{\cf0 (MT) }
}{\phpg\posx3870\pvpg\posy12509\absw2207\absh1574 \b \f10 \fs14 \cf94 Mobile Ter
minal (MT)
\cf94 {\fs12 \cf0 TE}{\fs12 \cf0 -}{\fs12 \cf0 Terminal}{\fs12 \cf0 Equipmen
t }
4 {\fs12 \cf0 TA}{\fs12 \cf0 -}{\fs12 \cf0 Terminal}{\fs12 \cf0 Adaptor }
4 {\fs12 \cf0 MS}{\fs12 \cf0 -}{\fs12 \cf0 Mobile}{\fs12 \cf0 Station }

4 {\fs12 \cf0 ME}{\fs12 \cf0 -}{\fs12 \cf0 Mobile}{\fs12 \cf0 Equipment }
4 {\fs12 \cf0 SIM}{\fs12 \cf0 -}{\fs12 \cf0 Subscriber}{\fs12 \cf0 Identity}{
\fs12 \cf0 Module }\par
}
4 \par
}
}
ffd8ffe000104a46494600010100000100010000ffdb004300010101010101010101010101010101
01010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101
010101010101010101ffdb0043010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101
0101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101ffc0
001108034a025403012200021101031101ffc4001f00000105010101010101000000000000000001
02030405060708090a0bffc400b5100002010303020403050504040000017d010203000411051221
31410613516107227114328191a1082342b1c11552d1f02433627282090a161718191a2526272829
2a3435363738393a434445464748494a535455565758595a636465666768696a737475767778797a
0101010101010101010000000000000102030405060708090a0bffc400b511000201020404030407
05040400010277000102031104052131061241510761711322328108144291a1b1c109233352f015
6272d10a162434e125f11718191a262728292a35363738393a434445464748494a53545556575859
5a636465666768696a737475767778797a82838485868788898a92939495969798999aa2a3a4a5a6
00ffd9
}}\par}{\phpg\posx2565\pvpg\posy718\absw8338\absh1571 \f10 \fs17 \cf0 \fi6105 \f
10 \fs17 \cf0 2. Architecture Overview

{\f20 The}{\f20 two}{\f20 parts}{\f20 of}{\f20 the}{\f20 mobile}{\f20 stat
ion}{\f20 allow}{\f20 a}{\f20 distinction}{\f20 between}{\f20 the}{\f20 ac
tual}{\f20 equipment}{\f20 and}{\f20 the }
0 subscriber}{\f20 who}{\f20 is}{\f20 using}{\f20 it. }
{\f20 The}{\f20 IMSI}{\f20 identifies}{\f20 the}{\f20 subscriber}{\f20 with
in}{\f20 the}{\f20 GSM}{\f20 network}{\f20 while}{\f20 the}{\f20 MS}{\f20
ISDN}{\f20 is}{\f20 the}{\f20 actual }
0 telephone}{\f20 number}{\f20 a}{\f20 caller}{\f20 (possibly}{\f20 in}{\f2
0 another}{\f20 network)}{\f20 uses}{\f20 to}{\f20 reach}{\f20 that}{\f20
person. }\par
}
10 \fs28 \cf0 The Mobile Station (MS)
cf0 {\f0\fs27 \bullet }{\b0 \fs21 }{\b0 \fs21 The}{\b0 \fs21 mobile}{\b0 \fs2
1 station}{\b0 \fs21 consists}{\b0 \fs21 of: }
\fi375 {\f0\fs23 \bullet }{\b0 \fs17 }{\b0 \fs17 mobile}{\b0 \fs17 equipment}{
\b0 \fs17 (ME) }
\fi375 {\f0\fs23 \bullet }{\b0 \fs17 }{\b0 \fs17 subscriber}{\b0 \fs17 identit
y}{\b0 \fs17 module}{\b0 \fs17 (SIM) }
cf0 {\f0\fs27 \bullet }{\b0 \fs21 }{\b0 \fs21 The}{\b0 \fs21 SIM}{\b0 \fs21
stores}{\b0 \fs21 permanent}{\b0 \fs21 and}{\b0 \fs21 temporary}{\b0 \fs21 d
ata}{\b0 \fs21 about }
\fi225 {\b0 \fs21 the}{\b0 \fs21 mobile,}{\b0 \fs21 the}{\b0 \fs21 subscriber
}{\b0 \fs21 and}{\b0 \fs21 the}{\b0 \fs21 network,}{\b0 \fs21 including: }
\fi375 {\f0\fs23 \bullet }{\b0 \fs17 }{\b0 \fs17 The}{\b0 \fs17 International}
{\b0 \fs17 Mobile}{\b0 \fs17 Subscribers}{\b0 \fs17 Identity}{\b0 \fs17 (IMS
I) }
\fi375 {\f0\fs23 \bullet }{\b0 \fs17 }{\b0 \fs17 MS}{\b0 \fs17 ISDN}{\b0 \fs17
number}{\b0 \fs17 of}{\b0 \fs17 subscriber }
cf0 \fi375 {\f0\fs23 \bullet }{\b0 \fs17 }{\b0 \fs17 Authentication}{\b0 \fs17
key}{\b0 \fs17 (K}{\b0\dn006 \fs11 i}{\b0 \fs17 )}{\b0 \fs17 and}{\b0 \fs17
algorithms}{\b0 \fs17 for}{\b0 \fs17 authentication}{\b0 \fs17 check }
cf0 {\f0\fs27 \bullet }{\b0 \fs21 }{\b0 \fs21 The}{\b0 \fs21 mobile}{\b0 \fs2
1 equipment}{\b0 \fs21 has}{\b0 \fs21 a}{\b0 \fs21 unique}{\b0 \fs21 Intern
ational}{\b0 \fs21 Mobile }
\fi225 {\b0 \fs21 Equipment}{\b0 \fs21 Identity}{\b0 \fs21 (IMEI),}{\b0 \fs21
which}{\b0 \fs21 is}{\b0 \fs21 used}{\b0 \fs21 by}{\b0 \fs21 the}{\b0 \fs21
EIR }\par
}
ecurity is provided by the use of an authentication key (explained later in this
section) and
\par}{\phpg\posx2565\pvpg\posy8612\absw8320\absh663 \sl-240 \f20 \fs17 \cf0 by t
he transmission of a temporary subscriber identity (TMSI) across the radio inter
face where
\par}{\phpg\posx2565\pvpg\posy8612\absw8320\absh663 \sl-255 \f20 \fs17 \cf0 poss
ible to avoid using the permanent IMSI identity. \par

}
\cf0 Mobile Station Power Classes \par
}
\cf0 MS Class \par
}
0 \fs12 \cf0 Full Rate
cf0 Power mW \par
}
\cf0 960
cf0 600
cf0 240
cf0 \fi30 96
cf0 120
cf0 \fi30 30
cf0 480 \par
}
\cf0 GSM class 2
cf0 GSM class 3
cf0 GSM class 4
cf0 GSM class 5
cf0 DCS class 1
cf0 DCS class 2
cf0 DCS class 3 \par
}
0 \fs12 \cf0 dBm
cf0 \fi60 39 (8W)
cf0 \fi60 37 (5W)
cf0 \fi60 33 (2W)
cf0 29 (0.8W)
cf0 \fi60 30 (1W)
cf0 24 (.25W)
cf0 \fi60 36 (4W) \par
}

cf0 GSM class 1 - deleted under GSM Phase 2 Specification
\par}{\phpg\posx3315\pvpg\posy14079\absw3078\absh425 \sl-165 \b \f10 \fs9 \cf0 P
ower( mW) = Nominal maximum mean power output (milliwatts)
\par}{\phpg\posx3315\pvpg\posy14079\absw3078\absh425 \sl-97 \par\b \f10 \fs9 \cf
0 Power (dBm) = Maximum power output in dBm(+watts) \par
}
cf0 Source: ETSI GSM 02.06 (Version 4.5.2) \par
}
}
15 \par
}
ffd8ffe000104a46494600010100000100010000ffdb004300010101010101010101010101010101
01010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101
010101010101010101ffdb0043010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101
0101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101ffc0
001108034a025403012200021101031101ffc4001f00000105010101010101000000000000000001
02030405060708090a0bffc400b5100002010303020403050504040000017d010203000411051221
31410613516107227114328191a1082342b1c11552d1f02433627282090a161718191a2526272829
2a3435363738393a434445464748494a535455565758595a636465666768696a737475767778797a
0101010101010101010000000000000102030405060708090a0bffc400b511000201020404030407
05040400010277000102031104052131061241510761711322328108144291a1b1c109233352f015
6272d10a162434e125f11718191a262728292a35363738393a434445464748494a53545556575859
5a636465666768696a737475767778797a82838485868788898a92939495969798999aa2a3a4a5a6
00ffd9
}
The IMEI may be used to block certain types of equipment from accessing the netw
ork if they
\par}{\phpg\posx2445\pvpg\posy1472\absw8245\absh1783 \sl-255 \f20 \fs17 \cf0 are
unsuitable and also to check for stolen equipment.
A number of GSM terminal types are defined within the GSM Specification. They
are
\par}{\phpg\posx2445\pvpg\posy1472\absw8245\absh1783 \sl-240 \f20 \fs17 \cf0 dis
tinguished primarily by their power output rating.
Mobile terminals are only specified for GSM classes 3 and 4 and DCS classes 1 a
nd 2. The
\par}{\phpg\posx2445\pvpg\posy1472\absw8245\absh1783 \sl-255 \f20 \fs17 \cf0 oth
er classes are intended for static or vehicle-mounted installations \par
}
_______________________________________________________________________________
__
b \f10 \fs32 2.5}{\b \f10 \fs32
The}{\b \f10 \fs32 Base}{\b \f10 \fs32 Stat
ion}{\b \f10 \fs32 Subsystem}{\b \f10 \fs32 (BSS) }
0 \fi1425 {\fs17 The}{\fs17 Base}{\fs17 Station}{\fs17 System}{\fs17 (BSS)}{
\fs17 is}{\fs17 the}{\fs17 system}{\fs17 of}{\fs17 base}{\fs17 station}{\f
s17 equipments}{\fs17 (transceivers, }
i1425 {\fs17 controllers,}{\fs17 etc)}{\fs17 which}{\fs17 is}{\fs17 viewed}{
\fs17 by}{\fs17 the}{\fs17 MSC}{\fs17 through}{\fs17 a}{\fs17 single}{\fs1
7 A-interface}{\fs17 as}{\fs17 being}{\fs17 the}{\fs17 entity }
i1425 {\fs17 responsible}{\fs17 for}{\fs17 communicating}{\fs17 with}{\fs17
Mobile}{\fs17 Stations}{\fs17 in}{\fs17 a}{\fs17 certain}{\fs17 area.}{\fs1
7 The}{\fs17 radio}{\fs17 equipment}{\fs17 of }
i1425 {\fs17 a}{\fs17 BSS}{\fs17 may}{\fs17 support}{\fs17 one}{\fs17 or }
i1425 {\fs17 more}{\fs17 cells. }\par
}
BSS may consist of one or more base stations, where an A-bis-interface is imple
mented.
BSS consists of one Base Station Controller (BSC) and one or more Base Transceiv
er
\par}{\phpg\posx2445\pvpg\posy6662\absw7911\absh663 \sl-255 \f20 \fs17 \cf0 Stat
ion (BTS). \par
}
0 \fs28 \cf0 The Base Station Sub-System (BSS)
The}{\b0 \fs17 BSS}{\b0 \fs17
comprises}{\b0 \fs21 : }
\fi750 {\f0\fs18 \bullet }{\b0 \f40 \fs14 }{\b0 \fs14
Base}{\b0 \fs14 Sta
tion}{\b0 \fs14 Controller}{\b0 \fs14 (BSC) }

One}{\b0 \fs14 or}{
\b0 \fs14 more}{\b0 \fs14 Base}{\b0 \fs14 Transceiver}{\b0 \fs14 Stations}{\
b0 \fs14 (BTSs)}{\fs14 \cf94
BSS }
The}{\b0 \fs17 purpose}{\b0 \fs17
of}{\b0 \fs17 the}{\b0 \fs17 BTS}{\b0 \fs17 is}{\b0 \fs17 to: }
provide}{\b0 \fs14
radio}{\b0 \fs14 access}{\b0 \fs14 to}{\b0 \fs14 the}{\b0 \fs14 mobile}{\b0
\fs14 stations }
manage}{\b0 \fs14 t
he}{\b0 \fs14 radio}{\b0 \fs14 access}{\b0 \fs14 aspects}{\b0 \fs14 of}{\b0
\fs14 the}{\b0 \fs14 system }
BTS}{\b0 \fs17 contains}{\b0 \fs21
: }\par
}
}\f10 \fs17 \cf0
\par}{\phpg\posx3839\pvpg\posy10315\absw91\absh604 \sl-225 \f10 \fs17 \cf0 {\f0\
fs23 \bullet }
fs23 \bullet } \par
}
Radio Transmitter/Receiver (TRX)
\par}{\phpg\posx4139\pvpg\posy10349\absw2889\absh566 \sl-225 \f10 \fs14 \cf0 Sig
nal processing and control equipment
\par}{\phpg\posx4139\pvpg\posy10349\absw2889\absh566 \sl-225 \f10 \fs14 \cf0 Ant
ennas and feeder cables \par
}
\cf0 BSC
\cf94 BSC }\par
}
cf0 BTS \par
}
\cf0 BTS \par
}
t }\f10 \fs17 \cf0
The BSC: \par
}
}\f10 \fs17 \cf0
fs23 \bullet } \par
}
allocates a channel for the duration of a call
\par}{\phpg\posx4139\pvpg\posy11284\absw2694\absh315 \sl-195 \f10 \fs12 \cf0 mai
ntains the call: \par
}
}\f10 \fs12 \cf0

fs16 \bullet }
fs16 \bullet } \par
}
monitors quality
\par}{\phpg\posx4514\pvpg\posy11674\absw3180\absh477 \sl-180 \f10 \fs12 \cf0 con
trols the power transmitted by the BTS or MS
\par}{\phpg\posx4514\pvpg\posy11674\absw3180\absh477 \sl-195 \f10 \fs12 \cf0 gen
erates a handover to another cell when required \par
}
\cf0 BTS \par
}
\cf0 BTS \par
}
t }\f10 \fs17 \cf0
Siting of the BTS is crucial to the provision of
224 acceptable radio coverage \par
}
A Base Station Controller (BSC) is a network component in the PLMN with the func
tions for
trol of one or more BTS.
A Base Transceiver Station (BTS) is a network component which serves one cell.
\par
}
6 \par
}
}
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01010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101
010101010101010101ffdb0043010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101
0101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101ffc0
001108034a025403012200021101031101ffc4001f00000105010101010101000000000000000001
02030405060708090a0bffc400b5100002010303020403050504040000017d010203000411051221
31410613516107227114328191a1082342b1c11552d1f02433627282090a161718191a2526272829
2a3435363738393a434445464748494a535455565758595a636465666768696a737475767778797a
0101010101010101010000000000000102030405060708090a0bffc400b511000201020404030407
05040400010277000102031104052131061241510761711322328108144291a1b1c109233352f015
6272d10a162434e125f11718191a262728292a35363738393a434445464748494a53545556575859
5a636465666768696a737475767778797a82838485868788898a92939495969798999aa2a3a4a5a6
00ffd9
}
\cf0 BSS Network Topologies \par
}
}\f10 \fs17 \cf0 {\b
Chain:} cheap, easy to implement
60 {\f0\fs18 \bullet }{\fs14 }{\fs14
One}{\fs14 link}{\fs14 failure}{\fs14
isolates}{\fs14 several}{\fs14 BTSs }\par
}
\cf94 BSC \par
}
}\f10 \fs17 \cf0 {\b
Ring:} Redundancy gives some protection if a
09 link fails
60 {\f0\fs18 \bullet }{\fs14 }{\fs14
More}{\fs14 difficult}{\fs14 to}{\fs14
roll-out}{\fs14 and}{\fs14 extend }
60 {\f0\fs18 \bullet }{\fs14 }{\fs14
ring}{\fs14 must}{\fs14 be}{\fs14 clo
sed }\par
}
\cf94 BSC \par
}
}\f10 \fs17 \cf0 {\b
Star:} most popular configuration for first GSM
09 systems
60 {\f0\fs18 \bullet }{\fs14 }{\fs14
Expensive}{\fs14 as}{\fs14 each}{\fs14
BTS}{\fs14 has}{\fs14 its}{\fs14 own}{\fs14 link }

60 {\f0\fs18 \bullet }{\fs14 }{\fs14
One}{\fs14 link}{\fs14 failure}{\fs14
always}{\fs14 results}{\fs14 in}{\fs14 loss}{\fs14 of}{\fs14 BTS }\par
}
\cf94 BSC \par
}
{\phpg\posx2565\pvpg\posy7112\absw8201\absh676 \f20 \fs17 \cf0 \f20 \fs17 \cf0 B
ase stations are linked to the parent BSC in one of several standard network top
ologies. The
\par}{\phpg\posx2565\pvpg\posy7112\absw8201\absh676 \sl-255 \f20 \fs17 \cf0 actu
al physical link may be microwave, optical fibre or cable. Planning of these lin
ks may be
\par}{\phpg\posx2565\pvpg\posy7112\absw8201\absh676 \sl-255 \f20 \fs17 \cf0 done
using a tool such as Connect \par
}
\cf0 2.6 The Network Switching Subsystem (NSS)
f0 \fi1590 {\fs21 2.6.1}{\fs21
{\ul N}{\ul S}{\ul S}}{\fs21 {\ul }{\ul O}{\u
l V}{\ul E}{\ul R}{\ul V}{\ul I}{\ul E}{\ul W} }
f0 \fi3225 {\fs28 \cf94 Network}{\fs28 Switching}{\fs28 System}{\fs28 (NSS) }
\par
}
\cf94 PSTN/ISDN \par
}
t }\f10 \fs21 \cf0 Key elements of the NSS:
\fi375 {\f0\fs23 \bullet }{\fs17 }{\fs17 Mobile}{\fs17 Switching}{\fs17 Cent
re}{\fs17 (MSC)}{\fs17 with: }\par
}
}\f10 \fs16 \cf0
fs21 \bullet }
fs21 \bullet } \par
}
Visitor Location Register (VLR)
\par}{\phpg\posx4304\pvpg\posy12162\absw2880\absh679 \sl-270 \f10 \fs16 \cf0 Hom
e Location Register (HLR) with:
\par}{\phpg\posx4304\pvpg\posy12162\absw2880\absh679 \sl-285 \f10 \fs16 \cf0 Aut
hentication Centre (AuC) \par
}
0 \fs14 \cf94 VLR
f94 MSC \par
}
\cf94 GMSC \par
}
0 \fs14 \cf94 SS7
Network \par
}
t }\f10 \fs17 \cf0 Equipment Identity Register (EIR)
0\fs23 \bullet } Gateway MSC (GMSC) \par
}
\cf94 EIR \par
}
0 \fs14 \cf94 AuC
f94 HLR \par
}
t }\f10 \fs17 \cf0
These elements are interconnected by means of an SS7 netwo
rk \par
}
}
17 \par
}
ffd8ffe000104a46494600010100000100010000ffdb004300010101010101010101010101010101
01010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101
010101010101010101ffdb0043010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101
0101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101ffc0
001108034a025403012200021101031101ffc4001f00000105010101010101000000000000000001
02030405060708090a0bffc400b5100002010303020403050504040000017d010203000411051221
31410613516107227114328191a1082342b1c11552d1f02433627282090a161718191a2526272829
2a3435363738393a434445464748494a535455565758595a636465666768696a737475767778797a
0101010101010101010000000000000102030405060708090a0bffc400b511000201020404030407
05040400010277000102031104052131061241510761711322328108144291a1b1c109233352f015
6272d10a162434e125f11718191a262728292a35363738393a434445464748494a53545556575859
5a636465666768696a737475767778797a82838485868788898a92939495969798999aa2a3a4a5a6
00ffd9
}
he NSS combines the call routing switches (MSCs and GMSC) with database register
s
\par}{\phpg\posx2445\pvpg\posy1727\absw8288\absh879 \sl-240 \f20 \fs17 \cf0 requ
ired to keep track of subscribers' movements and use of the system. Call routing
between
\par}{\phpg\posx2445\pvpg\posy1727\absw8288\absh879 \sl-255 \f20 \fs17 \cf0 MSCs
is taken via existing PSTN or ISDN networks. Signalling between the registers
uses
\par}{\phpg\posx2445\pvpg\posy1727\absw8288\absh879 \sl-240 \f20 \fs17 \cf0 Sign
alling System No. 7 protocol. \par
}
\cf0 2.6.2 {\ul T}{\ul H}{\ul E}{\ul }{\ul M}{\ul O}{\ul B}{\ul I}{\ul L}{\u
l E}{\ul }{\ul S}{\ul W}{\ul I}{\ul T}{\ul C}{\ul H}{\ul I}{\ul N}{\ul G}{\ul
}{\ul C}{\ul E}{\ul N}{\ul T}{\ul R}{\ul E}{\ul }{\ul (}{\ul M}{\ul S}{\ul C})
cf0 {\b0 \f20 \fs17 The}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 Mobile-services}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 Switch
ing}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 Centre}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 is}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 an}{\b0 \f20 \f
s17 exchange}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 which}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 performs}{\b0 \f20 \fs17
all}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 the}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 switching}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 and }
{\b0 \f20 \fs17 signalling}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 functions}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 for}{\b0
\f20 \fs17 mobile}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 stations}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 located}{\b0 \f20
\fs17 in}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 a}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 geographical}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 area
}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 designated}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 as}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 the}{\b0 \f20
\fs17 MSC }
{\b0 \f20 \fs17 area. }
cf0 {\b0 \f20 \fs17 The}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 main}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 difference}{\b0 \
f20 \fs17 between}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 a}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 MSC}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 and}
{\b0 \f20 \fs17 an}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 exchange}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 in}{\b0 \f20 \fs1
7 a}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 fixed}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 network}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 is}{\b0 \f
20 \fs17 that}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 the}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 MSC}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 has }
{\b0 \f20 \fs17 to}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 take}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 into}{\b0 \f20 \fs17
account}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 the}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 impact}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 of}{\b0 \f
20 \fs17 the}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 allocation}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 of}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 r
adio}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 resources}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 and}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 the}{\b0 \
f20 \fs17 mobile}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 nature}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 of }
{\b0 \f20 \fs17 the}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 subscribers}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 and}{\b0 \f20
\fs17 has}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 to}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 perform}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 in}{\b0
\f20 \fs17 addition,}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 at}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 least}{\b0 \f20 \fs1
7 the}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 following}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 procedures: }\par
}

}\f40 \fs17 \cf0
fs22 \bullet } \par
}
{\phpg\posx3165\pvpg\posy5732\absw5967\absh460 \f20 \fs17 \cf0 \f20 \fs17 \cf0 p
rocedures required for location registration (details in GSM 03.12);
\par}{\phpg\posx3165\pvpg\posy5732\absw5967\absh460 \sl-270 \f20 \fs17 \cf0 proc
edures required for handover (details in GSM 03.09). \par
}
0 \fs28 \cf0 Mobile Switching Centre (MSC)
cf0 {\b0 \fs21 Functions}{\b0 \fs21 of}{\b0 \fs21 the}{\b0 \fs21 MSC: }
cf0 \fi375 {\f0\fs23 \bullet }{\b0 \fs17 }{\fs17 Switching}{\fs17 calls,}{\fs1
7 controlling}{\fs17 calls}{\fs17 and}{\fs17 logging}{\fs17 calls }
cf0 \fi375 {\f0\fs23 \bullet }{\b0 \fs17 }{\fs17 Interface}{\fs17 with}{\fs17
PSTN,}{\fs17 ISDN,}{\fs17 PSPDN }
cf0 \fi375 {\f0\fs23 \bullet }{\b0 \fs17 }{\fs17 Mobility}{\fs17 management}{\
fs17 over}{\fs17 the}{\fs17 radio}{\fs17 network}{\fs17 and }
\fi525 {\fs17 other}{\fs17 networks }
cf0 \fi375 {\f0\fs23 \bullet }{\b0 \fs17 }{\fs17 Radio}{\fs17 Resource}{\fs17
management}{\fs17 -}{\fs17 handovers}{\fs17 between }
\fi525 {\fs17 BSCs }
cf0 \fi375 {\f0\fs23 \bullet }{\b0 \fs17 }{\fs17 Billing}{\fs17 Information }\
par
}
\cf94 VLR \par
}
\cf94 MSC \par
}
8 \par
}
1 \cf0 2.6.3 {\ul T}{\ul H}{\ul E}{\ul }{\ul V}{\ul I}{\ul S}{\ul I}{\ul T}{\
ul O}{\ul R}{\ul }{\ul L}{\ul O}{\ul C}{\ul A}{\ul T}{\ul I}{\ul O}{\ul N}{\ul
}{\ul R}{\ul E}{\ul G}{\ul I}{\ul S}{\ul T}{\ul E}{\ul R}{\ul }{\ul (}{\ul V}{
\ul L}{\ul R}{\ul )}
\cf0 {\b0 \f20 \fs17 A}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 Visitor}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 Location}{\b0 \
f20 \fs17 Register}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 is}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 a}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 data
base}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 serving}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 temporary}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 subscr
ibers}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 within}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 an}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 MSC}{\b0 \f20
\fs17 area. }
{\b0 \f20 \fs17 Each}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 MSC}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 in}{\b0 \f20 \fs17
the}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 network}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 has}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 an}{\b0 \f20
\fs17 associated}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 VLR}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 but}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 a}{
\b0 \f20 \fs17 VLR}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 may}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 serve}{\b0 \f20 \fs17
many}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 MSCs.}{\b0 \f20 \fs17
A}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 mobile }

{\b0 \f20 \fs17 station}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 roaming}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 in}{\b0 \f20
\fs17 an}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 MSC}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 area}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 is}{\b0 \f
20 \fs17 controlled}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 by}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 the}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 V
LR}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 associated}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 with}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 that}{\b0
\f20 \fs17 MSC. }
\cf0 {\b0 \f20 \fs17 When}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 a}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 Mobile}{\b0 \f20 \
fs17 Station}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 (MS)}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 enters}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 a}{
\b0 \f20 \fs17 new}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 location}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 area}{\b0 \f20 \f
s17 it}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 starts}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 a}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 registration
}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 procedure.}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 The }
{\b0 \f20 \fs17 MSC}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 in}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 charge}{\b0 \f20 \fs17
of}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 that}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 area}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 notices}{\b0 \
f20 \fs17 this}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 registration}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 and}{\b0 \f20 \fs
17 transfers}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 the}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 identity}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 of
}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 the}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 location }
{\b0 \f20 \fs17 area}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 where}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 the}{\b0 \f20 \fs1
7 MS}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 is}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 situated}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 to}{\b0 \f2
0 \fs17 the}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 VLR.}{\b0 \f20 \fs17
If}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 this}
{\b0 \f20 \fs17 MS}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 is}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 no}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 yet
}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 registered,}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 the}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 VLR}{\b0 \f2
0 \fs17 and}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 the }
{\b0 \f20 \fs17 HLR}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 exchange}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 information}{\b0
\f20 \fs17 to}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 allow}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 the}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 pro
per}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 handling}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 of}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 calls}{\b0 \f
20 \fs17 involving}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 the}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 MS. }
\cf0 \fi5475 {\b0 \fs17 GSM}{\b0 \fs17 Technology}{\b0 \fs17 for}{\b0 \fs17 E
ngineers }
\fi5610 {\b0 \fs17 }{\b0 \fs17 AIRCOM}{\b0 \fs17 International}{\b0 \fs17 200
2 }\par
}
ffd8ffe000104a46494600010100000100010000ffdb004300010101010101010101010101010101
01010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101
010101010101010101ffdb0043010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101
0101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101ffc0
001108034a025403012200021101031101ffc4001f00000105010101010101000000000000000001
02030405060708090a0bffc400b5100002010303020403050504040000017d010203000411051221
31410613516107227114328191a1082342b1c11552d1f02433627282090a161718191a2526272829
2a3435363738393a434445464748494a535455565758595a636465666768696a737475767778797a
0101010101010101010000000000000102030405060708090a0bffc400b511000201020404030407
05040400010277000102031104052131061241510761711322328108144291a1b1c109233352f015
6272d10a162434e125f11718191a262728292a35363738393a434445464748494a53545556575859
5a636465666768696a737475767778797a82838485868788898a92939495969798999aa2a3a4a5a6
00ffd9
}
0 \fs28 \cf0 Visitor Location Register (VLR)
cf0 {\f0\fs28 \bullet }{\b0 \fs21 }{\b0 \fs21 Each}{\b0 \fs21 MSC}{\b0 \fs21
has}{\b0 \fs21 a}{\b0 \fs21 VLR }
{\f0\fs28 \bullet }{\b0 \fs21 }{\b0 \fs21 VLR}{\b0 \fs21 stores}{\b0 \fs21 d
ata}{\b0 \fs21 temporarily}{\b0 \fs21 for}{\b0 \fs21 mobiles}{\b0 \fs21 serv
ed}{\b0 \fs21 by}{\b0 \fs21 the}{\b0 \fs21 MSC }
{\f0\fs28 \bullet }{\b0 \fs21 }{\b0 \fs21 Information}{\b0 \fs21 stored}{\b0
\fs21 includes: }\par
}
t }\f10 \fs17 \cf0 IMSI
0\fs23 \bullet } MSISDN
0\fs23 \bullet } MSRN
0\fs23 \bullet } TMSI
0\fs23 \bullet } LAI
0\fs23 \bullet } Supplementary service parameters \par
}
\cf94 VLR \par
}
\cf94 MSC \par
}
he VLR contains also the information needed to handle the calls set-up or receiv
ed by the
\par}{\phpg\posx2565\pvpg\posy7367\absw8000\absh447 \sl-255 \f20 \fs17 \cf0 MSs
registered in its data base. The following elements are included: \par
}
}\f40 \fs17 \cf0
\fs22 \bullet }
\fs22 \bullet }
\fs22 \bullet }
\fs22 \bullet }
\fs22 \bullet } \par
}
the International Mobile Subscriber Identity (IMSI);
Mobile Station International ISDN number (MSISDN);
Mobile Station Roaming Number (MSRN)
Temporary Mobile Station Identity (TMSI), if applicable;
Local Mobile Station Identity (LMSI), if used;
location area where the mobile station has been registered. This data item will
be
\par}{\phpg\posx3285\pvpg\posy7877\absw7449\absh1594 \sl-240 \f20 \fs17 \cf0 use
d to call the station. \par
}
1 \cf0 2.6.4 {\ul T}{\ul H}{\ul E}{\ul }{\ul H}{\ul O}{\ul M}{\ul E}{\ul }{\
ul L}{\ul O}{\ul C}{\ul A}{\ul T}{\ul I}{\ul O}{\ul N}{\ul }{\ul R}{\ul E}{\ul
G}{\ul I}{\ul S}{\ul T}{\ul E}{\ul R}{\ul }{\ul (}{\ul H}{\ul L}{\ul R})
\cf0 {\b0 \f20 \fs17 The}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 HLR}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 is}{\b0 \f20 \fs1
7 a}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 database}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 in}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 charge}{\b0
\f20 \fs17 of}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 the}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 management}{\b0 \f20 \fs17
of}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 mobile}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 subscribers.}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 A}{\
b0 \f20 \fs17 PLMN}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 may }
{\b0 \f20 \fs17 contain}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 one}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 or}{\b0 \f20 \fs1
7 several}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 physical}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 HLRs}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 depe
nding}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 on}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 the}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 number}{\b0 \f20
\fs17 of}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 mobile}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 subscribers,}{\b0 \f20 \fs17
the }
{\b0 \f20 \fs17 capacity}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 of}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 the}{\b0 \f20 \fs
17 equipment}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 and}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 the}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 organiz
ation}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 of}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 the}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 network.}{\b0 \f
20 \fs17 However,}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 even}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 if}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 t
he}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 HLR }
{\b0 \f20 \fs17 comprises}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 geographically}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 sepa
rated}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 hardware,}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 it}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 logically}
{\b0 \f20 \fs17 forms}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 a}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 single}{\b0 \f20 \fs1
7 virtual}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 database. }
\cf0 {\b0 \f20 \fs17 Two}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 kinds}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 of}{\b0 \f20 \f
s17 information}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 are}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 stored}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 t
here: }\par
}
}\f40 \fs17 \cf0
}
the subscription information;
\par}{\phpg\posx3285\pvpg\posy12467\absw7266\absh879 \sl-255 \f20 \fs17 \cf0 loc
ation information enabling the charging and routing of calls towards the MSC
\par}{\phpg\posx3285\pvpg\posy12467\absw7266\absh879 \sl-240 \f20 \fs17 \cf0 whe
re the MS is located (e.g. the MS Roaming Number, the VLR address, the MSC
\par}{\phpg\posx3285\pvpg\posy12467\absw7266\absh879 \sl-240 \f20 \fs17 \cf0 add
ress, the Local MS Identity). \par
}
Two types of number are attached to each mobile subscription and are stored in t
he HLR: \par
}
}\f40 \fs17 \cf0
}
the International Mobile Station Identity (IMSI);
\par}{\phpg\posx3285\pvpg\posy13967\absw6117\absh447 \sl-255 \f20 \fs17 \cf0 one
or more Mobile Station International ISDN number(s) (MSISDN). \par
}
}
19 \par
}
ffd8ffe000104a46494600010100000100010000ffdb004300010101010101010101010101010101
01010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101
010101010101010101ffdb0043010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101
0101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101ffc0
001108034a025403012200021101031101ffc4001f00000105010101010101000000000000000001
02030405060708090a0bffc400b5100002010303020403050504040000017d010203000411051221
31410613516107227114328191a1082342b1c11552d1f02433627282090a161718191a2526272829
2a3435363738393a434445464748494a535455565758595a636465666768696a737475767778797a
0101010101010101010000000000000102030405060708090a0bffc400b511000201020404030407
05040400010277000102031104052131061241510761711322328108144291a1b1c109233352f015
6272d10a162434e125f11718191a262728292a35363738393a434445464748494a53545556575859
5a636465666768696a737475767778797a82838485868788898a92939495969798999aa2a3a4a5a6
00ffd9
}
10 \fs28 \cf0 Home Location Register (HLR)
cf0 {\f0\fs28 \bullet }{\b0 \fs21 }{\b0 \fs21 Stores}{\b0 \fs21 details}{\b0
\fs21 of}{\b0 \fs21 all}{\b0 \fs21 subscribers}{\b0 \fs21 in}{\b0 \fs21 the
}{\b0 \fs21 network}{\b0 \fs21 ,}{\b0 \fs21 such}{\b0 \fs21 as: }
\fi375 {\f0\fs23 \bullet }{\b0 \fs17 }{\b0 \fs17 Subscription}{\b0 \fs17 infor
mation }
\fi375 {\f0\fs23 \bullet }{\b0 \fs17 }{\b0 \fs17 Location}{\b0 \fs17 informati
on:}{\b0 \fs17 mobile}{\b0 \fs17 station}{\b0 \fs17 roaming}{\b0 \fs17 numbe
r,}{\b0 \fs17 VLR,}{\b0 \fs17 MSC }
\fi375 {\f0\fs23 \bullet }{\b0 \fs17 }{\b0 \fs17 International}{\b0 \fs17 Mobi
le}{\b0 \fs17 Subscriber}{\b0 \fs17 Identity}{\b0 \fs17 (IMSI) }
\fi375 {\f0\fs23 \bullet }{\b0 \fs17 }{\b0 \fs17 MS}{\b0 \fs17 ISDN}{\b0 \fs17
number }
\fi375 {\f0\fs23 \bullet }{\b0 \fs17 }{\b0 \fs17 Tele-service}{\b0 \fs17 and}{
\b0 \fs17 bearer}{\b0 \fs17 service}{\b0 \fs17 subscription}{\b0 \fs17 infor
mation }
\fi375 {\f0\fs23 \bullet }{\b0 \fs17 }{\b0 \fs17 Service}{\b0 \fs17 restrictio
ns }\par
}
}\f10 \fs17 \cf0 Supplementary services \par
}
\cf94 AuC \par
}
\cf94 HLR \par

}
}\f10 \fs21 \cf0 Together with the AuC, the HLR checks the validity and
24 service profile of subscribers \par
}
he IMSI or the MSISDN may be used as a key to access the information in the data
base for a
\par}{\phpg\posx2445\pvpg\posy7607\absw8226\absh447 \sl-255 \f20 \fs17 \cf0 mobi
le subscription. \par
}
10 \fs28 \cf0 HLR Implementation
cf0 {\f0\fs28 \bullet }{\b0 \fs21 }{\b0 \fs21 One}{\b0 \fs21 HLR}{\b0 \fs21
in}{\b0 \fs21 a}{\b0 \fs21 network }
cf0 {\f0\fs28 \bullet }{\b0 \fs21 }{\b0 \fs21 May}{\b0 \fs21 be}{\b0 \fs21 s
plit}{\b0 \fs21 regionally }
cf0 {\f0\fs28 \bullet }{\b0 \fs21 }{\b0 \fs21 Stores}{\b0 \fs21 details}{\b0
\fs21 of}{\b0 \fs21 several}{\b0 \fs21 thousand}{\b0 \fs21 subscribers }
cf0 {\f0\fs28 \bullet }{\b0 \fs21 }{\b0 \fs21 Stand}{\b0 \fs21 alone}{\b0 \fs
21 computer}{\b0 \fs21 -}{\b0 \fs21 no}{\b0 \fs21 switching}{\b0 \fs21 capa
bilities }
cf0 {\f0\fs28 \bullet }{\b0 \fs21 }{\b0 \fs21 May}{\b0 \fs21 be}{\b0 \fs21 l
ocated}{\b0 \fs21 anywhere}{\b0 \fs21 on}{\b0 \fs21 the}{\b0 \fs21 SS7}{\b0
\fs21 network }
cf0 {\f0\fs28 \bullet }{\b0 \fs21 }{\b0 \fs21 Combined}{\b0 \fs21 with}{\b0 \
fs21 AuC }\par
}
\cf94 AuC \par
}
\cf94 HLR \par
}
0 \par
}
}
ffd8ffe000104a46494600010100000100010000ffdb004300010101010101010101010101010101
01010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101
010101010101010101ffdb0043010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101
0101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101ffc0
001108034a025403012200021101031101ffc4001f00000105010101010101000000000000000001
02030405060708090a0bffc400b5100002010303020403050504040000017d010203000411051221
31410613516107227114328191a1082342b1c11552d1f02433627282090a161718191a2526272829
2a3435363738393a434445464748494a535455565758595a636465666768696a737475767778797a
0101010101010101010000000000000102030405060708090a0bffc400b511000201020404030407
05040400010277000102031104052131061241510761711322328108144291a1b1c109233352f015
6272d10a162434e125f11718191a262728292a35363738393a434445464748494a53545556575859
5a636465666768696a737475767778797a82838485868788898a92939495969798999aa2a3a4a5a6
00ffd9
}
he data base can also contain other information such as: \par
}
}\f40 \fs17 \cf0
fs22 \bullet }
fs22 \bullet } \par
}
{\phpg\posx3285\pvpg\posy1487\absw7437\absh676 \f20 \fs17 \cf0 \f20 \fs17 \cf0 t
eleservices and bearer services subscription information;
\par}{\phpg\posx3285\pvpg\posy1487\absw7437\absh676 \sl-255 \f20 \fs17 \cf0 serv
ice restrictions (e.g. roaming limitation);
\par}{\phpg\posx3285\pvpg\posy1487\absw7437\absh676 \sl-255 \f20 \fs17 \cf0 supp
lementary services; the HLR contains the parameters attached to these services.
\par
}
Supplementary services parameters need not all be stored in the HLR. However, it
is
sidered safer to store all subscription parameters in the HLR even when some are
stored in
\par}{\phpg\posx2565\pvpg\posy2492\absw8334\absh2013 \sl-240 \f20 \fs17 \cf0 a s
ubscriber card.
The organization of the subscriber data is outlined in the ETSI GSM 03.08 Recom
mendation.
Notice that the VLR stores the current Location Area of the subscriber, while t
he HLR stores
MSC/VLR they are currently under. This information is used to page the subscri
ber
n they have an incoming call. \par
}
\cf0 2.6.5 {\ul T}{\ul H}{\ul E}{\ul }{\ul A}{\ul U}{\ul T}{\ul H}{\ul E}{\u
l N}{\ul T}{\ul I}{\ul C}{\ul A}{\ul T}{\ul I}{\ul O}{\ul N}{\ul }{\ul C}{\ul E
}{\ul N}{\ul T}{\ul R}{\ul E}{\ul }{\ul (}{\ul A}{\ul u}{\ul C}{\ul )}
cf0 {\b0 \f20 \fs17 The}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 Authentication}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 Centre}
{\b0 \f20 \fs17 (AuC)}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 is}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 associated}{\b0 \f20
\fs17 with}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 an}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 HLR,}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 and}{\b0
\f20 \fs17 stores}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 an}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 identity}{\b0 \f20 \fs1
7 key}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 for }
{\b0 \f20 \fs17 each}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 mobile}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 subscriber}{\b0 \f
20 \fs17 registered}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 with}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 the}{\b0 \f20 \fs17
associated}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 HLR. }
cf0 {\b0 \f20 \fs17 This}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 key}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 is}{\b0 \f20 \fs1
7 used}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 to}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 generate: }\par
}
}\f40 \fs17 \cf0
fs22 \bullet } \par
}
{\phpg\posx3285\pvpg\posy6797\absw7388\absh676 \f20 \fs17 \cf0 \f20 \fs17 \cf0 d
ata which are used to authenticate the IMSI;
\par}{\phpg\posx3285\pvpg\posy6797\absw7388\absh676 \sl-270 \f20 \fs17 \cf0 a ke
y used to cipher communication over the radio path between the mobile station
\par}{\phpg\posx3285\pvpg\posy6797\absw7388\absh676 \sl-240 \f20 \fs17 \cf0 and
the network. \par
}
he procedures used for authentication and ciphering are described more fully in
the security
\par}{\phpg\posx2565\pvpg\posy7802\absw8284\absh433 \sl-240 \f20 \fs17 \cf0 sect
ion of this course and in the ETSI GSM 03.20 recommendation. \par
}
\cf0 2.6.6 THE {\ul G}{\ul A}{\ul T}{\ul E}{\ul W}{\ul A}{\ul Y}{\ul }{\ul M}
{\ul O}{\ul B}{\ul I}{\ul L}{\ul E}{\ul }{\ul S}{\ul W}{\ul I}{\ul T}{\ul C}{\u
l H}{\ul I}{\ul N}{\ul G}{\ul }{\ul C}{\ul E}{\ul N}{\ul T}{\ul R}{\ul E}{\ul
}{\ul (}{\ul G}{\ul M}{\ul S}{\ul C}{\b0 \f20 \fs25 {\ul )} }\par
}
10 \fs28 \cf94 Gateway Mobile Switching Centre (GMSC)
cf94 {\f0\fs28 \bullet }{\b0 \fs21 \cf0 }{\b0 \fs21 \cf0 A}{\b0 \fs21 \cf0 Ga
teway}{\b0 \fs21 \cf0 Mobile}{\b0 \fs21 \cf0 Switching}{\b0 \fs21 \cf0 Centre
}{\b0 \fs21 \cf0 (GMSC)}{\b0 \fs21 \cf0 is}{\b0 \fs21 \cf0 a}{\b0 \fs21 \cf0
device }
\fi224 {\b0 \fs21 \cf0 which}{\b0 \fs21 \cf0 routes}{\b0 \fs21 \cf0 traffic}{
\b0 \fs21 \cf0 entering}{\b0 \fs21 \cf0 a}{\b0 \fs21 \cf0 mobile}{\b0 \fs21 \
cf0 network}{\b0 \fs21 \cf0 to}{\b0 \fs21 \cf0 the}{\b0 \fs21 \cf0 correct }
\fi224 {\b0 \fs21 \cf0 destination }
cf94 {\f0\fs28 \bullet }{\b0 \fs21 \cf0 }{\b0 \fs21 \cf0 The}{\b0 \fs21 \cf0
GMSC}{\b0 \fs21 \cf0 accesses}{\b0 \fs21 \cf0 the}{\b0 \fs21 \cf0 network's}{
\b0 \fs21 \cf0 HLR}{\b0 \fs21 \cf0 to}{\b0 \fs21 \cf0 find}{\b0 \fs21 \cf0 t
he}{\b0 \fs21 \cf0 location }
\fi224 {\b0 \fs21 \cf0 of}{\b0 \fs21 \cf0 the}{\b0 \fs21 \cf0 required}{\b0 \
fs21 \cf0 mobile}{\b0 \fs21 \cf0 subscriber }
cf94 {\f0\fs28 \bullet }{\b0 \fs21 \cf0 }{\b0 \fs21 \cf0 A}{\b0 \fs21 \cf0 pa
rticular}{\b0 \fs21 \cf0 MSC}{\b0 \fs21 \cf0 can}{\b0 \fs21 \cf0 be}{\b0 \fs2
1 \cf0 assigned}{\b0 \fs21 \cf0 to}{\b0 \fs21 \cf0 act}{\b0 \fs21 \cf0 as}{\
b0 \fs21 \cf0 a}{\b0 \fs21 \cf0 GMSC }
operator}{\b0 \fs21 \cf0 may}{\b0 \fs21 \cf0 decide}{\b0 \fs21 \cf0 to}{\b0 \
fs21 \cf0 assign}{\b0 \fs21 \cf0 more}{\b0 \fs21 \cf0 than}{\b0 \fs21 \cf0 o
ne}{\b0 \fs21 \cf0 GMSC }\par
}
\cf94 GMSC \par
}
}
21 \par
}
ffd8ffe000104a46494600010100000100010000ffdb004300010101010101010101010101010101
01010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101
010101010101010101ffdb0043010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101
0101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101ffc0
001108034a025403012200021101031101ffc4001f00000105010101010101000000000000000001
02030405060708090a0bffc400b5100002010303020403050504040000017d010203000411051221
31410613516107227114328191a1082342b1c11552d1f02433627282090a161718191a2526272829
2a3435363738393a434445464748494a535455565758595a636465666768696a737475767778797a
0101010101010101010000000000000102030405060708090a0bffc400b511000201020404030407
05040400010277000102031104052131061241510761711322328108144291a1b1c109233352f015
6272d10a162434e125f11718191a262728292a35363738393a434445464748494a53545556575859
5a636465666768696a737475767778797a82838485868788898a92939495969798999aa2a3a4a5a6
00ffd9
}
The GMSC routes calls out of the network and is the point of access for calls en
tering the
\par}{\phpg\posx2445\pvpg\posy1457\absw8095\absh2229 \sl-240 \f20 \fs17 \cf0 net
work from outside.
If a network, delivering a call to the PLMN cannot interrogate the HLR directl
y, the call is
\par}{\phpg\posx2445\pvpg\posy1457\absw8095\absh2229 \sl-255 \f20 \fs17 \cf0 rou
ted to an MSC. This MSC will interrogate the appropriate HLR and then route the
call to
MSC to which the mobile station is affiliated. The MSC which performs the routi
ng
\par}{\phpg\posx2445\pvpg\posy1457\absw8095\absh2229 \sl-240 \f20 \fs17 \cf0 fun
ction to the actual location of the MS is called the Gateway MSC (GMSC).
The choice of which MSCs can act as Gateway MSCs is for the operator to decide
(i.e. all
\par}{\phpg\posx2445\pvpg\posy1457\absw8095\absh2229 \sl-255 \f20 \fs17 \cf0 MSC
s or some designated MSCs). \par
}
\cf0 2.6.7 {\ul T}{\ul H}{\ul E}{\ul }{\ul E}{\ul Q}{\ul U}{\ul I}{\ul P}{\ul
M}{\ul E}{\ul N}{\ul T}{\ul }{\ul I}{\ul D}{\ul E}{\ul N}{\ul T}{\ul I}{\ul T}
{\ul Y}{\ul }{\ul R}{\ul E}{\ul G}{\ul I}{\ul S}{\ul T}{\ul E}{\ul R} \par
}
10 \fs28 \cf0 Equipment Identity Register (EIR)
EIR}{\b0 \fs19 is}{\b0 \fs19
a}{\b0 \fs19 database}{\b0 \fs19 that}{\b0 \fs19 stores}{\b0 \fs19 a}{\b0 \f
s19 unique}{\b0 \fs19 International }

\fi224 {\b0 \fs19 Mobile}{\b0 \fs19 Equipment}{\b0 \fs19 Identity}{\b0 \fs19
(IMEI)}{\b0 \fs19 number}{\b0 \fs19 for}{\b0 \fs19 each }
\fi224 {\b0 \fs19 item}{\b0 \fs19 of}{\b0 \fs19 mobile}{\b0 \fs19 equipment }
\par
}
\cf94 EIR \par
}
}\f10 \fs19 \cf0
The EIR controls access to the network by returning the sta
tus of a
24 mobile in response to an IMEI query
\fs25 \bullet } Possible status levels are:
75 {\f0\fs18 \bullet }{\fs14 }{\fs14 White-listed}{\fs14
The}{\fs14 termi
nal}{\fs14 is}{\fs14 allowed}{\fs14 to}{\fs14 connect}{\fs14 to}{\fs14 the
}{\fs14 network. }\par
}
}\f10 \fs14 \cf0 Grey-listed \par
}
}\f10 \fs14 \cf0 Black-listed \par
}
The terminal is under observation by the network
\par}{\phpg\posx4575\pvpg\posy8744\absw3944\absh1079 \sl-165 \f10 \fs14 \cf0 for
possible problems.
\par}{\phpg\posx4575\pvpg\posy8744\absw3944\absh1079 \sl-165 \par\par\f10 \fs14
\cf0 The terminal has either been reported stolen, or is not a
45 type approved for a GSM network.
terminal is not allowed to connect to the network. \par
}
The EIR contains one or several databases which store(s) the IMEIs used in the
GSM system.
0 The mobile equipment may be classified as "white listed", "grey listed" and "b
lack listed" and
\par}{\phpg\posx2445\pvpg\posy11402\absw8242\absh1999 \sl-240 \f20 \fs17 \cf0 th
erefore may be stored in three separate lists. An IMEI may also be unknown to t
he EIR.
0 The EIR contains, as a minimum, a "white list" (Equipment classified as "white
listed").
0 There is an optional implementation that may be used by the operator to contro
l access to the
\par}{\phpg\posx2445\pvpg\posy11402\absw8242\absh1999 \sl-240 \f20 \fs17 \cf0 ne
twork by certain types of equipment or to monitor lost or stolen handsets. \par
}
2 \par
}

}
ffd8ffe000104a46494600010100000100010000ffdb004300010101010101010101010101010101
01010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101
010101010101010101ffdb0043010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101
0101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101ffc0
001108034a025403012200021101031101ffc4001f00000105010101010101000000000000000001
02030405060708090a0bffc400b5100002010303020403050504040000017d010203000411051221
31410613516107227114328191a1082342b1c11552d1f02433627282090a161718191a2526272829
2a3435363738393a434445464748494a535455565758595a636465666768696a737475767778797a
0101010101010101010000000000000102030405060708090a0bffc400b511000201020404030407
05040400010277000102031104052131061241510761711322328108144291a1b1c109233352f015
6272d10a162434e125f11718191a262728292a35363738393a434445464748494a53545556575859
5a636465666768696a737475767778797a82838485868788898a92939495969798999aa2a3a4a5a6
00ffd9
}
_______________________________________________________________________________
_
b \f10 \fs32 2.7}{\b \f10 \fs32
GSM}{\b \f10 \fs32 Interfaces }
0 \fi3734 {\b \f10 \fs28 GSM}{\b \f10 \fs28 Network}{\b \f10 \fs28 Interfaces
}\par
}
\cf125 VLR \par
}
cf0 MS \par
}
\cf125 U{\dn006 \fs14 m }\par
}
cf0 B \par
}
\cf125 D
125 \fi45 {\cf0 C }\par
}
\cf125 HLR \par
}
cf0 MS \par
}
{\phpg\posx4995\pvpg\posy5166\absw342\absh479 \b \f10 \fs10 \cf0 \fi44 \b \f10 \
fs10 \cf0 TRX
0 {\fs14 BTS }
}{\phpg\posx4995\pvpg\posy5166\absw342\absh479 \b \f10 \fs10 \cf0 {\fs14 \cf125
BTS }\par
}
cf0 H
\cf0 \fi165 {\fs12 AuC }
}{\phpg\posx9495\pvpg\posy4548\absw488\absh774 \b \f10 \fs21 \cf0 \fi165 {\fs12
\cf125 AuC }\par
}
cf0 A{\fs14 \cf125 bis }\par
}
cf0 BSC \par
}
cf0 A \par
}
\cf125 MSC \par
}
\cf94 BSS \par
}
cf0 MS \par
}
1 \cf125 F
1 \cf125 \fi135 {\fs12 EIR }

f125 \fi180 {\cf0 NSS }\par
}
\cf0 2.7.1 {\ul T}{\ul H}{\ul E}{\ul }{\ul A}{\ul }{\ul (}{\ul M}{\ul S}{\ul
C}{\ul -}{\ul B}{\ul S}{\ul S}{\ul )}{\ul }{\ul I}{\ul N}{\ul T}{\ul E}{\ul R}
{\ul F}{\ul A}{\ul C}{\ul E}
f0 {\b0 \f20 \fs17 The}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 interface}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 between}{\b0
\f20 \fs17 the}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 MSC}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 and}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 its}{
\b0 \f20 \fs17 BSS}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 is}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 specified}{\b0 \f20 \fs
17 in}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 the}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 08-series}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 of}{\b0
\f20 \fs17 GSM}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 Technical }
\b0 \f20 \fs17 Specifications.}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 The}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 BSS-MSC}{\
b0 \f20 \fs17 interface}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 is}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 used}{\b0 \f20 \fs
17 to}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 carry}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 information}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 conc
erning: }\par
}
}\f40 \fs17 \cf0
fs22 \bullet }
fs22 \bullet } \par
}
SS management;
\par}{\phpg\posx3285\pvpg\posy9212\absw1979\absh690 \sl-255 \f20 \fs17 \cf0 call
handling;
\par}{\phpg\posx3285\pvpg\posy9212\absw1979\absh690 \sl-270 \f20 \fs17 \cf0 mobi
lity management. \par
}
1 \cf0 2.7.2 {\ul T}{\ul H}{\ul E}{\ul }{\ul A}{\ul b}{\ul i}{\ul s}{\ul }{\
ul (}{\ul B}{\ul S}{\ul C}{\ul -}{\ul B}{\ul T}{\ul S}{\ul )}{\ul }{\ul I}{\ul
N}{\ul T}{\ul E}{\ul R}{\ul F}{\ul A}{\ul C}{\ul E}
\cf0 {\b0 \f20 \fs17 When}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 the}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 BSS}{\b0 \f20 \f
s17 consists}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 of}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 a}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 Base}{\b0
\f20 \fs17 Station}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 Controller}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 (BSC)}{\b0 \f20
\fs17 and}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 one}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 or}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 more}{\b0
\f20 \fs17 Base}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 Transceiver }
{\b0 \f20 \fs17 Stations}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 (BTS),}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 this}{\b0 \f2
0 \fs17 interface}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 is}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 used}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 be
tween}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 the}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 BSC}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 and}{\b0 \f20 \
fs17 BTS}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 to}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 support}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 the}{\b0
\f20 \fs17 services}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 offered }
{\b0 \f20 \fs17 to}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 the}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 GSM}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 u
sers}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 and}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 subscribers.}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 The}{
\b0 \f20 \fs17 interface}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 also}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 allows}{\b0 \f2
0 \fs17 control}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 of}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 the}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 radio
}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 equipment }
{\b0 \f20 \fs17 and}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 radio}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 frequency}{\b0 \f20
\fs17 allocation}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 in}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 the}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 BTS
.}{\b0 \f20 \fs17
This}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 interface}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 is}{\b0 \f
20 \fs17 specified}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 in}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 the}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 08
.5x-series}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 of }

{\b0 \f20 \fs17 GSM}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 Technical}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 Specifications.
}
\cf0 2.7.3 {\ul T}{\ul H}{\ul E}{\ul }{\ul B}{\ul }{\ul (}{\ul M}{\ul S}{\ul
C}{\ul -}{\ul V}{\ul L}{\ul R}{\ul )}{\ul }{\ul I}{\ul N}{\ul T}{\ul E}{\ul R}
{\ul F}{\ul A}{\ul C}{\ul E}
\cf0 {\b0 \f20 \fs17 The}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 VLR}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 is}{\b0 \f20 \fs1
7 the}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 location}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 and}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 managemen
t}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 data}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 base}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 for}{\b0 \f20 \fs
17 the}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 mobile}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 subscribers}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 ro
aming}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 in}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 the }
{\b0 \f20 \fs17 area}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 controlled}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 by}{\b0 \f20
\fs17 the}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 associated}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 MSC(s).}{\b0 \f20 \fs17
Whenever}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 the}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 MSC}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 needs}{\b0
\f20 \fs17 data}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 related}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 to}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 a
}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 given }
{\b0 \f20 \fs17 mobile}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 station}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 currently}{\b0
\f20 \fs17 located}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 in}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 its}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 a
rea,}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 it}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 interrogates}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 the}{\b0
\f20 \fs17 VLR.}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 When}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 a}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 mobi
le}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 station }
{\b0 \f20 \fs17 initiates}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 a}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 location}{\b0 \f2
0 \fs17 updating}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 procedure}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 with}{\b0 \f20 \fs
17 an}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 MSC,}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 the}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 MSC}{\b0 \f20
\fs17 informs}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 its}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 VLR}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 which
}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 stores }
{\b0 \f20 \fs17 the}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 relevant}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 information. }\p
ar
}
}
23 \par
}
ffd8ffe000104a46494600010100000100010000ffdb004300010101010101010101010101010101
01010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101
010101010101010101ffdb0043010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101
0101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101ffc0
001108034a025403012200021101031101ffc4001f00000105010101010101000000000000000001
02030405060708090a0bffc400b5100002010303020403050504040000017d010203000411051221
31410613516107227114328191a1082342b1c11552d1f02433627282090a161718191a2526272829
2a3435363738393a434445464748494a535455565758595a636465666768696a737475767778797a
0101010101010101010000000000000102030405060708090a0bffc400b511000201020404030407
05040400010277000102031104052131061241510761711322328108144291a1b1c109233352f015
6272d10a162434e125f11718191a262728292a35363738393a434445464748494a53545556575859
5a636465666768696a737475767778797a82838485868788898a92939495969798999aa2a3a4a5a6
00ffd9
7 \cf0 2. Architecture Overview
\fi1425 {\f20 This}{\f20 procedure}{\f20 occurs}{\f20 whenever}{\f20 an}{\f
20 MS}{\f20 roams}{\f20 to}{\f20 another}{\f20 location}{\f20 area.}{\f20
Also,}{\f20 when}{\f20 a }
1425 {\f20 subscriber}{\f20 activates}{\f20 a}{\f20 specific}{\f20 supplemen
tary}{\f20 service}{\f20 or}{\f20 modifies}{\f20 some}{\f20 data}{\f20 att
ached}{\f20 to}{\f20 a }
1425 {\f20 service,}{\f20 the}{\f20 MSC}{\f20 informs}{\f20 (via}{\f20 the}
{\f20 VLR)}{\f20 the}{\f20 HLR}{\f20 which}{\f20 stores}{\f20 these}{\f20
modifications}{\f20 and }
1425 {\f20 updates}{\f20 the}{\f20 VLR}{\f20 if}{\f20 required. }
\fi1425 {\b \fs21 2.7.4}{\b \fs21
{\ul T}{\ul H}{\ul E}}{\b \fs21 {\ul }{\u
l C}}{\b \fs21 {\ul }{\ul (}{\ul M}{\ul S}{\ul C}{\ul -}{\ul H}{\ul L}{\ul R}{\
ul )}}{\b \fs21 {\ul }{\ul I}{\ul N}{\ul T}{\ul E}{\ul R}{\ul F}{\ul A}{\ul C}{
\ul E} }
\fi1425 {\f20 The}{\f20 Gateway}{\f20 MSC}{\f20 must}{\f20 interrogate}{\f2
0 the}{\f20 HLR}{\f20 of}{\f20 the}{\f20 required}{\f20 subscriber}{\f20
to}{\f20 obtain}{\f20 routing }
1425 {\f20 information}{\f20 for}{\f20 a}{\f20 call}{\f20 or}{\f20 a}{\f20
short}{\f20 message}{\f20 directed}{\f20 to}{\f20 that}{\f20 subscriber.
}
\fi1425 {\b \fs21 2.7.5}{\b \fs21
l D}}{\b \fs21 {\ul }{\ul (}{\ul H}{\ul L}{\ul R}{\ul -}{\ul V}{\ul L}{\ul R}{\
\ul E} }
\fi1425 {\f20 This}{\f20 interface}{\f20 is}{\f20 used}{\f20 to}{\f20 exch
ange}{\f20 the}{\f20 data}{\f20 related}{\f20 to}{\f20 the}{\f20 location}
{\f20 of}{\f20 the}{\f20 mobile}{\f20 station}{\f20 and}{\f20 to }
1425 {\f20 the}{\f20 management}{\f20 of}{\f20 the}{\f20 subscriber.}{\f20
The}{\f20 main}{\f20 service}{\f20 provided}{\f20 to}{\f20 the}{\f20 mobil
e}{\f20 subscriber}{\f20 is}{\f20 the }
1425 {\f20 capability}{\f20 to}{\f20 set}{\f20 up}{\f20 or}{\f20 to}{\f20
receive}{\f20 calls}{\f20 within}{\f20 the}{\f20 whole}{\f20 service}{\f20
area.}{\f20 To}{\f20 support}{\f20 this,}{\f20 the }
1425 {\f20 location}{\f20 registers}{\f20 have}{\f20 to}{\f20 exchange}{\f2
0 data. }
\fi1425 {\f20 The}{\f20 VLR}{\f20 informs}{\f20 the}{\f20 HLR}{\f20 of}{\f
20 the}{\f20 location}{\f20 of}{\f20 a}{\f20 mobile}{\f20 station}{\f20 m
anaged}{\f20 by}{\f20 the}{\f20 latter}{\f20 and }
1425 {\f20 provides}{\f20 it}{\f20 (either}{\f20 at}{\f20 location}{\f20 up
dating}{\f20 or}{\f20 at}{\f20 call}{\f20 set-up)}{\f20 with}{\f20 the}{\f
20 roaming}{\f20 number}{\f20 of}{\f20 that }
1425 {\f20 station.}{\f20 The}{\f20 HLR}{\f20 sends}{\f20 to}{\f20 the}{\f2
0 VLR}{\f20 all}{\f20 the}{\f20 data}{\f20 needed}{\f20 to}{\f20 support}
{\f20 the}{\f20 service}{\f20 to}{\f20 the}{\f20 mobile }
1425 {\f20 subscriber.}{\f20 The}{\f20 HLR}{\f20 then}{\f20 instructs}{\f20
the}{\f20 previous}{\f20 VLR}{\f20 to}{\f20 cancel}{\f20 the}{\f20 locat
ion}{\f20 registration}{\f20 of}{\f20 this }
1425 {\f20 subscriber. }
\fi1425 {\f20 Exchanges}{\f20 of}{\f20 data}{\f20 may}{\f20 occur}{\f20 wh
en}{\f20 the}{\f20 mobile}{\f20 subscriber}{\f20 requires}{\f20 a}{\f20 pa
rticular}{\f20 service,}{\f20 when }
1425 {\f20 he}{\f20 wants}{\f20 to}{\f20 change}{\f20 some}{\f20 data}{\f20
attached}{\f20 to}{\f20 his}{\f20 subscription}{\f20 or}{\f20 when}{\f20
some}{\f20 parameters}{\f20 of}{\f20 the }
1425 {\f20 subscription}{\f20 are}{\f20 modified}{\f20 by}{\f20 administrati
ve}{\f20 means. }
\fi1425 {\b \fs21 2.7.6}{\b \fs21
l E}}{\b \fs21 {\ul }{\ul (}{\ul M}{\ul S}{\ul C}{\ul -}{\ul M}{\ul S}{\ul C}{\
\ul E} }
\fi1425 {\f20 When}{\f20 a}{\f20 mobile}{\f20 station}{\f20 moves}{\f20 fr
om}{\f20 one}{\f20 MSC}{\f20 area}{\f20 to}{\f20 another}{\f20 during}{\f2
0 a}{\f20 call,}{\f20 a}{\f20 handover }
1425 {\f20 procedure}{\f20 has}{\f20 to}{\f20 be}{\f20 performed}{\f20 in}{
\f20 order}{\f20 to}{\f20 continue}{\f20 the}{\f20 communication.}{\f20 F
or}{\f20 that}{\f20 purpose}{\f20 the }
1425 {\f20 MSCs}{\f20 have}{\f20 to}{\f20 exchange}{\f20 data}{\f20 to}{\f2

0 initiate}{\f20 and}{\f20 then}{\f20 to}{\f20 realize}{\f20 the}{\f20 op
eration. }
\fi1425 {\f20 After}{\f20 the}{\f20 handover}{\f20 operation}{\f20 has}{\f2
0 been}{\f20 completed,}{\f20 the}{\f20 MSCs}{\f20 will}{\f20 exchange}{\f
20 information}{\f20 to }
1425 {\f20 transfer}{\f20 A-interface}{\f20 signalling}{\f20 as}{\f20 neces
sary.}{\f20 When}{\f20 a}{\f20 short}{\f20 message}{\f20 is}{\f20 to}{\f2
0 be}{\f20 transferred }
1425 {\f20 between}{\f20 a}{\f20 Mobile}{\f20 Station}{\f20 and}{\f20 Short
}{\f20 Message}{\f20 Service}{\f20 Centre}{\f20 (SC),}{\f20 in}{\f20 eithe
r}{\f20 direction,}{\f20 this }
1425 {\f20 interface}{\f20 is}{\f20 used}{\f20 to}{\f20 transfer}{\f20 the}
{\f20 message}{\f20 between}{\f20 the}{\f20 MSC}{\f20 serving}{\f20 the}{\
f20 Mobile}{\f20 Station}{\f20 and}{\f20 the }
1425 {\f20 MSC}{\f20 which}{\f20 acts}{\f20 as}{\f20 the}{\f20 interface}{\
f20 to}{\f20 the}{\f20 SC. }
\fi1425 {\b \fs21 2.7.7}{\b \fs21
l F}}{\b \fs21 {\ul }{\ul (}{\ul M}{\ul S}{\ul C}{\ul -}{\ul E}{\ul I}{\ul R}{\
\ul E} }
\fi1425 {\f20 This}{\f20 interface}{\f20 is}{\f20 used}{\f20 between}{\f20
MSC}{\f20 and}{\f20 EIR}{\f20 to}{\f20 exchange}{\f20 data,}{\f20 in}{\f2
0 order}{\f20 that}{\f20 the}{\f20 EIR}{\f20 can}{\f20 verify }
1425 {\f20 the}{\f20 status}{\f20 of}{\f20 the}{\f20 IMEI}{\f20 retrieved}{
\f20 from}{\f20 the}{\f20 Mobile}{\f20 Station. }
\fi1425 {\b \fs21 2.7.8}{\b \fs21
l G}}{\b \fs21 {\ul }{\ul (}{\ul V}{\ul L}{\ul R}{\ul -}{\ul V}{\ul L}{\ul R}{\
\ul E} }
\fi1425 {\f20 When}{\f20 a}{\f20 mobile}{\f20 subscriber}{\f20 moves}{\f20
from}{\f20 a}{\f20 VLR}{\f20 area}{\f20 to}{\f20 another}{\f20 Location}{
\f20 Registration}{\f20 procedure }
1425 {\f20 will}{\f20 happen.}{\f20 This}{\f20 procedure}{\f20 may}{\f20 in
clude}{\f20 the}{\f20 retrieval}{\f20 of}{\f20 the}{\f20 IMSI}{\f20 and}{\
f20 authentication }
1425 {\f20 parameters}{\f20 from}{\f20 the}{\f20 old}{\f20 VLR. }\par
}
4 \par
}
}
ffd8ffe000104a46494600010100000100010000ffdb004300010101010101010101010101010101
01010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101
010101010101010101ffdb0043010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101
0101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101ffc0
001108034a025403012200021101031101ffc4001f00000105010101010101000000000000000001
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5a636465666768696a737475767778797a82838485868788898a92939495969798999aa2a3a4a5a6
00ffd9
10 \fs17 \cf0 2. Architecture Overview
{\b \fs21 2.7.9}{\b \fs21
{\ul T}{\ul H}{\ul E}}{\b \fs21 {\ul }{\ul H}}{\b
\fs21 {\ul }{\ul (}{\ul H}{\ul L}{\ul R}{\ul -}{\ul A}{\ul u}{\ul C}{\ul )}}{\b
\fs21 {\ul }{\ul I}{\ul N}{\ul T}{\ul E}{\ul R}{\ul F}{\ul A}{\ul C}{\ul E} }
{\f20 When}{\f20 an}{\f20 HLR}{\f20 receives}{\f20 a}{\f20 request}{\f20 f
or}{\f20 authentication}{\f20 and}{\f20 ciphering}{\f20 data}{\f20 for}{\f2
0 a}{\f20 Mobile }
0 Subscriber}{\f20 and}{\f20 it}{\f20 does}{\f20 not}{\f20 hold}{\f20 the}
{\f20 requested}{\f20 data,}{\f20 the}{\f20 HLR}{\f20 requests}{\f20 the}{
\f20 data}{\f20 from}{\f20 the}{\f20 AuC. }
0 The}{\f20 protocol}{\f20 used}{\f20 to}{\f20 transfer}{\f20 the}{\f20 da
ta}{\f20 over}{\f20 this}{\f20 interface}{\f20 is}{\f20 not}{\f20 standard
ized. }

{\b \fs21 2.7.10}{\b \fs21
{\ul T}{\ul H}{\ul E}}{\b \fs21 {\ul }{\ul U}{\ul
m}}{\b \fs21 {\ul }{\ul (}{\ul M}{\ul S}{\ul -}{\ul B}{\ul T}{\ul S}{\ul )}}{\
b \fs21 {\ul }{\ul I}{\ul N}{\ul T}{\ul E}{\ul R}{\ul F}{\ul A}{\ul C}{\ul E} }
{\f20 \fs21 The}{\f20 \fs21 interface}{\f20 \fs21 between}{\f20 \fs21 the}{\f
20 \fs21 MS}{\f20 \fs21 and}{\f20 \fs21 the}{\f20 \fs21 BSS}{\f20 \fs21 is}
{\f20 \fs21 specified}{\f20 \fs21 in}{\f20 \fs21 the}{\f20 \fs21 04-}{\f20 \
fs21 and}{\f20 \fs21 05-series }
0 \fs21 of}{\f20 \fs21 GSM}{\f20 \fs21 Technical}{\f20 \fs21 Specifications.
}\par
}
\cf0 Summary \par
}
This section has covered:
\fi375 {\f0\fs18 \bullet }{\fs14 }{\fs14 General}{\fs14 GSM}{\fs14 Architec
ture}{\fs14 Overview }
375 {\f0\fs18 \bullet }{\fs14 }{\fs14 GSM}{\fs14 Network}{\fs14 Components}{
\fs14 including }
\fi750 {\f0\fs16 \bullet }{\fs12 }{\fs12 The}{\fs12 Mobile}{\fs12 Station }
\fi750 {\f0\fs16 \bullet }{\fs12 }{\fs12 The}{\fs12 Base}{\fs12 Station}{\fs
12 Subsystem }
\fi750 {\f0\fs16 \bullet }{\fs12 }{\fs12 The}{\fs12 Network}{\fs12 Subsystem
}
375 {\f0\fs18 \bullet }{\fs14 }{\fs14 GSM}{\fs14 Network}{\fs14 Interfaces}{
\fs14 Overview }
375 {\f0\fs18 \bullet }{\fs14 }{\fs14 The}{\fs14 Base}{\fs14 Station}{\fs14
Sub-system }
375 {\f0\fs18 \bullet }{\fs14 }{\fs14 The}{\fs14 Network}{\fs14 Switching}{\
fs14 System }\par
}
f94 Air Interface
\par}{\phpg\posx6690\pvpg\posy9943\absw465\absh173 \sl-105 \b \f10 \fs7 \cf94 \f
i150 (Um) \par
}
f94 Abis Interfacee \par
}
f94 A{\cf0 Interface }\par
}
f94 OMC \par
}
f94 MS \par
}
fs7 \cf0 BSS

}{\phpg\posx7530\pvpg\posy10498\absw277\absh443 \b \f10 \fs7 \cf0 \fi60 {\cf94 B
SS }
\par}{\phpg\posx7530\pvpg\posy10498\absw277\absh443 \sl-240 \b \f10 \fs7 \cf0 TR
X
\par}{\phpg\posx7530\pvpg\posy10498\absw277\absh443 \sl-165 \b \f10 \fs7 \cf0 {\
cf125 BTS }\par
}
\cf125 HLR \par
}
cf125 VLR \par
}
{\phpg\posx6525\pvpg\posy10753\absw127\absh92 \b \f10 \fs7 \cf0 \b \f10 \fs7 \cf
0 MS
}{\phpg\posx6525\pvpg\posy10753\absw127\absh92 \b \f10 \fs7 \cf0 {\cf94 MS }\par
}
cf125 MSC \par
}
0 BSC
}{\phpg\posx8130\pvpg\posy10918\absw180\absh92 \b \f10 \fs7 \cf0 {\cf125 BSC }\p
ar
}
\cf125 AuC \par
}
f94 MS \par
}
cf125 PSTN \par
}
cf125 EIR \par
}
}
25 \par
}
ffd8ffe000104a46494600010100000100010000ffdb004300010101010101010101010101010101
01010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101
010101010101010101ffdb0043010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101
0101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101ffc0
001108034a025403012200021101031101ffc4001f00000105010101010101000000000000000001
02030405060708090a0bffc400b5100002010303020403050504040000017d010203000411051221
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0101010101010101010000000000000102030405060708090a0bffc400b511000201020404030407
05040400010277000102031104052131061241510761711322328108144291a1b1c109233352f015
6272d10a162434e125f11718191a262728292a35363738393a434445464748494a53545556575859
5a636465666768696a737475767778797a82838485868788898a92939495969798999aa2a3a4a5a6
00ffd9
}
Intentional Blank Page \par
}
6 \par
}
}
ffd8ffe000104a46494600010100000100010000ffdb004300010101010101010101010101010101
01010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101
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0101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101ffc0
001108034a025403012200021101031101ffc4001f00000105010101010101000000000000000001
02030405060708090a0bffc400b5100002010303020403050504040000017d010203000411051221
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2a3435363738393a434445464748494a535455565758595a636465666768696a737475767778797a
0101010101010101010000000000000102030405060708090a0bffc400b511000201020404030407
05040400010277000102031104052131061241510761711322328108144291a1b1c109233352f015
6272d10a162434e125f11718191a262728292a35363738393a434445464748494a53545556575859
5a636465666768696a737475767778797a82838485868788898a92939495969798999aa2a3a4a5a6
00ffd9
}
\cf0 Self-Assessment Exercises \par
}
\cf0 Section 2 \par
}
\cf0 {\ul E}{\ul x}{\ul e}{\ul r}{\ul c}{\ul i}{\ul s}{\ul e}{\ul }{\ul 2}{\ul
.}{\ul 1}{\ul }{\ul -}{\ul }{\ul G}{\ul S}{\ul M}{\ul }{\ul A}{\ul r}{\ul c}
{\ul h}{\ul i}{\ul t}{\ul e}{\ul c}{\ul t}{\ul u}{\ul r}{\ul e}
cf0 {\b0 \f20 \fs21 The}{\b0 \f20 \fs21 following}{\b0 \f20 \fs21 exercises}{\
b0 \f20 \fs21 tests}{\b0 \f20 \fs21 your}{\b0 \f20 \fs21 understanding}{\b0 \
f20 \fs21 of}{\b0 \f20 \fs21 GSM}{\b0 \f20 \fs21 architecture}{\b0 \f20 \fs21
as}{\b0 \f20 \fs21 applied}{\b0 \f20 \fs21 to}{\b0 \f20 \fs21 a}{\b0 \f20 \
fs21 small }
{\b0 \f20 \fs21 network. }
cf0 {\b0 \f20 \fs21 Here}{\b0 \f20 \fs21 is}{\b0 \f20 \fs21 a}{\b0 \f20 \fs21
screen}{\b0 \f20 \fs21 shot}{\b0 \f20 \fs21 from}{\b0 \f20 \fs21 Asset}{\b0
\f20 \fs21 showing}{\b0 \f20 \fs21 the}{\b0 \f20 \fs21 site}{\b0 \f20 \fs21
database}{\b0 \f20 \fs21 of}{\b0 \f20 \fs21 a}{\b0 \f20 \fs21 small}{\b0 \f20
\fs21 network: }\par
}
Sites 22 and 23 are connected in a star configuration to the BSC.
\par}{\phpg\posx1140\pvpg\posy10039\absw9524\absh1334 \sl-300 \f20 \fs21 \cf0 Si
tes 25, 26 and 27 are connected in a chain.

0 Draw a full architecture diagram for this network, showing all BSS and NSS ele
ments and
eir connections. \par
}
}
27 \par
}
ffd8ffe000104a46494600010100000100010000ffdb004300010101010101010101010101010101
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010101010101010101ffdb0043010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101
0101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101ffc0
001108034a025403012200021101031101ffc4001f00000105010101010101000000000000000001
02030405060708090a0bffc400b5100002010303020403050504040000017d010203000411051221
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0101010101010101010000000000000102030405060708090a0bffc400b511000201020404030407
05040400010277000102031104052131061241510761711322328108144291a1b1c109233352f015
6272d10a162434e125f11718191a262728292a35363738393a434445464748494a53545556575859
5a636465666768696a737475767778797a82838485868788898a92939495969798999aa2a3a4a5a6
00ffd9
\cf0 3. GSM Services \par
}
}
0 _____________________________________________________________________
\b \f10 \fs32 3.1}{\b \f10 \fs32
Introduction }
f0 \fi1425 {\fs17 The}{\fs17 services}{\fs17 offered}{\fs17 by}{\fs17 GSM}{\
fs17 are}{\fs17 based}{\fs17 on}{\fs17 those}{\fs17 of}{\fs17 the}{\fs17
fixed-line}{\fs17 ISDN}{\fs17 services}{\fs17 and}{\fs17 are }
fi1425 {\fs17 therefore,}{\fs17 as}{\fs17 with}{\fs17 ISDN,}{\fs17 the}{\fs1
7 GSM}{\fs17 services}{\fs17 are}{\fs17 divided}{\fs17 into}{\fs17 three}{
\fs17 categories }\par
}
}\f40 \fs17 \cf0
\fs22 \bullet }
}
Bearer Services
eservices
\par}{\phpg\posx3300\pvpg\posy11882\absw2113\absh676 \sl-255 \f20 \fs17 \cf0 Sup
plementary Services \par
}
In addition, this section will look at the current (2G) data services offered by
GSM including: \par
}
}\f40 \fs17 \cf0
\fs22 \bullet }
}
Circuit Switched Data (CSD)
\par}{\phpg\posx3300\pvpg\posy13397\absw4466\absh690 \sl-255 \f20 \fs17 \cf0 Uns
tructured Supplementary Service Data (USSD)
\par}{\phpg\posx3300\pvpg\posy13397\absw4466\absh690 \sl-270 \f20 \fs17 \cf0 Sho
rt Message Service (SMS) \par
}
Each of these services will be described in this section of the course \par
}
}
29 \par
}
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01010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101
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0101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101ffc0
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2a3435363738393a434445464748494a535455565758595a636465666768696a737475767778797a
0101010101010101010000000000000102030405060708090a0bffc400b511000201020404030407
05040400010277000102031104052131061241510761711322328108144291a1b1c109233352f015
6272d10a162434e125f11718191a262728292a35363738393a434445464748494a53545556575859
5a636465666768696a737475767778797a82838485868788898a92939495969798999aa2a3a4a5a6
00ffd9
}
\cf94 GSM Services \par
}
cf0 Teleservices \par
}
cf0 PLMN Section \par
}
\cf0 Bearer Services
f0 \fi675 Section outside PLMN \par
}
\cf0 TE \par
}
cf0 TE \par
}
\cf94 IWF \par
}
\cf0 TE \par
}
cf0 GSM Network \par
}
cf0 Transit Network \par
}
\cf0 Terminating Network \par
}
s17 \cf0 Bearer services provide the transmission capability between various ele
ments of the overall
i1425 transmission path. These bearer services carrying end-to-end teleservices
. The Interworking
i1425 Functions (IWF) are required to provide the mapping of GSM PLMN services t
o fixed (e.g.
i1425 PSTN/ISDN) services. As teleservices are end-to-end, they are generally t
ransparent to the
i1425 IWF.
0 {\fs25 _____________________________________________________________________ }
b \f10 \fs32 3.2}{\b \f10 \fs32
GSM}{\b \f10 \fs32 Bearer}{\b \f10 \fs32 Se
rvices }\par
}
f10 \fs28 \cf94 GSM Bearer Services
cf94 \fi1410 {\cf0 GSM}{\cf0 Bearer}{\cf0 Services }
cf94 {\f0\fs23 \bullet }{\b0 \fs18 \cf0 }{\b0 \fs18 \cf0
Bearer}{\b0 \fs18 \c
f0 Services}{\b0 \fs18 \cf0 represent}{\b0 \fs18 \cf0 layers}{\b0 \fs18 \cf0
1-3}{\b0 \fs18 \cf0 of}{\b0 \fs18 \cf0 the}{\b0 \fs18 \cf0 OSI}{\b0 \fs18 \c
f0 Model }
{\f0\fs23 \bullet }{\b0 \fs18 \cf0 }{\b0 \fs18 \cf0
Transparently}{\b0 \fs18
\cf0 transports}{\b0 \fs18 \cf0 application}{\b0 \fs18 \cf0 data}{\b0 \fs18
\cf0 between}{\b0 \fs18 \cf0 TEs }
Bearer}{\b0 \fs18 \cf0
Services}{\b0 \fs18 \cf0 are}{\b0 \fs18 \cf0 uniquely}{\b0 \fs18 \cf0 numbere
d}{\b0 \fs18 \cf0 (BSxx) }

Data}{\b0 \fs18 \cf0 tr
ansfer}{\b0 \fs18 \cf0 bearer}{\b0 \fs18 \cf0 services}{\b0 \fs18 \cf0 curren
tly}{\b0 \fs18 \cf0 defined}{\b0 \fs18 \cf0 for}{\b0 \fs18 \cf0 GSM}{\b0 \fs1
8 \cf0 include: }
\fi360 {\f0\fs27 \bullet }{\b0 \fs20 \cf0 }{\b0 \fs16 \cf0 Asynchronous}{\b0
\fs16 \cf0 circuit-switched}{\b0 \fs16 \cf0 data}{\b0 \fs16 \cf0 (BS}{\b0 \fs
16 \cf0 21-26) }
\fi360 {\f0\fs27 \bullet }{\b0 \fs20 \cf0 }{\b0 \fs16 \cf0 Synchronous}{\b0 \
fs16 \cf0 circuit-switched}{\b0 \fs16 \cf0 data}{\b0 \fs16 \cf0 (BS}{\b0 \fs1
6 \cf0 31-34) }
\fi360 {\f0\fs27 \bullet }{\b0 \fs20 \cf0 }{\b0 \fs16 \cf0 PAD}{\b0 \fs16 \cf
0 access}{\b0 \fs16 \cf0 (BS}{\b0 \fs16 \cf0 41-46) }
\fi360 {\f0\fs27 \bullet }{\b0 \fs20 \cf0 }{\b0 \fs16 \cf0 Packet}{\b0 \fs16
\cf0 data}{\b0 \fs16 \cf0 (BS}{\b0 \fs16 \cf0 51-53) }
\fi360 {\f0\fs27 \bullet }{\b0 \fs20 \cf0 }{\b0 \fs16 \cf0 Alternate}{\b0 \fs
16 \cf0 speech}{\b0 \fs16 \cf0 and}{\b0 \fs16 \cf0 data}{\b0 \fs16 \cf0 (BS}
{\b0 \fs16 \cf0 61) }
\fi360 {\f0\fs27 \bullet }{\b0 \fs20 \cf0 }{\b0 \fs16 \cf0 Speech}{\b0 \fs16
\cf0 followed}{\b0 \fs16 \cf0 by}{\b0 \fs16 \cf0 Data}{\b0 \fs16 \cf0 (BS}{\
b0 \fs16 \cf0 81) }\par
}
0 \par
}
}
ffd8ffe000104a46494600010100000100010000ffdb004300010101010101010101010101010101
01010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101
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0101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101ffc0
001108034a025403012200021101031101ffc4001f00000105010101010101000000000000000001
02030405060708090a0bffc400b5100002010303020403050504040000017d010203000411051221
31410613516107227114328191a1082342b1c11552d1f02433627282090a161718191a2526272829
2a3435363738393a434445464748494a535455565758595a636465666768696a737475767778797a
0101010101010101010000000000000102030405060708090a0bffc400b511000201020404030407
05040400010277000102031104052131061241510761711322328108144291a1b1c109233352f015
6272d10a162434e125f11718191a262728292a35363738393a434445464748494a53545556575859
5a636465666768696a737475767778797a82838485868788898a92939495969798999aa2a3a4a5a6
00ffd9
}
GSM bearer services refer to those services provided to transport binary data ac
ross the GSM
work. They represent the functionality of layers 1 to 3 of the OSI 7-layer mod
el.
Both circuit switched (BS21-34) and packet switched (BS 41-53) data bearer serv
ices are
\par}{\phpg\posx2565\pvpg\posy1772\absw8258\absh3120 \sl-240 \f20 \fs17 \cf0 sup
ported. The packet data services are in the form of asynchronous access to PADs
(BS41\par}{\phpg\posx2565\pvpg\posy1772\absw8258\absh3120 \sl-255 \f20 \fs17 \cf0 44)
or as direct synchronous packet access (BS 51-53).
Two modes of bearer services are offered;{\b Transparent}{\b (T)} or{\b Non
-Transparent}{\b (NT)}. The
\par}{\phpg\posx2565\pvpg\posy1772\absw8258\absh3120 \sl-240 \f20 \fs17 \cf0 tra
nsparent mode services provide a circuit-switched connection between the TE and
the IWF
\par}{\phpg\posx2565\pvpg\posy1772\absw8258\absh3120 \sl-255 \f20 \fs17 \cf0 mod
ule. They are generally constant bit rate and are only forward error protected
(FEC).
\par}{\phpg\posx2565\pvpg\posy1772\absw8258\absh3120 \sl-255 \f20 \fs17 \cf0 Non
-transparent mode services are protected by level 2 error protection over the ai
r interface
\par}{\phpg\posx2565\pvpg\posy1772\absw8258\absh3120 \sl-240 \f20 \fs17 \cf0 usi
ng a Radio Link Protocol (RLP). This protocol terminated at the MSC and uses ba
ckward
\par}{\phpg\posx2565\pvpg\posy1772\absw8258\absh3120 \sl-255 \f20 \fs17 \cf0 (AR
Q) error protection. Non-transparent mode operation generally offers a more rel
iable
nsmission path but at lower potential data rates than transparent mode services.
\par
}
0 \fs28 \cf0 GSM Bearer Service Characteristics

Each}{\b0 \fs18 Bearer}{\b0 \f
s18 Service}{\b0 \fs18 is}{\b0 \fs18 uniquely}{\b0 \fs18 identified}{\b0 \fs
18 by}{\b0 \fs18 its}{\b0 \fs18 characteristics}{\b0 \fs18 which }
\fi225 {\b0 \fs18 include: }
\fi360 {\f0\fs27 \bullet }{\b0 \fs20 }{\b0 \fs16 Service}{\b0 \fs16 Type}{\b0
\fs16 (data,}{\b0 \fs16 PAD,}{\b0 \fs16 packet}{\b0 \fs16 etc) }
\fi360 {\f0\fs27 \bullet }{\b0 \fs20 }{\b0 \fs16 Structure}{\b0 \fs16 (asynch
,}{\b0 \fs16 synch) }
\fi360 {\f0\fs27 \bullet }{\b0 \fs20 }{\b0 \fs16 Bit}{\b0 \fs16 Rate}{\b0 \fs
16 (300-14400}{\b0 \fs16 bps) }
\fi360 {\f0\fs27 \bullet }{\b0 \fs20 }{\b0 \fs16 Mode}{\b0 \fs16 (transparent
,}{\b0 \fs16 non-transparent) }
\fi360 {\f0\fs27 \bullet }{\b0 \fs20 }{\b0 \fs16 Transmission}{\b0 \fs16 (Unr
estricted}{\b0 \fs16 Data}{\b0 \fs16 Information}{\b0 \fs16 (UDI)}{\b0 \fs16
or}{\b0 \fs16 3.1kHz) }\par
}
Bearer services 21-53 are further categorised into Unrestricted Digital Informa
tion (UDI) or
\par}{\phpg\posx2565\pvpg\posy11657\absw8333\absh2229 \sl-240 \f20 \fs17 \cf0 3.
1kHz. The distinction is only important when operating outside the PLMN i.e. wh
at type of
terworking functions needs to be implemented. The distinction is whether the da
ta should
\par}{\phpg\posx2565\pvpg\posy11657\absw8333\absh2229 \sl-240 \f20 \fs17 \cf0 be
handled as the equivalent of 3.1kHz bandwidth audio signals over a modem or raw
data
\par}{\phpg\posx2565\pvpg\posy11657\absw8333\absh2229 \sl-255 \f20 \fs17 \cf0 ov
er a digital link.
0 The last two categories of bearer services shown in the diagram above refer t
o services which
\par}{\phpg\posx2565\pvpg\posy11657\absw8333\absh2229 \sl-255 \f20 \fs17 \cf0 en
able switching between voice and data during a session. BS 61 refers to the abi
lity change
tween voice and data at will during a session ('alternate voice and data'). BS
81 refers to the
\par}{\phpg\posx2565\pvpg\posy11657\absw8333\absh2229 \sl-255 \f20 \fs17 \cf0 ab
ility to initiate a call in voice and then switch to data ('speech followed by d
ata') \par
}
}
31 \par
}
ffd8ffe000104a46494600010100000100010000ffdb004300010101010101010101010101010101
01010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101
010101010101010101ffdb0043010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101
0101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101ffc0
001108034a025403012200021101031101ffc4001f00000105010101010101000000000000000001
02030405060708090a0bffc400b5100002010303020403050504040000017d010203000411051221
31410613516107227114328191a1082342b1c11552d1f02433627282090a161718191a2526272829
2a3435363738393a434445464748494a535455565758595a636465666768696a737475767778797a
0101010101010101010000000000000102030405060708090a0bffc400b511000201020404030407
05040400010277000102031104052131061241510761711322328108144291a1b1c109233352f015
6272d10a162434e125f11718191a262728292a35363738393a434445464748494a53545556575859
5a636465666768696a737475767778797a82838485868788898a92939495969798999aa2a3a4a5a6
00ffd9
7 \cf0 3. GSM Services
{\f20 \fs25 ___________________________________________________________________
__ }
\fs32 3.3}{\b \fs32
Teleservices }
\fi1425 {\f20 GSM}{\f20 defines}{\f20 a}{\f20 number}{\f20 of}{\f20 telese
rvices}{\f20 for}{\f20 use}{\f20 over}{\f20 the}{\f20 bearer}{\f20 service
s.}{\f20 These}{\f20 teleservices}{\f20 are }
1425 {\f20 generally}{\f20 end-to-end}{\f20 user}{\f20 applications}{\f20 an
d}{\f20 are}{\f20 therefore}{\f20 transparent}{\f20 to}{\f20 their}{\f20 t
ransporting }
1425 {\f20 bearer}{\f20 services. }\par
}

10 \fs28 \cf0 GSM Teleservices
Teleservices}{\b0 \fs17 are}{\
b0 \fs17 end-to-end}{\b0 \fs17 subscriber}{\b0 \fs17 services }
Each}{\b0 \fs17 teleservice}{\b0 \
fs17 is}{\b0 \fs17 uniquely}{\b0 \fs17 defined}{\b0 \fs17 by}{\b0 \fs17 a}{
\b0 \fs17 TS}{\b0 \fs17 number}{\b0 \fs17 (TS}{\b0 \fs17 xx) }
Teleservices}{\b0 \fs17 currently}
{\b0 \fs17 defined}{\b0 \fs17 for}{\b0 \fs17 GSM}{\b0 \fs17 include: }
\fi360 {\f0\fs21 \bullet }{\b0 \fs16 }{\b0 \fs16
Speech}{\b0 \fs16 (TS}{\b0
\fs16 11-12) }
Short}{\b0 \fs16 Message}{\
b0 \fs16 Service}{\b0 \fs16 -}{\b0 \fs16 SMS}{\b0 \fs16 (TS}{\b0 \fs16 21-2
3) }
Message}{\b0 \fs16 Handling
}{\b0 \fs16 Systems}{\b0 \fs16 -}{\b0 \fs16 MHSs}{\b0 \fs16 (TS}{\b0 \fs16
31) }
Videotext}{\b0 \fs16 (TS}{\
b0 \fs16 41-43) }
Teletext}{\b0 \fs16 (TS}{\b
0 \fs16 51) }
Fax}{\b0 \fs16 (TS}{\b0 \fs
16 61-62) }\par
}
f10 \fs28 \cf94 Speech Teleservices
\fi1830 {\cf0 Speech}{\cf0 Teleservices }
28 \cf94 {\b0 \fs25 \cf0 Two}{\b0 \fs25 \cf0 categories}{\b0 \fs25 \cf0 of}{\b
0 \fs25 \cf0 Speech}{\b0 \fs25 \cf0 Teleservices}{\b0 \cf0 : }
\fi720 {\f0\fs28 \bullet }{\b0 \fs21 \cf0 }{\b0 \fs21 \cf0 Standard}{\b0 \fs21
\cf0 telephone}{\b0 \fs21 \cf0 services}{\b0 \fs21 \cf0 (TS}{\b0 \fs21 \cf0
11) }
\fi1080 {\f0\fs18 \bullet }{\b0 \fs14 \cf0 }{\b0 \fs14 \cf0
Transmission}{\b
0 \fs14 \cf0 of}{\b0 \fs14 \cf0 speech}{\b0 \fs14 \cf0 information}{\b0 \fs14
\cf0 and}{\b0 \fs14 \cf0 fixed}{\b0 \fs14 \cf0 network}{\b0 \fs14 \cf0 sign
alling}{\b0 \fs14 \cf0 tones }
Transmission}{\b
0 \fs14 \cf0 can}{\b0 \fs14 \cf0 be}{\b0 \fs14 \cf0 mobile}{\b0 \fs14 \cf0 o
riginated}{\b0 \fs14 \cf0 as}{\b0 \fs14 \cf0 well}{\b0 \fs14 \cf0 as}{\b0 \fs
14 \cf0 mobile}{\b0 \fs14 \cf0 terminated }
\fi720 {\f0\fs28 \bullet }{\b0 \fs21 \cf0 }{\b0 \fs21 \cf0 Emergency}{\b0 \fs2
1 \cf0 Service}{\b0 \fs21 \cf0 (TS12) }
Provides}{\b0 \f
s14 \cf0 standard}{\b0 \fs14 \cf0 access}{\b0 \fs14 \cf0 to}{\b0 \fs14 \cf0
the}{\b0 \fs14 \cf0 emergency}{\b0 \fs14 \cf0 services}{\b0 \fs14 \cf0 irresp
ective}{\b0 \fs14 \cf0 of}{\b0 \fs14 \cf0 the}{\b0 \fs14 \cf0 country }
\fi1260 {\b0 \fs14 \cf0 in}{\b0 \fs14 \cf0 which}{\b0 \fs14 \cf0 the}{\b0 \fs
14 \cf0 call}{\b0 \fs14 \cf0 is}{\b0 \fs14 \cf0 made }
Mandatory}{\b0 \
fs14 \cf0 in}{\b0 \fs14 \cf0 GSM}{\b0 \fs14 \cf0 networks }
May}{\b0 \fs14 \
cf0 be}{\b0 \fs14 \cf0 initiated}{\b0 \fs14 \cf0 from}{\b0 \fs14 \cf0 a}{\b0
\fs14 \cf0 mobile}{\b0 \fs14 \cf0 without}{\b0 \fs14 \cf0 a}{\b0 \fs14 \cf0
SIM }
Emergency}{\b0 \
fs14 \cf0 calls}{\b0 \fs14 \cf0 can}{\b0 \fs14 \cf0 override}{\b0 \fs14 \cf0
any}{\b0 \fs14 \cf0 locked}{\b0 \fs14 \cf0 state}{\b0 \fs14 \cf0 the}{\b0 \f
s14 \cf0 phone}{\b0 \fs14 \cf0 may}{\b0 \fs14 \cf0 be}{\b0 \fs14 \cf0 in }
Uses}{\b0 \fs14
\cf0 a}{\b0 \fs14 \cf0 standard}{\b0 \fs14 \cf0 access}{\b0 \fs14 \cf0 to}{\
b0 \fs14 \cf0 the}{\b0 \fs14 \cf0 emergency}{\b0 \fs14 \cf0 call}{\b0 \fs14 \
cf0 (112)}{\b0 \fs14 \cf0 as}{\b0 \fs14 \cf0 well}{\b0 \fs14 \cf0 as}{\b0 \f
s14 \cf0 the}{\b0 \fs14 \cf0 national }
\fi1260 {\b0 \fs14 \cf0 emergency}{\b0 \fs14 \cf0 call}{\b0 \fs14 \cf0 code }
If}{\b0 \fs14 \c
f0 the}{\b0 \fs14 \cf0 national}{\b0 \fs14 \cf0 emergency}{\b0 \fs14 \cf0 co
de}{\b0 \fs14 \cf0 is}{\b0 \fs14 \cf0 used}{\b0 \fs14 \cf0 the}{\b0 \fs14 \cf
0 SIM}{\b0 \fs14 \cf0 must}{\b0 \fs14 \cf0 be}{\b0 \fs14 \cf0 present }\par
}
2 \par
}
}
ffd8ffe000104a46494600010100000100010000ffdb004300010101010101010101010101010101
01010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101
010101010101010101ffdb0043010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101
0101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101ffc0
001108034a025403012200021101031101ffc4001f00000105010101010101000000000000000001
02030405060708090a0bffc400b5100002010303020403050504040000017d010203000411051221
31410613516107227114328191a1082342b1c11552d1f02433627282090a161718191a2526272829
2a3435363738393a434445464748494a535455565758595a636465666768696a737475767778797a
0101010101010101010000000000000102030405060708090a0bffc400b511000201020404030407
05040400010277000102031104052131061241510761711322328108144291a1b1c109233352f015
6272d10a162434e125f11718191a262728292a35363738393a434445464748494a53545556575859
5a636465666768696a737475767778797a82838485868788898a92939495969798999aa2a3a4a5a6
00ffd9
}
he teleservices introduced as part of Phase 1 GSM included: \par
}
}\f40 \fs17 \cf0
\fs22 \bullet }
\fs22 \bullet }
\fs22 \bullet }
}
Full rate speech
\par}{\phpg\posx3285\pvpg\posy1982\absw3747\absh1149 \sl-255 \f20 \fs17 \cf0 Eme
rgency (speech) calls
\par}{\phpg\posx3285\pvpg\posy1982\absw3747\absh1149 \sl-255 \f20 \fs17 \cf0 SMS
P-P and SMS Cell Broadcast (SMSCB)
efax
\par}{\phpg\posx3285\pvpg\posy1982\absw3747\absh1149 \sl-255 \f20 \fs17 \cf0 Voi
ce/Fax mail \par
}
{\phpg\posx2565\pvpg\posy3752\absw5336\absh217 \f20 \fs17 \cf0 \f20 \fs17 \cf0 P
hase 2 GSM provided the following additional teleservices: \par
}
}\f40 \fs17 \cf0
fs22 \bullet }
fs22 \bullet } \par

}
{\phpg\posx3285\pvpg\posy4022\absw1962\absh676 \f20 \fs17 \cf0 \f20 \fs17 \cf0 H
alf-rate speech
\par}{\phpg\posx3285\pvpg\posy4022\absw1962\absh676 \sl-255 \f20 \fs17 \cf0 Impr
ovements to SMS
\par}{\phpg\posx3285\pvpg\posy4022\absw1962\absh676 \sl-255 \f20 \fs17 \cf0 Grou
p 3 fax capability \par
}
_____________________________________________________________________
b \f10 \fs32 3.4}{\b \f10 \fs32
Supplementary}{\b \f10 \fs32 Services }
0 \fi1425 {\fs17 A}{\fs17 supplementary}{\fs17 service}{\fs17 modifies}{\fs17
or}{\fs17 supplements}{\fs17 a}{\fs17 basic}{\fs17 teleservice.}{\fs17
Consequently,}{\fs17 it }
i1425 {\fs17 cannot}{\fs17 be}{\fs17 offered}{\fs17 to}{\fs17 a}{\fs17 cust
omer}{\fs17 as}{\fs17 a}{\fs17 stand}{\fs17 alone}{\fs17 service,}{\fs17 o
nly}{\fs17 in}{\fs17 association}{\fs17 with}{\fs17 a}{\fs17 basic }
i1425 {\fs17 teleservice.}{\fs17 The}{\fs17 same}{\fs17 supplementary}{\fs17
service}{\fs17 may}{\fs17 be}{\fs17 applicable}{\fs17 to}{\fs17 a}{\fs17
number}{\fs17 of}{\fs17 teleservices. }\par
}
10 \fs28 \cf0 Supplementary Services
Correspond}{\b0 \fs18 to}{\b0
\fs18 ISDN}{\b0 \fs18 supplementary}{\b0 \fs18 services }
Are}{\b0 \fs18 used}{\b0 \fs18 on
ly}{\b0 \fs18 in}{\b0 \fs18 connection}{\b0 \fs18 with}{\b0 \fs18 a}{\b0 \fs
18 teleservice }
Examples}{\b0 \fs18 of}{\b0 \fs18
supplementary}{\b0 \fs18 services}{\b0 \fs18 include: }
\fi375 {\f0\fs21 \bullet }{\b0 \fs16 }{\b0 \fs16 Call}{\b0 \fs16 forwarding }
\fi375 {\f0\fs21 \bullet }{\b0 \fs16 }{\b0 \fs16 Call}{\b0 \fs16 Barring}{\b0
\fs16 (incoming/outgoing}{\b0 \fs16 calls) }
\fi375 {\f0\fs21 \bullet }{\b0 \fs16 }{\b0 \fs16 Call}{\b0 \fs16 hold}{\b0 \f
s16 -}{\b0 \fs16 interrupting}{\b0 \fs16 a}{\b0 \fs16 call}{\b0 \fs16 -}{\b
0 \fs16 normal}{\b0 \fs16 telephony}{\b0 \fs16 only }
\fi375 {\f0\fs21 \bullet }{\b0 \fs16 }{\b0 \fs16 Call}{\b0 \fs16 waiting}{\b0
\fs16 -}{\b0 \fs16 notification}{\b0 \fs16 of}{\b0 \fs16 new}{\b0 \fs16 in
coming}{\b0 \fs16 call}{\b0 \fs16 during}{\b0 \fs16 another}{\b0 \fs16 call
}
\fi375 {\f0\fs21 \bullet }{\b0 \fs16 }{\b0 \fs16 Multi-party}{\b0 \fs16 servi
ce}{\b0 \fs16 -}{\b0 \fs16 simultaneous}{\b0 \fs16 conversation}{\b0 \fs16 b
etween}{\b0 \fs16 3}{\b0 \fs16 -}{\b0 \fs16 6}{\b0 \fs16 subscribers }
\fi375 {\f0\fs21 \bullet }{\b0 \fs16 }{\b0 \fs16 Calling}{\b0 \fs16 line}{\b0
\fs16 identification}{\b0 \fs16 (CLI)}{\b0 \fs16 -}{\b0 \fs16 presentation}
{\b0 \fs16 of}{\b0 \fs16 callers}{\b0 \fs16 number }

\fi375 {\f0\fs21 \bullet }{\b0 \fs16 }{\b0 \fs16 Closed}{\b0 \fs16 user}{\b0
\fs16 groups}{\b0 \fs16 -}{\b0 \fs16 group}{\b0 \fs16 of}{\b0 \fs16 users}{
\b0 \fs16 who}{\b0 \fs16 can}{\b0 \fs16 only}{\b0 \fs16 call}{\b0 \fs16 eac
h}{\b0 \fs16 other}{\b0 \fs16 and}{\b0 \fs16 certain }
\fi525 {\b0 \fs16 specified}{\b0 \fs16 numbers }
\fi375 {\f0\fs21 \bullet }{\b0 \fs16 }{\b0 \fs16 Advice}{\b0 \fs16 of}{\b0 \f
s16 charge}{\b0 \fs16 -}{\b0 \fs16 estimates}{\b0 \fs16 of}{\b0 \fs16 billi
ng}{\b0 \fs16 data }\par
}
}
33 \par
}
ffd8ffe000104a46494600010100000100010000ffdb004300010101010101010101010101010101
01010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101
010101010101010101ffdb0043010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101
0101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101ffc0
001108034a025403012200021101031101ffc4001f00000105010101010101000000000000000001
02030405060708090a0bffc400b5100002010303020403050504040000017d010203000411051221
31410613516107227114328191a1082342b1c11552d1f02433627282090a161718191a2526272829
2a3435363738393a434445464748494a535455565758595a636465666768696a737475767778797a
0101010101010101010000000000000102030405060708090a0bffc400b511000201020404030407
05040400010277000102031104052131061241510761711322328108144291a1b1c109233352f015
6272d10a162434e125f11718191a262728292a35363738393a434445464748494a53545556575859
5a636465666768696a737475767778797a82838485868788898a92939495969798999aa2a3a4a5a6
00ffd9
}
\cf0 {\ul S}{\ul u}{\ul p}{\ul p}{\ul l}{\ul e}{\ul m}{\ul e}{\ul n}{\ul t}{\ul
a}{\ul r}{\ul y}{\ul }{\ul S}{\ul e}{\ul r}{\ul v}{\ul i}{\ul c}{\ul e}{\ul }{
\ul G}{\ul r}{\ul o}{\ul u}{\ul p}{\ul s} \par
}
7 \cf0 Supplementary Service Group
\par}{\phpg\posx3015\pvpg\posy2222\absw3042\absh2782 \sl-255 \f20 \fs17 \cf0 Cal
l Deflection
\par}{\phpg\posx3015\pvpg\posy2222\absw3042\absh2782 \sl-270 \f20 \fs17 \cf0 Num
ber Identifier
l Offering
l Completion
\par}{\phpg\posx3015\pvpg\posy2222\absw3042\absh2782 \sl-255 \f20 \fs17 \cf0 Mul
ti-party
\par}{\phpg\posx3015\pvpg\posy2222\absw3042\absh2782 \sl-270 \f20 \fs17 \cf0 Com
monality
\par}{\phpg\posx3015\pvpg\posy2222\absw3042\absh2782 \sl-255 \f20 \fs17 \cf0 Use
r-to-user
\par}{\phpg\posx3015\pvpg\posy2222\absw3042\absh2782 \sl-255 \f20 \fs17 \cf0 Cha
rging
l Restriction
\par}{\phpg\posx3015\pvpg\posy2222\absw3042\absh2782 \sl-270 \f20 \fs17 \cf0 Pre
cedence & Pre-emption
l Transfer \par
}
GSM Specification
570 02.72
570 02.81
570 02.82
570 02.83
570 02.84
570 02.85
570 02.87
570 02.86
570 02.88
570 02.67
570 02.91 \par

}
_____________________________________________________________________
b \f10 \fs32 3.5}{\b \f10 \fs32
Circuit}{\b \f10 \fs32 Switched}{\b \f10 \fs
32 Data}{\b \f10 \fs32 (CSD)}{\b \f10 \fs32 Service }
\cf0 \fi1425 {\fs17 Circuit}{\fs17 switched}{\fs17 data}{\fs17 falls}{\fs17
within}{\fs17 the}{\fs17 Bearer}{\fs17 Services}{\fs17 category}{\fs17 and
}{\fs17 more}{\fs17 specifically}{\fs17 to }
i1425 {\fs17 services}{\fs17 (BS}{\fs17 21-26).}{\fs17
Both}{\fs17 asynchr
onous}{\fs17 (BS}{\fs17 21-26)}{\fs17 and}{\fs17 synchronous}{\fs17 (BS}{\f
s17 31-34)}{\fs17 options}{\fs17 are }
i1425 {\fs17 available}{\fs17 and}{\fs17 each}{\fs17 data}{\fs17 rate}{\fs17
(other}{\fs17 than}{\fs17 1200bps}{\fs17 synch)}{\fs17 can}{\fs17 operate
}{\fs17 in}{\fs17 transparent}{\fs17 or}{\fs17 non- }
i1425 {\fs17 transparent}{\fs17 mode}{\fs17 (see}{\fs17 Section}{\fs17 3.2}{
\fs17 above}{\fs17 for}{\fs17 further}{\fs17 explanation). }\par
}
\cf0 Circuit Switched Data \par
}
et }\f10 \fs21 \cf0 Two modes defined:
i360 {\f0\fs23 \bullet }{\fs18 }{\fs18 Non-Transparent}{\fs18 (error}{\fs18
correction}{\fs18 +}{\fs18 flow}{\fs18 control) }
i360 {\f0\fs23 \bullet }{\fs18 }{\fs18 Transparent}{\fs18 (no}{\fs18 error}{
\fs18 protection}{\fs18 and}{\fs18 flow}{\fs18 control) }
f0\fs28 \bullet } PSTN access (V.32)
f0\fs28 \bullet } ISDN access (V.110)
f0\fs28 \bullet } Session-oriented
f0\fs28 \bullet } Limited to 9k6 (phase 1) or 14k4 (phase 2) per timeslot \par
}
4 \par
}
}
ffd8ffe000104a46494600010100000100010000ffdb004300010101010101010101010101010101
01010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101
010101010101010101ffdb0043010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101
0101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101ffc0
001108034a025403012200021101031101ffc4001f00000105010101010101000000000000000001
02030405060708090a0bffc400b5100002010303020403050504040000017d010203000411051221
31410613516107227114328191a1082342b1c11552d1f02433627282090a161718191a2526272829
2a3435363738393a434445464748494a535455565758595a636465666768696a737475767778797a
0101010101010101010000000000000102030405060708090a0bffc400b511000201020404030407
05040400010277000102031104052131061241510761711322328108144291a1b1c109233352f015
6272d10a162434e125f11718191a262728292a35363738393a434445464748494a53545556575859
5a636465666768696a737475767778797a82838485868788898a92939495969798999aa2a3a4a5a6
00ffd9
}
\cf0 Circuit Switched Data Services \par
}
cf0 Structure
0 \fi75 Asynch \par
}
cf0 Synch \par
}
\cf0 BS no.
f0 \fi165 21
fi165 22
fi165 23
fi165 24
fi165 25
fi165 26
fi165 31
fi165 32
fi165 33
fi165 34 \par
}
\cf0 Bit Rate
f0 \fi165 300
fi120 1200
\par}{\phpg\posx6990\pvpg\posy2834\absw648\absh2645 \sl-270 \b \f10 \fs14 \cf0 1
200/75
fi120 2400
fi120 4800
fi120 9600
fi120 1200
fi120 2400
fi120 4800
fi120 9600 \par
}
\fs14 \cf0 Mode
f0 T or NT
\par}{\phpg\posx8100\pvpg\posy2834\absw556\absh2645 \sl-270 \b \f10 \fs14 \cf0 T
or NT
or NT
or NT
or NT
or NT
fi240 T
or NT
or NT
or NT \par
}
\cf0 T = Transparent Mode
\par}{\phpg\posx3435\pvpg\posy6141\absw1560\absh255 \sl-150 \b \f10 \fs10 \cf0 N

T = Non-transparent Mode \par
}
_____________________________________________________________________
b \f10 \fs32 3.6}{\b \f10 \fs32
Short}{\b \f10 \fs32 Message}{\b \f10 \fs32
Service}{\b \f10 \fs32 (SMS) }
0 \fi1425 {\fs17 SMS}{\fs17 is}{\fs17 a}{\fs17 service}{\fs17 that}{\fs17 a
llows}{\fs17 subscribers}{\fs17 to}{\fs17 send}{\fs17 short}{\fs17 messages
}{\fs17 (up}{\fs17 to}{\fs17 160}{\fs17 characters)}{\fs17 to}{\fs17 other
}
i1425 {\fs17 mobile}{\fs17 subscribers.}{\fs17 Rather}{\fs17 than}{\fs17 ha
ving}{\fs17 to}{\fs17 set}{\fs17 up}{\fs17 a}{\fs17 call}{\fs17 on}{\fs17
a}{\fs17 traffic}{\fs17 channel,}{\fs17 SMS}{\fs17 uses}{\fs17 spare }
i1425 {\fs17 capacity}{\fs17 on}{\fs17 the}{\fs17 Standalone}{\fs17 Dedicate
d}{\fs17 Control}{\fs17 Channel}{\fs17 (SDCCH). }
0 \fi3615 {\b \f10 \fs25 Short}{\b \f10 \fs25 Message}{\b \f10 \fs25 Service}{
\b \f10 \fs25 (SMS) }
\cf0 \fi2729 {\f0\fs23 \bullet }{\f10 \fs17 }{\f10 \fs17
Categorised}{\f10 \
fs17 under}{\f10 \fs17 GSM}{\f10 \fs17 as}{\f10 \fs17 a}{\f10 \fs17 Teleser
vice }
Text-based}{\f10 \fs17
messaging }
Uses}{\f10 \fs17 GSM}{
\f10 \fs17 signalling}{\f10 \fs17 channels}{\f10 \fs17 (SDCCH)}{\f10 \fs17 .
}
160-character}{\f10 \fs
17 messages }
Uses}{\f10 \fs17 store
-and-forward}{\f10 \fs17 packet}{\f10 \fs17 switching}{\f10 \fs17 protocol }
Three}{\f10 \fs17 SMS}
{\f10 \fs17 Teleservice}{\f10 \fs17 types}{\f10 \fs17 defined: }
TS}{\f10 \fs16 21}{\f1
0 \fs16 -}{\f10 \fs16 Mobile}{\f10 \fs16 terminated}{\f10 \fs16 point-to-poi
nt}{\f10 \fs16 messaging }
TS}{\f10 \fs16 22}{\f1
0 \fs16 -}{\f10 \fs16 Mobile}{\f10 \fs16 originated}{\f10 \fs16 point-to-poi
nt}{\f10 \fs16 messaging }
TS}{\f10 \fs16 23}{\f1
0 \fs16 -}{\f10 \fs16 Short}{\f10 \fs16 Message}{\f10 \fs16 cell}{\f10 \fs16
broadcast}{\f10 \fs16 (SMSCB) }\par
}
}
35 \par
}
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00ffd9
\cf0 3. GSM Services
\par}{\phpg\posx1020\pvpg\posy718\absw9042\absh896 \sl-255 \par\f10 \fs17 \cf0 \
fi1425 {\f20 SMS}{\f20 is}{\f20 classified}{\f20 as}{\f20 a}{\f20 GSM}{\f20
Teleservice}{\f20 and}{\f20 three}{\f20 SMS}{\f20 teleservices}{\f20 (TS
21-23)}{\f20 have}{\f20 been }
25 {\f20 defined: }\par
}
}\f40 \fs17 \cf0 \par
}

}\f40 \fs17 \cf0 \par
}
}\f40 \fs17 \cf0 \par
}
\cf0 {\ul T}{\ul S}{\ul }{\ul 2}{\ul 1}{\b0 -}{\b0 Mobile}{\b0 terminated}{
\b0 point-to-point}{\b0 messaging.}{\b0
A}{\b0 mobile}{\b0 can}{\b0 term
inate}{\b0 an}{\b0 SMS }
{\b0 message}{\b0 either}{\b0 from}{\b0 another}{\b0 MS}{\b0 or}{\b0 from}
{\b0 the}{\b0 fixed}{\b0 network. }
cf0 {\ul T}{\ul S}{\ul }{\ul 2}{\ul 2}{\b0 -}{\b0 Mobile}{\b0 originated}{\b
0 point-to-point}{\b0 messaging.}{\b0
A}{\b0 mobile}{\b0 can}{\b0 send}{
\b0 a}{\b0 message }
{\b0 either}{\b0 to}{\b0 another}{\b0 MS}{\b0 or}{\b0 into}{\b0 the}{\b0
fixed}{\b0 network}{\b0 (as}{\b0 an}{\b0 Email}{\b0 for}{\b0 example). }
cf0 {\ul T}{\ul S}{\ul 2}{\ul 3}{\b0 -}{\b0 SMS}{\b0 Cell}{\b0 Broadcast}{\b
0 (SMSCB).}{\b0 A}{\b0 more}{\b0 recent}{\b0 variation}{\b0 of}{\b0 SMS}
{\b0 is}{\b0 SMSCB. }
{\b0 SMSCB}{\b0 messages}{\b0 are}{\b0 generally}{\b0 broadcast}{\b0 only}{
\b0 in}{\b0 a}{\b0 specific}{\b0 network}{\b0 region.}{\b0 An}{\b0 MS }
{\b0 cannot}{\b0 initiate}{\b0 such}{\b0 a}{\b0 message}{\b0 and}{\b0 does
}{\b0 not}{\b0 acknowledge}{\b0 receipt}{\b0 of}{\b0 one.}{\b0 Only}{\b0
MSs}{\b0 in }
{\b0 idle}{\b0 mode}{\b0 can}{\b0 receive}{\b0 SMSCB}{\b0 messages.}{\b0
These}{\b0 messages}{\b0 differ}{\b0 from}{\b0 standard}{\b0 SMS }
{\b0 messages}{\b0 in}{\b0 that}{\b0 they}{\b0 are}{\b0 only}{\b0 92}{\b0
characters}{\b0 long.}{\b0 However,}{\b0 procedures}{\b0 exist}{\b0 to }
{\b0 concatenate}{\b0 up}{\b0 to}{\b0 15}{\b0 SMSCB}{\b0 messages}{\b0 usi
ng}{\b0 a}{\b0 special}{\b0 reassembly}{\b0 mechanism. }\par
}
n order to implement SMS, a network operator must establish a SMS Service Centre
which
\par}{\phpg\posx2445\pvpg\posy5222\absw8318\absh663 \sl-255 \f20 \fs17 \cf0 rece
ives and processes SMS messages in a store-and-forward mode. Messages can be in
itiated
\par}{\phpg\posx2445\pvpg\posy5222\absw8318\absh663 \sl-240 \f20 \fs17 \cf0 in t
he fixed or mobile network and delivered to either the fixed or mobile network.
\par
}
\cf0 SMS Architecture \par
}
cf1 SME \par
}
\cf125 HLR \par
}

cf0 VLR
}{\phpg\posx7170\pvpg\posy8464\absw340\absh139 \b \f10 \fs12 \cf0 {\cf125 VLR }\
par
}
cf1 SME \par
}
\cf94 SMSC \par
}
\fs14 \cf94 SMC
\par}{\phpg\posx5489\pvpg\posy9209\absw521\absh323 \sl-180 \b \f10 \fs14 \cf94 G
MSC \par
}
cf0 SS7{\cf94 NetworkNetwor}k \par
}
\cf94 MSC \par
}
cf0 BSS \par
}
cf1 SME \par
}
\cf1 SME \par
}
{\ul S}{\ul h}{\ul o}{\ul r}{\ul t}{\ul }{\ul M}{\ul e}{\ul s}{\ul s}{\ul a}{\
ul g}{\ul i}{\ul n}{\ul g}{\ul }{\ul E}{\ul n}{\ul t}{\ul i}{\ul t}{\ul i}{\ul
e}{\ul s}
\par}{\phpg\posx2445\pvpg\posy12362\absw8262\absh1567 \sl-255 \f20 \fs17 \cf0 Sh
ort messaging entity (SME) is an entity which may receive or send short messages
. The
\par}{\phpg\posx2445\pvpg\posy12362\absw8262\absh1567 \sl-240 \f20 \fs17 \cf0 SM
E may be located in the fixed network, a mobile station, or another service cent
re.
0 {\ul S}{\ul h}{\ul o}{\ul r}{\ul t}{\ul }{\ul M}{\ul e}{\ul s}{\ul s}{\ul a}{
\ul g}{\ul e}{\ul }{\ul S}{\ul e}{\ul r}{\ul v}{\ul i}{\ul c}{\ul e}{\ul }{\ul
C}{\ul e}{\ul n}{\ul t}{\ul r}{\ul e}
\par}{\phpg\posx2445\pvpg\posy12362\absw8262\absh1567 \sl-255 \f20 \fs17 \cf0 Sh
ort message service centre (SMSC) is responsible for the relaying and store-andforwarding
\par}{\phpg\posx2445\pvpg\posy12362\absw8262\absh1567 \sl-255 \f20 \fs17 \cf0 of
a short message between an SME and mobile station. \par
}
6 \par
}
}
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00ffd9
10 \fs17 \cf0 3. GSM Services
{\f20 {\ul S}{\ul M}{\ul S}}{\f20 {\ul }{\ul G}{\ul a}{\ul t}{\ul e}{\ul w}{\ul
a}{\ul y}}{\f20 {\ul }{\ul M}{\ul o}{\ul b}{\ul i}{\ul l}{\ul e}}{\f20 {\ul }
{\ul S}{\ul w}{\ul i}{\ul t}{\ul c}{\ul h}{\ul i}{\ul n}{\ul g}}{\f20 {\ul }{\u
l C}{\ul e}{\ul n}{\ul t}{\ul r}{\ul e} }
0 The}{\f20 SMS-gateway}{\f20 mobile}{\f20 switching}{\f20 centre}{\f20 (SM
S-GMSC)}{\f20 is}{\f20 an}{\f20 MSC}{\f20 capable}{\f20 of}{\f20 receiving
}{\f20 a }
0 short}{\f20 message}{\f20 from}{\f20 an}{\f20 SMSC,}{\f20 interrogating}{
\f20 a}{\f20 home}{\f20 location}{\f20 register}{\f20 (HLR)}{\f20 for}{\f2
0 routing }
0 information,}{\f20 and}{\f20 delivering}{\f20 the}{\f20 short}{\f20 messa
ge}{\f20 to}{\f20 the}{\f20 visited}{\f20 MSC}{\f20 of}{\f20 the}{\f20 re

cipient}{\f20 mobile }
0 station.}{\f20 The}{\f20 SMS}{\f20 interworking}{\f20 MSC}{\f20 (SMS-IWMS
C)}{\f20 is}{\f20 an}{\f20 MSC}{\f20 capable}{\f20 of}{\f20 receiving}{\f2
0 a}{\f20 short }
0 message}{\f20 from}{\f20 the}{\f20 mobile}{\f20 network}{\f20 and}{\f20
submitting}{\f20 it}{\f20 to}{\f20 the}{\f20 appropriate}{\f20 SMSC.}{\f20
The}{\f20 SMS- }
0 GMSC/SMS-IWMSC}{\f20 are}{\f20 typically}{\f20 integrated}{\f20 with}{\f20
the}{\f20 SMSC. }
{\f20 {\ul H}{\ul o}{\ul m}{\ul e}}{\f20 {\ul }{\ul L}{\ul o}{\ul c}{\ul a}{\ul
t}{\ul i}{\ul o}{\ul n}}{\f20 {\ul }{\ul R}{\ul e}{\ul g}{\ul i}{\ul s}{\ul t}
{\ul e}{\ul r} }
0 The}{\f20 HLR}{\f20 is}{\f20 a}{\f20 database}{\f20 used}{\f20 for}{\f20
permanent}{\f20 storage}{\f20 and}{\f20 management}{\f20 of}{\f20 subscri
ptions}{\f20 and }
0 service}{\f20 profiles.}{\f20 Upon}{\f20 interrogation}{\f20 by}{\f20 the
}{\f20 SMSC,}{\f20 the}{\f20 HLR}{\f20 provides}{\f20 the}{\f20 routing}{\
f20 information }
0 for}{\f20 the}{\f20 indicated}{\f20 subscriber.}{\f20 The}{\f20 HLR}{\f20
also}{\f20 informs}{\f20 the}{\f20 SMSC,}{\f20 which}{\f20 has}{\f20 pre
viously}{\f20 initiated }
0 unsuccessful}{\f20 short}{\f20 message}{\f20 delivery}{\f20 attempts}{\f20
to}{\f20 a}{\f20 specific}{\f20 mobile}{\f20 station,}{\f20 that}{\f20 t
he}{\f20 mobile }
0 station}{\f20 is}{\f20 now}{\f20 recognized}{\f20 by}{\f20 the}{\f20 mob
ile}{\f20 network}{\f20 to}{\f20 be}{\f20 accessible. }
{\f20 {\ul M}{\ul o}{\ul b}{\ul i}{\ul l}{\ul e}}{\f20 {\ul }{\ul S}{\ul w}{\ul
i}{\ul t}{\ul c}{\ul h}{\ul i}{\ul n}{\ul g}}{\f20 {\ul }{\ul C}{\ul e}{\ul n}
{\ul t}{\ul r}{\ul e} }
0 The}{\f20 MSC}{\f20 performs}{\f20 the}{\f20 switching}{\f20 functions}{\
f20 of}{\f20 the}{\f20 system}{\f20 and}{\f20 controls}{\f20 calls}{\f20
to}{\f20 and}{\f20 from}{\f20 other }
0 telephone}{\f20 and}{\f20 data}{\f20 systems. }
{\f20 {\ul V}{\ul i}{\ul s}{\ul i}{\ul t}{\ul o}{\ul r}}{\f20 {\ul }{\ul L}{\ul
o}{\ul c}{\ul a}{\ul t}{\ul i}{\ul o}{\ul n}}{\f20 {\ul }{\ul R}{\ul e}{\ul g}
{\ul i}{\ul s}{\ul t}{\ul e}{\ul r} }
0 The}{\f20 visitor}{\f20 location}{\f20 register}{\f20 (VLR)}{\f20 is}{\f2
0 a}{\f20 database}{\f20 that}{\f20 contains}{\f20 temporary}{\f20 informa
tion}{\f20 about }
0 subscribers.}{\f20 This}{\f20 information}{\f20 is}{\f20 needed}{\f20 by}
{\f20 the}{\f20 MSC}{\f20 to}{\f20 service}{\f20 visiting}{\f20 subscriber
s. }
{\f20 {\ul T}{\ul h}{\ul e}}{\f20 {\ul }{\ul B}{\ul a}{\ul s}{\ul e}}{\f20 {\ul
}{\ul S}{\ul t}{\ul a}{\ul t}{\ul i}{\ul o}{\ul n}}{\f20 {\ul }{\ul S}{\ul y}
{\ul s}{\ul t}{\ul e}{\ul m} }
0 All}{\f20 radio-related}{\f20 functions}{\f20 are}{\f20 performed}{\f20 i
n}{\f20 the}{\f20 base-station}{\f20 system}{\f20 (BSS).}{\f20 The}{\f20 B
SS}{\f20 consists}{\f20 of }
0 base-station}{\f20 controllers}{\f20 (BSCs)}{\f20 and}{\f20 the}{\f20 bas
e-transceiver}{\f20 stations}{\f20 (BTSs),}{\f20 and}{\f20 its}{\f20 primar
y }
0 responsibility}{\f20 is}{\f20 to}{\f20 transmit}{\f20 voice}{\f20 and}{\f
20 data}{\f20 traffic}{\f20 between}{\f20 the}{\f20 mobile}{\f20 stations.
}
{\f20 {\ul T}{\ul h}{\ul e}}{\f20 {\ul }{\ul M}{\ul o}{\ul b}{\ul i}{\ul l}{\ul
e}}{\f20 {\ul }{\ul S}{\ul t}{\ul a}{\ul t}{\ul i}{\ul o}{\ul n} }
{\f20 The}{\f20 mobile}{\f20 station}{\f20 (MS)}{\f20 is}{\f20 the}{\f20 w
ireless}{\f20 terminal}{\f20 capable}{\f20 of}{\f20 receiving}{\f20 and}{\f
20 originating}{\f20 short }
0 messages}{\f20 as}{\f20 well}{\f20 as}{\f20 voice}{\f20 calls.}{\f20 The
}{\f20 wireless}{\f20 network}{\f20 signalling}{\f20 infrastructure}{\f20 i
s}{\f20 based}{\f20 on }
0 signalling}{\f20 system}{\f20 7}{\f20 (SS7).}{\f20 SMS}{\f20 makes}{\f20
use}{\f20 of}{\f20 the}{\f20 mobile}{\f20 application}{\f20 part}{\f20 (
MAP),}{\f20 which}{\f20 defines }
0 the}{\f20 methods}{\f20 and}{\f20 mechanisms}{\f20 of}{\f20 communication
}{\f20 in}{\f20 wireless}{\f20 networks,}{\f20 and}{\f20 uses}{\f20 the}{\
f20 services }
0 of}{\f20 the}{\f20 SS7}{\f20 transaction}{\f20 capabilities}{\f20 applica
tion}{\f20 part}{\f20 (TCAP).}{\f20 An}{\f20 SMS}{\f20 service}{\f20 layer
}{\f20 makes}{\f20 use}{\f20 of }
0 the}{\f20 MAP}{\f20 signalling}{\f20 capabilities}{\f20 and}{\f20 enables
}{\f20 the}{\f20 transfer}{\f20 of}{\f20 short}{\f20 messages}{\f20 betwee
n}{\f20 the}{\f20 peer }
0 entities. }\par
}
0 _____________________________________________________________________
\b \f10 \fs32 3.7}{\b \f10 \fs32
USSD}{\b \f10 \fs32 Data}{\b \f10 \fs32 Se
rvices }
f0 \fi1425 {\fs17 Unstructured}{\fs17 Supplementary}{\fs17 Services}{\fs17 Da
ta}{\fs17 (USSD)}{\fs17 is}{\fs17 a}{\fs17 means}{\fs17 of}{\fs17 transmit
ting}{\fs17 information}{\fs17 or }
fi1425 {\fs17 instructions}{\fs17 over}{\fs17 a}{\fs17 GSM}{\fs17 network.}{
\fs17 USSD}{\fs17 has}{\fs17 some}{\fs17 similarities}{\fs17 with}{\fs17
SMS}{\fs17 since}{\fs17 both}{\fs17 use}{\fs17 the }
fi1425 {\fs17 GSM}{\fs17 network's}{\fs17 signalling}{\fs17 path}{\fs17 (the
}{\fs17 SDCCH). }

f0 \fi1425 {\fs17 Unlike}{\fs17 SMS,}{\fs17 USSD}{\fs17 is}{\fs17 not}{\fs17
a}{\fs17 store}{\fs17 and}{\fs17 forward}{\fs17 service}{\fs17 and}{\fs17
is}{\fs17 session-oriented}{\fs17 such}{\fs17 that}{\fs17 when}{\fs17 a }
fi1425 {\fs17 user}{\fs17 accesses}{\fs17 a}{\fs17 USSD}{\fs17 service,}{\fs
17 a}{\fs17 session}{\fs17 is}{\fs17 established}{\fs17 and}{\fs17 the}{\f
s17 radio}{\fs17 connection}{\fs17 stays}{\fs17 open }
fi1425 {\fs17 until}{\fs17 the}{\fs17 user,}{\fs17 application,}{\fs17 or}{\
fs17 time}{\fs17 out}{\fs17 releases}{\fs17 it.}{\fs17 This}{\fs17 has}{\f
s17 more}{\fs17 in}{\fs17 common}{\fs17 with}{\fs17 Data}{\fs17 than }
fi1425 {\fs17 SMS.}{\fs17
USSD}{\fs17 text}{\fs17 messages}{\fs17 can}{\fs
17 be}{\fs17 up}{\fs17 to}{\fs17 182}{\fs17 characters}{\fs17 in}{\fs17 l
ength. }\par
}
}
37 \par
}
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00ffd9
\cf0 3. GSM Services
\fi1425 {\f20 USSD}{\f20 is}{\f20 defined}{\f20 within}{\f20 the}{\f20 GSM}
{\f20 standard}{\f20 in}{\f20 the}{\f20 documents}{\f20 GSM}{\f20 02.90}{\
f20 (USSD}{\f20 Stage}{\f20 1)}{\f20 and }
425 {\f20 GSM}{\f20 03.90}{\f20 (USSD}{\f20 Stage}{\f20 2).}{\f20 In}{\f20
USSD}{\f20 Stage}{\f20 1,}{\f20 the}{\f20 interactions}{\f20 are}{\f20 in
itiated}{\f20 by}{\f20 the}{\f20 mobile }
425 {\f20 phone.}{\f20 In}{\f20 USSD}{\f20 Stage}{\f20 2,}{\f20 the}{\f20
application}{\f20 can}{\f20 also}{\f20 initiate}{\f20 USSD-based}{\f20 tra
nsactions. }\par
}
\cf94 Unstructured{\cf0 Supplementary}{\cf0 Service}{\cf0 Data}{\cf0 (USSD)
}\par
}
t }\f10 \fs21 \cf0 Text-based messaging Service
{\f0\fs28 \bullet } Uses GSM Signalling channels (SDCCH) .
{\f0\fs28 \bullet } 182-character messages
{\f0\fs28 \bullet } Session-oriented.
{\f0\fs28 \bullet } No Store-and-Forward \par
}
10 \fs25 \cf0 Comparison of USSD and SMS
cf0 {\f0\fs28 \bullet }{\b0 \fs21 }{\b0 \fs21 USSD}{\b0 \fs21 Advantages: }
\fi360 {\f0\fs23 \bullet }{\b0 \fs18 }{\b0 \fs18 Up}{\b0 \fs18 to}{\b0 \fs18
seven}{\b0 \fs18 times}{\b0 \fs18 faster}{\b0 \fs18 than}{\b0 \fs18 SMS }
\fi360 {\f0\fs23 \bullet }{\b0 \fs18 }{\b0 \fs18 Longer}{\b0 \fs18 character}
{\b0 \fs18 messages}{\b0 \fs18 than}{\b0 \fs18 SMS}{\b0 \fs18 (182}{\b0 \fs1
8 compared}{\b0 \fs18 to}{\b0 \fs18 160) }
\fi360 {\f0\fs23 \bullet }{\b0 \fs18 }{\b0 \fs18 Works}{\b0 \fs18 on}{\b0 \fs
18 all}{\b0 \fs18 existing}{\b0 \fs18 GSM}{\b0 \fs18 terminals }
\fi360 {\f0\fs23 \bullet }{\b0 \fs18 }{\b0 \fs18 Supported}{\b0 \fs18 by}{\b0
\fs18 SIM}{\b0 \fs18 Toolkit}{\b0 \fs18 and}{\b0 \fs18 WAP }
\fi360 {\f0\fs23 \bullet }{\b0 \fs18 }{\b0 \fs18 Stage}{\b0 \fs18 2}{\b0 \fs1
8 can}{\b0 \fs18 provide}{\b0 \fs18 WAP-like}{\b0 \fs18 features}{\b0 \fs18
(on}{\b0 \fs18 existing}{\b0 \fs18 handsets) }

{\f0\fs28 \bullet }{\b0 \fs21 }{\b0 \fs21 USSD}{\b0 \fs21 Disadvantages: }
\fi360 {\f0\fs23 \bullet }{\b0 \fs18 }{\b0 \fs18 No}{\b0 \fs18 Store-and-Forw
ard. }
\fi360 {\f0\fs23 \bullet }{\b0 \fs18 }{\b0 \fs18 Additional}{\b0 \fs18 loadin
g}{\b0 \fs18 on}{\b0 \fs18 signalling}{\b0 \fs18 channels }
\fi360 {\f0\fs23 \bullet }{\b0 \fs18 }{\b0 \fs18 Session-oriented}{\b0 \fs18
(Traffic}{\b0 \fs18 loading}{\b0 \fs18 and}{\b0 \fs18 costs}{\b0 \fs18 compa
red}{\b0 \fs18 to}{\b0 \fs18 SMS). }
\fi360 {\f0\fs23 \bullet }{\b0 \fs18 }{\b0 \fs18 Stage}{\b0 \fs18 1}{\b0 \fs1
8 implementation}{\b0 \fs18 not}{\b0 \fs18 intuitive }\par
}
8 \par
}
}
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00ffd9
}
\cf0 Inadequacies Of Current Data Services \par
}
}\f10 \fs21 \cf0 Slow data rates 9.6Kbps \par
}
}\f10 \fs21 \cf0 Large bills for passing data due to continuous call
25 connection (CSD) \par
}
}\f10 \fs21 \cf0 Limited size of SMS/USSD messages \par
}
cf0 {\b0 \fs21 This}{\b0 \fs21 section}{\b0 \fs21 has}{\b0 \fs21 covered}{\b0
\fs21 the}{\b0 \fs21 following}{\b0 \fs21 topics: }
cf0 \fi360 {\f0\fs27 \bullet }{\b0 \fs21 }{\b0 \fs21 Bearer}{\b0 \fs21 Service
s }
\fi360 {\f0\fs27 \bullet }{\b0 \fs21 }{\b0 \fs21 Teleservices }
\fi360 {\f0\fs27 \bullet }{\b0 \fs21 }{\b0 \fs21 Supplementary}{\b0 \fs21 Serv
ices }
\fi360 {\f0\fs27 \bullet }{\b0 \fs21 }{\b0 \fs21 Data}{\b0 \fs21 Services}{\b0
\fs21 (CSD,}{\b0 \fs21 USSD,}{\b0 \fs21 SMS) }\par
}
}
39 \par
}
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00ffd9
}
\cf0 Intentional Blank Page \par
}
0 \par
}
}
ffd8ffe000104a46494600010100000100010000ffdb004300010101010101010101010101010101
01010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101
010101010101010101ffdb0043010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101
0101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101ffc0
001108034a025403012200021101031101ffc4001f00000105010101010101000000000000000001
02030405060708090a0bffc400b5100002010303020403050504040000017d010203000411051221
31410613516107227114328191a1082342b1c11552d1f02433627282090a161718191a2526272829
2a3435363738393a434445464748494a535455565758595a636465666768696a737475767778797a
0101010101010101010000000000000102030405060708090a0bffc400b511000201020404030407
05040400010277000102031104052131061241510761711322328108144291a1b1c109233352f015
6272d10a162434e125f11718191a262728292a35363738393a434445464748494a53545556575859
5a636465666768696a737475767778797a82838485868788898a92939495969798999aa2a3a4a5a6
00ffd9
}
}
\cf0 Section 3 \par
}
.}{\ul 1}{\ul }{\ul -}{\ul }{\ul S}{\ul M}{\ul S}{\ul }{\ul v}{\ul s}{\ul }
{\ul U}{\ul S}{\ul S}{\ul D}
cf0 {\b0 \f20 \fs21 Describe}{\b0 \f20 \fs21 the}{\b0 \f20 \fs21 advantages}{\
b0 \f20 \fs21 and}{\b0 \f20 \fs21 disadvantages}{\b0 \f20 \fs21 when}{\b0 \f2
0 \fs21 comparing}{\b0 \f20 \fs21 SMS}{\b0 \f20 \fs21 and}{\b0 \f20 \fs21 US
SD}{\b0 \f20 \fs21 data }
{\b0 \f20 \fs21 capabilities. }\par
}
.}{\ul 2}{\ul }{\ul -}{\ul }{\ul G}{\ul S}{\ul M}{\ul }{\ul S}{\ul e}{\ul r}
{\ul v}{\ul i}{\ul c}{\ul e}{\ul s}
cf0 {\b0 \f20 \fs21 1.}{\b0 \f20 \fs21
Describe}{\b0 \f20 \fs21 briefly}{\b0
\f20 \fs21 the}{\b0 \f20 \fs21 three}{\b0 \f20 \fs21 categories}{\b0 \f20 \f
s21 of}{\b0 \f20 \fs21 services}{\b0 \f20 \fs21 offered}{\b0 \f20 \fs21 by}{
\b0 \f20 \fs21 GSM. }
cf0 {\b0 \f20 \fs21 2.}{\b0 \f20 \fs21
Describe}{\b0 \f20 \fs21 briefly}{\b0
\f20 \fs21 the}{\b0 \f20 \fs21 basic}{\b0 \f20 \fs21 data}{\b0 \f20 \fs21 s
ervices}{\b0 \f20 \fs21 offered}{\b0 \f20 \fs21 by}{\b0 \f20 \fs21 GSM}{\b0 \
f20 \fs21 Phase}{\b0 \f20 \fs21 1. }\par
}
}
41 \par
}
ffd8ffe000104a46494600010100000100010000ffdb004300010101010101010101010101010101
01010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101
010101010101010101ffdb0043010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101
0101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101ffc0
001108034a025403012200021101031101ffc4001f00000105010101010101000000000000000001
02030405060708090a0bffc400b5100002010303020403050504040000017d010203000411051221
31410613516107227114328191a1082342b1c11552d1f02433627282090a161718191a2526272829
2a3435363738393a434445464748494a535455565758595a636465666768696a737475767778797a
0101010101010101010000000000000102030405060708090a0bffc400b511000201020404030407
05040400010277000102031104052131061241510761711322328108144291a1b1c109233352f015
6272d10a162434e125f11718191a262728292a35363738393a434445464748494a53545556575859
5a636465666768696a737475767778797a82838485868788898a92939495969798999aa2a3a4a5a6
00ffd9

}
}
2 \par
}
}
ffd8ffe000104a46494600010100000100010000ffdb004300010101010101010101010101010101
01010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101
010101010101010101ffdb0043010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101
0101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101ffc0
001108034a025403012200021101031101ffc4001f00000105010101010101000000000000000001
02030405060708090a0bffc400b5100002010303020403050504040000017d010203000411051221
31410613516107227114328191a1082342b1c11552d1f02433627282090a161718191a2526272829
2a3435363738393a434445464748494a535455565758595a636465666768696a737475767778797a
0101010101010101010000000000000102030405060708090a0bffc400b511000201020404030407
05040400010277000102031104052131061241510761711322328108144291a1b1c109233352f015
6272d10a162434e125f11718191a262728292a35363738393a434445464748494a53545556575859
5a636465666768696a737475767778797a82838485868788898a92939495969798999aa2a3a4a5a6
00ffd9
\cf0 4. The Air Interface \par
}
}
0 _____________________________________________________________________
\b \f10 \fs32 4.1}{\b \f10 \fs32
Introduction }
f0 \fi1425 {\fs17 The}{\fs17 'Air}{\fs17 Interface'}{\fs17 refers}{\fs17 to}
{\fs17 the}{\fs17 interface}{\fs17 between}{\fs17 a}{\fs17 mobile}{\fs17 t
erminal}{\fs17 and}{\fs17 the}{\fs17 base}{\fs17 station}{\fs17 to }
fi1425 {\fs17 which}{\fs17 it}{\fs17 is}{\fs17 affiliated.}{\fs17 This}{\fs
17 interface}{\fs17 takes}{\fs17 the}{\fs17 form}{\fs17 of}{\fs17 a}{\fs17
radio}{\fs17 path}{\fs17 through}{\fs17 the}{\fs17 air,}{\fs17 hence}{\fs
17 the }
fi1425 {\fs17 term}{\fs17 'Air'}{\fs17 interface. }
f0 \fi1425 {\fs17 In}{\fs17 this}{\fs17 section}{\fs17 of}{\fs17 the}{\fs17
course}{\fs17 the}{\fs17 following}{\fs17 air-interface-related}{\fs17 topi
cs}{\fs17 are}{\fs17 covered: }\par
}
}\f40 \fs17 \cf0
\fs22 \bullet }
}
GSM Frequency Spectrum Allocation
\par}{\phpg\posx3285\pvpg\posy14117\absw3462\absh690 \sl-270 \f20 \fs17 \cf0 Rad
io Access Methods
\par}{\phpg\posx3285\pvpg\posy14117\absw3462\absh690 \sl-255 \f20 \fs17 \cf0 GSM
Air Interface channels and frames \par
}
}
43 \par
}
ffd8ffe000104a46494600010100000100010000ffdb004300010101010101010101010101010101
01010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101
010101010101010101ffdb0043010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101
0101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101ffc0
001108034a025403012200021101031101ffc4001f00000105010101010101000000000000000001
02030405060708090a0bffc400b5100002010303020403050504040000017d010203000411051221
31410613516107227114328191a1082342b1c11552d1f02433627282090a161718191a2526272829
2a3435363738393a434445464748494a535455565758595a636465666768696a737475767778797a
0101010101010101010000000000000102030405060708090a0bffc400b511000201020404030407
05040400010277000102031104052131061241510761711322328108144291a1b1c109233352f015
6272d10a162434e125f11718191a262728292a35363738393a434445464748494a53545556575859
5a636465666768696a737475767778797a82838485868788898a92939495969798999aa2a3a4a5a6
00ffd9
}
_____________________________________________________________________
\f10 \fs32 4.2}{\b \f10 \fs32
GSM}{\b \f10 \fs32 Frequency}{\b \f10 \fs32
Spectrum}{\b \f10 \fs32 Allocation }\par
}
\cf0 Spectrum for Mobile Communication \par
}
t }\f10 \fs21 \cf0
Radio Spectrum is a limited resource
0\fs27 \bullet } For mobile communication we are using following ranges:
\fi1425 {\b \fs14 SHF}{\b \fs14 3}{\b \fs14 GHz}{\b \fs14 -}{\b \fs14 30}{\
b \fs14 GHz }
\fi1095 {\b \fs14 UHF}{\b \fs14 300}{\b \fs14 MHz}{\b \fs14 -}{\b \fs14 3}{
\b \fs14 GHz }
\fi660 {\b \fs14 VHF}{\b \fs14 30}{\b \fs14 MHz}{\b \fs14 -}{\b \fs14 300}{
\b \fs14 MHz }\par
}
he whole radio spectrum is divided for convenience into bands such as VHF, UHF a
nd so
\par}{\phpg\posx2445\pvpg\posy8642\absw8019\absh433 \sl-240 \f20 \fs17 \cf0 on.
The range of the spectrum used by GSM is in the UHF band. \par
}
f10 \fs28 \cf0 Frequency Allocation
\cf0 {\f0\fs27 \bullet }{\b0 \fs21 }{\b0 \fs21 Authority}{\b0 \fs21 to}{\b0 \
fs21 use}{\b0 \fs21 a}{\b0 \fs21 frequency}{\b0 \fs21 is}{\b0 \fs21 given}{
\b0 \fs21 under}{\b0 \fs21 certain}{\b0 \fs21 conditions }
\fi210 {\b0 \fs21 such}{\b0 \fs21 as: }
\fi690 {\f0\fs23 \bullet }{\b0 \fs17 }{\b0 \fs17 Location }
\fi690 {\f0\fs23 \bullet }{\b0 \fs17 }{\b0 \fs17 Power}{\b0 \fs17 levels }
\fi690 {\f0\fs23 \bullet }{\b0 \fs17 }{\b0 \fs17 Modulation}{\b0 \fs17 types
}
\fi690 {\f0\fs23 \bullet }{\b0 \fs17 }{\b0 \fs17 Bandwidth }
\cf0 {\f0\fs27 \bullet }{\b0 \fs21 }{\b0 \fs21 Regulatory}{\b0 \fs21 bodies}{
\b0 \fs21 deal}{\b0 \fs21 with}{\b0 \fs21 this}{\b0 \fs21 allocation}{\b0 \f
s21 in}{\b0 \fs21 different}{\b0 \fs21 parts}{\b0 \fs21 of }
\fi210 {\b0 \fs21 the}{\b0 \fs21 world: }
\fi690 {\f0\fs23 \bullet }{\b0 \fs17 }{\b0 \fs17 International}{\b0 \fs17 Tel
ecommunications}{\b0 \fs17 Union}{\b0 \fs17 (ITU) }
\fi690 {\f0\fs23 \bullet }{\b0 \fs17 }{\b0 \fs17 European}{\b0 \fs17 Telecomm
unications}{\b0 \fs17 Standards}{\b0 \fs17 Institute}{\b0 \fs17 (ETSI) }
\fi690 {\f0\fs23 \bullet }{\b0 \fs17 }{\b0 \fs17 Radiocommunications}{\b0 \fs1
7 Agency}{\b0 \fs17 (RA)}{\b0 \fs17 in}{\b0 \fs17 the}{\b0 \fs17 UK }\par
}
4 \par
}
}
ffd8ffe000104a46494600010100000100010000ffdb004300010101010101010101010101010101
01010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101
010101010101010101ffdb0043010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101
0101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101ffc0
001108034a025403012200021101031101ffc4001f00000105010101010101000000000000000001
02030405060708090a0bffc400b5100002010303020403050504040000017d010203000411051221
31410613516107227114328191a1082342b1c11552d1f02433627282090a161718191a2526272829
2a3435363738393a434445464748494a535455565758595a636465666768696a737475767778797a
0101010101010101010000000000000102030405060708090a0bffc400b511000201020404030407
05040400010277000102031104052131061241510761711322328108144291a1b1c109233352f015
6272d10a162434e125f11718191a262728292a35363738393a434445464748494a53545556575859
5a636465666768696a737475767778797a82838485868788898a92939495969798999aa2a3a4a5a6
00ffd9
}
major initial financial outlay for network operators is to acquire a licence to
use a particular
\par}{\phpg\posx2565\pvpg\posy1727\absw8261\absh663 \sl-240 \f20 \fs17 \cf0 band
width of radio spectrum. The method of allocation differs from country to countr
y, but
\par}{\phpg\posx2565\pvpg\posy1727\absw8261\absh663 \sl-255 \f20 \fs17 \cf0 may
be by auction or direct choice of operators by the government organisation respo
nsible. \par
}
\cf0 4.2.1 {\ul P}{\ul R}{\ul I}{\ul M}{\ul A}{\ul R}{\ul Y}{\ul }{\ul G}{\ul
S}{\ul M}{\ul }{\ul S}{\ul P}{\ul E}{\ul C}{\ul T}{\ul R}{\ul U}{\ul M} \par
}
\cf94 P {\cf0 -}{\cf0 GSM}{\cf0 Spectrum}{\cf0 (Primary}{\cf0 GSM) }\par
}
0 \par
}
5 \par
}
5 \par
}
0 \par
}
{\phpg\posx8625\pvpg\posy4589\absw359\absh161 \f10 \fs14 \cf0 \f10 \fs14 \cf0 MH
z \par
}
\cf94 Uplink \par
}
0 \fs14 \cf94 Downlink
f94 {\b0 \cf0 Duplex}{\b0 \cf0 spacing}{\b0 \cf0 =}{\b0 \cf0 45}{\b0 \cf0 MH
z }\par
}
{\phpg\posx6225\pvpg\posy6394\absw388\absh548 \f10 \fs12 \cf0 \f10 \fs12 \cf0 Fu
(n)
fi45 {\b \fs14 \cf94 2}{\b \fs14 \cf94
3 }\par
}
\cf0 Range of ARFCN:
- 124 \par
}
\cf94 1 \par
}
\cf94 4 \par
}
\cf94 n \par
}
\cf0 Guard Band
00 kHz wide \par
}
\cf0 Guard Band
00 kHz wide \par
}
\cf0 Channel Numbers (n) (ARFCN)
00 kHz spacing \par
}
GSM uses Frequency Division Duplexing (FDD) where the uplink and downlink of ea
ch
\par}{\phpg\posx2565\pvpg\posy9467\absw8330\absh3579 \sl-255 \f20 \fs17 \cf0 cha
nnel operates on a different frequency. Therefore, two frequency bands were all
ocated to
, 20 MHz apart.
The following frequency bands were initially allocated to GSM (now known as Pri
mary
):
\fi1455 Uplink sub band: 890 MHz to 915 MHz

1455 Downlink sub band: 935 MHz to 960 MHz
Each band is divided into a number of carriers, with each carrier having a 200k
Hz Bandwidth.
refore 124 carriers were available within each of the up and down link bands (al
lowing for
\par}{\phpg\posx2565\pvpg\posy9467\absw8330\absh3579 \sl-255 \f20 \fs17 \cf0 gua
rd bands).
The channel pair allocation has been arranged such that the two frequencies com
prising a
nnel pair are 45Mhz apart \par
}
Each frequency pair is identified by an 'Absolute Radio Frequency Carrier Number
'
\par}{\phpg\posx2565\pvpg\posy14192\absw7463\absh433 \sl-240 \f20 \fs17 \cf0 (AR
FCN)'. \par
}
}
45 \par
}
ffd8ffe000104a46494600010100000100010000ffdb004300010101010101010101010101010101
01010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101
010101010101010101ffdb0043010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101
0101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101ffc0
001108034a025403012200021101031101ffc4001f00000105010101010101000000000000000001
02030405060708090a0bffc400b5100002010303020403050504040000017d010203000411051221
31410613516107227114328191a1082342b1c11552d1f02433627282090a161718191a2526272829
2a3435363738393a434445464748494a535455565758595a636465666768696a737475767778797a
0101010101010101010000000000000102030405060708090a0bffc400b511000201020404030407
05040400010277000102031104052131061241510761711322328108144291a1b1c109233352f015
6272d10a162434e125f11718191a262728292a35363738393a434445464748494a53545556575859
5a636465666768696a737475767778797a82838485868788898a92939495969798999aa2a3a4a5a6
00ffd9
}
{\phpg\posx2445\pvpg\posy1727\absw5921\absh217 \f20 \fs17 \cf0 \f20 \fs17 \cf0 U
p and downlink channel frequencies can be calculated as follows: \par
}
plink frequencies: Fu(n) = 890 + 0.2 n
\par}{\phpg\posx3180\pvpg\posy2222\absw3656\absh433 \sl-240 \f20 \fs17 \cf0 Down
link frequencies: Fd(n) = Fu(n) + 45 \par
}
{\phpg\posx6867\pvpg\posy2222\absw1333\absh217 \f20 \fs17 \cf0 \f20 \fs17 \cf0 (
1 <= n <= 124) \par
}
\cf0 4.2.2 {\ul E}{\ul X}{\ul T}{\ul E}{\ul N}{\ul D}{\ul E}{\ul D}{\ul }{\ul
P}{\ul R}{\ul I}{\ul M}{\ul A}{\ul R}{\ul Y}{\ul }{\ul G}{\ul S}{\ul M}{\ul }
{\ul (}{\ul E}{\ul -}{\ul G}{\ul S}{\ul M}{\ul )}{\ul }{\ul S}{\ul P}{\ul E}{\u
l C}{\ul T}{\ul R}{\ul U}{\ul M} \par
}
\cf94 E {\cf0 -}{\cf0 GSM}{\cf0 Spectrum}{\cf0 (Extended}{\cf0 GSM) }\par
}
0 \par
}
5 \par
}
5 \par
}
0 \par
}
z \par
}
\cf94 Uplink \par
}
z }\par
}
- 124
75 - 1023 \par
}
(n)
fi45 {\b \fs14 \cf94 2}{\b \fs14 \cf94
3 }\par
}
\cf94 1 \par
}
\cf94 4 \par
}
\cf94 n \par
}
\cf0 Guard Band
00 kHz wide \par
}
\cf0 Guard Band
00 kHz wide \par
}
00 kHz spacing \par
}
E-GSM allocated an additional 10MHz of bandwidth at the bottom end of each of th
e up and
\par}{\phpg\posx2445\pvpg\posy9467\absw8183\absh1554 \sl-240 \f20 \fs17 \cf0 dow
n link frequency bands. The new frequency bands are:
\fi48 This resulted in the following: \par
}
t }\f40 \fs17 \cf0
0\fs22 \bullet }
{\f0\fs22 \bullet }
0\fs22 \bullet }
}

An extra 50 carrier pairs (10MHz / 200kHz channels)
\par}{\phpg\posx3165\pvpg\posy11222\absw7569\absh1365 \sl-255 \f20 \fs17 \cf0 A
reduction in bandwidth isolation between up and down link frequency bands from
\par}{\phpg\posx3165\pvpg\posy11222\absw7569\absh1365 \sl-240 \f20 \fs17 \cf0 20
MHz to 10MHz
\par}{\phpg\posx3165\pvpg\posy11222\absw7569\absh1365 \sl-270 \f20 \fs17 \cf0 An
increase in size of up and down link frequency bands from 25Mhz to 35MHz
\par}{\phpg\posx3165\pvpg\posy11222\absw7569\absh1365 \sl-255 \f20 \fs17 \cf0 As
signment of new ARFCN in the range 975-1023
e P-GSM ARFCN 0 now reverts from a guard band to a valid ARFCN \par
}
E-GSM up and downlink channel frequencies can be calculated as follows: \par
}
Uplink frequencies:
Fu(n) = 890 + 0.2 n \par
}
(0 <= n <= 124) \par
}
{\phpg\posx2445\pvpg\posy14237\absw6699\absh663 \f20 \fs17 \cf0 \fi2550 \f20 \fs
17 \cf0 Fu(n) = 890 + 0.2 (n - 1024) (975 <= n <= 1023)
Downlink frequencies: Fd(n) = Fu(n) + 45 \par
}
6 \par
}
}
ffd8ffe000104a46494600010100000100010000ffdb004300010101010101010101010101010101
01010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101
010101010101010101ffdb0043010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101
0101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101ffc0
001108034a025403012200021101031101ffc4001f00000105010101010101000000000000000001
02030405060708090a0bffc400b5100002010303020403050504040000017d010203000411051221
31410613516107227114328191a1082342b1c11552d1f02433627282090a161718191a2526272829
2a3435363738393a434445464748494a535455565758595a636465666768696a737475767778797a
0101010101010101010000000000000102030405060708090a0bffc400b511000201020404030407
05040400010277000102031104052131061241510761711322328108144291a1b1c109233352f015
6272d10a162434e125f11718191a262728292a35363738393a434445464748494a53545556575859
5a636465666768696a737475767778797a82838485868788898a92939495969798999aa2a3a4a5a6
00ffd9
}
\cf0 4.2.3 {\ul D}{\ul C}{\ul S}{\ul -}{\ul 1}{\ul 8}{\ul 0}{\ul 0}{\ul }{\ul
S}{\ul P}{\ul E}{\ul C}{\ul T}{\ul R}{\ul U}{\ul M} \par
}
\cf0 DCS - 1800 Spectrum
8 \cf0 \fi44 {\b0 \fs14 1710}{\b0 \fs14
1785}{\b0 \fs14
1805}{\b0 \fs14
1880 }\par
}
\cf94 Uplink \par
}
z }\par
}
z \par
}
(n)
fi45 {\b \fs14 \cf94 2}{\b \fs14 \cf94
3 }\par
}
12 - 885 \par
}
\cf94 1 \par
}
\cf94 4 \par
}

\cf94 n \par
}
\cf0 Guard Band
00 kHz wide \par
}
\cf0 Guard Band
00 kHz wide \par
}
00 kHz spacing \par
}
Digital Communication System (DCS) - 1800 introduced a further 1800 MHz spectrum
range
GSM. The characteristics of radio frequencies in this range are such that DCS1800 is
\par}{\phpg\posx2565\pvpg\posy8372\absw8208\absh3120 \sl-255 \f20 \fs17 \cf0 typ
ically used for smaller microcells overlaid over existing GSM-900 macrocells. T
he up and
\par}{\phpg\posx2565\pvpg\posy8372\absw8208\absh3120 \sl-255 \f20 \fs17 \cf0 dow
n link bands are 75MHz each and have a 20MHz separation in the following ranges
:
Each band is divided into 200kHz carriers, as with GSM -900. Therefore 374 car
riers are
\par}{\phpg\posx2565\pvpg\posy8372\absw8208\absh3120 \sl-255 \f20 \fs17 \cf0 ava
ilable within each of the up and down link bands (allowing for guard bands). Ch
annel
\par}{\phpg\posx2565\pvpg\posy8372\absw8208\absh3120 \sl-255 \f20 \fs17 \cf0 num
bers are in the range 512-885 (ARFCNs).
The channel pair allocation has been arranged such that the two frequencies co
mprising a
nnel pair are 95Mhz apart. \par
}
DCS-1800 up and downlink channel frequencies can be calculated as follows:
0 Uplink frequencies:
Fu(n) = 1710.2 + 0.2 (n - 512)
(512 <
= n <= 885)
0 Downlink frequencies: Fd(n) = Fu(n) + 95 \par
}
}
47 \par
}
ffd8ffe000104a46494600010100000100010000ffdb004300010101010101010101010101010101
01010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101
010101010101010101ffdb0043010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101
0101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101ffc0
001108034a025403012200021101031101ffc4001f00000105010101010101000000000000000001
02030405060708090a0bffc400b5100002010303020403050504040000017d010203000411051221
31410613516107227114328191a1082342b1c11552d1f02433627282090a161718191a2526272829
2a3435363738393a434445464748494a535455565758595a636465666768696a737475767778797a
0101010101010101010000000000000102030405060708090a0bffc400b511000201020404030407
05040400010277000102031104052131061241510761711322328108144291a1b1c109233352f015
6272d10a162434e125f11718191a262728292a35363738393a434445464748494a53545556575859
5a636465666768696a737475767778797a82838485868788898a92939495969798999aa2a3a4a5a6
00ffd9
}
f10 \fs28 \cf94 1800{\cf0 MHz}{\cf0 Utilization}{\cf0 in}{\cf0 UK }
cf94 {\b0 \fs21 \cf0 The}{\b0 \fs21 \cf0 present}{\b0 \fs21 \cf0 distribution}
{\b0 \fs21 \cf0 of}{\b0 \fs21 \cf0 frequencies}{\b0 \fs21 \cf0 among}{\b0 \fs
21 \cf0 UK}{\b0 \fs21 \cf0 operator}{\b0 \fs21 \cf0 is: }\par
}
710
1721.5 \par
}
51.5 \par
}
81.5 1785 \par
}
{\shp\shpleft8194\shptop4300\shpright8373\shpbottom4724
\shpz0\shpfhdr0\shpbxpage\shpbypage\shpwr3\shpwrk0\shpfblwtxt0
{\*\shpinst {\sp{\sn fLine}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn shapeType}{\sv 202}}
{\sp{\sn dxTextLeft}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn dxTextRight}{\sv 0}}
{\sp{\sn dyTextTop}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn dyTextBottom}{\sv 0}}
{\sp{\sn fFilled}{\sv 0}}
{\sp{\sn txflTextFlow}{\sv 3}}}{\shptxt \f10 \fs13 \cf94 DECT \par}}
z \par
}
{\phpg\posx4124\pvpg\posy4124\absw475\absh161 \f10 \fs14 \cf0 \f10 \fs14 \cf0 Up
link \par
}
\cf94 Vodafone/
fi119 Cellnet \par
}
\cf94 One 2 One \par
}
Orange \par
}
{\phpg\posx3899\pvpg\posy4724\absw676\absh161 \f10 \fs14 \cf0 \f10 \fs14 \cf0 Do
wnlink \par
}
05 \par
}
16.5 \par
}
5 One 2 One \par
}
46.5 \par
}
76.5 1880 \par
}
z \par
}
{\phpg\posx6945\pvpg\posy6546\absw2940\absh120 \f10 \fs10 \cf0 \f10 \fs10 \cf0 D
ECT: Digital Enhanced Cordless Telecommunications \par
}
his spectrum diagram shows the way in which the 1800 MHz band is currently distr
ibuted
\par}{\phpg\posx2445\pvpg\posy7622\absw8110\absh663 \sl-240 \f20 \fs17 \cf0 amon
g operators in the UK. Note the uplink and downlink sub bands are shown on the o
ne
\par}{\phpg\posx2445\pvpg\posy7622\absw8110\absh663 \sl-255 \f20 \fs17 \cf0 diag
ram. \par
}
\cf0 4.2.4 {\ul P}{\ul C}{\ul S}{\ul -}{\ul 1}{\ul 9}{\ul 0}{\ul 0}{\ul }{\ul
S}{\ul P}{\ul E}{\ul C}{\ul T}{\ul R}{\ul U}{\ul M} \par
}
\cf94 PCS{\cf0 -}{\cf0 1900}{\cf0 Spectrum }
8 \cf94 \fi30 {\b0 \fs14 \cf0 1850}{\b0 \fs14 \cf0
1910}{\b0 \
fs14 \cf0
1930}{\b0 \fs14 \cf0
1990 }\par
}
\cf94 Uplink \par
}
cf94 {\b0 \cf0 Duplex}{\b0 \cf0 spacing}{\b0 \cf0 =}{\b0 \cf0 80}{\b0 \cf0 M
Hz }\par
}
{\phpg\posx8505\pvpg\posy10529\absw359\absh161 \f10 \fs14 \cf0 \f10 \fs14 \cf0 M
Hz \par
}
{\phpg\posx6105\pvpg\posy12334\absw388\absh548 \f10 \fs12 \cf0 \f10 \fs12 \cf0 F
u(n)
\fi45 {\b \fs14 \cf94 2}{\b \fs14 \cf94
3 }\par
}
512 - 810 \par
}
\cf94 1 \par
}
\cf94 4 \par
}
\cf94 n \par
}
\cf0 Guard Band
100 kHz wide \par
}
\cf0 Guard Band
100 kHz wide \par
}
200 kHz spacing \par
}

8 \par
}
}
ffd8ffe000104a46494600010100000100010000ffdb004300010101010101010101010101010101
01010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101
010101010101010101ffdb0043010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101
0101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101ffc0
001108034a025403012200021101031101ffc4001f00000105010101010101000000000000000001
02030405060708090a0bffc400b5100002010303020403050504040000017d010203000411051221
31410613516107227114328191a1082342b1c11552d1f02433627282090a161718191a2526272829
2a3435363738393a434445464748494a535455565758595a636465666768696a737475767778797a
0101010101010101010000000000000102030405060708090a0bffc400b511000201020404030407
05040400010277000102031104052131061241510761711322328108144291a1b1c109233352f015
6272d10a162434e125f11718191a262728292a35363738393a434445464748494a53545556575859
5a636465666768696a737475767778797a82838485868788898a92939495969798999aa2a3a4a5a6
00ffd9
}
Personal Communication System (PCS) - 1900 MHz is used in USA and Central Americ
a to
\par}{\phpg\posx2565\pvpg\posy1472\absw8063\absh2013 \sl-255 \f20 \fs17 \cf0 pro
vide a service similar to GSM. The 1900MHz frequency band was selected due to a
\par}{\phpg\posx2565\pvpg\posy1472\absw8063\absh2013 \sl-240 \f20 \fs17 \cf0 sho

rtage of available 1800 band frequencies in the USA. The up and down link bands
are
\par}{\phpg\posx2565\pvpg\posy1472\absw8063\absh2013 \sl-255 \f20 \fs17 \cf0 60M
Hz each and have a 20MHz separation in the following ranges:
PCS-1900 frequency bands are:
1455 Downlink sub band: 1930 MHz to 1990 MHz \par
}
Each band is divided into 200kHz carriers, as with GSM. Therefore 299 carriers
are available
\par}{\phpg\posx2565\pvpg\posy4202\absw8301\absh2674 \sl-255 \f20 \fs17 \cf0 wit
hin each of the up and down link bands (allowing for guard bands). Channel num
bers are
\par}{\phpg\posx2565\pvpg\posy4202\absw8301\absh2674 \sl-240 \f20 \fs17 \cf0 in
the range 512-810 (ARFCNs).
The PCs-1900 channel pair allocation has been arranged such that the two freque
ncies
\par}{\phpg\posx2565\pvpg\posy4202\absw8301\absh2674 \sl-240 \f20 \fs17 \cf0 com
prising a channel pair are 80Mhz apart.
PCS-1900 up and downlink channel frequencies can be calculated as follows:
\fi735 Uplink frequencies:
Fu(n) = 1850.2 + 0.2 (n - 512)
(512 <= n <
= 810)
\fi735 Downlink frequencies: Fd(n) = Fu(n) + 80 \par
}
\cf0 4.2.5 {\ul G}{\ul S}{\ul M}{\ul -}{\ul 4}{\ul 5}{\ul 0}{\ul }{\ul S}{\u
l P}{\ul E}{\ul C}{\ul T}{\ul R}{\ul U}M
cf0 {\b0 \f20 \fs17 The}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 GSM-450}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 standard}{\b0
\f20 \fs17 has}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 grown}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 from}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 a}
{\b0 \f20 \fs17 study}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 undertaken}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 to}{\b0 \f20
\fs17 evaluate}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 a}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 digital}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 st
andard}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 to }
{\b0 \f20 \fs17 replace}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 the}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 widespread}{\b0 \f
20 \fs17 analogue}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 NMT-450}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 systems.}{\b0 \f20
\fs17 The}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 450MHz}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 band}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 has}{
\b0 \f20 \fs17 a}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 number}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 of }
{\b0 \f20 \fs17 advantages}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 over}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 existing}{\b0
\f20 \fs17 GSM}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 bands,}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 not}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 le
ast}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 of}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 which}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 is}{\b0 \f20 \fs
17 the}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 increased}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 coverage}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 pe
r}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 cell}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 (up }
{\b0 \f20 \fs17 to}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 120km)}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 and}{\b0 \f20 \fs17
hence}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 a}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 lower}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 cell}{\b0 \f20
\fs17 count.}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 It}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 can}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 also}{
\b0 \f20 \fs17 provide}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 valuable}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 additional}{\
b0 \f20 \fs17 capacity }\par
}
\fs28 \cf0 GSM - 450 Spectrum
28 \cf0 {\b0 \fs14 450.4}{\b0 \fs14
457.6}{\b0 \fs14
460.4
}{\b0 \fs14
467.6 }\par
}
\cf94 Uplink \par
}
cf94 {\b0 \cf0 Duplex}{\b0 \cf0 spacing}{\b0 \cf0 =}{\b0 \cf0 10}{\b0 \cf0 M
Hz }\par
}
Hz \par
}
{\phpg\posx6225\pvpg\posy12679\absw388\absh548 \f10 \fs12 \cf0 \f10 \fs12 \cf0 F
u(n)
\fi45 {\b \fs14 \cf94 2}{\b \fs14 \cf94
3 }\par
}
\cf94 1 \par
}
\cf94 4 \par
}
\cf94 n \par
}
\cf0 Guard Band
100 kHz wide \par
}
\cf0 Guard Band
100 kHz wide \par
}
200 kHz spacing \par
}
}
49 \par
}
ffd8ffe000104a46494600010100000100010000ffdb004300010101010101010101010101010101
01010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101
010101010101010101ffdb0043010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101
0101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101ffc0
001108034a025403012200021101031101ffc4001f00000105010101010101000000000000000001
02030405060708090a0bffc400b5100002010303020403050504040000017d010203000411051221
31410613516107227114328191a1082342b1c11552d1f02433627282090a161718191a2526272829
2a3435363738393a434445464748494a535455565758595a636465666768696a737475767778797a
0101010101010101010000000000000102030405060708090a0bffc400b511000201020404030407
05040400010277000102031104052131061241510761711322328108144291a1b1c109233352f015
6272d10a162434e125f11718191a262728292a35363738393a434445464748494a53545556575859
5a636465666768696a737475767778797a82838485868788898a92939495969798999aa2a3a4a5a6
00ffd9
}
\cf0 GSM - 450 (Extended) Spectrum \par
}
8.8 \par
}
6 \par
}
8.8 \par
}
6 \par
}
z \par
}
\cf94 Uplink \par
}
z }\par
}
(n)
fi45 {\b \fs14 \cf94 2}{\b \fs14 \cf94
3 }\par
}
\cf94 1 \par
}
\cf94 4 \par
}
\cf94 n \par
}
\cf0 Guard Band
00 kHz wide \par
}
\cf0 Guard Band
00 kHz wide \par
}
00 kHz spacing \par
}
_____________________________________________________________________
\f10 \fs32 4.3}{\b \f10 \fs32
GSM}{\b \f10 \fs32 Multiple}{\b \f10 \fs32 A
ccess}{\b \f10 \fs32 Techniques }\par
}
10 \fs28 \cf0 Multiple Access Techniques
cf0 {\f0\fs27 \bullet }{\b0 \fs21 }{\b0 \fs21 Purpose:}{\b0 \fs21 to}{\b0 \fs
21 allow}{\b0 \fs21 several}{\b0 \fs21 users}{\b0 \fs21 to}{\b0 \fs21 share
}{\b0 \fs21 the}{\b0 \fs21 resources}{\b0 \fs21 of}{\b0 \fs21 the }
\fi224 {\b0 \fs21 air}{\b0 \fs21 interface}{\b0 \fs21 in}{\b0 \fs21 one}{\b0
\fs21 cell }
28 \cf0 {\f0\fs27 \bullet }{\b0 \fs21 }{\b0 \fs21 Methods: }
\fi375 {\f0\fs23 \bullet }{\b0 \fs17 }{\b0 \fs17 FDMA}{\b0 \fs17 -}{\b0 \fs17
Frequency}{\b0 \fs17 Division}{\b0 \fs17 Multiple}{\b0 \fs17 Access }
cf0 \fi375 {\f0\fs23 \bullet }{\b0 \fs17 }{\b0 \fs17 TDMA}{\b0 \fs17 -}{\b0 \f
s17 Time}{\b0 \fs17 Division}{\b0 \fs17 Multiple}{\b0 \fs17 Access }
cf0 \fi375 {\f0\fs23 \bullet }{\b0 \fs17 }{\b0 \fs17 CDMA}{\b0 \fs17 -}{\b0 \f
s17 Code}{\b0 \fs17 Division}{\b0 \fs17 Multiple}{\b0 \fs17 Access }\par
}
0 \par
}
}
ffd8ffe000104a46494600010100000100010000ffdb004300010101010101010101010101010101
01010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101
010101010101010101ffdb0043010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101
0101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101ffc0
001108034a025403012200021101031101ffc4001f00000105010101010101000000000000000001
02030405060708090a0bffc400b5100002010303020403050504040000017d010203000411051221
31410613516107227114328191a1082342b1c11552d1f02433627282090a161718191a2526272829
2a3435363738393a434445464748494a535455565758595a636465666768696a737475767778797a
0101010101010101010000000000000102030405060708090a0bffc400b511000201020404030407
05040400010277000102031104052131061241510761711322328108144291a1b1c109233352f015
6272d10a162434e125f11718191a262728292a35363738393a434445464748494a53545556575859
5a636465666768696a737475767778797a82838485868788898a92939495969798999aa2a3a4a5a6
00ffd9
10 \fs17 \cf0 4. The Air Interface

{\f20 Multiple}{\f20 access}{\f20 techniques}{\f20 are}{\f20 essential}{\f20
to}{\f20 allow}{\f20 more}{\f20 efficient}{\f20 use}{\f20 of}{\f20 the}{
\f20 radio}{\f20 spectrum.}{\f20 1}{\dn006 \f20 \fs12 st }
0 generation}{\f20 systems}{\f20 used}{\f20 only}{\f20 FDMA}{\f20 so}{\f20
that}{\f20 a}{\f20 complete}{\f20 radio}{\f20 carrier}{\f20 was}{\f20 all
ocated}{\f20 to}{\f20 a}{\f20 user }
0 throughout}{\f20 their}{\f20 call.}{\f20 This}{\f20 made}{\f20 poor}{\f20
use}{\f20 of}{\f20 the}{\f20 spectrum,}{\f20 but}{\f20 was}{\f20 all}{\f
20 that}{\f20 was}{\f20 possible}{\f20 with }
0 an}{\f20 analogue}{\f20 system. }\par
}
\fs28 \cf0 Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA)
Divide}{\b0 \fs17 available}{\
b0 \fs17 frequency}{\b0 \fs17 spectrum }
\fi224 {\b0 \fs17 into}{\b0 \fs17 channels}{\b0 \fs17 each}{\b0 \fs17 of}{\b0
\fs17 the}{\b0 \fs17 same}{\b0 \fs17 bandwidth }
Channel}{\b0 \fs17 separation}{\b0
\fs17 achieved}{\b0 \fs17 by}{\b0 \fs17 filters: }\par
}
{\phpg\posx3330\pvpg\posy4600\absw4380\absh2562 \f10 \fs17 \cf0 \fi374 {\f0\fs23
\bullet }\f10 \fs17 \cf0 Good selectivity
374 {\f0\fs23 \bullet } Guard bands between channels
0\fs23 \bullet } Signalling channel required to allocate a traffic
224 channel to a user
0\fs23 \bullet } Only one user per frequency channel at any
224 time
0\fs23 \bullet } Used in analog systems, such as AMPS, TACS
0\fs23 \bullet } Limitations on:
375 {\f0\fs23 \bullet } frequency re-use
375 {\f0\fs23 \bullet } number of subscribers per area \par
}
cf0 User 1
0 User 2
0 User 3
0 User 4
0 User 5 \par
}
{\sp{\sn txflTextFlow}{\sv 2}}}{\shptxt \b \f10 \fs11 \cf0 Frequency \par}}
\cf0 Time \par
}
{\phpg\posx8025\pvpg\posy6649\absw1169\absh139 \f10 \fs12 \cf0 \f10 \fs12 \cf0 c
hannel bandwidth \par
}
0 \fs28 \cf0 Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA)
cf0 {\f0\fs27 \bullet }{\b0 \fs21 }{\b0 \fs21 Access}{\b0 \fs21 to}{\b0 \fs21
available}{\b0 \fs21 spectrum}{\b0 \fs21 is}{\b0 \fs21 limited}{\b0 \fs21
to}{\b0 \fs21 timeslots }
{\f0\fs27 \bullet }{\b0 \fs21 }{\b0 \fs21 User}{\b0 \fs21 is}{\b0 \fs21 allo
cated}{\b0 \fs21 the}{\b0 \fs21 spectrum}{\b0 \fs21 for}{\b0 \fs21 the}{\b0
\fs21 duration}{\b0 \fs21 of}{\b0 \fs21 one}{\b0 \fs21 timeslot }
{\f0\fs27 \bullet }{\b0 \fs21 }{\b0 \fs21 Timeslots}{\b0 \fs21 are}{\b0 \fs21
repeated}{\b0 \fs21 in}{\b0 \fs21 frames }\par
}
{\sp{\sn txflTextFlow}{\sv 2}}}{\shptxt \b \f10 \fs10 \cf0 1 \par}}


{\sp{\sn txflTextFlow}{\sv 2}}}{\shptxt \b \f10 \fs11 \cf0 Frequency \par}}
{\sp{\sn txflTextFlow}{\sv 2}}}{\shptxt \b \f10 \fs10 \cf0 User \par}}
{\sp{\sn txflTextFlow}{\sv 2}}}{\shptxt \b \f10 \fs10 \cf0 Signalling \par}}

{\sp{\sn txflTextFlow}{\sv 2}}}{\shptxt \b \f10 \fs10 \cf0 Signalling \par}}
\cf0 Time \par
}
\cf0 Frame \par
}
\cf0 Timeslot \par
}
}
51 \par
}
ffd8ffe000104a46494600010100000100010000ffdb004300010101010101010101010101010101
01010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101
010101010101010101ffdb0043010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101
0101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101ffc0
001108034a025403012200021101031101ffc4001f00000105010101010101000000000000000001
02030405060708090a0bffc400b5100002010303020403050504040000017d010203000411051221
31410613516107227114328191a1082342b1c11552d1f02433627282090a161718191a2526272829
2a3435363738393a434445464748494a535455565758595a636465666768696a737475767778797a
0101010101010101010000000000000102030405060708090a0bffc400b511000201020404030407
05040400010277000102031104052131061241510761711322328108144291a1b1c109233352f015
6272d10a162434e125f11718191a262728292a35363738393a434445464748494a53545556575859
5a636465666768696a737475767778797a82838485868788898a92939495969798999aa2a3a4a5a6
00ffd9
\cf0 4. The Air Interface
\fi1425 {\f20 TDMA}{\f20 became}{\f20 possible}{\f20 with}{\f20 digital}{\f2
0 systems}{\f20 such}{\f20 as}{\f20 GSM}{\f20 in}{\f20 which}{\f20 the}{\
f20 data}{\f20 stream}{\f20 could}{\f20 be }
425 {\f20 divided}{\f20 into}{\f20 bursts}{\f20 and}{\f20 allocated}{\f20 t
o}{\f20 a}{\f20 timeslot.}{\f20 By}{\f20 sharing}{\f20 access}{\f20 to}{\f
20 the}{\f20 spectrum,}{\f20 the}{\f20 traffic }
425 {\f20 capacity}{\f20 of}{\f20 the}{\f20 system}{\f20 is}{\f20 enhanced.
}{\f20 GSM}{\f20 uses}{\f20 both}{\f20 FDMA}{\f20 to}{\f20 provide}{\f20
carriers}{\f20 and}{\f20 TDMA}{\f20 to }
425 {\f20 share}{\f20 access}{\f20 to}{\f20 the}{\f20 carriers. }\par
}
_____________________________________________________________________
b \f10 \fs32 4.4}{\b \f10 \fs32
GSM}{\b \f10 \fs32 Air}{\b \f10 \fs32 Inter
face}{\b \f10 \fs32 Channels }
0 \fi4455 {\b \f10 \fs28 GSM}{\b \f10 \fs28 Channels }
0 \fi2219 {\f10 \fs21 GSM}{\f10 \fs21 defines}{\f10 \fs21 two}{\f10 \fs21 fun
damental}{\f10 \fs21 channel}{\f10 \fs21 types: }
0 \fi2594 {\f0\fs23 \bullet }{\f10 \fs18 }{\f10 \fs18 Physical}{\f10 \fs18 Cha
nnels: }\par
}
\f10 \fs16 \cf0
\par}{\phpg\posx3989\pvpg\posy5682\absw73\absh504 \sl-180 \par\f10 \fs16 \cf0 {\
f0\fs21 \bullet } \par
}
he individual channels carried by a radio frequency carrier
Each carrier comprises 8 time-separated channels \par
}
}\f10 \fs18 \cf0 Logical Channels: \par
}
\f10 \fs16 \cf0
}
ime-dependant virtual channels carried on a single physical
\par}{\phpg\posx4289\pvpg\posy6792\absw5265\absh680 \sl-195 \f10 \fs16 \cf0 chan
nel
one physical channel may support one or multiple logical channels \par
}

f10 \fs28 \cf0 GSM Physical Channels
\cf0 {\f0\fs23 \bullet }{\b0 \fs17 }{\b0 \fs17
GSM}{\b0 \fs17 employs}{\b0 \
fs17 both}{\b0 \fs17 FDMA}{\b0 \fs17 and}{\b0 \fs17 TDMA}{\b0 \fs17 at}{\b0
\fs17 the}{\b0 \fs17 Air}{\b0 \fs17 Interface }
Each}{\b0 \fs17 BTS}{\b0 \fs1
7 may}{\b0 \fs17 comprise}{\b0 \fs17 a}{\b0 \fs17 number}{\b0 \fs17 of}{\b0
\fs17 TRXs,}{\b0 \fs17 with}{\b0 \fs17 the}{\b0 \fs17 carrier}{\b0 \fs17 o
f}{\b0 \fs17 each}{\b0 \fs17 TRX }
\fi224 {\b0 \fs17 operating}{\b0 \fs17 on}{\b0 \fs17 a}{\b0 \fs17 different}
{\b0 \fs17 frequency}{\b0 \fs17 (FDM) }
Each}{\b0 \fs17 GSM}{\b0 \fs1
7 carrier}{\b0 \fs17 supports}{\b0 \fs17 8}{\b0 \fs17 time-separated}{\b0 \f
s17 physical}{\b0 \fs17 channels}{\b0 \fs17 (TDMA) }
Each}{\b0 \fs17 physical}{\b0
\fs17 channel}{\b0 \fs17 is}{\b0 \fs17 allocated}{\b0 \fs17 to}{\b0 \fs17
a}{\b0 \fs17 specific}{\b0 \fs17 timeslot}{\b0 \fs17 on}{\b0 \fs17 the}{\b0
\fs17 carrier }
A}{\b0 \fs17 group}{\b0 \fs17
of}{\b0 \fs17 8}{\b0 \fs17 timeslots}{\b0 \fs17 on}{\b0 \fs17 a}{\b0 \fs17
carrier}{\b0 \fs17 is}{\b0 \fs17 known}{\b0 \fs17 as}{\b0 \fs17 a}{\b0 \fs
17 TDMA}{\b0 \fs17 frame }
\par}{\phpg\posx3224\pvpg\posy10026\absw6723\absh4137 \sl-210 \par\par\b \f10 \f
s28 \cf0 \fi5220 {\b0 \fs14 1}{\b0 \fs14 frame}{\b0 \fs14 period }
\fi5370 {\b0 \fs14 4.615}{\b0 \fs14 ms }
\cf0 \fi4770 {\fs14 \cf94 0}{\fs14 \cf94
1}{\fs14 \cf94
2}{\fs14 \cf94
3}{\fs14 \cf94
4}{\fs14 \cf94
5}{\fs14 \cf94
6}{\fs14 \cf94
7
}
s28 \cf0 \fi4530 {\b0 \fs14 timeslot}{\b0 \fs14 =}{\b0 \fs14 0.577}{\b0 \fs14
ms }\par
}
2 \par
}
}
ffd8ffe000104a46494600010100000100010000ffdb004300010101010101010101010101010101
01010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101
010101010101010101ffdb0043010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101
0101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101ffc0
001108034a025403012200021101031101ffc4001f00000105010101010101000000000000000001
02030405060708090a0bffc400b5100002010303020403050504040000017d010203000411051221
31410613516107227114328191a1082342b1c11552d1f02433627282090a161718191a2526272829
2a3435363738393a434445464748494a535455565758595a636465666768696a737475767778797a
0101010101010101010000000000000102030405060708090a0bffc400b511000201020404030407
05040400010277000102031104052131061241510761711322328108144291a1b1c109233352f015
6272d10a162434e125f11718191a262728292a35363738393a434445464748494a53545556575859
5a636465666768696a737475767778797a82838485868788898a92939495969798999aa2a3a4a5a6
00ffd9
}
ne burst of data (0.577 ms or 156.25 bit periods) is a physical channel. This is
used via
\par}{\phpg\posx2565\pvpg\posy1472\absw7675\absh447 \sl-255 \f20 \fs17 \cf0 mult
iframe structures to provide all the logical channels required. \par
}
10 \fs28 \cf0 GSM Logical Channels
cf0 {\f0\fs29 \bullet }{\b0 \fs22 }{\b0 \fs17 Two}{\b0 \fs17 types}{\b0 \fs17
of}{\b0 \fs17 logical}{\b0 \fs17 channel}{\b0 \fs17 are}{\b0 \fs17 defined
;}{\b0 \fs17 traffic}{\b0 \fs17 and}{\b0 \fs17 control}{\b0 \fs17 channels }
{\f0\fs29 \bullet }{\b0 \fs22 }{\b0 \fs17 Each}{\b0 \fs17 is}{\b0 \fs17 furt
her}{\b0 \fs17 sub-divided}{\b0 \fs17 as}{\b0 \fs17 shown: }\par
}
cf0 Traffic
i30 {\cf63 Traffic }\par
}
cf0 Control
i30 {\cf63 Control }\par
}
{\phpg\posx4395\pvpg\posy4926\absw282\absh160 \b \f10 \fs10 \cf0 \b \f10
cf0 TCH
\par}{\phpg\posx4395\pvpg\posy4926\absw282\absh160 \sl-108 \b \f10 \fs10
i30 {\cf63 TCH }\par
}
cf0 BCH
i29 {\cf63 BCH }\par
}
cf0 CCCH
i30 {\cf63 CCCH }\par
}
cf0 DCCH
i30 {\cf63 DCCH }\par
}
cf0 TCH/F
i29 {\cf63 TCH/F }\par
}
cf0 FCCH
i30 {\cf63 FCCH }\par
}
cf0 PCH
i30 {\cf63 PCH }\par
}
cf0 SDCCH
i45 {\cf63 SDCCH }\par
}
cf0 TCH/H
i30 {\cf63 TCH/H }\par
}
cf0 SCH
i30 {\cf63 SCH }\par
}
cf0 RACH
i30 {\cf63 RACH }\par
}
cf0 SACCH
i44 {\cf63 SACCH }\par
\fs10 \
\cf0 \f
\fs10 \
\cf0 \f
\fs10 \
\cf0 \f
\fs10 \
\cf0 \f
\fs10 \
\cf0 \f
\fs10 \
\cf0 \f
\fs10 \
\cf0 \f
\fs10 \
\cf0 \f
\fs10 \
\cf0 \f
\fs10 \
\cf0 \f
\fs10 \
\cf0 \f
\fs10 \
\cf0 \f
}
cf0 BCCH
i30 {\cf63 BCCH }\par
}
cf0 AGCH
i29 {\cf63 AGCH }\par
}
cf0 FACCH
i29 {\cf63 FACCH }\par
}
cf0 CBCH
i29 {\cf63 CBCH }\par
}
cf0 NCH
i30 {\cf63 NCH }\par
}
he naming of the GSM logical channels is as follows: \par
}
cf0 TCH \par
}
\cf0 Traffic Channels \par
}
CH/F Traffic Channel (full rate) (U/D) \par
}
TCH/H
{\b BCH }
\par}{\phpg\posx2565\pvpg\posy10097\absw704\absh1108 \sl-240 \f20 \fs17 \cf0 FCC
H
\par}{\phpg\posx2565\pvpg\posy10097\absw704\absh1108 \sl-255 \f20 \fs17 \cf0 SCH
\par
}
Traffic Channel (half rate) (U/D)
0 {\b Broadcast}{\b Channels }
\par}{\phpg\posx4020\pvpg\posy10097\absw3057\absh1108 \sl-240 \f20 \fs17 \cf0 Fr
equency Correction Channel (D)
\par}{\phpg\posx4020\pvpg\posy10097\absw3057\absh1108 \sl-255 \f20 \fs17 \cf0 Sy
nchronisation Channel (D) \par
}
BCCH
Broadcast Control Channel (D)
0 {\b CCCH}{\b
Common}{\b Control}{\b Channels }
\par}{\phpg\posx2565\pvpg\posy11327\absw3448\absh1554 \sl-240 \f20 \fs17 \cf0 PC

H
Paging Channel (D)
\par}{\phpg\posx2565\pvpg\posy11327\absw3448\absh1554 \sl-255 \f20 \fs17 \cf0 RA
CH
Random Access Channel (U)
\par}{\phpg\posx2565\pvpg\posy11327\absw3448\absh1554 \sl-240 \f20 \fs17 \cf0 AG
CH Access Grant Channel (D)
\par}{\phpg\posx2565\pvpg\posy11327\absw3448\absh1554 \sl-255 \f20 \fs17 \cf0 CB
CH
Cell Broadcast Channel (D) \par
}
{\phpg\posx2565\pvpg\posy13067\absw464\absh217 \f20 \fs17 \cf0 \f20 \fs17 \cf0 N
CH \par
}
Notification Channel (D) \par
}
\cf0 DCCH Dedicated Control Channels \par
}
s17 \cf0 SDCCH
i1425 SACCH
i1425 FACCH
0 \fi1425 U = Uplink
0 {\f10 GSM}{\f10 Technology}{\f10 for}{\f10 Engineers }
f10 }{\f10 AIRCOM}{\f10 International}{\f10 2002 }\par
}
Stand alone Dedicated Control Channel (U/D)
\par}{\phpg\posx4020\pvpg\posy13802\absw4107\absh1108 \sl-240 \f20 \fs17 \cf0 Sl
ow Associated Control Channel (U/D)
\par}{\phpg\posx4020\pvpg\posy13802\absw4107\absh1108 \sl-255 \f20 \fs17 \cf0 Fa
st Associated Control Channel (U/D)
0 D = Downlink \par
}
53 \par
}
ffd8ffe000104a46494600010100000100010000ffdb004300010101010101010101010101010101
01010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101
010101010101010101ffdb0043010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101
0101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101ffc0
001108034a025403012200021101031101ffc4001f00000105010101010101000000000000000001
02030405060708090a0bffc400b5100002010303020403050504040000017d010203000411051221
31410613516107227114328191a1082342b1c11552d1f02433627282090a161718191a2526272829
2a3435363738393a434445464748494a535455565758595a636465666768696a737475767778797a
0101010101010101010000000000000102030405060708090a0bffc400b511000201020404030407
05040400010277000102031104052131061241510761711322328108144291a1b1c109233352f015
6272d10a162434e125f11718191a262728292a35363738393a434445464748494a53545556575859
5a636465666768696a737475767778797a82838485868788898a92939495969798999aa2a3a4a5a6
00ffd9
\cf0 4. The Air Interface
fi1425 {\f20 The}{\f20 purpose}{\f20 of}{\f20 these}{\f20 channels}{\f20 is
}{\f20 outlined}{\f20 in}{\f20 the}{\f20 following}{\f20 slides. }\par
}
f10 \fs28 \cf94 Traffic Channels (TCH)
{\f0\fs32 \bullet }{\b0 \fs25 \cf0 }{\b0 \fs25 \cf0 One}{\b0 \fs25 \cf0 phys
ical}{\b0 \fs25 \cf0 channel}{\b0 \fs25 \cf0 (1}{\b0 \fs25 \cf0 timeslot)}{\b
0 \fs25 \cf0 can}{\b0 \fs25 \cf0 support: }
\fi375 {\f0\fs28 \bullet }{\b0 \fs21 \cf0 }{\b0 \fs21 \cf0 1}{\b0 \fs21 \cf0
TCH/F}{\b0 \fs21 \cf0 or}{\b0 \fs21 \cf0 2}{\b0 \fs21 \cf0 TCH/H }
{\f0\fs32 \bullet }{\b0 \fs25 \cf0 }{\fs25 \cf0 TCH/F:}{\b0 \fs25 \cf0 13}{\
b0 \fs25 \cf0 kb/s}{\b0 \fs25 \cf0 voice}{\b0 \fs25 \cf0 or}{\b0 \fs25 \cf0
9.6}{\b0 \fs25 \cf0 kb/s}{\b0 \fs25 \cf0 data }
{\f0\fs32 \bullet }{\b0 \fs25 \cf0 }{\fs25 \cf0 TCH/H:}{\b0 \fs25 \cf0 6.5}{
\b0 \fs25 \cf0 kb/s}{\b0 \fs25 \cf0 voice}{\b0 \fs25 \cf0 or}{\b0 \fs25 \cf0
4.8}{\b0 \fs25 \cf0 kb/s}{\b0 \fs25 \cf0 data }\par
}
\cf0 Uplink / Downlink Synchronisation
cf0 {\b0 \fs14 The}{\b0 \fs14 MS}{\b0 \fs14 transmit}{\b0 \fs14 burst}{\b0 \f
s14 is}{\b0 \fs14 delayed}{\b0 \fs14 by}{\b0 \fs14 3}{\b0 \fs14 timeslots}{
\b0 \fs14 after}{\b0 \fs14 the}{\b0 \fs14 BTS }
{\b0 \fs14 burst..}{\b0 \fs14 This}{\b0 \fs14 delay}{\b0 \fs14 allows}{\b0 \f
s14 enables: }

{\f0\fs18 \bullet }{\b0 \fs14 }{\b0 \fs14 Use}{\b0 \fs14 of}{\b0 \fs14 the}{
\b0 \fs14 same}{\b0 \fs14 UL}{\b0 \fs14 and}{\b0 \fs14 DL}{\b0 \fs14 timesl
ot}{\b0 \fs14 number}{\b0 \fs14 in}{\b0 \fs14 TDMA}{\b0 \fs14 frame }
{\f0\fs18 \bullet }{\b0 \fs14 }{\b0 \fs14 Avoids}{\b0 \fs14 simultaneous}{\b0
\fs14 Tx/Rx}{\b0 \fs14 requirement }
{\f0\fs18 \bullet }{\b0 \fs14 }{\b0 \fs14 Allows}{\b0 \fs14 for}{\b0 \fs14 t
iming}{\b0 \fs14 advance}{\b0 \fs14 (TA) }
{\f0\fs18 \bullet }{\b0 \fs14 }{\b0 \fs14 Allows}{\b0 \fs14 time}{\b0 \fs14
to}{\b0 \fs14 switch}{\b0 \fs14 between}{\b0 \fs14 Tx}{\b0 \fs14 and}{\b0 \f
s14 Rx }\par
}
\cf0 BTS transmits:
cf0 \fi345 {\cf94 0}{\cf94
1}{\cf94
2}{\cf94
3 }
14 \cf0 MS transmits:
cf0 \fi345 {\cf94 5}{\cf94
6}{\cf94
7}{\cf94
0 }\par
}
\cf94 4 \par
}
\cf94 5 \par
}
\cf94 6 \par
}
\cf94 7 \par
}
\cf94 1 \par
}
\cf94 2 \par
}
\cf94 3 \par
}
\cf94 4 \par
}
Full Rate traffic channels (TCH/F) and Enhanced Full Rate (EFR) traffic channels
are allocated
\par}{\phpg\posx2445\pvpg\posy8117\absw8321\absh1999 \sl-240 \f20 \fs17 \cf0 ded
icated physical channels in form of one timeslot allocated per TDMA frame.
If Half Rate Traffic Channels are implemented, two traffic channels are allocat
ed to single
\par}{\phpg\posx2445\pvpg\posy8117\absw8321\absh1999 \sl-255 \f20 \fs17 \cf0 phy
sical channel with a proportional reduction in available bit rate per traffic ch
annel as
wn above.
A three timeslot delay exists between downlink and uplink TDMA frames. The pur
pose of
\par}{\phpg\posx2445\pvpg\posy8117\absw8321\absh1999 \sl-240 \f20 \fs17 \cf0 thi
s delay is: \par
}
}\f40 \fs17 \cf0
{\f0\fs22 \bullet }
}
To enable the same timeslot to be used for the both up and down link within the
same
\par}{\phpg\posx3165\pvpg\posy10607\absw7583\absh906 \sl-255 \f20 \fs17 \cf0 TDM
A frame without the requirement for simultaneous transmit and receive.
\par}{\phpg\posx3165\pvpg\posy10607\absw7583\absh906 \sl-255 \f20 \fs17 \cf0 All
ows Timing Advance to be implemented which can reduce the 3-timeslot delay.
\par}{\phpg\posx3165\pvpg\posy10607\absw7583\absh906 \sl-255 \f20 \fs17 \cf0 To
provide time for the MS to switch between transmit and receive modes. \par
}
4 \par
}
}
ffd8ffe000104a46494600010100000100010000ffdb004300010101010101010101010101010101
01010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101
010101010101010101ffdb0043010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101
0101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101ffc0
001108034a025403012200021101031101ffc4001f00000105010101010101000000000000000001
02030405060708090a0bffc400b5100002010303020403050504040000017d010203000411051221
31410613516107227114328191a1082342b1c11552d1f02433627282090a161718191a2526272829
2a3435363738393a434445464748494a535455565758595a636465666768696a737475767778797a
0101010101010101010000000000000102030405060708090a0bffc400b511000201020404030407
05040400010277000102031104052131061241510761711322328108144291a1b1c109233352f015
6272d10a162434e125f11718191a262728292a35363738393a434445464748494a53545556575859
5a636465666768696a737475767778797a82838485868788898a92939495969798999aa2a3a4a5a6
00ffd9
}
f10 \fs28 \cf94 Broadcast Channels (BCH)
cf94 {\fs21 \cf0 BCH}{\b0 \fs21 \cf0 channels}{\b0 \fs21 \cf0 are}{\b0 \fs21 \
cf0 all}{\fs21 \cf0 downlink}{\b0 \fs21 \cf0 and}{\b0 \fs21 \cf0 are}{\b0 \f
s21 \cf0 allocated}{\b0 \fs21 \cf0 to }
{\b0 \fs21 \cf0 timeslot}{\b0 \fs21 \cf0 zero.}{\b0 \fs21 \cf0 BCH}{\b0 \fs2
1 \cf0 channels}{\b0 \fs21 \cf0 include: }
cf94 \fi104 {\f0\fs27 \bullet }{\b0 \fs21 \cf0 }{\fs21 \cf0
FCCH:}{\b0 \fs21
\cf0 Frequency}{\b0 \fs21 \cf0 control}{\b0 \fs21 \cf0 channel}{\b0 \fs21 \cf
0 sends}{\b0 \fs21 \cf0 the}{\b0 \fs21 \cf0 MS}{\b0 \fs21 \cf0 a}{\b0 \fs21
\cf0 burst}{\b0 \fs21 \cf0 of }
\fi390 {\b0 \fs21 \cf0 all}{\b0 \fs21 \cf0 '0'}{\b0 \fs21 \cf0 bits}{\b0 \fs2
1 \cf0 which}{\b0 \fs21 \cf0 acts}{\b0 \fs21 \cf0 as}{\b0 \fs21 \cf0 a}{\b0
\fs21 \cf0 beacon}{\b0 \fs21 \cf0 and}{\b0 \fs21 \cf0 allows}{\b0 \fs21 \cf0
MS}{\b0 \fs21 \cf0 to}{\b0 \fs21 \cf0 fine }
\fi390 {\b0 \fs21 \cf0 tune}{\b0 \fs21 \cf0 to}{\b0 \fs21 \cf0 the}{\b0 \fs21
\cf0 downlink}{\b0 \fs21 \cf0 frequency}{\b0 \fs21 \cf0 and}{\b0 \fs21 \cf0
time-synchronise. }
\fi104 {\f0\fs27 \bullet }{\b0 \fs21 \cf0 }{\fs21 \cf0
SCH:}{\b0 \fs21 \cf0
Synchronisation}{\b0 \fs21 \cf0 channel}{\b0 \fs21 \cf0 enables}{\b0 \fs21 \c
f0 TDMA-Frame }
\fi390 {\b0 \fs21 \cf0 number}{\b0 \fs21 \cf0 synchronisation}{\b0 \fs21 \cf0
by}{\b0 \fs21 \cf0 sending}{\b0 \fs21 \cf0 the}{\b0 \fs21 \cf0 absolute}{\b0
\fs21 \cf0 value}{\b0 \fs21 \cf0 of }
\fi390 {\b0 \fs21 \cf0 the}{\b0 \fs21 \cf0 frame}{\b0 \fs21 \cf0 number}{\b0
\fs21 \cf0 (FN),}{\b0 \fs21 \cf0 together}{\b0 \fs21 \cf0 with}{\b0 \fs21 \cf
0 the}{\b0 \fs21 \cf0 BTS's}{\b0 \fs21 \cf0 BSIC }
\fi105 {\f0\fs27 \bullet }{\b0 \fs21 \cf0 }{\fs21 \cf0
BCCH:}{\b0 \fs21 \cf0
Broadcast}{\b0 \fs21 \cf0 Control}{\b0 \fs21 \cf0 Channel}{\b0 \fs21 \cf0 s
ends}{\b0 \fs21 \cf0 network-specific }
\fi390 {\b0 \fs21 \cf0 information}{\b0 \fs21 \cf0 such}{\b0 \fs21 \cf0 as}{\
b0 \fs21 \cf0 radio}{\b0 \fs21 \cf0 resource}{\b0 \fs21 \cf0 management}{\b0

\fs21 \cf0 and}{\b0 \fs21 \cf0 control }
\fi390 {\b0 \fs21 \cf0 messages,}{\b0 \fs21 \cf0 Location}{\b0 \fs21 \cf0 Are
a}{\b0 \fs21 \cf0 Code}{\b0 \fs21 \cf0 etc. }\par
}
0 \fs28 \cf0 Common Control Channels (CCCH)
cf0 {\fs17 CCCH}{\b0 \fs17 contains}{\b0 \fs17 all}{\fs17 point}{\fs17 to}{\
fs17 multi-point}{\fs17 downlink}{\b0 \fs17 channels}{\b0 \fs17 (BTS}{\b0 \f
s17 to }
\fi45 {\b0 \fs17 several}{\b0 \fs17 MSs)}{\b0 \fs17 and}{\b0 \fs17 the}{\fs17
uplink}{\b0 \fs17 Random}{\b0 \fs17 Access}{\b0 \fs17 Channel: }
cf0 {\f0\fs23 \bullet }{\b0 \fs17 }{\fs17
RACH:}{\b0 \fs17 Random}{\b0 \fs17
Access}{\b0 \fs17 Channel}{\b0 \fs17 is}{\b0 \fs17 sent}{\b0 \fs17 by}{\b0
\fs17 the}{\b0 \fs17 MS}{\b0 \fs17 to}{\b0 \fs17 request}{\b0 \fs17 a }
\fi210 {\b0 \fs17 resources}{\b0 \fs17 from}{\b0 \fs17 the}{\b0 \fs17 network
}{\b0 \fs17 e.g.}{\b0 \fs17 an}{\b0 \fs17 SDCCH}{\b0 \fs17 channel}{\b0 \fs1
7 for}{\b0 \fs17 call}{\b0 \fs17 setup. }
{\f0\fs23 \bullet }{\b0 \fs17 }{\fs17
AGCH:}{\b0 \fs17 Access}{\b0 \fs17 Gr
ant}{\b0 \fs17 Channel}{\b0 \fs17 is}{\b0 \fs17 used}{\b0 \fs17 to}{\b0 \fs1
7 allocate}{\b0 \fs17 a}{\b0 \fs17 dedicated}{\b0 \fs17 channel }
\fi210 {\b0 \fs17 (SDCCH)}{\b0 \fs17 to}{\b0 \fs17 the}{\b0 \fs17 mobile. }
PCH:}{\b0 \fs17 Paging}{\b0 \fs17
Channel}{\b0 \fs17 sends}{\b0 \fs17 paging}{\b0 \fs17 signal}{\b0 \fs17 to}
{\b0 \fs17 inform}{\b0 \fs17 mobile}{\b0 \fs17 of}{\b0 \fs17 a}{\b0 \fs17 c
all. }
CBCH:}{\b0 \fs17 Cell}{\b0 \fs17
Broadcast}{\b0 \fs17 Channel}{\b0 \fs17 is}{\b0 \fs17 an}{\b0 \fs17 optional
}{\b0 \fs17 GSM}{\b0 \fs17 Phase}{\b0 \fs17 II }
\fi210 {\b0 \fs17 implementations}{\b0 \fs17 for}{\b0 \fs17 SMS}{\b0 \fs17 br
oadcast}{\b0 \fs17 messages,}{\b0 \fs17 for}{\b0 \fs17 example}{\b0 \fs17 ro
ad }
\fi210 {\b0 \fs17 traffic}{\b0 \fs17 reports}{\b0 \fs17 or}{\b0 \fs17 network
}{\b0 \fs17 engineering}{\b0 \fs17 messages. }
NCH:}{\b0 \fs17 Used}{\b0 \fs17 f
or}{\b0 \fs17 GSM}{\b0 \fs17 Phase}{\b0 \fs17 II}{\b0 \fs17 voice}{\b0 \fs17
services}{\b0 \fs17 such}{\b0 \fs17 as}{\b0 \fs17 Voice}{\b0 \fs17 Broadca
st }
\fi210 {\b0 \fs17 Service}{\b0 \fs17 (VBS)}{\b0 \fs17 or}{\b0 \fs17 Voice}{\b
0 \fs17 Group}{\b0 \fs17 Calling}{\b0 \fs17 Service}{\b0 \fs17 (VGCS). }\par
}
}
55 \par
}
ffd8ffe000104a46494600010100000100010000ffdb004300010101010101010101010101010101
01010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101
010101010101010101ffdb0043010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101
0101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101ffc0
001108034a025403012200021101031101ffc4001f00000105010101010101000000000000000001
02030405060708090a0bffc400b5100002010303020403050504040000017d010203000411051221
31410613516107227114328191a1082342b1c11552d1f02433627282090a161718191a2526272829
2a3435363738393a434445464748494a535455565758595a636465666768696a737475767778797a
0101010101010101010000000000000102030405060708090a0bffc400b511000201020404030407
05040400010277000102031104052131061241510761711322328108144291a1b1c109233352f015
6272d10a162434e125f11718191a262728292a35363738393a434445464748494a53545556575859
5a636465666768696a737475767778797a82838485868788898a92939495969798999aa2a3a4a5a6
00ffd9
}
0 \fs28 \cf0 Dedicated Control Channels{\cf94 (DCCH) }
cf0 {\fs21 DCCH}{\b0 \fs21 comprise}{\b0 \fs21 the}{\b0 \fs21 following}{\b0
\fs21 bi-directional}{\b0 \fs21 (uplink}{\b0 \fs21 /}{\b0 \fs21 downlink) }
{\b0 \fs21 point}{\b0 \fs21 to}{\b0 \fs21 point}{\b0 \fs21 control}{\b0 \fs21
channels: }
cf0 \fi105 {\f0\fs27 \bullet }{\b0 \fs21 }{\fs21 SDCCH:}{\b0 \fs21 Standalone
}{\b0 \fs21 Dedicated}{\b0 \fs21 Channel}{\b0 \fs21 is}{\b0 \fs21 used}{\b0
\fs21 for}{\b0 \fs21 call }

\fi330 {\b0 \fs21 set}{\b0 \fs21 up,}{\b0 \fs21 location}{\b0 \fs21 updating}
{\b0 \fs21 and}{\b0 \fs21 also}{\b0 \fs21 SMS }
cf0 \fi105 {\f0\fs27 \bullet }{\b0 \fs21 }{\fs21 SACCH:}{\b0 \fs21 Slow}{\b0
\fs21 Associated}{\b0 \fs21 Control}{\b0 \fs21 Channel}{\b0 \fs21 is}{\b0 \f
s21 used}{\b0 \fs21 for}{\b0 \fs21 link }
\fi330 {\b0 \fs21 measurements}{\b0 \fs21 and}{\b0 \fs21 signalling}{\b0 \fs21
during}{\b0 \fs21 a}{\b0 \fs21 call }
cf0 \fi105 {\f0\fs27 \bullet }{\b0 \fs21 }{\fs21 FACCH:}{\b0 \fs21 Fast}{\b0
\fs21 Associated}{\b0 \fs21 Control}{\b0 \fs21 Channel}{\b0 \fs21 is}{\b0 \f
s21 used}{\b0 \fs21 (when }
\fi330 {\b0 \fs21 needed)}{\b0 \fs21 for}{\b0 \fs21 signalling}{\b0 \fs21 du
ring}{\b0 \fs21 a}{\b0 \fs21 call,}{\b0 \fs21 mainly}{\b0 \fs21 for}{\b0 \fs
21 delivering }
\fi330 {\b0 \fs21 handover}{\b0 \fs21 messages}{\b0 \fs21 and}{\b0 \fs21 for}
{\b0 \fs21 acknowledgement}{\b0 \fs21 when}{\b0 \fs21 a }
\fi330 {\b0 \fs21 TCH}{\b0 \fs21 is}{\b0 \fs21 assigned }\par
}
_____________________________________________________________________
0 {\b \f10 \fs32 4.5}{\b \f10 \fs32
Frames}{\b \f10 \fs32 and}{\b \f10 \fs32
Multiframes }
0 \fi1425 {\b \f10 \fs21 4.5.1}{\b \f10 \fs21
{\ul L}{\ul O}{\ul G}{\ul I}{\u
l C}{\ul A}{\ul L}}{\b \f10 \fs21 {\ul }{\ul C}{\ul H}{\ul A}{\ul N}{\ul N}{\ul
E}{\ul L}}{\b \f10 \fs21 {\ul }{\ul C}{\ul O}{\ul N}{\ul C}{\ul E}{\ul P}{\ul
T} }\par
}
f10 \fs28 \cf94 Logical{\cf0 Channels }
cf94 {\f0\fs27 \bullet }{\b0 \fs21 \cf0 }{\b0 \fs21 \cf0 Multiframes}{\b0 \fs2
1 \cf0 provide}{\b0 \fs21 \cf0 a}{\b0 \fs21 \cf0 way}{\b0 \fs21 \cf0 of}{\b0
\fs21 \cf0 mapping}{\b0 \fs21 \cf0 the}{\b0 \fs21 \cf0 logical}{\b0 \fs21 \c
f0 channels}{\b0 \fs21 \cf0 on }
\fi209 {\b0 \fs21 \cf0 to}{\b0 \fs21 \cf0 the}{\b0 \fs21 \cf0 physical}{\b0 \
fs21 \cf0 channels}{\b0 \fs21 \cf0 (timeslots) }
{\f0\fs27 \bullet }{\b0 \fs21 \cf0 }{\b0 \fs21 \cf0 A}{\b0 \fs21 \cf0 logica
l}{\b0 \fs21 \cf0 channel}{\b0 \fs21 \cf0 is}{\b0 \fs21 \cf0 a}{\b0 \fs21 \cf
0 series}{\b0 \fs21 \cf0 of}{\b0 \fs21 \cf0 consecutive}{\b0 \fs21 \cf0 inst
ances}{\b0 \fs21 \cf0 of}{\b0 \fs21 \cf0 a }
\fi209 {\b0 \fs21 \cf0 particular}{\b0 \fs21 \cf0 timeslot }\par
}
ime \par
}
\ul T}{\ul D}{\ul M}{\ul A}{\ul }{\ul F}{\ul r}{\ul a}{\ul m}{\ul e}
\fi60 {\b \cf94 2}{\b \cf94

3}{\b \cf94
4}{\b \cf94
5 }\par
}
DMA Frame
\fi60 {\b \cf94 2}{\b \cf94
3}{\b \cf94
4}{\b \cf94
5 }\par
}
\ul T}{\ul D}{\ul M}{\ul A}{\ul }{\ul F}{\ul r}{\ul a}{\ul m}{\ul e}
\fi60 {\b \cf94 2}{\b \cf94
3}{\b \cf94
4}{\b \cf94
5 }\par
}
\cf94 0
1 \par
}
\cf94 6 \par
}
\cf94 7 \par
}
\cf94 0 \par
}
\cf94 1 \par
}
\cf94 6 \par
}
\cf94 7 \par
}
\cf94 0 \par
}
\cf94 1 \par
}
\cf94 6 \par
}
\cf94 7 \par
}
Logical Channel \par
}
\cf94 1 \par
}
\cf94 1 \par
}
\cf94 1 \par
}
\cf94 1 \par
}

t }\f10 \fs21 \cf0 A multiframe is a repeating combination of logical channels
\par
}
6 \par
}
}
ffd8ffe000104a46494600010100000100010000ffdb004300010101010101010101010101010101
01010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101
010101010101010101ffdb0043010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101
0101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101ffc0
001108034a025403012200021101031101ffc4001f00000105010101010101000000000000000001
02030405060708090a0bffc400b5100002010303020403050504040000017d010203000411051221
31410613516107227114328191a1082342b1c11552d1f02433627282090a161718191a2526272829
2a3435363738393a434445464748494a535455565758595a636465666768696a737475767778797a
0101010101010101010000000000000102030405060708090a0bffc400b511000201020404030407
05040400010277000102031104052131061241510761711322328108144291a1b1c109233352f015
6272d10a162434e125f11718191a262728292a35363738393a434445464748494a53545556575859
5a636465666768696a737475767778797a82838485868788898a92939495969798999aa2a3a4a5a6
00ffd9
}
The term 'logical' channel is used because the traffic and signalling channels d
o not have
\par}{\phpg\posx2565\pvpg\posy1472\absw7992\absh1338 \sl-255 \f20 \fs17 \cf0 exc
lusive use of a physical resource i.e. the carrier frequency (unlike 1{\dn006 \f
s12 st} Generation cellular
\par}{\phpg\posx2565\pvpg\posy1472\absw7992\absh1338 \sl-240 \f20 \fs17 \cf0 sys
tems).
Multiframes allow one timeslot allocation (physical channel) to be used for a v
ariety of
\par}{\phpg\posx2565\pvpg\posy1472\absw7992\absh1338 \sl-255 \f20 \fs17 \cf0 pur
poses (logical channels) by multiplexing the logical channels onto the timeslot.
\par
}
\cf0 4.5.2 {\ul }{\ul M}{\ul U}{\ul L}{\ul T}{\ul I}{\ul F}{\ul R}{\ul A}{\ul
M}{\ul E}{\ul }{\ul C}{\ul O}{\ul N}{\ul C}{\ul E}{\ul P}{\ul T}
cf0 {\b0 \f20 \fs17 The}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 term}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 'multiframe}{\b0
\f20 \fs17 '}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 is}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 used}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 to}{\b0
\f20 \fs17 describe}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 a}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 repeating}{\b0 \f20 \f
s17 pattern}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 of}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 TDMA}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 frame}{\
b0 \f20 \fs17 timeslots }
{\b0 \f20 \fs17 transmitted}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 in}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 sequence}{\b0 \
f20 \fs17 on}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 a}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 physical}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 chan
nel. }
cf0 {\b0 \f20 \fs17 When}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 a}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 user}{\b0 \f20 \fs1
7 is}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 allocated}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 a}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 timeslot}{\
b0 \f20 \fs17 within}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 a}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 TDMA}{\b0 \f20 \fs17
frame}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 for}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 a}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 voice}{\b0 \f20 \
fs17 traffic}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 call,}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 he}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 genera
lly }
{\b0 \f20 \fs17 has}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 exclusive}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 use}{\b0 \f20 \f
s17 of}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 that}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 timeslot}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 (full}{
\b0 \f20 \fs17 rate}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 traffic)}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 for}{\b0 \f20 \f
s17 the}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 duration}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 of}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 the}{\b0
\f20 \fs17 call.}{\b0 \f20 \fs17
Therefore,}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 every }
{\b0 \f20 \fs17 8}{\b0\dn006 \f20 \fs12 th}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 timeslot}{\b0 \f20
\fs17 (one}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 TS}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 per}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 TDMA}{\b0
\f20 \fs17 frame)}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 the}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 user}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 t
ransmits}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 a}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 burst}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 of}{\b0 \f20
\fs17 in}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 data.}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 However,}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 af
ter}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 12 }
{\b0 \f20 \fs17 bursts}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 have}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 been}{\b0 \f20 \fs
17 sent,}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 a}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 SACCH}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 logical}{\b
0 \f20 \fs17 channel}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 burst}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 is}{\b0 \f20 \fs17
inserted}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 and}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 after}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 another}
{\b0 \f20 \fs17 12}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 traffic }
{\b0 \f20 \fs17 burst}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 have}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 been}{\b0 \f20 \fs1
7 sent}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 an}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 idle}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 burst}{\b0 \f
20 \fs17 is}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 inserted.}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 This}{\b0 \f20 \fs17
pattern}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 then}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 repeats}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 itself}{
\b0 \f20 \fs17 over}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 the}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 next}{\b0 \f20 \fs17
26 }

{\b0 \f20 \fs17 bursts}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 and}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 continues}{\b0 \f20
\fs17 to}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 do}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 so}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 until}{\b0 \
f20 \fs17 the}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 call}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 is}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 termin
ated }\par
}
\cf0 4.5.3 {\ul }{\ul T}{\ul R}{\ul A}{\ul F}{\ul F}{\ul I}{\ul C}{\ul }{\ul
C}{\ul H}{\ul A}{\ul N}{\ul N}{\ul E}{\ul L}{\ul (}{\ul T}{\ul C}{\ul H}{\ul )}{
\ul }{\ul M}{\ul U}{\ul L}{\ul T}{\ul I}{\ul F}{\ul R}{\ul A}{\ul M}{\ul E}{\ul
S}
f0 {\b0 \f20 \fs17 This}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 repeating}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 pattern}{\b0
\f20 \fs17 of}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 26}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 traffic}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 ch
annel}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 bursts}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 is}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 known}{\b0 \f
20 \fs17 as}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 a}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 traffic}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 channe
l}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 'multiframe'}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 as }
\b0 \f20 \fs17 illustrated}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 below: }\par
}
f10 \fs28 \cf94 Traffic Channel Multiframe
TCH}{\b0 \fs21 \cf0 multiframe}{\b0 \fs21 \cf0 consists}{\b0 \fs21 \cf0 of}{\
b0 \fs21 \cf0 26}{\b0 \fs21 \cf0 timeslots. }
cf94 {\f0\fs28 \bullet }{\b0 \fs21 \cf0 }{\b0 \fs21 \cf0 This}{\b0 \fs21 \cf0
multiframe}{\b0 \fs21 \cf0 maps}{\b0 \fs21 \cf0 the}{\b0 \fs21 \cf0 followin
g}{\b0 \fs21 \cf0 logical}{\b0 \fs21 \cf0 channels: }
cf94 \fi2745 {\f0\fs21 \bullet }{\b0 \fs16 \cf0 TCH }
\fi2745 {\f0\fs21 \bullet }{\b0 \fs16 \cf0 SACCH }
\fi2745 {\f0\fs21 \bullet }{\b0 \fs16 \cf0 FACCH }
cf94 {\f0\fs28 \bullet }{\b0 \fs21 \cf0 }{\b0 \fs21 \cf0 TCH}{\b0 \fs21 \cf0
Multiframe}{\b0 \fs21 \cf0 structure: }\par
}
\cf94 T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T \par
}
\cf94 S \par
}
f94 T \par
}
f94 T \par
}
f94 T \par
}
f94 T \par
}
f94 T \par
}
f94 T \par
}
f94 T \par
}
f94 T \par
}
f94 T \par
}
f94 T \par
}
f94 T \par
}
f94 T \par
}
\cf94 I \par
}
0 0 \par
}
0 1 \par
}
0 2 \par
}
0 3 \par
}
0 4 \par
}
0 5 \par
}
0 6 \par
}
0 7 \par
}
0 8 \par
}
0 9 \par
}
cf0 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 2
5 \par
}
T = TCH S = SACCH I = Idle

FACCH is not allocated slots in the multiframe. It steals TCH slots when requir
ed. \par
}
}
57 \par
}
ffd8ffe000104a46494600010100000100010000ffdb004300010101010101010101010101010101
01010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101
010101010101010101ffdb0043010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101
0101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101ffc0
001108034a025403012200021101031101ffc4001f00000105010101010101000000000000000001
02030405060708090a0bffc400b5100002010303020403050504040000017d010203000411051221
31410613516107227114328191a1082342b1c11552d1f02433627282090a161718191a2526272829
2a3435363738393a434445464748494a535455565758595a636465666768696a737475767778797a
0101010101010101010000000000000102030405060708090a0bffc400b511000201020404030407
05040400010277000102031104052131061241510761711322328108144291a1b1c109233352f015
6272d10a162434e125f11718191a262728292a35363738393a434445464748494a53545556575859
5a636465666768696a737475767778797a82838485868788898a92939495969798999aa2a3a4a5a6
00ffd9
}

\cf0 4.5.3.1 {\ul T}{\ul C}{\ul H}{\ul }{\ul M}{\ul u}{\ul l}{\ul t}{\ul i}{
\ul f}{\ul r}{\ul a}{\ul m}{\ul e}{\ul }{\ul T}{\ul i}{\ul m}{\ul e}{\ul }{\ul
D}{\ul u}{\ul r}{\ul a}{\ul t}{\ul i}{\ul o}{\ul n}
cf0 {\b0 \f20 \fs17 Notice}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 that}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 a}{\b0 \f20 \f
s17 multiframe}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 always}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 refers}{\b0 \f20 \fs17
to}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 a}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 set}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 of}{\b0 \f20 \fs17
instances}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 of}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 the}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 same}{\b0 \
f20 \fs17 timeslot}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 within}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 a }
{\b0 \f20 \fs17 TDMA}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 frame,}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 therefore}{\b0 \f2
0 \fs17 each}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 ov}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 the}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 above}{\
b0 \f20 \fs17 timeslots}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 occur}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 4.615mS}{\b0 \f
20 \fs17 apart}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 (the}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 duration}{\b0 \f20 \fs17
of}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 a }
{\b0 \f20 \fs17 TDMA}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 frame).}{\b0 \f20 \fs17
Therefore,}{\b0
\f20 \fs17 the}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 time}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 duration}{\b0 \f20 \fs17
for}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 a}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 multiframe}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 is}{\b0 \f
20 \fs17 calculated}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 as}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 the}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 l
ength}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 of}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 the }
{\b0 \f20 \fs17 multiframe}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 (in}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 timeslots)}{\b0
\f20 \fs17 x}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 4.615mS. }
cf0 {\b0 \f20 \fs17 In}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 addition}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 to}{\b0 \f20 \
fs17 TCH}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 and}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 SACCH}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 timeslots
,}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 the}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 traffic}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 channel}{\b0 \f
20 \fs17 can}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 also}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 carry}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 FACC
H }
{\b0 \f20 \fs17 information.}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 The}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 FACCH}{\b0 \
f20 \fs17 is}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 unique}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 amongst}{\b0 \f20 \fs17
logical}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 channels}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 in}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 that}{\b0
\f20 \fs17 it}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 does}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 not}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 have
}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 a }
{\b0 \f20 \fs17 dedicated}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 timeslot}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 for}{\b0 \f
20 \fs17 transmission. }
cf0 4.5.3.2 {\ul T}{\ul C}{\ul H}{\ul }{\ul M}{\ul u}{\ul l}{\ul t}{\ul i}{\u
l f}{\ul r}{\ul a}{\ul m}{\ul e}{\ul }{\ul S}{\ul A}{\ul C}{\ul C}{\ul H}{\ul
}{\ul F}{\ul u}{\ul n}{\ul c}{\ul t}{\ul i}{\ul o}{\ul n}
cf0 {\b0 \f20 \fs17 During}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 a}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 call}{\b0 \f20 \f
s17 the}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 MS}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 is}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 continually}{\
b0 \f20 \fs17 monitoring}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 power}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 levels}{\b0 \f
20 \fs17 from}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 neighbouring}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 base}{\b0 \f20 \fs
17 stations. }
{\b0 \f20 \fs17 It}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 does}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 this}{\b0 \f20 \fs17
in}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 the}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 time}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 intervals}{\b0 \f
20 \fs17 between}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 its}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 allocated}{\b0 \f20 \fs1
7 transmission}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 timeslot.}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 Once,}{\b0 \f20 \fs
17 during }
{\b0 \f20 \fs17 each}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 traffic}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 channel}{\b0 \f20
\fs17 multiframe,}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 there}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 is}{\b0 \f20 \fs17
an}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 uplink}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 SACCH}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 burst}{\b0 \f
20 \fs17 which}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 is}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 used}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 to}{\
b0 \f20 \fs17 send}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 a }
{\b0 \f20 \fs17 report}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 on}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 these}{\b0 \f20 \fs1
7 measurements}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 to}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 the}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 curren
t}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 serving}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 base}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 station. }
cf0 {\b0 \f20 \fs17 The}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 BTS}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 uses}{\b0 \f20 \fs
17 the}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 downlink}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 SACCH}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 burst}
{\b0 \f20 \fs17 to}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 send}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 power}{\b0 \f20 \fs17
control}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 and}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 other}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 call-cont
rol}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 signals }
{\b0 \f20 \fs17 to}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 the}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 mobile. }
l f}{\ul r}{\ul a}{\ul m}{\ul e}{\ul }{\ul I}{\ul d}{\ul l}{\ul e}{\ul }{\ul C
}{\ul h}{\ul a}{\ul n}{\ul n}{\ul e}{\ul l}{\ul }{\ul F}{\ul u}{\ul n}{\ul c}{\
ul t}{\ul i}{\ul o}{\ul n}
cf0 {\b0 \f20 \fs17 The}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 idle}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 slot}{\b0 \f20 \f
s17 (TS}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 25}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 in}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 the}{\b0 \f20
\fs17 multiframe)}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 occurs}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 to}{\b0 \f20 \fs17
allow}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 for}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 half}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 rate}{\b0 \f20
\fs17 TCH/H}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 operation}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 in}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 wh
ich }
{\b0 \f20 \fs17 two}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 mobiles}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 would}{\b0 \f20 \f
s17 share}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 the}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 multiframe}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 and
}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 sets}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 of}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 reports}{\b0 \f20 \f
s17 would}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 need}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 to}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 be}{\b0 \f
20 \fs17 sent}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 to}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 the}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 base }
{\b0 \f20 \fs17 station.}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 Slot}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 25}{\b0 \f20 \fs
17 would}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 then}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 be}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 a}{\b0 \f20
\fs17 second}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 SACCH}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 burst. }
l f}{\ul r}{\ul a}{\ul m}{\ul e}{\ul }{\ul F}{\ul A}{\ul C}{\ul C}{\ul H}{\ul
}{\ul F}{\ul u}{\ul n}{\ul c}{\ul t}{\ul i}{\ul o}{\ul n}
cf0 {\b0 \f20 \fs17 The}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 FACCH}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 is}{\b0 \f20 \fs
17 used}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 for}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 purposes}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 that}{\
b0 \f20 \fs17 require}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 instant}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 access}{\b0 \f2
0 \fs17 such}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 as}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 a}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 handover}{
\b0 \f20 \fs17 command }
{\b0 \f20 \fs17 message}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 from}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 the}{\b0 \f20 \fs
17 base}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 station.}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 When}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 this}{
\b0 \f20 \fs17 is}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 needed,}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 FACCH}{\b0 \f20 \fs
17 uses}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 a}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 TCH}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 burst}{\b0 \f2
0 \fs17 and}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 sets}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 a }
{\b0 \f20 \fs17 'stealing}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 flag'}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 in}{\b0 \f20 \
fs17 the}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 burst}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 to}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 show}{\b0
\f20 \fs17 that}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 it}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 is}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 not}{\
b0 \f20 \fs17 a}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 traffic}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 channel}{\b0 \f20 \fs
17 burst. }\par
}
1 \cf0 4.5.4 {\ul }{\ul C}{\ul O}{\ul N}{\ul T}{\ul R}{\ul O}{\ul L}{\ul }{\u
l C}{\ul H}{\ul A}{\ul N}{\ul N}{\ul E}{\ul L}{\ul }{\ul M}{\ul U}{\ul L}{\ul T
}{\ul I}{\ul F}{\ul R}{\ul A}{\ul M}{\ul E}{\ul S}
\cf0 4.5.4.1 {\ul B}{\ul C}{\ul C}{\ul H}{\ul }{\ul C}{\ul a}{\ul r}{\ul r}{\
ul i}{\ul e}{\ul r}{\ul s}
\cf0 {\b0 \f20 \fs17 Although}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 a}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 cell}{\b0 \f20
\fs17 can}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 contain}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 multiple}{\b0 \f20 \fs17
carriers}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 (frequencies),}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 every}{\b0 \f20 \fs17
cell}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 must}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 have}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 at}{\b0 \f20
\fs17 least}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 one }
{\b0 \f20 \fs17 TS}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 of}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 one}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 of
}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 its}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 carriers}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 dedicated}{\b0
\f20 \fs17 to}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 control}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 functions.}{\b0 \f20 \f
s17 This}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 physical}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 control}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 c
hannel }
{\b0 \f20 \fs17 transports}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 a}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 number}{\b0 \f20
\fs17 of}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 logical}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 signalling}{\b0 \f20 \fs17
channels}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 multiplexed}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 together.}{\b0 \f20 \fs1
7 The}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 most}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 important }
{\b0 \f20 \fs17 of}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 these}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 logical}{\b0 \f20 \f
s17 signalling}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 channels}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 is}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 t
he}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 BCCH}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 as}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 it}{\b0 \f20 \fs17
carries}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 network}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 configuration }
{\b0 \f20 \fs17 information.}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 It}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 is}{\b0 \f20
\fs17 for}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 this}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 reason}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 that}
{\b0 \f20 \fs17 the}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 carrier}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 containing}{\b0 \
f20 \fs17 this}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 control}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 channel}{\b0 \f20 \fs1
7 (and}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 therefore }
{\b0 \f20 \fs17 the}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 BCCH}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 logical}{\b0 \f20 \f
s17 channel)}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 is}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 often}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 referr
ed}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 to}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 as}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 the}{\b0 \f20 \fs17
'BCCH}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 Carrier'. }\par
}
8 \par
}
}
ffd8ffe000104a46494600010100000100010000ffdb004300010101010101010101010101010101
01010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101
010101010101010101ffdb0043010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101
0101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101ffc0
001108034a025403012200021101031101ffc4001f00000105010101010101000000000000000001
02030405060708090a0bffc400b5100002010303020403050504040000017d010203000411051221
31410613516107227114328191a1082342b1c11552d1f02433627282090a161718191a2526272829
2a3435363738393a434445464748494a535455565758595a636465666768696a737475767778797a
0101010101010101010000000000000102030405060708090a0bffc400b511000201020404030407
05040400010277000102031104052131061241510761711322328108144291a1b1c109233352f015
6272d10a162434e125f11718191a262728292a35363738393a434445464748494a53545556575859
5a636465666768696a737475767778797a82838485868788898a92939495969798999aa2a3a4a5a6
00ffd9
}
\cf0 4.5.4.2 {\ul C}{\ul o}{\ul n}{\ul t}{\ul r}{\ul o}{\ul l}{\ul }{\ul C}{\
ul h}{\ul a}{\ul n}{\ul n}{\ul e}{\ul l}{\ul }{\ul M}{\ul u}{\ul l}{\ul t}{\ul
i}{\ul f}{\ul r}{\ul a}{\ul m}{\ul e}{\ul }{\ul S}{\ul t}{\ul r}{\ul u}{\ul c}{
\ul t}{\ul u}{\ul r}{\ul e}{\ul s} \par
}
10 \fs28 \cf0 Control Channel Multiframe
cf0 {\f0\fs27 \bullet }{\b0 \fs21 }{\b0 \fs21 The}{\b0 \fs21 control}{\b0 \fs
21 channel}{\b0 \fs21 multiframe}{\b0 \fs21 is}{\b0 \fs21 formed}{\b0 \fs21
of}{\b0 \fs21 51}{\b0 \fs21 timeslots }
{\f0\fs27 \bullet }{\b0 \fs21 }{\b0 \fs21 CCH}{\b0 \fs21 multiframe}{\b0 \fs2
1 maps}{\b0 \fs21 the}{\b0 \fs21 following}{\b0 \fs21 logical}{\b0 \fs21 ch
annels: }\par
}
{\phpg\posx3734\pvpg\posy4004\absw719\absh161 \f10 \fs14 \cf0 \f10 \fs14 \cf0 Do
wnlink: \par
}
{\phpg\posx4454\pvpg\posy4244\absw2926\absh782 \f10 \fs14 \cf76 {\cf76 \f0\fs18
\bullet }\f10 \fs14 \cf76 {\cf0 FCCH }
\par}{\phpg\posx4454\pvpg\posy4244\absw2926\absh782 \sl-225 \f10 \fs14 \cf76 {\c
f76 \f0\fs18 \bullet }{\cf0 SCH }
f76 \f0\fs18 \bullet }{\cf0 BCCH }

f76 \f0\fs18 \bullet }{\cf0 CCCH}{\cf0 (combination}{\cf0 of}{\cf0 PCH}{\cf0
and}{\cf0 AGCH) }\par
}
{\phpg\posx7800\pvpg\posy4034\absw908\absh364 \f10 \fs14 \cf0 \f10 \fs14 \cf0 Up
link:
0 {\cf76 \f0\fs18 \bullet }{\cf76 } RACH \par
}
cf0 Downlink \par
}
f0 F
\par}{\phpg\posx3180\pvpg\posy5871\absw73\absh413 \sl-165 \par\b \f10 \fs10 \cf0
{\fs9 0 }\par
}
f0 S
{\fs9 1 }\par
}
0 BCCH \par
}
cf0 F = FCCH \par
}
cf121 CCCH \par
}
f0 F \par
}
f0 S \par
}
cf121 CCCH \par
}
0 2-5 \par
}
0 6-9 \par
}
fs10 \cf0 F
0 {\fs9 10 }\par
}
cf0 S
0 {\fs9 11 }\par
}
cf121 CCCH \par
}

cf121 CCCH \par
}
f0 F \par
}
f0 S \par
}
cf121 CCCH \par
}
cf121 CCCH \par
}
0 12-15 \par
}
0 16-19 \par
}
0 20 21 \par
}
0 22-25 \par
}
0 26-29 \par
}
fs10 \cf0 F
0 {\fs9 30 }\par
}
fs10 \cf0 S
0 {\fs9 31 }\par
}
cf121 CCCH \par
}
cf0 S = SCH
0 \fi75 {\fs9 \cf121 CCCH }\par
}
fs10 \cf0 I = Idle
0 {\fs9 \cf121 CCCH }\par
}
0 32-35 \par
}
0 36-39 \par
}
0 40 41 \par
}
0 42-45 \par
}
0 46-49 \par
}
\fs10 \cf0 I
f0 {\fs9 50 }\par
}
cf0 RACH \par
}
cf0 Uplink \par
}
Control channel multiframes are inherently more complex than TCH multiframes as
they
\par}{\phpg\posx2565\pvpg\posy8117\absw8290\absh1338 \sl-240 \f20 \fs17 \cf0 car
ry multiple logical signalling channels multiplexed onto a single physical chann
el (TS0).
The logical channels that are transported on the control, channel are organised
such that the
trol channel sequence repeats every 51 occurrences of TS0 in consecutive TDMA fr
ames as
wn above. \par
}
1 \cf0 4.5.4.3 {\ul C}{\ul o}{\ul m}{\ul b}{\ul i}{\ul n}{\ul e}{\ul d}{\ul }
{\ul a}{\ul n}{\ul d}{\ul }{\ul N}{\ul o}{\ul n}{\ul -}{\ul C}{\ul o}{\ul m}{\u
l b}{\ul i}{\ul n}{\ul e}{\ul d}{\ul }{\ul C}{\ul C}{\ul }{\ul M}{\ul u}{\ul l
}{\ul t}{\ul i}{\ul f}{\ul r}{\ul a}{\ul m}{\ul e}{\ul s}
\cf0 {\b0 \f20 \fs17 The}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 CCCH}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 are}{\b0 \f20 \f
s17 general}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 signalling}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 blocks}{\b0 \f20 \fs17
(each}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 of}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 4}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 TSs)}{\b0 \f20 \
fs17 that}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 are}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 allocated}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 to}{
\b0 \f20 \fs17 specific}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 signalling }
{\b0 \f20 \fs17 channels}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 depending}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 on}{\b0 \f
20 \fs17 the}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 signalling}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 capacity}{\b0 \f20 \f
s17 requirements.}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 This}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 includes}{\b0 \f20 \f
s17 SDCCH,}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 SACCH }
{\b0 \f20 \fs17 AGCH}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 and}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 PCH}{\b0 \f20 \fs17
allocation. }
\cf0 {\b0 \f20 \fs17 When}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 the}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 signalling}{\b0
\f20 \fs17 capacity}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 requirements}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 are}{\b0 \f2
0 \fs17 calculated,}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 it}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 may}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 b
e}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 determined}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 that}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 the }
{\b0 \f20 \fs17 capacity}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 available}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 on}{\b0 \f
20 \fs17 a}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 single}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 control}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 ch
annel}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 is}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 not}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 sufficient.}{\b0
\f20 \fs17 In}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 such}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 cases,}{\b0 \f20 \fs17
additional }
{\b0 \f20 \fs17 physical}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 channels}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 are}{\b0 \f
20 \fs17 allocated}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 to}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 signalling. }
\cf0 {\b0 \f20 \fs17 When}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 multiple}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 physical}{\
b0 \f20 \fs17 signalling}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 channels}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 are}{\b0 \f
20 \fs17 required}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 they}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 are}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 a
lways}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 allocated}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 on}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 the }
{\b0 \f20 \fs17 BCCH}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 carrier}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 using}{\b0 \f20
\fs17 TS}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 2}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 4}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 or}{\b0 \f20 \f
s17 6}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 (in}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 addition}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 to}{\b0 \
f20 \fs17 TS0)}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 .}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 Where}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 this
}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 is}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 the}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 case,}{\b0 \f20 \fs17
the}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 multiple }
{\b0 \f20 \fs17 signalling}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 channels}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 are}{\b0
\f20 \fs17 arranged}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 in}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 either}{\b0 \f20 \fs17
combined}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 or}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 non}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 -combined}{
\b0 \f20 \fs17 formats}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 as}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 shown }
{\b0 \f20 \fs17 below.}{\b0 \f20 \fs17
Therefore}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 the}{\b0 \
f20 \fs17 structure}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 of}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 the}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 s
ignalling}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 channel}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 multiframe}{\b0 \f20 \fs17
may}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 vary}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 depending}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 on }
{\b0 \f20 \fs17 the}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 signalling}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 capacity}{\b0
\f20 \fs17 requirements. }\par
}
}
59 \par
}
ffd8ffe000104a46494600010100000100010000ffdb004300010101010101010101010101010101
01010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101
010101010101010101ffdb0043010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101
0101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101ffc0
001108034a025403012200021101031101ffc4001f00000105010101010101000000000000000001
02030405060708090a0bffc400b5100002010303020403050504040000017d010203000411051221
31410613516107227114328191a1082342b1c11552d1f02433627282090a161718191a2526272829
2a3435363738393a434445464748494a535455565758595a636465666768696a737475767778797a
0101010101010101010000000000000102030405060708090a0bffc400b511000201020404030407
05040400010277000102031104052131061241510761711322328108144291a1b1c109233352f015
6272d10a162434e125f11718191a262728292a35363738393a434445464748494a53545556575859
5a636465666768696a737475767778797a82838485868788898a92939495969798999aa2a3a4a5a6
00ffd9
}
\cf0 Multiple Signalling Channel Configurations
In}{\b0 \fs18 a}{\b0 \fs18 no
n}{\b0 \fs18 combined}{\b0 \fs18 multiframe,}{\b0 \fs18 up}{\b0 \fs18 to}{\b
0 \fs18 7}{\b0 \fs18 of}{\b0 \fs18 the}{\b0 \fs18 9}{\b0 \fs18 blocks}{\b0
\fs18 may}{\b0 \fs18 be }
\fi210 {\b0 \fs18 reserved}{\b0 \fs18 for}{\b0 \fs18 AGCH: }\par
}
\cf0 F
S{\fs9
BCCH}{\fs9 \cf121
CCCH}
F
S{\fs9 \cf121
CCCH}{\fs9 \cf121
CCCH}
F
S{\fs9 \cf121
CCCH}{\fs9 \
cf121
CCCH}
F
S{\fs9 \cf121
CCCH}{\fs9 \cf121
CCCH
}
F
S{\fs9 \cf121
CCCH}{\fs9 \cf121
CCCH }\par
}
cf0 I \par
}
}\f10 \fs18 \cf0
In a combined multiframe, up to 2 of the 3 blocks may be re
served for
10 AGCH: \par
}
f0 S \par
}
0 BCCH \par
}
cf121 CCCH \par

}
{\phpg\posx4500\pvpg\posy4686\absw73\absh120 \b \f10 \fs10
f0 F \par
}
f0 S \par
}
cf121 CCCH \par
}
cf121 CCCH \par
}
f0 F \par
}
f0 S \par
}
0 SDCCH
\par}{\phpg\posx6315\pvpg\posy4628\absw359\absh209 \sl-120
150 0 \par
}
0 SDCCH
150 1 \par
}
f0 F \par
}
f0 S \par
}
0 SDCCH
150 2 \par
}
0 SDCCH
150 3 \par
}
f0 F \par
}
f0 S \par
}
0 SACCH
150 0 \par
}
0 SACCH
\cf0 \b \f10 \fs10 \c

\cf0 \b \f10 \fs10 \c
\cf121 \b \f10 \fs9 \
\cf121 \b \f10 \fs9 \
\cf0 \b \f10 \fs10 \c
\cf0 \b \f10 \fs10 \c
\cf0 \b \f10 \fs9 \cf
\b \f10 \fs9 \cf0 \fi
\cf0 \b \f10 \fs9 \cf
\b \f10 \fs9 \cf0 \fi
\cf0 \b \f10 \fs10 \c
\cf0 \b \f10 \fs10 \c
\cf0 \b \f10 \fs9 \cf
\b \f10 \fs9 \cf0 \fi
\cf0 \b \f10 \fs9 \cf
\b \f10 \fs9 \cf0 \fi
\cf0 \b \f10 \fs10 \c
\cf0 \b \f10 \fs10 \c
\cf0 \b \f10 \fs9 \cf
\b \f10 \fs9 \cf0 \fi
\cf0 \b \f10 \fs9 \cf
\b \f10 \fs9 \cf0 \fi
150 1 \par
}
f0 F \par
}
cf0 I \par
}
}\f10 \fs18 \cf0
Additional CCCH capacity can be provided on other timeslots
(TS 2,4 or 6)
25 of the BCCH carrier if required
\fs23 \bullet } The number of AGCH blocks reserved is indicated to the MS in t
he system
25 information messages that the MS reads on the BCCH \par
}
\cf0 4.5.5 {\ul G}{\ul S}{\ul M}{\ul }{\ul M}{\ul U}{\ul L}{\ul T}{\ul I}{\ul
F}{\ul R}{\ul A}{\ul M}{\ul E}{\ul }{\ul H}{\ul I}{\ul E}{\ul R}{\ul A}{\ul R}
{\ul C}{\ul H}{\ul I}{\ul C}{\ul A}{\ul L}{\ul }{\ul S}{\ul T}{\ul R}{\ul U}{\u
l C}{\ul T}{\ul U}{\ul R}{\ul E} \par
}
\cf0 Frame Hierarchy \par
}
\cf0 1 timeslot = 0.577 ms
2
3
4
5
6
7 \par
}
\par
}
\par
}
1 frame = 8 timeslots = 4.615 ms \par
}
\cf0 Multiframe: \par
}
\cf0 = 26 TCH Frames (= 120 ms)
\fi105 or
\fi105 51 BCCH Frames (= 235 ms{\fs10 ) }\par
}
\cf0 Superframe: \par
}
\cf0 = 26 BCCH Multiframes (= 6.12s)
\fi120 or
\fi120 51 TCH Multiframes (= 6.12s) \par

}
\cf0 Hyperframe: \par
}
\cf0 = 2048 Superframes
\fi120 (= 3 hr 28 min 53.76 s) \par
}
0 \par
}
}
ffd8ffe000104a46494600010100000100010000ffdb004300010101010101010101010101010101
01010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101
010101010101010101ffdb0043010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101
0101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101ffc0
001108034a025403012200021101031101ffc4001f00000105010101010101000000000000000001
02030405060708090a0bffc400b5100002010303020403050504040000017d010203000411051221
31410613516107227114328191a1082342b1c11552d1f02433627282090a161718191a2526272829
2a3435363738393a434445464748494a535455565758595a636465666768696a737475767778797a
0101010101010101010000000000000102030405060708090a0bffc400b511000201020404030407
05040400010277000102031104052131061241510761711322328108144291a1b1c109233352f015
6272d10a162434e125f11718191a262728292a35363738393a434445464748494a53545556575859
5a636465666768696a737475767778797a82838485868788898a92939495969798999aa2a3a4a5a6
00ffd9
10 \fs17 \cf0 4. The Air Interface
{\b \fs21 4.5.5.1}{\b \fs21
{\ul S}{\ul u}{\ul p}{\ul e}{\ul r}{\ul f}{\ul r}
{\ul a}{\ul m}{\ul e}{\ul s} }
{\f20 The}{\f20 primary}{\f20 purpose}{\f20 of}{\f20 the}{\f20 superframe}{
\f20 layer}{\f20 is}{\f20 to}{\f20 provide}{\f20 a}{\f20 point}{\f20 at}{
\f20 which}{\f20 both}{\f20 TCH}{\f20 and}{\f20 CC }
0 multiframes}{\f20 are}{\f20 synchronised.}{\f20 Therefore,}{\f20 51}{\f20
TCH}{\f20 multiframes}{\f20 of}{\f20 26}{\f20 TS}{\f20 each}{\f20 are}{\
f20 grouped }
0 together}{\f20 and}{\f20 25}{\f20 CC}{\f20 multiframes}{\f20 of}{\f20 51
}{\f20 TS}{\f20 are}{\f20 grouped}{\f20 together.}{\f20 IN}{\f20 both}{\f
20 cases}{\f20 the}{\f20 time }
0 duration}{\f20 of}{\f20 a}{\f20 superframe}{\f20 is}{\f20 26x51}{\f20 TS
}{\f20 =}{\f20 6.12}{\f20 seconds. }
{\b \fs21 4.5.5.2}{\b \fs21
{\ul H}{\ul y}{\ul p}{\ul e}{\ul r}{\ul f}{\ul r}
{\ul a}{\ul m}{\ul e}{\ul s} }
{\f20 The}{\f20 synchronisation}{\f20 channel}{\f20 (SCH)}{\f20 transmits}{\
f20 a}{\f20 TDMA}{\f20 frame}{\f20 number}{\f20 (FN)}{\f20 which}{\f20 e
nables}{\f20 a }
0 mobile}{\f20 to}{\f20 synchronise}{\f20 with}{\f20 the}{\f20 base}{\f20
station}{\f20 at}{\f20 TDMA-frame}{\f20 level.}{\f20 The}{\f20 FN}{\f20 i
s}{\f20 a}{\f20 22}{\f20 bit}{\f20 number }
0 which}{\f20 resets}{\f20 after}{\f20 each}{\f20 hyperframe,}{\f20 i.e.}{\
f20 after}{\f20 2048}{\f20 x}{\f20 26}{\f20 x}{\f20 51}{\f20 =}{\f20 271
5648}{\f20 TDMA}{\f20 frames. }\par
}
}
61 \par
}
ffd8ffe000104a46494600010100000100010000ffdb004300010101010101010101010101010101
01010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101
010101010101010101ffdb0043010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101
0101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101ffc0
001108034a025403012200021101031101ffc4001f00000105010101010101000000000000000001
02030405060708090a0bffc400b5100002010303020403050504040000017d010203000411051221
31410613516107227114328191a1082342b1c11552d1f02433627282090a161718191a2526272829
2a3435363738393a434445464748494a535455565758595a636465666768696a737475767778797a
0101010101010101010000000000000102030405060708090a0bffc400b511000201020404030407
05040400010277000102031104052131061241510761711322328108144291a1b1c109233352f015
6272d10a162434e125f11718191a262728292a35363738393a434445464748494a53545556575859
5a636465666768696a737475767778797a82838485868788898a92939495969798999aa2a3a4a5a6
00ffd9
}
\cf0 Summary \par
}
In this section we have looked at:
{\f0\fs28 \bullet } GSM Frequency Allocation
0\fs28 \bullet } Multiple Access Techniques
{\f0\fs28 \bullet } Air Interface Channels:
\fi360 {\f0\fs23 \bullet }{\fs18 }{\fs18 Physical}{\fs18 Channels }
360 {\f0\fs23 \bullet }{\fs18 }{\fs18 Logical}{\fs18 Channels }
0\fs28 \bullet } Frames and Multiframes \par
}
2 \par
}
}
ffd8ffe000104a46494600010100000100010000ffdb004300010101010101010101010101010101
01010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101
010101010101010101ffdb0043010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101
0101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101ffc0
001108034a025403012200021101031101ffc4001f00000105010101010101000000000000000001
02030405060708090a0bffc400b5100002010303020403050504040000017d010203000411051221
31410613516107227114328191a1082342b1c11552d1f02433627282090a161718191a2526272829
2a3435363738393a434445464748494a535455565758595a636465666768696a737475767778797a
0101010101010101010000000000000102030405060708090a0bffc400b511000201020404030407
05040400010277000102031104052131061241510761711322328108144291a1b1c109233352f015
6272d10a162434e125f11718191a262728292a35363738393a434445464748494a53545556575859
5a636465666768696a737475767778797a82838485868788898a92939495969798999aa2a3a4a5a6
00ffd9
}
\cf0 Section 4 \par
}
}
.}{\ul 1}{\ul }{\ul -}{\ul }{\ul R}{\ul a}{\ul d}{\ul i}{\ul o}{\ul }{\ul S}{
\ul p}{\ul e}{\ul c}{\ul t}{\ul r}{\ul u}{\ul m}{\ul }{\ul A}{\ul l}{\ul l}{\ul
o}{\ul c}{\ul a}{\ul t}{\ul i}{\ul o}{\ul n}
f0 {\b0 \f20 \fs21 1.}{\b0 \f20 \fs21 The}{\b0 \f20 \fs21 diagram}{\b0 \f20 \f
s21 shows}{\b0 \f20 \fs21 the}{\b0 \f20 \fs21 spectrum}{\b0 \f20 \fs21 for}{
\b0 \f20 \fs21 E-GSM }\par

}
0 \par
}
5 \par
}
5 \par
}
0 \par
}
{\phpg\posx1140\pvpg\posy7489\absw8220\absh808 \f20 \fs21 \cf0 \f20 \fs21 \cf0 C
alculate the up and down link frequencies for ARFCNs 0, 124, 975 and 1023.
Mark these carriers on the diagram. \par
}
. An operator using DCS-1800 is allocated ARFCNs 601 to 625 inclusive.
Calculate the highest and lowest frequencies used for the uplink. \par
}
}
63 \par
}
ffd8ffe000104a46494600010100000100010000ffdb004300010101010101010101010101010101
01010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101
010101010101010101ffdb0043010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101
0101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101ffc0
001108034a025403012200021101031101ffc4001f00000105010101010101000000000000000001
02030405060708090a0bffc400b5100002010303020403050504040000017d010203000411051221
31410613516107227114328191a1082342b1c11552d1f02433627282090a161718191a2526272829
2a3435363738393a434445464748494a535455565758595a636465666768696a737475767778797a
0101010101010101010000000000000102030405060708090a0bffc400b511000201020404030407
05040400010277000102031104052131061241510761711322328108144291a1b1c109233352f015
6272d10a162434e125f11718191a262728292a35363738393a434445464748494a53545556575859
5a636465666768696a737475767778797a82838485868788898a92939495969798999aa2a3a4a5a6
00ffd9
}
}
4 \par
}
}
ffd8ffe000104a46494600010100000100010000ffdb004300010101010101010101010101010101
01010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101
010101010101010101ffdb0043010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101
0101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101ffc0
001108034a025403012200021101031101ffc4001f00000105010101010101000000000000000001
02030405060708090a0bffc400b5100002010303020403050504040000017d010203000411051221
31410613516107227114328191a1082342b1c11552d1f02433627282090a161718191a2526272829
2a3435363738393a434445464748494a535455565758595a636465666768696a737475767778797a
0101010101010101010000000000000102030405060708090a0bffc400b511000201020404030407
05040400010277000102031104052131061241510761711322328108144291a1b1c109233352f015
6272d10a162434e125f11718191a262728292a35363738393a434445464748494a53545556575859
5a636465666768696a737475767778797a82838485868788898a92939495969798999aa2a3a4a5a6
00ffd9
\cf0 5. GSM Protocols \par
}
}
_____________________________________________________________________
\f10 \fs32 5.1}{\b \f10 \fs32
Introduction }\par
}
f10 \fs28 \cf94 Protocols
cf94 {\f0\fs28 \bullet }{\b0 \fs21 \cf0 }{\b0 \fs21 \cf0 Protocols}{\b0 \fs21
\cf0 are}{\b0 \fs21 \cf0 needed}{\b0 \fs21 \cf0 whenever}{\b0 \fs21 \cf0 sys
tems}{\b0 \fs21 \cf0 pass }
\fi224 {\b0 \fs21 \cf0 information}{\b0 \fs21 \cf0 from}{\b0 \fs21 \cf0 one}{
\b0 \fs21 \cf0 to}{\b0 \fs21 \cf0 another }
28 \cf94 {\f0\fs28 \bullet }{\b0 \fs21 \cf0 }{\b0 \fs21 \cf0 A}{\b0 \fs21 \cf0
protocol}{\b0 \fs21 \cf0 is}{\b0 \fs21 \cf0 just}{\b0 \fs21 \cf0 a}{\b0 \fs
21 \cf0 set}{\b0 \fs21 \cf0 of}{\b0 \fs21 \cf0 rules}{\b0 \fs21 \cf0 that}{\
b0 \fs21 \cf0 both}{\b0 \fs21 \cf0 sides}{\b0 \fs21 \cf0 agree}{\b0 \fs21 \cf
0 on }
\fi224 {\b0 \fs21 \cf0 so}{\b0 \fs21 \cf0 that}{\b0 \fs21 \cf0 meaningful}{\b
0 \fs21 \cf0 communication}{\b0 \fs21 \cf0 can}{\b0 \fs21 \cf0 take}{\b0 \fs2
1 \cf0 place }\par
}
{\phpg\posx6780\pvpg\posy12546\absw238\absh319 \f10 \fs28 \cf1 \f10 \fs28 \cf1 ?
\par
}
}
65 \par
}
ffd8ffe000104a46494600010100000100010000ffdb004300010101010101010101010101010101
01010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101
010101010101010101ffdb0043010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101
0101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101ffc0
001108034a025403012200021101031101ffc4001f00000105010101010101000000000000000001
02030405060708090a0bffc400b5100002010303020403050504040000017d010203000411051221
31410613516107227114328191a1082342b1c11552d1f02433627282090a161718191a2526272829
2a3435363738393a434445464748494a535455565758595a636465666768696a737475767778797a
0101010101010101010000000000000102030405060708090a0bffc400b511000201020404030407
05040400010277000102031104052131061241510761711322328108144291a1b1c109233352f015
6272d10a162434e125f11718191a262728292a35363738393a434445464748494a53545556575859
5a636465666768696a737475767778797a82838485868788898a92939495969798999aa2a3a4a5a6
00ffd9
}
_____________________________________________________________________
b \f10 \fs32 5.2}{\b \f10 \fs32
The}{\b \f10 \fs32 ISO}{\b \f10 \fs32 7-Lay
er}{\b \f10 \fs32 OSI}{\b \f10 \fs32 Model }
\cf0 \fi1425 {\fs17 Development}{\fs17 of}{\fs17 the}{\fs17 Open}{\fs17 Sta
ndards}{\fs17 Interconnection}{\fs17 (OSI)}{\fs17 reference}{\fs17 model}{\f
s17 was}{\fs17 started}{\fs17 in }
i1425 {\fs17 1983}{\fs17 by}{\fs17 an}{\fs17 number}{\fs17 of}{\fs17 major}
{\fs17 computer}{\fs17 and}{\fs17 telecommunications}{\fs17 companies.}{\fs1
7 It}{\fs17 was}{\fs17 eventually }
i1425 {\fs17 adopted}{\fs17 as}{\fs17 an}{\fs17 international}{\fs17 standar
d}{\fs17 by}{\fs17 the}{\fs17 International}{\fs17 Standards}{\fs17 Organis
ation}{\fs17 (ISO)}{\fs17 and}{\fs17 is }

i1425 {\fs17 currently}{\fs17 embodied}{\fs17 within}{\fs17 the}{\fs17 ITU-T
S}{\fs17 X.200}{\fs17 Recommendation. }
0 \fi1425 {\fs17 The}{\fs17 model}{\fs17 comprises}{\fs17 7}{\fs17 layers}{\
fs17 which}{\fs17 define}{\fs17 various}{\fs17 functions}{\fs17 involved}{\
fs17 in}{\fs17 establishing}{\fs17 and }
i1425 {\fs17 servicing}{\fs17
end-to-end}{\fs17 communications}{\fs17 circu
its}{\fs17 across}{\fs17 a}{\fs17 network.}{\fs17 These}{\fs17 7}{\fs17 l
ayers}{\fs17 are}{\fs17 generally }
i1425 {\fs17 viewed}{\fs17 in}{\fs17 two}{\fs17 blocks; }\par
}
}\f40 \fs17 \cf0 \par
}
}\f40 \fs17 \cf0 \par
}
{\ul A}{\ul p}{\ul p}{\ul l}{\ul i}{\ul c}{\ul a}{\ul t}{\ul i}{\ul o}{\ul n}{\u
l }{\ul F}{\ul u}{\ul n}{\ul c}{\ul t}{\ul i}{\ul o}{\ul n}{\ul a}{\ul l}{\ul
}{\ul L}{\ul a}{\ul y}{\ul e}{\ul r}{\ul s}. These are layers 4-7 of the OSI Mo
del and relate to
end-to-end functions between two or more users at the periphery of a network.
{\ul N}{\ul e}{\ul t}{\ul w}{\ul o}{\ul r}{\ul k}{\ul }{\ul F}{\ul u}{\ul n}{\
ul c}{\ul t}{\ul i}{\ul o}{\ul n}{\ul a}{\ul l}{\ul }{\ul L}{\ul a}{\ul y}{\ul
e}{\ul r}{\ul s}. These are layers 1-3 of the OSI Model and refer to the
ctions required to transport data across a network. \par
}
\cf0 ISO 7-Layer OSI reference Model \par
}
\cf1 7
f1 6
f1 5
f1 4
f1 3
f1 2
f1 1 \par
}
cf0 APPLICATION \par
}
\cf0 File{\cf94 transfer,}{\cf94 access}{\cf94 management }\par
}
cf0 management \par
}
\cf0 PRESENTATION \par
}
\cf94 Syntax{\cf0 and}{\cf0 data}{\cf0 representation}{\cf0 management }
}{\phpg\posx7005\pvpg\posy8631\absw2565\absh120 \b \f10 \fs10 \cf94 \fi0 data re
presentation management \par
}
cf0 SESSION \par
}
\cf94 Application entity dialogue and synchronisation \par
}
cf0 TRANSPORT \par
}
\cf0 End-to{\cf94 end-end}{\cf94 }m essage{\cf94 transfer }\par
}
\cf94 End- \par
}
cf0 transfer \par
}
\cf0 NETWORK \par
}
0 \cf94 Network{\cf0 routing,}{\cf0 addressing,} call managementt3 \par
}
\cf0 management \par
}
\cf0 DATA LINK \par
}
\cf0 Data link control (framing, error control)
{\cf94 Data}{\cf94 link}{\cf94 control}{\cf94 (framing,}{\cf94 error}{\cf94
control) }\par
}
\cf0 PHYSICAL \par
}
0 \cf94 Mechanical and electrical interfacing
}{\phpg\posx7005\pvpg\posy10926\absw2085\absh120 \b \f10 \fs10 \cf94 \fi0 {\cf0
interfacing }\par
}
7 \cf0 Layer 7: The application layer{\b0 ...This}{\b0 is}{\b0 the}{\b0 layer
}{\b0 at}{\b0 which}{\b0 communication}{\b0 partners}{\b0 are }
{\b0 identified,}{\b0 quality}{\b0 of}{\b0 service}{\b0 is}{\b0 identified
,}{\b0 user}{\b0 authentication}{\b0 and}{\b0 privacy}{\b0 are}{\b0 consid
ered,}{\b0 and }

{\b0 any}{\b0 constraints}{\b0 on}{\b0 data}{\b0 syntax}{\b0 are}{\b0 ide
ntified.}{\b0 (This}{\b0 layer}{\b0 is}{\b0\i not}{\b0 the}{\b0 applicatio
n}{\b0 itself,}{\b0 although }
{\b0 some}{\b0 applications}{\b0 may}{\b0 perform}{\b0 application}{\b0 la
yer}{\b0 functions.) }
\cf0 Layer 6: The presentation layer{\b0 ...This}{\b0 is}{\b0 a}{\b0 layer,}{
\b0 usually}{\b0 part}{\b0 of}{\b0 an}{\b0 operating}{\b0 system,}{\b0 th
at }
{\b0 converts}{\b0 incoming}{\b0 and}{\b0 outgoing}{\b0 data}{\b0 from}{\b
0 one}{\b0 presentation}{\b0 format}{\b0 to}{\b0 another}{\b0 (for}{\b0 e
xample, }
{\b0 from}{\b0 a}{\b0 text}{\b0 stream}{\b0 into}{\b0 a}{\b0 popup}{\b0
window}{\b0 with}{\b0 the}{\b0 newly}{\b0 arrived}{\b0 text).}{\b0 This}{
\b0 layer}{\b0 is}{\b0 sometimes }
{\b0 called}{\b0 the}{\b0 syntax}{\b0 layer. }\par
}
6 \par
}
}
ffd8ffe000104a46494600010100000100010000ffdb004300010101010101010101010101010101
01010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101
010101010101010101ffdb0043010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101
0101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101ffc0
001108034a025403012200021101031101ffc4001f00000105010101010101000000000000000001
02030405060708090a0bffc400b5100002010303020403050504040000017d010203000411051221
31410613516107227114328191a1082342b1c11552d1f02433627282090a161718191a2526272829
2a3435363738393a434445464748494a535455565758595a636465666768696a737475767778797a
0101010101010101010000000000000102030405060708090a0bffc400b511000201020404030407
05040400010277000102031104052131061241510761711322328108144291a1b1c109233352f015
6272d10a162434e125f11718191a262728292a35363738393a434445464748494a53545556575859
5a636465666768696a737475767778797a82838485868788898a92939495969798999aa2a3a4a5a6
00ffd9
}
\cf0 Layer 5: The session layer{\b0 ...This}{\b0 layer}{\b0 sets}{\b0 up,}{\
b0 coordinates,}{\b0 and}{\b0 terminates}{\b0 conversations, }
{\b0 exchanges,}{\b0 and}{\b0 dialogs}{\b0 between}{\b0 the}{\b0 applicatio
ns}{\b0 at}{\b0 each}{\b0 end.}{\b0 It}{\b0 deals}{\b0 with}{\b0 session}
{\b0 and }
{\b0 connection}{\b0 coordination. }
cf0 Layer 4: The transport layer{\b0 ...This}{\b0 layer}{\b0 manages}{\b0 the
}{\b0 end-to-end}{\b0 control}{\b0 (for}{\b0 example, }
{\b0 determining}{\b0 whether}{\b0 all}{\b0 packets}{\b0 have}{\b0 arrived)
}{\b0 and}{\b0 error-checking.}{\b0 It}{\b0 ensures}{\b0 complete}{\b0 dat
a }
{\b0 transfer. }
cf0 Layer 3: The network layer{\b0 ...This}{\b0 layer}{\b0 handles}{\b0 the}{
\b0 routing}{\b0 of}{\b0 the}{\b0 data}{\b0 (sending}{\b0 it}{\b0 in}{\b0
the}{\b0 right }
{\b0 direction}{\b0 to}{\b0 the}{\b0 right}{\b0 destination}{\b0 on}{\b0 o
utgoing}{\b0 transmissions}{\b0 and}{\b0 receiving}{\b0 incoming }
{\b0 transmissions}{\b0 at}{\b0 the}{\b0 packet}{\b0 level).}{\b0 The}{\b0
network}{\b0 layer}{\b0 does}{\b0 routing}{\b0 and}{\b0 forwarding. }
cf0 Layer 2: The data-link layer{\b0 ...This}{\b0 layer}{\b0 provides}{\b0 sy
nchronization}{\b0 for}{\b0 the}{\b0 physical}{\b0 level}{\b0 and }
{\b0 does}{\b0 bit-stuffing}{\b0 for}{\b0 strings}{\b0 of}{\b0 1's}{\b0 in
}{\b0 excess}{\b0 of}{\b0 5.}{\b0 It}{\b0 furnishes}{\b0 transmission}{\b0
protocol}{\b0 knowledge }
{\b0 and}{\b0 management. }
cf0 Layer 1: The physical layer{\b0 ...This}{\b0 layer}{\b0 conveys}{\b0 the}
{\b0 bit}{\b0 stream}{\b0 through}{\b0 the}{\b0 network}{\b0 at}{\b0 the
}
{\b0 electrical}{\b0 and}{\b0 mechanical}{\b0 level.}{\b0 It}{\b0 provides}
{\b0 the}{\b0 hardware}{\b0 means}{\b0 of}{\b0 sending}{\b0 and}{\b0 rece

iving}{\b0 data }
{\b0 on}{\b0 a}{\b0 carrier. }\par
}
_____________________________________________________________________
b \f10 \fs32 5.3}{\b \f10 \fs32
GSM}{\b \f10 \fs32 Protocols}{\b \f10 \fs32
Overview }
\cf0 \fi1425 {\fs17 Within}{\fs17 a}{\fs17 GSM}{\fs17 network,}{\fs17 diffe
rent}{\fs17 protocols}{\fs17 are}{\fs17 needed}{\fs17 to}{\fs17 enable}{\fs
17 the}{\fs17 flow}{\fs17 of}{\fs17 data}{\fs17 and }
i1425 {\fs17 signalling}{\fs17 between}{\fs17 different}{\fs17 GSM}{\fs17 su
bsystems.}{\fs17 The}{\fs17 following}{\fs17 diagram}{\fs17 shows}{\fs17 t
he}{\fs17 interfaces }
i1425 {\fs17 that}{\fs17 link}{\fs17 the}{\fs17 different}{\fs17 GSM}{\fs17
subsystems }
i1425 {\fs17 and}{\fs17 the}{\fs17 protocols}{\fs17 used}{\fs17 to}{\fs17 c
ommunicate}{\fs17 on}{\fs17 each}{\fs17 interface. }\par
}
10 \fs28 \cf0 GSM Protocol{\cf94 Layers }
GSM}{\fs18 protocols}{\fs18 are}{
\fs18 basically}{\fs18 divided}{\fs18 into}{\fs18 three}{\fs18 layers: }
cf0 \fi375 {\f0\fs21 \bullet }{\b0 \fs16 }{\b0 \fs16 Layer}{\b0 \fs16 1:}{\b0
\fs16 Physical}{\b0 \fs16 layer }\par
}
}\f10 \fs14 \cf0
fs18 \bullet }
fs18 \bullet }
fs18 \bullet } \par
}
Enables physical transmission (TDMA, FDMA, etc.)
\par}{\phpg\posx4559\pvpg\posy10904\absw3887\absh742 \sl-210 \f10 \fs14 \cf0 Ass
essment of channel quality
\par}{\phpg\posx4559\pvpg\posy10904\absw3887\absh742 \sl-210 \f10 \fs14 \cf0 Def
inition of physical links (e.g radio, PCM30 ISDN etc)
\par}{\phpg\posx4559\pvpg\posy10904\absw3887\absh742 \sl-225 \f10 \fs14 \cf0 Err
or detection (based on line coding) \par
}
t }\f10 \fs16 \cf0 Layer 2: Data link layer \par
}
}\f10 \fs14 \cf0
{\f0\fs18 \bullet }
\fs18 \bullet }
\fs18 \bullet }
}
Multiplexing of one or more layer 2 connections on control/signalling
\par}{\phpg\posx4559\pvpg\posy11984\absw4854\absh1066 \sl-165 \f10 \fs14 \cf0 ch
annels
\par}{\phpg\posx4559\pvpg\posy11984\absw4854\absh1066 \sl-210 \f10 \fs14 \cf0 Er
ror detection (based on HDLC)
\par}{\phpg\posx4559\pvpg\posy11984\absw4854\absh1066 \sl-210 \f10 \fs14 \cf0 Fl
ow control
\par}{\phpg\posx4559\pvpg\posy11984\absw4854\absh1066 \sl-210 \f10 \fs14 \cf0 Tr
ansmission quality assurance
\par}{\phpg\posx4559\pvpg\posy11984\absw4854\absh1066 \sl-210 \f10 \fs14 \cf0 Ro
uting \par
}
t }\f10 \fs16 \cf0 {\ul L}{\ul a}{\ul y}{\ul e}{\ul r}{\ul }{\ul 3}{\ul :}{\u
l }{\ul N}{\ul e}{\ul t}{\ul w}{\ul o}{\ul r}{\ul k}{\ul }{\ul L}{\ul a}{\ul y
}{\ul e}{\ul r} \par
}
}\f10 \fs14 \cf0
fs18 \bullet }
fs18 \bullet }
fs18 \bullet } \par
}
Connection management
\par}{\phpg\posx4560\pvpg\posy13439\absw2097\absh728 \sl-210 \f10 \fs14 \cf0 Man
agement of location data
\par}{\phpg\posx4560\pvpg\posy13439\absw2097\absh728 \sl-210 \f10 \fs14 \cf0 Sub
scriber identification
agement of Services \par
}
}
67 \par
}
ffd8ffe000104a46494600010100000100010000ffdb004300010101010101010101010101010101
01010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101
010101010101010101ffdb0043010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101
0101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101ffc0
001108034a025403012200021101031101ffc4001f00000105010101010101000000000000000001
02030405060708090a0bffc400b5100002010303020403050504040000017d010203000411051221
31410613516107227114328191a1082342b1c11552d1f02433627282090a161718191a2526272829
2a3435363738393a434445464748494a535455565758595a636465666768696a737475767778797a
0101010101010101010000000000000102030405060708090a0bffc400b511000201020404030407
05040400010277000102031104052131061241510761711322328108144291a1b1c109233352f015
6272d10a162434e125f11718191a262728292a35363738393a434445464748494a53545556575859
5a636465666768696a737475767778797a82838485868788898a92939495969798999aa2a3a4a5a6
00ffd9
}
As GSM is a transport network, it is primarily only the lower 3 layers of the OS
I Model that
defined in the GSM Recommendations.
As GSM is predominantly a transport network it is less concerned with the end-t
o-end user
\par}{\phpg\posx2445\pvpg\posy1472\absw8051\absh1338 \sl-240 \f20 \fs17 \cf0 app
lication layer (layers 4-7). Therefore this section of the course notes looks s
pecifically at
protocols used within GSM at layers 1-3. \par
}
\cf0 5.3.1 {\ul L}{\ul A}{\ul Y}{\ul E}{\ul R}{\ul }{\ul 1}{\ul }{\ul S}{\u
l E}{\ul R}{\ul V}{\ul I}{\ul C}{\ul E}{\ul S}
cf0 {\b0 \f20 \fs17 The}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 Physical}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 Layer}{\b0 \f
20 \fs17 (Layer}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 1)}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 contains}{\b0 \f20 \fs17
all}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 the}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 functions}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 necessary}{
\b0 \f20 \fs17 for}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 the}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 transmission}{\b0 \f20
\fs17 of}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 bit }

{\b0 \f20 \fs17 streams}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 over}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 the}{\b0 \f20 \fs
17 physical}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 medium.}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 It}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 prov
ides}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 a}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 transport}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 service}{\b0
\f20 \fs17 for}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 the}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 GSM}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 logi
cal }
{\b0 \f20 \fs17 channels.}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 Services}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 offered}{\
b0 \f20 \fs17 at}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 Layer}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 1}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 inc
lude: }\par
}
}\f40 \fs17 \cf0
\par}{\phpg\posx2805\pvpg\posy4989\absw165\absh673 \sl-255 \par\f40 \fs17 \cf0 {
\f0\fs22 \bullet } \par
}
}\f40 \fs17 \cf0 \par
}
{\ul A}{\ul c}{\ul c}{\ul e}{\ul s}{\ul s}{\ul }{\ul C}{\ul a}{\ul p}{\ul a}{\u
l b}{\ul i}{\ul l}{\ul i}{\ul t}{\ul i}{\ul e}{\ul s}.
Layer 1 carries out th
e cell selection functions for MSs in idle
\par}{\phpg\posx3165\pvpg\posy4997\absw7328\absh1567 \sl-240 \f20 \fs17 \cf0 mod
e, in cooperation with the Layer 3 Radio Resource (RR) functions.
\par}{\phpg\posx3165\pvpg\posy4997\absw7328\absh1567 \sl-270 \f20 \fs17 \cf0 {\u
l E}{\ul r}{\ul r}{\ul o}{\ul r}{\ul }{\ul D}{\ul e}{\ul t}{\ul e}{\ul c}{\ul t
}{\ul i}{\ul o}{\ul n}. Forward and backward error correction is implemented at
layer 1
\par}{\phpg\posx3165\pvpg\posy4997\absw7328\absh1567 \sl-240 \f20 \fs17 \cf0 (se
e section on speech coding for details). Errored frames are not passed to Level
2
processing.
l E}{\ul n}{\ul c}{\ul r}{\ul y}{\ul p}{\ul t}{\ul i}{\ul o}{\ul n}. Data encry
ption is also implemented at Layer 1 (see section on GSM
\par}{\phpg\posx3165\pvpg\posy4997\absw7328\absh1567 \sl-240 \f20 \fs17 \cf0 sec
urity for details). \par
}
\cf0 5.3.2 {\ul L}{\ul A}{\ul Y}{\ul E}{\ul R}{\ul }{\ul 2}{\ul }{\ul S}{\ul
E}{\ul R}{\ul V}{\ul I}{\ul C}{\ul E}{\ul S}
f0 {\b0 \f20 \fs17 Here,}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 the}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 LAPDm}{\b0 \f20 \
fs17 protocol}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 is}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 used}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 (simil
ar}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 to}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 ISDN}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 LAPD).}{\b0 \f20 \
fs17
LAPDm}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 has}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 the}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 followi
ng }
\b0 \f20 \fs17 functions: }\par
}
}\f40 \fs17 \cf0
fs22 \bullet }
fs22 \bullet } \par
}
onnectionless transfer on point-to-point and point-to-multipoint signalling chan

nels,
\par}{\phpg\posx3165\pvpg\posy8282\absw7631\absh892 \sl-255 \f20 \fs17 \cf0 Setu
p and take-down of layer 2 connections on point-to-point signalling channels,
\par}{\phpg\posx3165\pvpg\posy8282\absw7631\absh892 \sl-255 \f20 \fs17 \cf0 Conn
ection-oriented transfer with retention of the transmission sequence, error
\par}{\phpg\posx3165\pvpg\posy8282\absw7631\absh892 \sl-240 \f20 \fs17 \cf0 dete
ction and error correction. \par
}
\cf0 5.3.3 {\ul L}{\ul A}{\ul Y}{\ul E}{\ul R}{\ul }{\ul 3}{\ul }{\ul S}{\ul
E}{\ul R}{\ul V}{\ul I}{\ul C}{\ul E}{\ul S}
f0 {\b0 \f20 \fs17 Layer}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 3}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 contains}{\b0 \f20
\fs17 the}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 following}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 sublayers}{\b0 \f20 \fs17
which}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 control}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 signalling}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 ch
annel}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 functions}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 (BCH, }
\b0 \f20 \fs17 CCCH}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 and}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 DCCH): }\par
}
}\f40 \fs17 \cf0 \par
}
{\ul R}{\ul a}{\ul d}{\ul i}{\ul o}{\ul }{\ul r}{\ul e}{\ul s}{\ul o}{\ul u}{\u
l r}{\ul c}{\ul e}{\ul }{\ul m}{\ul a}{\ul n}{\ul a}{\ul g}{\ul e}{\ul m}{\ul e
}{\ul n}{\ul t}{\ul }{\ul (}{\ul R}{\ul R}{\ul )}. The role of the RR managem
ent layer is to
\par}{\phpg\posx3165\pvpg\posy11027\absw7493\absh892 \sl-255 \f20 \fs17 \cf0 est
ablish and release stable connection between mobile stations (MS) and an MSC for
duration of a call, and to maintain it despite user movements. The following
ctions are performed by the MSC: \par
}
t }\f40 \fs17 \cf0
0\fs22 \bullet }
0\fs22 \bullet }
0\fs22 \bullet }
0\fs22 \bullet }
}
Cell selection,
\par}{\phpg\posx3900\pvpg\posy12032\absw4719\absh1378 \sl-255 \f20 \fs17 \cf0 Ha
ndover,
\par}{\phpg\posx3900\pvpg\posy12032\absw4719\absh1378 \sl-270 \f20 \fs17 \cf0 Al
location and take-down of point-to-point channels,
\par}{\phpg\posx3900\pvpg\posy12032\absw4719\absh1378 \sl-255 \f20 \fs17 \cf0 Mo
nitoring and forwarding of radio connections,
troduction of encryption,
\par}{\phpg\posx3900\pvpg\posy12032\absw4719\absh1378 \sl-255 \f20 \fs17 \cf0 Ch
ange in transmission mode. \par

}
}\f40 \fs17 \cf0 \par
}
{\ul M}{\ul o}{\ul b}{\ul i}{\ul l}{\ul i}{\ul t}{\ul y}{\ul }{\ul m}{\ul a}{\u
l n}{\ul a}{\ul g}{\ul e}{\ul m}{\ul e}{\ul n}{\ul t}{\ul }{\ul (}{\ul M}{\ul M
}{\ul )}. Mobility Management handles the control functions
\par}{\phpg\posx3150\pvpg\posy13832\absw7272\absh433 \sl-240 \f20 \fs17 \cf0 req
uired for mobility including: \par
}
}\f40 \fs17 \cf0
\fs22 \bullet }
}
Authentication
ignment of TMSI
agement of subscriber location. \par
}
8 \par
}
}
ffd8ffe000104a46494600010100000100010000ffdb004300010101010101010101010101010101
01010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101
010101010101010101ffdb0043010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101
0101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101ffc0
001108034a025403012200021101031101ffc4001f00000105010101010101000000000000000001
02030405060708090a0bffc400b5100002010303020403050504040000017d010203000411051221
31410613516107227114328191a1082342b1c11552d1f02433627282090a161718191a2526272829
2a3435363738393a434445464748494a535455565758595a636465666768696a737475767778797a
0101010101010101010000000000000102030405060708090a0bffc400b511000201020404030407
05040400010277000102031104052131061241510761711322328108144291a1b1c109233352f015
6272d10a162434e125f11718191a262728292a35363738393a434445464748494a53545556575859
5a636465666768696a737475767778797a82838485868788898a92939495969798999aa2a3a4a5a6
00ffd9
}
}\f40 \fs17 \cf0 \par
}
\ul C}{\ul o}{\ul n}{\ul n}{\ul e}{\ul c}{\ul t}{\ul i}{\ul o}{\ul n}{\ul }{\ul
m}{\ul a}{\ul n}{\ul a}{\ul g}{\ul e}{\ul m}{\ul e}{\ul n}{\ul t}{\ul }{\ul (}
{\ul C}{\ul M}{\ul )} is used to set up, maintain and clear call connections.
\par}{\phpg\posx3270\pvpg\posy1742\absw7473\absh433 \sl-240 \f20 \fs17 \cf0 It c
omprises three subgroups: \par
}
}\f40 \fs17 \cf0
fs22 \bullet }
fs22 \bullet } \par
}
all control (CC) - manages call connections,
\par}{\phpg\posx3975\pvpg\posy2237\absw5487\absh690 \sl-255 \f20 \fs17 \cf0 Supp
lementary service support (SS) - handles special services,
\par}{\phpg\posx3975\pvpg\posy2237\absw5487\absh690 \sl-270 \f20 \fs17 \cf0 Shor
t message service support (SMS) - transfers brief texts. \par
}
Neither the BTS nor the BSC interpret CM and MM messages. They
simply exchanged between the MSC and the MS using the Direct Transfer
\par}{\phpg\posx2565\pvpg\posy3242\absw7947\absh1338 \sl-240 \f20 \fs17 \cf0 App
lication Part (DTAP) protocol on the A interface (see below).
RR messages are mapped to or from the Base Station System Application Part (BSS
AP) for
\par}{\phpg\posx2565\pvpg\posy3242\absw7947\absh1338 \sl-240 \f20 \fs17 \cf0 exc
hange with the MS. \par
}
_____________________________________________________________________
b \f10 \fs32 5.4}{\b \f10 \fs32

GSM}{\b \f10 \fs32 Transmission}{\b \f10 \fs
32 Protocols }
0 \fi1425 {\fs17 Transmission}{\fs17 protocols}{\fs17 relate}{\fs17 to}{\fs17
the}{\fs17 physical}{\fs17 transportation}{\fs17 of}{\fs17 raw}{\fs17 dat
a}{\fs17 across}{\fs17 the}{\fs17 GSM }
i1425 {\fs17 network}{\fs17 and}{\fs17 the}{\fs17 various}{\fs17 protocols}{
\fs17 associated}{\fs17 with}{\fs17 this}{\fs17 function }\par
}
\cf0 GSM{\cf94 Transmission}{\cf94 Protocol}{\cf94 Stack }
fi1470 (TRAU at MSC) \par
}
\cf94 U{\dn006 \fs9 m }\par
}
}
\cf94 A \par
}
\cf121 BTS \par
}
\cf121 BSC \par
}
\cf94 GSM Core
fi75 {\cf0 Network }\par
}
\cf121 MSC \par
}
\cf121 PSTN \par
}
\cf121 BTS \par
}
f0 GSM VOICE \par
}
0 \fs9 \cf121 GSM
\fi150 Voice
Sub-channel \par
}
2 \cf121 TRAU \par
}
\fs9 \cf121 ISDN
\fi60 Voice
channel \par
}
\fs12 \cf0 FEC
\par}{\phpg\posx3344\pvpg\posy11299\absw508\absh774 \sl-240 \b \f10 \fs12 \cf0 C
ipher
DMA
\par}{\phpg\posx3344\pvpg\posy11299\absw508\absh774 \sl-240 \b \f10 \fs12 \cf0 F
DMA \par
}
f0 13kbps \par
}
\fs12 \cf0 FEC
\par}{\phpg\posx4619\pvpg\posy11284\absw508\absh774 \sl-240 \b \f10 \fs12 \cf0 C
ipher
DMA
\par}{\phpg\posx4619\pvpg\posy11284\absw508\absh774 \sl-225 \b \f10 \fs12 \cf0 F
DMA \par
}
\cf0 D-ch \par
}
\cf0 D-ch \par
}
\cf0 D-ch \par
}
\cf0 D-ch \par
}
\fs12 \cf0 Local
\par}{\phpg\posx8609\pvpg\posy11569\absw623\absh288 \sl-165 \b \f10 \fs12 \cf0 I
nterface \par
}
\cf0 G.703 \par
}
f0 16kbps \par
}
f0 16kbps \par
}
cf0 64kbps \par
}
At the transmission level, the physical layer produces user channels each compr
ising 13kbps
user data. However, in order to adapt top the frailties of the radio interfac
e additional
\par}{\phpg\posx2565\pvpg\posy13232\absw8164\absh1338 \sl-255 \f20 \fs17 \cf0 ov

erheads are included for forward error detection and correction (FEC).
0 In addition the transmission layer control encryption as well as the air inter
face
\par}{\phpg\posx2565\pvpg\posy13232\absw8164\absh1338 \sl-240 \f20 \fs17 \cf0 FD
MA/TDMA access procedures (see Section 4 of these course notes for more details)
. \par
}
}
69 \par
}
ffd8ffe000104a46494600010100000100010000ffdb004300010101010101010101010101010101
01010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101
010101010101010101ffdb0043010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101
0101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101ffc0
001108034a025403012200021101031101ffc4001f00000105010101010101000000000000000001
02030405060708090a0bffc400b5100002010303020403050504040000017d010203000411051221
31410613516107227114328191a1082342b1c11552d1f02433627282090a161718191a2526272829
2a3435363738393a434445464748494a535455565758595a636465666768696a737475767778797a
0101010101010101010000000000000102030405060708090a0bffc400b511000201020404030407
05040400010277000102031104052131061241510761711322328108144291a1b1c109233352f015
6272d10a162434e125f11718191a262728292a35363738393a434445464748494a53545556575859
5a636465666768696a737475767778797a82838485868788898a92939495969798999aa2a3a4a5a6
00ffd9
}
At some stage the 13kbps channels must be converted into 64kbps for transportati
on across
PSTN. This function is carried out by a network element known as the Transcode
r and
\par}{\phpg\posx2445\pvpg\posy1727\absw8260\absh2890 \sl-255 \f20 \fs17 \cf0 Rat
e Adaption Unit (TRAU).
The primary function of the TRAU is to convert 16kps (inc signalling) GSM speec
h channels
\par}{\phpg\posx2445\pvpg\posy1727\absw8260\absh2890 \sl-240 \f20 \fs17 \cf0 to
64kbps PCM channels in the uplink direction and the reverse in the downlink dire
ction.
reason this process is necessary is because MSCs only switch at the 64kbps chan
nel level.
Therefore, when making a MS-to-MS call, the originating channel has to be conve
rted from
\par}{\phpg\posx2445\pvpg\posy1727\absw8260\absh2890 \sl-255 \f20 \fs17 \cf0 16k
bps to 64kbps, switched by the MSC and then converted back to 16kbps for onward
nsmission to the destination MS. The rate conversion is carried out using A-law
coding.
\par}{\phpg\posx2445\pvpg\posy1727\absw8260\absh2890 \sl-255 \f20 \fs17 \cf0 Tec
hnically, the TRAU can be physically located in the BTS, BSC or MSC and hence le
ads to a
\par}{\phpg\posx2445\pvpg\posy1727\absw8260\absh2890 \sl-240 \f20 \fs17 \cf0 var
iety of installation configurations. \par
}
\cf0 TRAU Configurations \par
}
\cf94 A{\fs9 bis }\par
}
\cf94 A \par
}
10 \fs12 \cf94 BTS Site
cf94 {\fs10 \cf121 CCU }
\fi630 {\fs10 \cf121 TRAU }
{\fs10 \cf121 CCU }
cf94 \fi299 {\fs9 \cf0 16kbps }
cf94 \fi165 {\cf0 BTS}{\cf0 Site }
\fi180 BTS Site
cf94 {\fs10 \cf121 CCU }

12 \cf94 {\fs10 \cf121 CCU }
cf94 \fi705 {\fs9 16kbps16kbps }
cf94 \fi165 BTS Site
cf94 {\fs10 \cf121 CCU }
12 \cf94 {\fs10 \cf121 CCU }
cf94 \fi675 {\fs9 16kbps }\par
}
\cf94 BSC{\cf0 Site }\par
}
\cf94 MSC Site \par
}
}
cf0 A \par
}
f94 64kbps \par
}
f94 64kbps64kbps \par
}
\cf94 BSC Site
94 \fi435 {\fs10 \cf121 TRAU }\par
}
cf0 MSC Site
cf94 MSC}{\cf94 Site }\par
}
cf0 B \par
}
\fs9 \cf94 16kbps
4 {\fs12 \cf0 BSC}{\fs12 \cf0 Site }
}{\phpg\posx6480\pvpg\posy8633\absw749\absh378 \b \f10 \fs9 \cf94 {\fs12 BSC}{\f
s12 Site }\par
}
f94 64kbps \par
}
\fs12 \cf0 MSC Site
0 {\fs10 \cf121 TRAU }\par
}
\cf94 C \par
}
f94 16kbps \par
}
f94 64kbps64kbps \par
}
0 \cf121 CCU \par
}
2 \cf94 Channel{\cf0 Coding}{\cf0 Unitt> }\par
}
\cf94 MSC{\cf0 Node }\par
}
\cf0 BSC Node \par
}
If the TRAU is installed at the BTS, each 16kbps GSM channel would need to be m
apped to its
\par}{\phpg\posx2445\pvpg\posy11357\absw8302\absh2904 \sl-240 \f20 \fs17 \cf0 ow
n 64kbps PCM channel. This results in 75% of the transmission bandwidth being w
asted
\par}{\phpg\posx2445\pvpg\posy11357\absw8302\absh2904 \sl-255 \f20 \fs17 \cf0 ac
ross both the Abis (BTS-BSC) and A (BSC-MSC) interface.
0 However, if the TRAU is placed at the MSC, as is generally the case in current
networks, a
\par}{\phpg\posx2445\pvpg\posy11357\absw8302\absh2904 \sl-255 \f20 \fs17 \cf0 mu
ltiplexer can be placed at the BTS which enables 4 x 16kbps GSM channels to be
\par}{\phpg\posx2445\pvpg\posy11357\absw8302\absh2904 \sl-240 \f20 \fs17 \cf0 mu
ltiplexed onto one 64kbps PCM channel, using 4 x 16kbps ISDN D-channels. In thi
s
\par}{\phpg\posx2445\pvpg\posy11357\absw8302\absh2904 \sl-255 \f20 \fs17 \cf0 co
nfiguration, only at arrival at the MSC is the 16-64kbps channel conversion nece
ssary,
ereby maximising the efficient usage of the transmission medium by increasing th
e GSM
\par}{\phpg\posx2445\pvpg\posy11357\absw8302\absh2904 \sl-255 \f20 \fs17 \cf0 ch
annel throughput per PCM 2048 bearer from 30 to 120 channels.
0 Also, by centralising the TRAU function at the MSC, the number of TRAUs deploy
ed across
e network is significantly reduced. \par
}
0 \par
}
}
ffd8ffe000104a46494600010100000100010000ffdb004300010101010101010101010101010101
01010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101
010101010101010101ffdb0043010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101
0101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101ffc0
001108034a025403012200021101031101ffc4001f00000105010101010101000000000000000001
02030405060708090a0bffc400b5100002010303020403050504040000017d010203000411051221
31410613516107227114328191a1082342b1c11552d1f02433627282090a161718191a2526272829
2a3435363738393a434445464748494a535455565758595a636465666768696a737475767778797a
0101010101010101010000000000000102030405060708090a0bffc400b511000201020404030407
05040400010277000102031104052131061241510761711322328108144291a1b1c109233352f015
6272d10a162434e125f11718191a262728292a35363738393a434445464748494a53545556575859
5a636465666768696a737475767778797a82838485868788898a92939495969798999aa2a3a4a5a6
00ffd9
}
\cf0 {\ul G}{\ul .}{\ul 7}{\ul 0}{\ul 3}
{\b0 The}{\b0 TRAU}{\b0 converts}{\b0 the}{\b0 GSM}{\b0 channels}{\b0 into
}{\b0 ISDN}{\b0 D-channels}{\b0 in}{\b0 accordance}{\b0 with}{\b0 the}{\b0
G.703 }
{\b0 Recommendation.}{\b0 This}{\b0 Recommendation}{\b0 specifies}{\b0 phys
ical}{\b0 and}{\b0 electrical}{\b0 characteristics}{\b0 of }
{\b0 the}{\b0 interfaces}{\b0 at}{\b0 hierarchical}{\b0 bit}{\b0 rates}{\b0
that}{\b0 are}{\b0 described}{\b0 in}{\b0 Recommendation}{\b0 G.702.}{\b0
The }
{\b0 interfaces}{\b0 are}{\b0 defined}{\b0 in}{\b0 terms}{\b0 of}{\b0 gene
ral}{\b0 characteristics,}{\b0 specifications}{\b0 at}{\b0 the}{\b0 output}

{\b0 ports}{\b0 and }
{\b0 input}{\b0 ports}{\b0 and/or}{\b0 cross-connect}{\b0 points,}{\b0 eart
hing}{\b0 of}{\b0 outer}{\b0 conductor}{\b0 or}{\b0 screen}{\b0 and}{\b0
coding }
{\b0 rules}{\b0 etc. }\par
}
_____________________________________________________________________
\f10 \fs32 5.5}{\b \f10 \fs32
GSM}{\b \f10 \fs32 Signalling}{\b \f10 \fs32
Protocols }\par
}
\cf0 GSM Signalling Protocol Stack \par
}
}
\cf94 A{\fs9 bis }\par
}
cf0 A \par
}
\cf121 BTS \par
}
\cf121 BSC \par
}
cf0 GSM Core
i75 Network
i75 {\cf94 Network }\par
}
\cf121 MSC \par
}
\cf94 PSTN \par
}
\cf121 BTS \par
}
cf0 CM
0 MM \par
}
cf0 RR \par
}
cf0 LAPDm
0 \fi60 TDMA
0 \fi120 {\fs14 MS }\par
}
\fs12 \cf0 RR
0 LAPDm
0 \fi45 TDMA \par
}
cf0 BTSM
0 LAPD
0 G.703 \par
}
\fs12 \cf0 RR
f0 BTSM
f0 LAPD
f0 G.703 \par
}
\fs12 \cf0 DTAP
\par}{\phpg\posx7035\pvpg\posy9109\absw606\absh531 \sl-180 \b \f10 \fs12 \cf0 BS
SMAP
0 \fi120 SCCP \par
}
\fs12 \cf0 CM
f0 \fi180 MM
f0 \fi105 DTAP
\par}{\phpg\posx8415\pvpg\posy8509\absw606\absh1071 \sl-180 \b \f10 \fs12 \cf0 B
SSMAP
f0 \fi105 SCCP \par
}
cf0 Layer 3 \par
}
\cf0 MTP' \par
}
\cf0 MTP' \par
}
cf0 Layer 2
0 Layer 1 \par
}
\cf0 BTS \par

}
\cf0 BSC \par
}
\cf0 MSC \par
}
The GSM Signalling Protocol Stack (Um / A-bis / A Interfaces) contains the follo
wing
tocols: \par
}
}\f40 \fs17 \cf0 \par
}
}\f40 \fs17 \cf0 \par
}
{\ul L}{\ul a}{\ul y}{\ul e}{\ul r}{\ul }{\ul 1}{\ul }{\ul P}{\ul r}{\ul o}{\
ul t}{\ul o}{\ul c}{\ul o}{\ul l}
i360 TDMA - Time Division Multiple Access
i360 G.703 - ITU PCM frame structure
i360 MTP - Message Transfer Part
0 {\ul L}{\ul a}{\ul y}{\ul e}{\ul r}{\ul }{\ul 2}{\ul }{\ul P}{\ul r}{\ul o}{
\ul t}{\ul o}{\ul c}{\ul o}{\ul l}{\ul s}
i360 LAPDm Link Access Protocol D-channel-mobile
i360 LAPD Link Access Protocol D-Channel \par
}
}
71 \par
}
ffd8ffe000104a46494600010100000100010000ffdb004300010101010101010101010101010101
01010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101
010101010101010101ffdb0043010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101
0101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101ffc0
001108034a025403012200021101031101ffc4001f00000105010101010101000000000000000001
02030405060708090a0bffc400b5100002010303020403050504040000017d010203000411051221
31410613516107227114328191a1082342b1c11552d1f02433627282090a161718191a2526272829
2a3435363738393a434445464748494a535455565758595a636465666768696a737475767778797a
0101010101010101010000000000000102030405060708090a0bffc400b511000201020404030407
05040400010277000102031104052131061241510761711322328108144291a1b1c109233352f015
6272d10a162434e125f11718191a262728292a35363738393a434445464748494a53545556575859
5a636465666768696a737475767778797a82838485868788898a92939495969798999aa2a3a4a5a6
00ffd9
\cf0 5. GSM Protocols
fi1440 {\f0\fs22 \bullet }{\f40 }\par
}
{\ul L}{\ul a}{\ul y}{\ul e}{\ul r}{\ul }{\ul 3}{\ul }{\ul P}{\ul r}{\ul o}{\u
l t}{\ul o}{\ul c}{\ul o}{\ul l}{\ul s}
360 RR - Radio Resource Management
360 MM - Mobility Management
360 CM - Connection management
360 BTSM - Base Transceiver Station Management
360 SCCP - Signalling Connection Control Part
360 BSSMAP - Base Station Subsystem Management Application
1349 Part
360 DTAP - Direct Transfer Application Part
\fi360 Note: the DTAP and BSSMAP are together referred to as the Base Station S
ubsystem
360 Application Part (BSSAP). \par
}
\cf0 GSM Recommendation Mapping of

fi630 {\cf94 Signalling} Protocol Stack
}{\phpg\posx4290\pvpg\posy4975\absw4891\absh552 \b \f10 \fs25 \cf0 \fi630 {\cf94
Stack }\par
}
The above diagram is provide for reference as it indicated the ETSI Recommendat
ions relating
each of the protocols e.g. details of the LAPD protocol functionality can be f
ound in GSM
\par}{\phpg\posx2445\pvpg\posy10847\absw8320\absh1338 \sl-255 \f20 \fs17 \cf0 08
.56.
0 The purpose and functionality of these protocols will be covered below, dealt
with by
terface i.e. Um, A-bis and A interfaces. \par
}
0 _____________________________________________________________________
\b \f10 \fs32 5.6}{\b \f10 \fs32
The}{\b \f10 \fs32 Air}{\b \f10 \fs32 (U }
{\b\dn006 \f10 \fs20 m}{\b \f10 \fs32 )}{\b \f10 \fs32 Interface}{\b \f10 \fs3
2 Protocols }
5 \cf0 \fi1425 {\fs17 The}{\fs17 Um}{\fs17 interface}{\fs17 interconnects}{\f
s17 the}{\fs17 mobile}{\fs17 network}{\fs17 elements}{\fs17 (i.e.}{\fs17 M
Ss)}{\fs17 with}{\fs17 the}{\fs17 fixed}{\fs17 network }
fi1425 {\fs17 (}{\fs17 in}{\fs17 this}{\fs17 case}{\fs17 BTSs). }\par
}
2 \par
}
}
ffd8ffe000104a46494600010100000100010000ffdb004300010101010101010101010101010101
01010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101
010101010101010101ffdb0043010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101
0101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101ffc0
001108034a025403012200021101031101ffc4001f00000105010101010101000000000000000001
02030405060708090a0bffc400b5100002010303020403050504040000017d010203000411051221
31410613516107227114328191a1082342b1c11552d1f02433627282090a161718191a2526272829
2a3435363738393a434445464748494a535455565758595a636465666768696a737475767778797a
0101010101010101010000000000000102030405060708090a0bffc400b511000201020404030407
05040400010277000102031104052131061241510761711322328108144291a1b1c109233352f015
6272d10a162434e125f11718191a262728292a35363738393a434445464748494a53545556575859
5a636465666768696a737475767778797a82838485868788898a92939495969798999aa2a3a4a5a6
00ffd9
}
\cf94 Air{\cf0 Interface}{\cf0 Layer}{\cf0 Functions }\par
}
peech and Data \par
}
peech and Data \par
}
{\phpg\posx3375\pvpg\posy2884\absw502\absh139 \f10 \fs12 \cf0 \f10 \fs12 \cf0 La
yer 3 \par
}
\fs12 \cf94 Signalling
94 CC MM RR \par
}
C: Call Control
\par}{\phpg\posx5744\pvpg\posy3064\absw1621\absh450 \sl-180 \f10 \fs12 \cf0 MM:
Mobility Management
\par}{\phpg\posx5744\pvpg\posy3064\absw1621\absh450 \sl-165 \f10 \fs12 \cf0 RR:
Radio Resources \par
}
\fs12 \cf94 Signalling
94 CC MM RR \par
}
yer 2 \par
}

2 \cf94 Build frames
300 Request
\par}{\phpg\posx4274\pvpg\posy3964\absw1110\absh450 \sl-180 \f10 \fs12 \cf94 ack
nowledgement \par
}
2 \cf94 Reconstruct frames
\par}{\phpg\posx7755\pvpg\posy4054\absw1470\absh288 \sl-165 \f10 \fs12 \cf94 Sen
d acknowledgement \par
}
yer 1 \par
}
Channel coding
\par}{\phpg\posx4350\pvpg\posy4849\absw961\absh747 \sl-165 \f10 \fs12 \cf94 Erro
r protection
19 Interleaving
\fi29 RF modulation \par
}
\cf94 Error correction
29 De - interleaving
149 Equalization
RF demodulation \par
}
cf0 Radio waves \par
}
\cf0 5.6.1 {\ul U}{\ul m}{\ul }{\ul I}{\ul N}{\ul T}{\ul E}{\ul R}{\ul F}{\u
l A}{\ul C}{\ul E}{\ul }{\ul -}{\ul }{\ul L}{\ul A}{\ul Y}{\ul E}{\ul R}{\ul
}{\ul 1}
cf0 {\b0 \f20 \fs17 The}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 physical}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 medium}{\b0 \
f20 \fs17 at}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 layer}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 1}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 is}{\b0
\f20 \fs17 a}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 GMSK}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 modulated}{\b0 \f20 \fs17
UHF}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 radio}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 path.}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 The}{\b0 \f
20 \fs17 physical }
{\b0 \f20 \fs17 transmission}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 structure}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 is}{\b0
\f20 \fs17 based}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 on}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 a}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 16kbp
s}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 IDSN}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 D-channel}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 configuratio
n}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 with}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 a}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 composite }
{\b0 \f20 \fs17 carrier}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 data}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 rate}{\b0 \f20 \f
s17 of}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 271kbps.}{\b0 \f20 \fs17
The}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 Access
}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 method}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 uses}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 Time}{\b0 \f20 \
fs17 Division}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 Multiple}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 Access }
{\b0 \f20 \fs17 (TDMA). }
{\b0 \f20 \fs17 Layer}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 1}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 functions}{\b0 \f20 \f
s17 include}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 compression,}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 channel}{\b0 \f20 \f

s17 coding}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 for}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 Forward}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 Erro
r}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 Correction}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 (FEC), }
{\b0 \f20 \fs17 interleaving,}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 encryption}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 and}{
\b0 \f20 \fs17 modulation. }\par
}
\cf0 U {\dn006 \fs18 m} Interface Protocol Stack \par
}
\cf0 A{\fs9 \cf94 bis }\par
}
\cf0 A \par
}
}
\cf94 BTS \par
}
\cf94 BSC \par
}
\cf0 GSM Core
fi75 {\cf94 Network }\par
}
\cf94 MSC \par
}
\cf94 PSTN \par
}
\cf94 BTS \par
}
\cf0 CM
f0 MM \par
}
\cf0 RR \par
}
\cf0 LAPDm
f0 \fi60 TDMA
f0 \fi120 {\fs14 MS }\par
}
0 \fs12 \cf0 RR
cf0 LAPDm
cf0 \fi60 TDMA

cf0 \fi435 {\fs14 BTS }\par
}
\cf94 BTSM
f94 LAPD
f94 G.703 \par
}
10 \fs12 \cf94 RR
cf94 BTSM
cf94 LAPD
cf94 G.703 \par
}
0 \fs12 \cf94 DTAP
BSSMAP
f94 \fi105 SCCP \par
}
10 \fs12 \cf94 CM
cf94 \fi195 MM
cf94 \fi120 DTAP
BSSMAP
cf94 \fi105 SCCP \par
}
\cf0 Layer 3 \par
}
\cf94 MTP' \par
}
\cf94 MTP' \par
}
\cf0 Layer 2
f0 Layer 1 \par
}
\cf0 BSC \par
}
\cf0 MSC \par
}

}
73 \par
}
ffd8ffe000104a46494600010100000100010000ffdb004300010101010101010101010101010101
01010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101
010101010101010101ffdb0043010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101
0101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101ffc0
001108034a025403012200021101031101ffc4001f00000105010101010101000000000000000001
02030405060708090a0bffc400b5100002010303020403050504040000017d010203000411051221
31410613516107227114328191a1082342b1c11552d1f02433627282090a161718191a2526272829
2a3435363738393a434445464748494a535455565758595a636465666768696a737475767778797a
0101010101010101010000000000000102030405060708090a0bffc400b511000201020404030407
05040400010277000102031104052131061241510761711322328108144291a1b1c109233352f015
6272d10a162434e125f11718191a262728292a35363738393a434445464748494a53545556575859
5a636465666768696a737475767778797a82838485868788898a92939495969798999aa2a3a4a5a6
00ffd9
}
}{\ul 2}
cf0 {\b0 \f20 \fs17 The}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 Um}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 interface}{\b0 \f20
\fs17 layer}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 2}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 (data}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 link}{\
b0 \f20 \fs17 layer)}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 uses}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 LAPDm}{\b0 \f20 \fs
17 which}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 is}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 a}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 modified}{\b0
\f20 \fs17 version}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 of}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 the }
{\b0 \f20 \fs17 ISDN}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 LAPD}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 protocol}{\b0 \f20 \
fs17 used}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 in}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 fixed}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 networks.
}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 LAPDm}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 has}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 been}{\b0 \f20 \f
s17 specifically}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 adapted}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 to}{\b0 \f20 \fs17
the}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 air }
{\b0 \f20 \fs17 interface}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 for}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 ISDN}{\b0 \f20 \
fs17 D(mobile)}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 channels}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 rather}{\b0 \f20 \fs1
7 than}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 standard}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 ISDN}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 D}{\b0
\f20 \fs17 channels. }
{\b0 \f20 \fs17 In}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 essence}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 LAPDm}{\b0 \f20 \fs
17 is}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 a}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 protocol}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 similar}{\b
0 \f20 \fs17 to}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 the}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 High-level}{\b0 \f20 \fs1
7 Data}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 Link}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 Protocol}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 (HDLC)}
{\b0 \f20 \fs17 which }
{\b0 \f20 \fs17 offers}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 a}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 number}{\b0 \f20 \fs1
7 of}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 services}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 on}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 the}{\b0 \f
20 \fs17 various}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 logical}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 Dm}{\b0 \f20 \fs17
channels}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 of}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 Layer}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 3. }
cf0 {\b0 \f20 \fs17 The}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 main}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 task}{\b0 \f20 \f
s17 of}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 Layer}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 2}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 is}{\b0 \f20
\fs17 the}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 transparent}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 transport}{\b0 \f20 \fs
17 of}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 messages}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 between}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 Layer
}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 3}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 protocol }
{\b0 \f20 \fs17 entities.}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 Layer}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 2}{\b0 \f20 \
fs17 functions}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 also}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 include}{\b0 \f20 \fs17
call}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 setup}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 and}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 clearing,}{\b0
\f20 \fs17 protected}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 data}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 transfer}{\b0 \f20
\fs17 (using }
{\b0 \f20 \fs17 Backward}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 Error}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 Correction}{\b0
\f20 \fs17 (BEC))}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 and}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 operates}{\b0 \f20 \fs
17 in}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 either}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 acknowledged}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 or
}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 unacknowledged }
{\b0 \f20 \fs17 mode. }
cf0 {\b0 \f20 \fs17 User}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 speech}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 and}{\b0 \f20
\fs17 data}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 is}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 generated}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 with
in}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 the}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 application}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 layers}{\b
0 \f20 \fs17 (layers}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 4-7)}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 and}{\b0 \f20 \fs17
is}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 passed }
{\b0 \f20 \fs17 down}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 through}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 layer}{\b0 \f20 \
fs17 3}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 into}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 layer}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 2}{\b0 \f2
0 \fs17 where}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 it}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 is}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 prepared
}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 for}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 transportation}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 over}{\b0
\f20 \fs17 the}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 air }
{\b0 \f20 \fs17 interface.}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 This}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 'preparation'
}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 (or}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 coding)}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 is}{\b0 \f20 \f
s17 covered}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 in}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 detail}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 in}{\b
0 \f20 \fs17 Section}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 6}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 of}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 th
ese}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 course}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 notes. }\par

}
\cf0 HDLC Frame Format \par
}
cf0 Flag
\par}{\phpg\posx3720\pvpg\posy7574\absw398\absh558 \sl-180 \b \f10 \fs14 \cf0 Fi
eld
0 \fi164 {\fs10 \cf1 8 }\par
}
\cf94 Address Control \par
}
\cf94 Field
94 \fi134 {\fs10 \cf1 8 }\par
}
\cf94 Field
94 \fi149 {\fs10 \cf1 8 }
\fs10 \cf1 (or}{\fs10 \cf1 16) }\par
}
\cf94 Information Field
4 \cf94 \fi164 {\fs10 \cf1 Variable }\par
}
\cf94 FCS Field
94 \fi284 {\fs10 \cf1 16 }
fi179 {\fs10 \cf1 (or}{\fs10 \cf1 32) }\par
}
cf0 Flag
\par}{\phpg\posx8895\pvpg\posy7574\absw398\absh544 \sl-180 \b \f10 \fs14 \cf0 Fi
eld
0 \fi180 {\fs10 \cf1 8 }\par
}
t }\f10 \fs16 \cf0 {\b
Flag}{\b Field.} Delineates each HDLC Frame. Alway
s 011111110 sequence
0\fs21 \bullet }{\b
Address}{\b Field}.
Identifies destination station a
ddress
0\fs21 \bullet }{\b
Control}{\b Field.} Conveys flow control, frame type
identifiers and network
224 commands
0\fs21 \bullet }{\b
Information}{\b Field}.
Contains level 2 messages
0\fs21 \bullet }{\b

Frame}{\b Check}{\b Sequence}{\b (FCS)}{\b Field}.
Uses a Cyclic Redundancy Check
224 (CRC) for error detection purposes \par
}
}{\ul 3}
cf0 {\b0 \f20 \fs17 Network}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 signalling}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 message
s}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 are}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 generated}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 at}{\b0 \f20
\fs17 Layer}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 3}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 and}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 relate}{\b
0 \f20 \fs17 to}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 one}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 of}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 three
}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 functions: }\par
}
}\f40 \fs17 \cf0
\fs22 \bullet }
}
Call Control (CC) Management
\par}{\phpg\posx3165\pvpg\posy12887\absw3043\absh676 \sl-255 \f20 \fs17 \cf0 Mob
ility Management (MM)
\par}{\phpg\posx3165\pvpg\posy12887\absw3043\absh676 \sl-255 \f20 \fs17 \cf0 Rad
io Resource (RR) Management \par
}
The messages generated by each of these functions are combined at layer 2 and pa
ssed
nsparently across layer 1 before being reconstituted into their respective funct
ional groups
\par}{\phpg\posx2445\pvpg\posy13892\absw8225\absh663 \sl-240 \f20 \fs17 \cf0 at
the BTS Layer 2 before being passes back into their layer 3 functional areas. \p
ar
}
4 \par
}
}
ffd8ffe000104a46494600010100000100010000ffdb004300010101010101010101010101010101
01010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101
010101010101010101ffdb0043010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101
0101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101ffc0
001108034a025403012200021101031101ffc4001f00000105010101010101000000000000000001
02030405060708090a0bffc400b5100002010303020403050504040000017d010203000411051221
31410613516107227114328191a1082342b1c11552d1f02433627282090a161718191a2526272829
2a3435363738393a434445464748494a535455565758595a636465666768696a737475767778797a
0101010101010101010000000000000102030405060708090a0bffc400b511000201020404030407
05040400010277000102031104052131061241510761711322328108144291a1b1c109233352f015
6272d10a162434e125f11718191a262728292a35363738393a434445464748494a53545556575859
5a636465666768696a737475767778797a82838485868788898a92939495969798999aa2a3a4a5a6
00ffd9
}
ote that the RR Management functional relationship exists between the MS and
the BSS
\par}{\phpg\posx2565\pvpg\posy1472\absw8123\absh663 \sl-255 \f20 \fs17 \cf0 wher
eas the CM and MM functional relationship exists between the MS and the MSC. In
all
\par}{\phpg\posx2565\pvpg\posy1472\absw8123\absh663 \sl-240 \f20 \fs17 \cf0 case
s, these messages are passed transparently over Layers 1 and 2 of the Um interfa
ce. \par
}
_____________________________________________________________________
\f10 \fs32 5.7}{\b \f10 \fs32
The}{\b \f10 \fs32 Abis}{\b \f10 \fs32 (BSCBTS)}{\b \f10 \fs32 Interface}{\b \f10 \fs32 Protocols }\par
}
\cf0 A -bis Interface Protocol Stack \par
}
}
}

cf0 A \par
}
\cf94 BTS \par
}
\cf94 BSC \par
}
cf0 GSM Core
}
\cf94 MSC \par
}
\cf94 PSTN \par
}
\cf94 BTS \par
}
\cf63 CM
63 MM \par
}
\cf63 RR \par
}
\cf63 LAPDm
63 \fi60 TDMA
63 \fi120 {\fs14 \cf0 MS }\par
}
0 \fs12 \cf63 RR
f63 LAPDm
f63 \fi60 TDMA
f63 \fi435 {\fs14 \cf0 BTS }\par
}
cf0 BTSM
0 LAPD
0 G.703 \par
}
\fs12 \cf0 RR
f0 BTSM
f0 LAPD

f0 G.703 \par
}
\fs12 \cf63 DTAP
SSMAP
63 \fi105 SCCP \par
}
0 \fs12 \cf63 CM
f63 \fi195 MM
f63 \fi120 DTAP
BSSMAP
f63 \fi105 SCCP \par
}
cf0 Layer 3 \par
}
\cf63 MTP' \par
}
\cf63 MTP' \par
}
cf0 Layer 2
0 Layer 1 \par
}
cf0 BSC \par
}
cf0 MSC \par
}
he A-bis interface interconnects BTSs to BSC within the Base Station Subsystem (
BSS). The
\par}{\phpg\posx2565\pvpg\posy9872\absw8108\absh663 \sl-240 \f20 \fs17 \cf0 phys
ical medium at this interface can be either cable (copper - or more commonly opt
ical
\par}{\phpg\posx2565\pvpg\posy9872\absw8108\absh663 \sl-255 \f20 \fs17 \cf0 fibr
e) or microwave. \par
}
1 \cf0 5.7.1 {\ul A}{\ul b}{\ul i}{\ul s}{\ul }{\ul I}{\ul N}{\ul T}{\ul E}{\
ul R}{\ul F}{\ul A}{\ul C}{\ul E}{\ul }{\ul -}{\ul }{\ul L}{\ul A}{\ul Y}{\ul
E}{\ul R}{\ul }{\ul 1}
\cf0 {\b0 \f20 \fs17 The}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 physical}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 transmission
}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 structure}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 is}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 based}{\b0 \f20
\fs17 on}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 a}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 16kbps}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 IDSN}{\b0
\f20 \fs17 D-channel}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 configuration. }
{\b0 \f20 \fs17 Four}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 D-channels}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 are}{\b0 \f2
0 \fs17 sub-multiplexed}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 onto}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 a}{\b0 \f20 \fs1
7 single}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 ISDN}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 B-channel}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 whic
h}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 can}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 then }
{\b0 \f20 \fs17 multiplexed}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 onto}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 a}{\b0 \f20
\fs17 2048kbps}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 E1}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 link}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 (32x}
{\b0 \f20 \fs17 64kbps}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 channels).}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 This}{\b0
\f20 \fs17 multiplexing}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 option}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 is }
{\b0 \f20 \fs17 dependant}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 upon}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 the}{\b0 \f20
\fs17 location}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 of}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 the}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 TRAU}{
\b0 \f20 \fs17 (see}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 description}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 of}{\b0 \f20
\fs17 TRAU}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 above). }\par
}
1 \cf0 5.7.2 {\ul A}{\ul b}{\ul i}{\ul s}{\ul }{\ul I}{\ul N}{\ul T}{\ul E}{\
ul R}{\ul F}{\ul A}{\ul C}{\ul E}{\ul }{\ul -}{\ul }{\ul L}{\ul A}{\ul Y}{\ul
E}{\ul R}{\ul }{\ul 2}
\cf0 {\b0 \f20 \fs17 The}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 A}{\b0\dn006 \f20 \fs12 bis}{\b0 \f20
\fs17 interface}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 data}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 link}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 la
yer}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 protocol}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 is}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 based}{\b0 \f
20 \fs17 on}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 the}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 ISDN}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 D-chann
el}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 Link}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 Access }
{\b0 \f20 \fs17 Protocol}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 (LAPD)}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 which}{\b0 \f
20 \fs17 is}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 itself}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 based}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 on}
{\b0 \f20 \fs17 the}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 High-level}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 Data}{\b0 \f20
\fs17 Link}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 Control}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 protocol}{\b0 \f20 \fs17
(HDLC) }
{\b0 \f20 \fs17 as}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 described}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 above.}{\b0 \f20
\fs17 LAPD}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 performs}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 similar}{\b0 \f20 \fs17
functions}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 to}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 LAPDm}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 but}{\b0
\f20 \fs17 over}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 the}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 BTS-BSC}{\b0 \f20 \fs17
A}{\b0\dn006 \f20 \fs12 bis }\par
}
nterface. \par
}
}
75 \par
}
ffd8ffe000104a46494600010100000100010000ffdb004300010101010101010101010101010101
01010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101
010101010101010101ffdb0043010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101
0101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101ffc0
001108034a025403012200021101031101ffc4001f00000105010101010101000000000000000001
02030405060708090a0bffc400b5100002010303020403050504040000017d010203000411051221
31410613516107227114328191a1082342b1c11552d1f02433627282090a161718191a2526272829
2a3435363738393a434445464748494a535455565758595a636465666768696a737475767778797a
0101010101010101010000000000000102030405060708090a0bffc400b511000201020404030407
05040400010277000102031104052131061241510761711322328108144291a1b1c109233352f015
6272d10a162434e125f11718191a262728292a35363738393a434445464748494a53545556575859
5a636465666768696a737475767778797a82838485868788898a92939495969798999aa2a3a4a5a6
00ffd9
\cf0 5. GSM Protocols
\fi1425 {\b \fs21 5.7.3}{\b \fs21
{\ul A}{\ul b}{\ul i}{\ul s}}{\b \fs21 {\ul
}{\ul I}{\ul N}{\ul T}{\ul E}{\ul R}{\ul F}{\ul A}{\ul C}{\ul E}}{\b \fs21 {\u
l }{\ul -}}{\b \fs21 {\ul }{\ul L}{\ul A}{\ul Y}{\ul E}{\ul R}}{\b \fs21 {\ul
}{\ul 3} }
\fi1425 {\f20 Layer}{\f20 3}{\f20 utilises}{\f20 the}{\f20 Base}{\f20 Tran
sceiver}{\f20 Station}{\f20 Management}{\f20 (BTSM)}{\f20 protocol.}{\f20
Most}{\f20 RR }
425 {\f20 messages}{\f20 are}{\f20 passed}{\f20 transparently}{\f20 through}
{\f20 the}{\f20 BTS}{\f20 to}{\f20 the}{\f20 BSC}{\f20 (and}{\f20 vice}{\
f20 versa).}{\f20 However, }
425 {\f20 certain}{\f20 RR}{\f20 information}{\f20 must}{\f20 be}{\f20 int
erpreted}{\f20 by}{\f20 the}{\f20 BTS}{\f20 e.g.}{\f20 random}{\f20 access
}{\f20 of}{\f20 the}{\f20 MS,}{\f20 start}{\f20 of }
425 {\f20 ciphering}{\f20 and}{\f20 paging.}{\f20 The}{\f20 BTSM}{\f20 con
tains}{\f20 functions}{\f20 for}{\f20 processing}{\f20 these}{\f20 messages
}{\f20 and}{\f20 other }
425 {\f20 BTS-specific}{\f20 management}{\f20 procedures. }\par
}
_____________________________________________________________________
\f10 \fs32 5.8}{\b \f10 \fs32
The}{\b \f10 \fs32 A}{\b \f10 \fs32 (MSC-BSS
)}{\b \f10 \fs32 Interface}{\b \f10 \fs32 Protocols }\par
}
\cf0 A Interface Protocol Stack \par
}
}
cf0 A \par
}
}
\cf94 BTS \par
}
\cf94 BSC \par
}
cf0 GSM Core
}
\cf94 MSC \par
}
\cf94 PSTN \par
}
\cf94 BTS \par
}
\cf63 CM
63 MM \par
}
\cf63 RR \par
}
\cf63 LAPDm
63 \fi60 TDMA
63 \fi120 {\fs14 \cf0 MS }\par
}
0 \fs12 \cf63 RR
f63 LAPDm
f63 \fi60 TDMA
f63 \fi435 {\fs14 \cf0 BTS }\par
}
\cf94 BTSM
94 LAPD
94 G.703 \par
}
0 \fs12 \cf94 RR
f94 BTSM
f94 LAPD
f94 G.703 \par
}
\fs12 \cf0 DTAP
\par}{\phpg\posx7185\pvpg\posy8059\absw606\absh544 \sl-180 \b \f10 \fs12 \cf0 BS
SMAP
0 \fi105 SCCP \par
}
\fs12 \cf0 CM
f0 \fi195 MM
f0 \fi120 DTAP
SSMAP
f0 \fi105 SCCP \par
}
cf0 Layer 3 \par
}
cf0 MTP' \par
}
cf0 MTP' \par
}
cf0 Layer 2
0 Layer 1 \par
}
cf0 BSC \par
}
cf0 MSC \par
}
The A interface interconnects a BSC with an MSC and is considered to lie within
the GSM core
twork. Unlike, the GSM-specific Um and A-bis interfaces, the core network A int
erface
\par}{\phpg\posx2445\pvpg\posy10637\absw8319\absh3619 \sl-255 \f20 \fs17 \cf0 op
erates using subsets of the SS7 Signalling standard. These protocols are define
d in the 08\par}{\phpg\posx2445\pvpg\posy10637\absw8319\absh3619 \sl-255 \f20 \fs17 \cf0 se
ries of the ETSI GSM Recommendations.
0 {\b \f10 \fs21 5.8.1}{\b \f10 \fs21
{\ul A}}{\b \f10 \fs21 {\ul }{\ul I}{\
ul N}{\ul T}{\ul E}{\ul R}{\ul F}{\ul A}{\ul C}{\ul E}}{\b \f10 \fs21 {\ul }{\u
l -}}{\b \f10 \fs21 {\ul }{\ul L}{\ul A}{\ul Y}{\ul E}{\ul R}}{\b \f10 \fs21 {\
ul }{\ul 1} }
e physical medium within layer 1 is similar to that described for the A-bis inte
rface in
\par}{\phpg\posx2445\pvpg\posy10637\absw8319\absh3619 \sl-255 \f20 \fs17 \cf0 te
rms of ISDN connections.
0 {\b \f10 \fs21 5.8.2}{\b \f10 \fs21
{\ul A}}{\b \f10 \fs21 {\ul }{\ul I}{\
ul N}{\ul T}{\ul E}{\ul R}{\ul F}{\ul A}{\ul C}{\ul E}}{\b \f10 \fs21 {\ul }{\u
l -}}{\b \f10 \fs21 {\ul }{\ul L}{\ul A}{\ul Y}{\ul E}{\ul R}}{\b \f10 \fs21 {\
ul }{\ul 1}{\ul &}{\ul 2}}{\b \f10 \fs21 {\ul }{\ul S}{\ul I}{\ul G}{\ul N}{\u
l A}{\ul L}{\ul L}{\ul I}{\ul N}{\ul G} }
0 A interface signalling is based on the SS7 protocol which essentially covers b
oth layer 1 and 2
the reference model. Message transport in the SS7 network is realised through
the Message
ansfer Part (MTP).
MTP provides for both routing and transport of signalling
messages.
\par}{\phpg\posx2445\pvpg\posy10637\absw8319\absh3619 \sl-255 \f20 \fs17 \cf0 A
slightly modified version of the MTP, MTP', has been defined for the protected t
ransport of
\par}{\phpg\posx2445\pvpg\posy10637\absw8319\absh3619 \sl-255 \f20 \fs17 \cf0 si
gnalling messages over the A interface. \par
}
6 \par
}
}
ffd8ffe000104a46494600010100000100010000ffdb004300010101010101010101010101010101
01010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101
010101010101010101ffdb0043010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101
0101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101ffc0
001108034a025403012200021101031101ffc4001f00000105010101010101000000000000000001
02030405060708090a0bffc400b5100002010303020403050504040000017d010203000411051221
31410613516107227114328191a1082342b1c11552d1f02433627282090a161718191a2526272829
2a3435363738393a434445464748494a535455565758595a636465666768696a737475767778797a
0101010101010101010000000000000102030405060708090a0bffc400b511000201020404030407
05040400010277000102031104052131061241510761711322328108144291a1b1c109233352f015
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5a636465666768696a737475767778797a82838485868788898a92939495969798999aa2a3a4a5a6
00ffd9
}
\cf0 5.8.3 {\ul A}{\ul }{\ul I}{\ul N}{\ul T}{\ul E}{\ul R}{\ul F}{\ul A}{\u
l C}{\ul E}{\ul }{\ul -}{\ul }{\ul L}{\ul A}{\ul Y}{\ul E}{\ul R}{\ul }{\ul 3
}
cf0 {\b0 \f20 \fs17 Layer}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 3}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 utilises}{\b0 \f20
\fs17 a}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 number}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 of}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 protocols
,}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 each}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 providing}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 different}{\
b0 \f20 \fs17 functionality.}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 For}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 GSM- }
{\b0 \f20 \fs17 specific}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 signalling}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 between}{\
b0 \f20 \fs17 the}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 BSC}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 and}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 th
e}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 MSC}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 the}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 Base}{\b0 \f20 \fs1
7 Station}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 Subsystem}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 Application}{\b0 \f20 \fs
17 Part }
{\b0 \f20 \fs17 (BSSAP)}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 has}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 been}{\b0 \f20 \fs
17 defined}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 which}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 itself}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 is}{
\b0 \f20 \fs17 divided}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 into}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 the}{\b0 \f20 \fs
17 Direct}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 Transfer}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 Application}{\b0 \f20 \fs1
7 Part }
{\b0 \f20 \fs17 (DTAP)}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 and}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 the}{\b0 \f20 \fs17
Base}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 Station}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 Subsystem}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 Mobi
le}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 Application}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 Part}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 (BSSMAP).
}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 In}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 addition, }
{\b0 \f20 \fs17 layer}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 3}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 messages}{\b0 \f20 \fs
17 are}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 transported}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 using}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 the
}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 Signalling}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 Connection}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 Contro
l}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 Part}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 (SCCP) }
cf0 \fi735 5.8.3.1 {\ul D}{\ul T}{\ul A}{\ul P}
\fi735 {\b0 \f20 \fs17 The}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 DTAP}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 is}{\b0 \f20 \
fs17 used}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 to}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 convey}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 messages
}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 between}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 the}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 MS}{\b0 \f20 \fs
17 and}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 the}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 MSC}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 i.e.}{\b0 \f2
0 \fs17 the}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 Call }
\fi735 {\b0 \f20 \fs17 Control}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 (CC)}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 and}{\b0 \
f20 \fs17 Mobility}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 Management}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 (MM)}{\b0 \f20
\fs17 messages.}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 At}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 the}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 A}{\
b0 \f20 \fs17 interface}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 they}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 are }
\fi735 {\b0 \f20 \fs17 transmitted}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 from}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 the}{\
b0 \f20 \fs17 MSC}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 with}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 DTAP}{\b0 \f20 \fs17
and}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 then}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 passed}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 transparently
}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 through}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 the }
\fi735 {\b0 \f20 \fs17 BSS,}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 across}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 the}{\b0 \f
20 \fs17 A-bis}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 interface}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 to}{\b0 \f20 \fs17
the}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 MS}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 without}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 BTS}{\b0 \f20
\fs17 interpretation. }
cf0 \fi735 5.8.3.2 {\ul B}{\ul S}{\ul S}{\ul M}{\ul A}{\ul P}
\fi735 {\b0 \f20 \fs17 The}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 BSSMAP}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 is}{\b0 \f20
\fs17 the}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 protocol}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 responsible}{\b0 \f20 \fs
17 for}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 all}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 the}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 administratio
n}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 of}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 the}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 BSS}{\b0 \f20 \fs17
radio }
\fi735 {\b0 \f20 \fs17 resources.}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 However,}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 so
me}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 of}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 these}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 functions}{\b0 \f
20 \fs17 require}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 involvement}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 of}{\b0 \f20 \fs
17 the}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 MSC,}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 for }
\fi735 {\b0 \f20 \fs17 example,}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 some}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 handover}
{\b0 \f20 \fs17 situations}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 and}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 release}{\b0 \
f20 \fs17 of}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 connections}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 or}{\b0 \f20 \fs17
channels.}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 Such }
\fi735 {\b0 \f20 \fs17 actions}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 are}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 initiated}{
\b0 \f20 \fs17 and}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 controlled}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 by}{\b0 \f20 \f
s17 the}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 MSC.}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 This}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 control}{
\b0 \f20 \fs17 is}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 the}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 responsibility}{\b0 \f2
0 \fs17 of }
\fi735 {\b0 \f20 \fs17 the}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 BSSMAP}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 RR}{\b0 \f2
0 \fs17 messages}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 are}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 mapped}{\b0 \f20 \fs17
and}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 converted}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 within}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 the}{\b0
\f20 \fs17 BSC}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 into}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 BSSMAP }
\fi735 {\b0 \f20 \fs17 procedures}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 and}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 messages
}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 and}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 vice}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 versa. }
cf0 \fi735 5.8.3.3 {\ul S}{\ul C}{\ul C}{\ul P}

\fi735 {\b0 \f20 \fs17 For}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 signalling}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 transact
ions}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 between}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 the}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 MSC}{\b0 \f2
0 \fs17 and}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 the}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 MS}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 (i.e.}{\
b0 \f20 \fs17 CM}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 and}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 MM)}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 it}
{\b0 \f20 \fs17 is }
\fi735 {\b0 \f20 \fs17 necessary}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 to}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 establish}
{\b0 \f20 \fs17 and}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 identify}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 distinct}{\b0 \f
20 \fs17 logical}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 connections.}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 The}{\b0 \f20
\fs17 SCCP}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 is}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 used}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 for }
\fi735 {\b0 \f20 \fs17 this}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 purpose}{\b0 \f20 . }\par
}
cf0 {\b0 \fs21 This}{\b0 \fs21 Section}{\b0 \fs21 has}{\b0 \fs21 covered}{\b0
What}{\b0 \fs21 are}{\b0 \f
s21 Protocols }
OSI}{\b0 \fs21 7}{\b0 \fs21
Layer}{\b0 \fs21 Model }
GSM}{\b0 \fs21 Protocol}{\b
0 \fs21 Overview }
GSM}{\b0 \fs21 Transmission
}{\b0 \fs21 Protocols }
GSM}{\b0 \fs21 Signalling}{
\b0 \fs21 Protocols }
Air,}{\b0 \fs21 A-bis}{\b0
\fs21 and}{\b0 \fs21 A}{\b0 \fs21 Interface}{\b0 \fs21 Protocols }\par
}
}
77 \par
}
ffd8ffe000104a46494600010100000100010000ffdb004300010101010101010101010101010101
01010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101
010101010101010101ffdb0043010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101
0101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101ffc0
001108034a025403012200021101031101ffc4001f00000105010101010101000000000000000001
02030405060708090a0bffc400b5100002010303020403050504040000017d010203000411051221
31410613516107227114328191a1082342b1c11552d1f02433627282090a161718191a2526272829
2a3435363738393a434445464748494a535455565758595a636465666768696a737475767778797a
0101010101010101010000000000000102030405060708090a0bffc400b511000201020404030407
05040400010277000102031104052131061241510761711322328108144291a1b1c109233352f015
6272d10a162434e125f11718191a262728292a35363738393a434445464748494a53545556575859
5a636465666768696a737475767778797a82838485868788898a92939495969798999aa2a3a4a5a6
00ffd9
}
}
8 \par
}
}
ffd8ffe000104a46494600010100000100010000ffdb004300010101010101010101010101010101
01010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101
010101010101010101ffdb0043010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101
0101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101ffc0
001108034a025403012200021101031101ffc4001f00000105010101010101000000000000000001
02030405060708090a0bffc400b5100002010303020403050504040000017d010203000411051221
31410613516107227114328191a1082342b1c11552d1f02433627282090a161718191a2526272829
2a3435363738393a434445464748494a535455565758595a636465666768696a737475767778797a
0101010101010101010000000000000102030405060708090a0bffc400b511000201020404030407
05040400010277000102031104052131061241510761711322328108144291a1b1c109233352f015
6272d10a162434e125f11718191a262728292a35363738393a434445464748494a53545556575859
5a636465666768696a737475767778797a82838485868788898a92939495969798999aa2a3a4a5a6
00ffd9
\cf0 6. Speech and Channel Coding \par
}
}
0 ____________________________________________________________________
\b \f10 \fs32 6.1}{\b \f10 \fs32
Introduction }
f0 \fi1425 {\fs17 Here}{\fs17 we}{\fs17 will}{\fs17 consider}{\fs17 two}{\fs
17 forms}{\fs17 of}{\fs17 coding}{\fs17 techniques}{\fs17 used}{\fs17 with
in}{\fs17 the}{\fs17 GSM}{\fs17 system.}{\fs17 Firstly }
fi1425 {\fs17 the}{\fs17 process}{\fs17 used}{\fs17 to}{\fs17 convert}{\fs17
human}{\fs17 speech}{\fs17 into}{\fs17 a}{\fs17 digital}{\fs17 equivalent
}{\fs17 and}{\fs17 secondly}{\fs17 the}{\fs17 coding }
fi1425 {\fs17 processes}{\fs17 for}{\fs17 compressing}{\fs17 and}{\fs17 prot
ecting}{\fs17 the}{\fs17 data}{\fs17 for}{\fs17 transmission}{\fs17 over}{\
fs17 the}{\fs17 air}{\fs17 interface. }
f0 \fi1425 {\fs17 This}{\fs17 section}{\fs17 also}{\fs17 covers}{\fs17 the}{
\fs17 interleaving}{\fs17 techniques}{\fs17 by}{\fs17 GSM}{\fs17 to}{\fs17
further}{\fs17 protect}{\fs17 the}{\fs17 Air }
fi1440 {\fs17 Interface}{\fs17 data}{\fs17 from}{\fs17 the}{\fs17 effects}{\
fs17 of}{\fs17 'bursty'}{\fs17 noise}{\fs17 and}{\fs17 radio}{\fs17 interf
ace}{\fs17 modulation}{\fs17 techniques. }\par
}

}
79 \par
}
ffd8ffe000104a46494600010100000100010000ffdb004300010101010101010101010101010101
01010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101
010101010101010101ffdb0043010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101
0101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101ffc0
001108034a025403012200021101031101ffc4001f00000105010101010101000000000000000001
02030405060708090a0bffc400b5100002010303020403050504040000017d010203000411051221
31410613516107227114328191a1082342b1c11552d1f02433627282090a161718191a2526272829
2a3435363738393a434445464748494a535455565758595a636465666768696a737475767778797a
0101010101010101010000000000000102030405060708090a0bffc400b511000201020404030407
05040400010277000102031104052131061241510761711322328108144291a1b1c109233352f015
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5a636465666768696a737475767778797a82838485868788898a92939495969798999aa2a3a4a5a6
00ffd9
}
_____________________________________________________________________
\f10 \fs32 6.2}{\b \f10 \fs32
Speech}{\b \f10 \fs32 Coding}{\b \f10 \fs32
Techniques }\par
}

\cf0 GSM Voice & Channel Coding Sequence \par
}
cf1 Speech Coding \par
}
\fs10 \cf94 8000 Hz
\par}{\phpg\posx4395\pvpg\posy4116\absw525\absh214 \sl-107 \b \f10 \fs10 \cf94 s
ampling \par
}
\fs10 \cf94 13-bit
fi60 resolution
\par}{\phpg\posx4304\pvpg\posy5016\absw720\absh322 \sl-107 \b \f10 \fs10 \cf94 Q
uantization \par
}
cf0 2080-bit (20ms)
i239 blocks
i209 (note 1) \par
}
cf0 8000x13bits
i60 {\cf1 =}{\cf1 104}{\cf1 kbps }\par
}
\fs10 \cf1 22.8 kbps
cf0 456-bit}{\cf0 blocks }\par
}
\fs10 \cf94 RPE-LTP
\par}{\phpg\posx4229\pvpg\posy6066\absw809\absh214 \sl-107 \b \f10 \fs10 \cf94 S
peech Coder \par
}
\cf94 Channel
fi29 Coding \par
}
\cf94 Interleaving \par
}
\fs10 \cf94 GMSK
\par}{\phpg\posx8550\pvpg\posy6066\absw644\absh228 \sl-120 \b \f10 \fs10 \cf94 M
odulation \par
}
cf1 Channel Coding \par
}
cf0 156.25-bit bursts \par
}
0 \fs10 \cf0 260-bit blocks

fi1439 {\cf1 13}{\cf1 kbps }
f0 {\fs9 note}{\fs9 1:}{\fs9 160}{\fs9 samples}{\fs9 of}{\fs9 13}{\fs9 bit
s}{\fs9 per}{\fs9 20ms }\par
}
\cf94 Encryption \par
}
0 \fs10 \cf94 Radio Burst
\fi780 Multiplexing
0 \cf94 {\cf1 Radio}{\cf1 Interface }\par
}
here are several schemes available for reducing the bandwidth required for a sin
gle voice
nel from the 64 kbps PCM requirement.
When the GSM specification was being de
fined,
\par}{\phpg\posx2445\pvpg\posy8372\absw8288\absh892 \sl-240 \f20 \fs17 \cf0 over
20 different voice coding schemes were initially considered. This number was r
apidly
\par}{\phpg\posx2445\pvpg\posy8372\absw8288\absh892 \sl-255 \f20 \fs17 \cf0 redu
ced to 6 schemes from 6 different countries before trials started. \par
}
t }\f10 \fs21 \cf0
{\f0\fs27 \bullet }
}
f10 \fs28 \cf0 Speech Coding
\cf0 {\b0 \fs21 GSM}{\b0 \fs21 transmits}{\b0 \fs21 using}{\b0 \fs21 digital}
{\b0 \fs21 modulation}{\b0 \fs21 -}{\b0 \fs21 speech}{\b0 \fs21 must}{\b0 \f
s21 be }
{\b0 \fs21 converted}{\b0 \fs21 to}{\b0 \fs21 binary}{\b0 \fs21 digits }
{\b0 \fs21 Coder}{\b0 \fs21 and}{\b0 \fs21 decoder}{\b0 \fs21 must}{\b0 \fs2
1 work}{\b0 \fs21 to}{\b0 \fs21 the}{\b0 \fs21 same}{\b0 \fs21 standard }
{\b0 \fs21 Simplest}{\b0 \fs21 coding}{\b0 \fs21 scheme}{\b0 \fs21 is}{\b0 \
fs21 Pulse}{\b0 \fs21 Code}{\b0 \fs21 Modulation}{\b0 \fs21 (PCM) }\par
}
}\f10 \fs17 \cf0
fs23 \bullet } \par
}
Sampling every 125{\f40 }s
\par}{\phpg\posx3975\pvpg\posy12005\absw2624\absh501 \sl-315 \f10 \fs17 \cf0 Req
uires data rate of 64 kbps \par
}
}\f10 \fs21 \cf0 \par
}
This is too high for the bandwidth available on the radio
nnels
\fi3210 {\fs16 PCM }\par
}
{\phpg\posx4065\pvpg\posy13735\absw109\absh586 \f10 \fs2 \cf0 \fi30 \f10 \fs2 \c
f0 1.2
\par}{\phpg\posx4065\pvpg\posy13735\absw109\absh586 \f10 \fs2 \cf0 \fi75 1
\par}{\phpg\posx4065\pvpg\posy13735\absw109\absh586 \f10 \fs2 \cf0 \fi30 0.8
\par}{\phpg\posx4065\pvpg\posy13735\absw109\absh586 \f10 \fs2 \cf0 \fi75 0
\par}{\phpg\posx4065\pvpg\posy13735\absw109\absh586 \f10 \fs2 \cf0 -0.2
\par}{\phpg\posx4065\pvpg\posy13735\absw109\absh586 \f10 \fs2 \cf0 \fi59 -1 \par
}
Sample analog signal at 8 kHZ \par
}
Digital pulse train at 64 kbps \par
}
0 \par
}
}
ffd8ffe000104a46494600010100000100010000ffdb004300010101010101010101010101010101
01010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101
010101010101010101ffdb0043010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101
0101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101ffc0
001108034a025403012200021101031101ffc4001f00000105010101010101000000000000000001
02030405060708090a0bffc400b5100002010303020403050504040000017d010203000411051221
31410613516107227114328191a1082342b1c11552d1f02433627282090a161718191a2526272829
2a3435363738393a434445464748494a535455565758595a636465666768696a737475767778797a
0101010101010101010000000000000102030405060708090a0bffc400b511000201020404030407
05040400010277000102031104052131061241510761711322328108144291a1b1c109233352f015
6272d10a162434e125f11718191a262728292a35363738393a434445464748494a53545556575859
5a636465666768696a737475767778797a82838485868788898a92939495969798999aa2a3a4a5a6
00ffd9
}
Each of the schemes involved various methods of manipulating the information con
tained
\par}{\phpg\posx2565\pvpg\posy1472\absw8333\absh1338 \sl-255 \f20 \fs17 \cf0 wit
hin speech to balance the best quality reproduction with the minimum bandwidth.
Speech obviously contains far more information than the simple text transcripti
on of what is
\par}{\phpg\posx2565\pvpg\posy1472\absw8333\absh1338 \sl-240 \f20 \fs17 \cf0 bei
ng said. We can identify the person speaking, and be aware of much unspoken info
rmation
\par}{\phpg\posx2565\pvpg\posy1472\absw8333\absh1338 \sl-255 \f20 \fs17 \cf0 fro
m the tone of voice and so on. \par
}
\f10 \fs17 \cf0
s23 \bullet } \par
}
\f10 \fs17 \cf0
}
\f10 \fs17 \cf0 \par
}
10 \fs28 \cf0 Advanced Speech{\cf94 Coding }
cf0 {\b0 \fs17 We}{\b0 \fs17 cannot}{\b0 \fs17 send}{\b0 \fs17 the}{\b0 \fs17
64}{\b0 \fs17 kbps}{\b0 \fs17 required}{\b0 \fs17 by}{\b0 \fs17 PCM }
{\b0 \fs17 We}{\b0 \fs17 need}{\b0 \fs17 alternative}{\b0 \fs17 speech}{\b0 \
fs17 encoding }
{\b0 \fs17 techniques }
28 \cf0 {\b0 \fs17 Estimates}{\b0 \fs17 are}{\b0 \fs17 that}{\b0 \fs17 speech
}{\b0 \fs17 only}{\b0 \fs17 contains}{\b0 \fs17 50}{\b0 \fs17 bits }
{\b0 \fs17 per}{\b0 \fs17 second}{\b0 \fs17 of}{\b0 \fs17 information }
{\b0 \fs17 Compare}{\b0 \fs17 time}{\b0 \fs17 to}{\b0 \fs17 speak}{\b0 \fs17
a}{\b0 \fs17 word}{\b0 \fs17 or}{\b0 \fs17 sentence}{\b0 \fs17 with }
{\b0 \fs17 time}{\b0 \fs17 to}{\b0 \fs17 transmit}{\b0 \fs17 corresponding}{\
b0 \fs17 text }
28 \cf0 {\b0 \fs17 Attempts}{\b0 \fs17 to}{\b0 \fs17 encode}{\b0 \fs17 speech
}{\b0 \fs17 more}{\b0 \fs17 efficiently: }\par
}
\f10 \fs17 \cf0
}
{\phpg\posx3839\pvpg\posy6865\absw3630\absh807 \f10 \fs17 \cf0 \f10 \fs17 \cf0 s
peech consists of periodic waveforms \par}{\phpg\posx3839\pvpg\posy6865\absw3630\absh807 \sl-180 \f10 \fs17 \cf0 so j
ust send the frequency and amplitude
\par}{\phpg\posx3839\pvpg\posy6865\absw3630\absh807 \sl-300 \f10 \fs17 \cf0 mode
l the vocal tract - phonemes, voiced
unvoiced speech \par
}
{\phpg\posx8700\pvpg\posy6912\absw747\absh180 \f10 \fs16 \cf0 \f10 \fs16 \cf0 "y
ahoo" \par
}
}
{\phpg\posx3434\pvpg\posy7825\absw3044\absh199 \f10 \fs17 \cf0 \f10 \fs17 \cf0 V
ocoder - synthetic speech quality \par
}
Early vocoders which reduced the voice to just simple waveform information lacke
d the
\par}{\phpg\posx2565\pvpg\posy8852\absw8216\absh1783 \sl-255 \f20 \fs17 \cf0 hum
an qualities which we need to hold a meaningful communication.
Hybrid encoders give greater emphasis to these qualities by using regular pulse
excitation
\par}{\phpg\posx2565\pvpg\posy8852\absw8216\absh1783 \sl-255 \f20 \fs17 \cf0 whi
ch encodes the overall tone of the voice in great detail.
Eventually a hybrid of the German RPE-LPC{\dn006 \fs12 1} scheme and the Frenc
h MPE-LTP{\dn006 \fs12 2} was chosen.
\par}{\phpg\posx2565\pvpg\posy8852\absw8216\absh1783 \sl-240 \f20 \fs17 \cf0 Thi
s became known as Regular Pulse Excitation with Long-Term Prediction (RPE-LTP).
\par
}
0 _{\fs25 ____________________________________________________________________ }

\b \f10 \fs32 6.3}{\b \f10 \fs32
GSM}{\b \f10 \fs32 Speech}{\b \f10 \fs32 C
oding }
f0 \fi1425 The first stage of speech encoding is to convert human speech, genera
ted by the microphone
fi1425 as an analogue signal, into a digital equivalent.
f0 \fi1425 GSM achieves this by sampling the analogue voice signal every 125mS,
or 8000 times per
fi1425 second. Each sample is quantised into one of 8192 voltage levels. Each
of these levels is
fi1425 represented by a 13-bit (2{\dn006 \fs12 13}) binary code. Therefore, ev
ery second 8000x13-bit samples of the
fi1425 analogue signal are produced, resulting in a raw data rate of 104kbps. \p
ar
}
\par}{\phpg\posx1140\pvpg\posy14634\absw91\absh350 \sl-240 \f20 \fs12 \cf0 2 \pa
r
}
Regular Pulse Excitation with Linear Predictive Coding
\par}{\phpg\posx1260\pvpg\posy14657\absw4902\absh422 \sl-240 \f20 \fs17 \cf0 Mul
tipulse Excitation with Long Term Prediction \par
}
}
81 \par
}
ffd8ffe000104a46494600010100000100010000ffdb004300010101010101010101010101010101
01010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101
010101010101010101ffdb0043010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101
0101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101ffc0
001108034a025403012200021101031101ffc4001f00000105010101010101000000000000000001
02030405060708090a0bffc400b5100002010303020403050504040000017d010203000411051221
31410613516107227114328191a1082342b1c11552d1f02433627282090a161718191a2526272829
2a3435363738393a434445464748494a535455565758595a636465666768696a737475767778797a
0101010101010101010000000000000102030405060708090a0bffc400b511000201020404030407
05040400010277000102031104052131061241510761711322328108144291a1b1c109233352f015
6272d10a162434e125f11718191a262728292a35363738393a434445464748494a53545556575859
5a636465666768696a737475767778797a82838485868788898a92939495969798999aa2a3a4a5a6
00ffd9
}
\cf0 GSM Voice Coding Sequence \par
}
}
\fs10 \cf94 8000 Hz
ampling \par
}
\fs10 \cf94 13-bit
fi60 resolution
uantization \par
}
cf0 2080-bit (20ms)
i239 blocks
i209 (note 1) \par
}
cf0 8000x13bits
i60 {\cf1 =}{\cf1 104}{\cf1 kbps }\par
}
}

cf1 Radio Interface \par
}
\fs10 \cf94 RPE-LTP
peech Coder \par
}
\cf94 Channel
fi29 Coding \par
}
}
\fs10 \cf94 GMSK
odulation \par
}
}
fi1439 {\cf1 13}{\cf1 kbps }
}
}
\cf94 Radio Burst
ultiplexing \par
}
cf1 Channel Coding \par
}
his raw bit stream is presented to the RPE-LTP Vocoder where it is chopped into
20mS
\par}{\phpg\posx2445\pvpg\posy7112\absw7750\absh892 \sl-255 \f20 \fs17 \cf0 (208
0-bit) blocks. Each block is then processed separately.
The vocoder categorises the data in each 20mS -block into three parts: \par
}
}\f40 \fs17 \cf0
fs22 \bullet }
fs22 \bullet } \par
}
hort-term Linear Predictive Coding data (LPC)
\par}{\phpg\posx3165\pvpg\posy8372\absw4241\absh690 \sl-255 \f20 \fs17 \cf0 Long

-term prediction data (LTP)
\par}{\phpg\posx3165\pvpg\posy8372\absw4241\absh690 \sl-270 \f20 \fs17 \cf0 Regu
lar Pulse Excitation data (RPE) \par
}
\cf0 Speech Digitisation \par
}
{\sp{\sn txflTextFlow}{\sv 2}}}{\shptxt \b \f10 \fs10 \cf0 levels \par}}
{\sp{\sn txflTextFlow}{\sv 2}}}{\shptxt \b \f10 \fs10 \cf0 quantisation \par}}
{\sp{\sn txflTextFlow}{\sv 2}}}{\shptxt \b \f10 \fs10 \cf0 ) \par}}
{\sp{\sn txflTextFlow}{\sv 2}}}{\shptxt \b \f10 \fs10 \cf0 (2 \par}}
\cf0 8000 samples per second \par
}
\cf0 8000 samples per second x 13 bits per sample = 104kbps per second
\fi629 Divided into 20mS blocks = 2080 bits per block \par
}
2 \par
}
}
ffd8ffe000104a46494600010100000100010000ffdb004300010101010101010101010101010101
01010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101
010101010101010101ffdb0043010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101
0101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101ffc0
001108034a025403012200021101031101ffc4001f00000105010101010101000000000000000001
02030405060708090a0bffc400b5100002010303020403050504040000017d010203000411051221
31410613516107227114328191a1082342b1c11552d1f02433627282090a161718191a2526272829
2a3435363738393a434445464748494a535455565758595a636465666768696a737475767778797a
0101010101010101010000000000000102030405060708090a0bffc400b511000201020404030407
05040400010277000102031104052131061241510761711322328108144291a1b1c109233352f015
6272d10a162434e125f11718191a262728292a35363738393a434445464748494a53545556575859
5a636465666768696a737475767778797a82838485868788898a92939495969798999aa2a3a4a5a6
00ffd9
}
The long and short term prediction waveforms are each encoded as frequency and
amplitude
\par}{\phpg\posx2565\pvpg\posy1967\absw8248\absh2013 \sl-255 \f20 \fs17 \cf0 inf
ormation in the form of 36-bit blocks, while the RPE is encoded in a 188-bit blo
ck primarily
ensure that the characteristic tone of the voice is reproduced well.

The resulting data rate of 13 kbps is suitable for the bandwidth available on t
he air interface.
Therefore, for every 20ms 2080-bit data block applied to the vocoder, a 20ms 26
0-bit output
\par}{\phpg\posx2565\pvpg\posy1967\absw8248\absh2013 \sl-240 \f20 \fs17 \cf0 blo
ck is produced. Therefore, a compression ratio of almost 10:1 has been achieved
without
\par}{\phpg\posx2565\pvpg\posy1967\absw8248\absh2013 \sl-255 \f20 \fs17 \cf0 sig
nificant degradation to the voice quality. \par
}
\cf0 Simplified RPE-LTP Speech Coder
28 \cf0 \fi1124 {\fs10 \cf94 LPC}{\fs10 \cf94 analysis }
\fi5099 {\fs17 1 }\par
}
\fs10 \cf94 Voice data
\par}{\phpg\posx3615\pvpg\posy6606\absw869\absh322 \sl-120 \b \f10 \fs10 \cf94 p
re-processing
fi209 (note 1) \par
}
\fs10 \cf94 Short-term
\par}{\phpg\posx5204\pvpg\posy6666\absw778\absh214 \sl-108 \b \f10 \fs10 \cf94 a
nalysis filter \par
}
cf0 +
0 {\fs16 _ }\par
}
\cf94 RPE analysis
fi44 and coding \par
}
cf0 2
0 3 \par
}
cf0 2080 bit
i29 (20ms)
i44 blocks \par
}
\cf94 M
\par}{\phpg\posx9735\pvpg\posy6389\absw165\absh444 \sl-165 \b \f10 \fs14 \cf94 U
\par}{\phpg\posx9735\pvpg\posy6389\absw165\absh444 \sl-150 \b \f10 \fs14 \cf94 X
\par
}
\cf94 RPE decoding
fi44 and analysis \par
}
cf0 1
0 2
0 3 \par
}
6 bits reflection coefficient = 36 bits
4 x 47 bits RPE parameters = 188 bits \par
}
\cf0 13kbps \par
}
cf0 + \par
}
x 9 bits LTP parameters = 36 bits \par
}
\cf94 LTP analysis
fi239 filter \par
}
\cf0 ={\b 260}{\b bits/20ms}{\b or}{\b 13kbps }
\par}{\phpg\posx3329\pvpg\posy8841\absw2174\absh760 \sl-330 \f10 \fs10 \cf0 {\fs
7 note}{\fs7 1:removes}{\fs7 any}{\fs7 DC}{\fs7 level}{\fs7 and}{\fs7
uses}{\fs7 pre-emphasis }
\par}{\phpg\posx3329\pvpg\posy8841\absw2174\absh760 \sl-90 \f10 \fs10 \cf0 {\fs7
filter}{\fs7 to}{\fs7 emphasise}{\fs7 higher}{\fs7 speech}{\fs7 frequ
encies }
7 LPC}{\fs7 =}{\fs7 Linear}{\fs7 Predictive}{\fs7 Coding }
\par}{\phpg\posx3329\pvpg\posy8841\absw2174\absh760 \sl-90 \f10 \fs10 \cf0 {\fs7
RPE}{\fs7 =}{\fs7 Regular}{\fs7 Pulse}{\fs7 Excitation }
7 LTP}{\fs7 =}{\fs7 Long}{\fs7 Term}{\fs7 Prediction }\par
}
\fs10 \cf94 LTP
\par}{\phpg\posx7485\pvpg\posy9246\absw479\absh228 \sl-120 \b \f10 \fs10 \cf94 a
nalysis \par
}
_____________________________________________________________________
b \f10 \fs32 6.4}{\b \f10 \fs32
Channel}{\b \f10 \fs32 Coding}{\b \f10 \fs32
Techniques }\par
}
The speech decoding process is very sensitive to errors in the transmitted bits
and attention
\par}{\phpg\posx2565\pvpg\posy13577\absw8064\absh663 \sl-255 \f20 \fs17 \cf0 mus
t be paid to checking and correcting errors in transmission. Procedures for add
ressing
s problem are covered in this section \par
}
}
83 \par
}
ffd8ffe000104a46494600010100000100010000ffdb004300010101010101010101010101010101
01010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101
010101010101010101ffdb0043010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101
0101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101ffc0
001108034a025403012200021101031101ffc4001f00000105010101010101000000000000000001
02030405060708090a0bffc400b5100002010303020403050504040000017d010203000411051221
31410613516107227114328191a1082342b1c11552d1f02433627282090a161718191a2526272829
2a3435363738393a434445464748494a535455565758595a636465666768696a737475767778797a
0101010101010101010000000000000102030405060708090a0bffc400b511000201020404030407
05040400010277000102031104052131061241510761711322328108144291a1b1c109233352f015
6272d10a162434e125f11718191a262728292a35363738393a434445464748494a53545556575859
5a636465666768696a737475767778797a82838485868788898a92939495969798999aa2a3a4a5a6
00ffd9

}
\cf0 GSM Channel Coding \par
}
}
\fs10 \cf94 8000 Hz
ampling \par
}
\fs10 \cf94 13-bit
fi60 resolution
uantization \par
}
cf0 2080-bit (20ms)
i239 blocks
i209 (note 1) \par
}
cf0 8000x13bits
i60 {\cf1 =}{\cf1 104}{\cf1 kbps }\par
}
}
}
\fs10 \cf94 RPE-LTP
peech Coder \par
}
\cf94 Channel
fi29 Coding \par
}
}
\fs10 \cf94 GMSK
odulation \par
}
}
fi1439 {\cf1 13}{\cf1 kbps }
}
}
\cf94 Radio Burst
ultiplexing \par
}
10 \fs28 \cf0 Error Correction Coding
cf0 {\f0\fs28 \bullet }{\b0 \fs21 }{\b0 \fs21 To}{\b0 \fs21 reproduce}{\b0 \f
s21 speech,}{\b0 \fs21 decoder}{\b0 \fs21 needs}{\b0 \fs21 bit}{\b0 \fs21 e
rror}{\b0 \fs21 rate}{\b0 \fs21 no}{\b0 \fs21 more }
\fi225 {\b0 \fs21 than}{\b0 \fs21 0.1% }
cf0 {\f0\fs28 \bullet }{\b0 \fs21 }{\b0 \fs21 Radio}{\b0 \fs21 channel}{\b0 \
fs21 typically}{\b0 \fs21 gives}{\b0 \fs21 error}{\b0 \fs21 rate}{\b0 \fs21
of}{\b0 \fs21 1%}{\b0 \fs21 or}{\b0 \fs21 more}{\b0 \fs21 -}{\b0 \fs21 nee
d }
\fi225 {\b0 \fs21 error}{\b0 \fs21 correction }
cf0 {\f0\fs28 \bullet }{\b0 \fs21 }{\b0 \fs21 Channel}{\b0 \fs21 coding}{\b0
\fs21 provides}{\b0 \fs21 error}{\b0 \fs21 protection }
cf0 {\f0\fs28 \bullet }{\b0 \fs21 }{\b0 \fs21 Two}{\b0 \fs21 approaches}{\b0
\fs21 to}{\b0 \fs21 error}{\b0 \fs21 protection: }
cf0 \fi375 {\f0\fs28 \bullet }{\b0 \fs21 }{\b0 \fs21 Backward}{\b0 \fs21 error
}{\b0 \fs21 correction }
cf0 \fi375 {\f0\fs28 \bullet }{\b0 \fs21 }{\b0 \fs21 Forward}{\b0 \fs21 error}
{\b0 \fs21 correction }\par
}
1 \cf0 6.4.1 {\ul B}{\ul A}{\ul C}{\ul K}{\ul W}{\ul A}{\ul R}{\ul D}{\ul }{\
ul E}{\ul R}{\ul R}{\ul O}{\ul R}{\ul }{\ul C}{\ul O}{\ul R}{\ul R}{\ul E}{\ul
C}{\ul T}{\ul I}{\ul O}{\ul N}
\cf0 {\b0 \f20 \fs17 In}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 backward}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 error}{\b0 \f
20 \fs17 correction,}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 we}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 assume}{\b0 \f20 \fs1
7 that}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 if}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 the}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 known}{\b0 \f2
0 \fs17 check}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 bits}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 have}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 been
}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 transmitted }
{\b0 \f20 \fs17 correctly,}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 the}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 rest}{\b0 \f20
\fs17 of}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 the}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 data}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 is}{\b0 \
f20 \fs17 correct.}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 If}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 the}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 ch
eck}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 bits}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 do}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 not}{\b0 \f20 \fs
17 match}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 what}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 is}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 expected,}{
\b0 \f20 \fs17 the }
{\b0 \f20 \fs17 system}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 asks}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 for}{\b0 \f20 \fs
17 re-transmission. }\par
}
4 \par
}
}
ffd8ffe000104a46494600010100000100010000ffdb004300010101010101010101010101010101
01010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101
010101010101010101ffdb0043010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101
0101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101ffc0
001108034a025403012200021101031101ffc4001f00000105010101010101000000000000000001
02030405060708090a0bffc400b5100002010303020403050504040000017d010203000411051221
31410613516107227114328191a1082342b1c11552d1f02433627282090a161718191a2526272829
2a3435363738393a434445464748494a535455565758595a636465666768696a737475767778797a
0101010101010101010000000000000102030405060708090a0bffc400b511000201020404030407
05040400010277000102031104052131061241510761711322328108144291a1b1c109233352f015
6272d10a162434e125f11718191a262728292a35363738393a434445464748494a53545556575859
5a636465666768696a737475767778797a82838485868788898a92939495969798999aa2a3a4a5a6
00ffd9
}
utomatic Repeat Request (ARQ) is not suitable for speech as the timing could bec
ome
\par}{\phpg\posx2565\pvpg\posy1472\absw8201\absh892 \sl-255 \f20 \fs17 \cf0 unin
telligible if several repeats were necessary. However, in normal conversation, w
e
\par}{\phpg\posx2565\pvpg\posy1472\absw8201\absh892 \sl-240 \f20 \fs17 \cf0 natu
rally apply backward error correction by asking the person to repeat something w
e have
\par}{\phpg\posx2565\pvpg\posy1472\absw8201\absh892 \sl-255 \f20 \fs17 \cf0 not
understood. \par
}
\fs28 \cf0 Backward Error Correction (BEC)
f0 {\f0\fs23 \bullet }{\b0 \fs17 }{\b0 \fs17 Backward}{\b0 \fs17 error}{\b0 \f
s17 correction}{\b0 \fs17 -}{\b0 \fs17 Automatic}{\b0 \fs17 Repeat}{\b0 \fs1
7 Request}{\b0 \fs17 (ARQ): }\par
}
\cf94 Data bits
{\b \cf1 Transmitter }\par
}
\cf94 Add
\par}{\phpg\posx5369\pvpg\posy4461\absw525\absh241 \sl-135 \f10 \fs10 \cf94 chec
k bits \par
}
Remove
\par}{\phpg\posx7470\pvpg\posy4476\absw538\absh255 \sl-150 \f10 \fs10 \cf94 chec
k bits \par
}
{\phpg\posx8235\pvpg\posy5121\absw222\absh120 \f10 \fs10 \cf0 \f10 \fs10 \cf0 Ye
s \par
}
cf0 Correct \par
}
Accept
\par}{\phpg\posx8655\pvpg\posy5121\absw453\absh241 \sl-135 \f10 \fs10 \cf94 data
bits \par
}
{\phpg\posx7560\pvpg\posy5601\absw404\absh511 \f10 \fs10 \cf0 \f10 \fs10 \cf0 No
\cf94 Repeat }
\par}{\phpg\posx7560\pvpg\posy5601\absw404\absh511 \sl-150 \f10 \fs10 \cf0 {\cf9
4 request }\par
}
10 \fs10 \cf1 Receiver
cf1 {\f0\fs23 \bullet }{\b0 \fs17 \cf0 }{\b0 \fs17 \cf0 Blocks}{\b0 \fs17 \cf0
checked}{\b0 \fs17 \cf0 at}{\b0 \fs17 \cf0 distant}{\b0 \fs17 \cf0 end}{\b0
\fs17 \cf0 by}{\b0 \fs17 \cf0 comparing}{\b0 \fs17 \cf0 FCS/BCS }
{\f0\fs23 \bullet }{\b0 \fs17 \cf0 }{\b0 \fs17 \cf0 Detected}{\b0 \fs17 \cf0 e
rrors}{\b0 \fs17 \cf0 generate}{\b0 \fs17 \cf0 request}{\b0 \fs17 \cf0 for}{\
b0 \fs17 \cf0 retransmission}{\b0 \fs17 \cf0 of}{\b0 \fs17 \cf0 block }
{\f0\fs23 \bullet }{\b0 \fs17 \cf0 }{\b0 \fs17 \cf0 BEC}{\b0 \fs17 \cf0 utilis
es}{\b0 \fs17 \cf0 block}{\b0 \fs17 \cf0 channel}{\b0 \fs17 \cf0 coding }
{\f0\fs23 \bullet }{\b0 \fs17 \cf0 }{\b0 \fs17 \cf0 Suitable}{\b0 \fs17 \cf0 f
or}{\b0 \fs17 \cf0 data}{\b0 \fs17 \cf0 transmission}{\b0 \fs17 \cf0 -}{\b0 \
fs17 \cf0 not}{\b0 \fs17 \cf0 speech }\par
}
\cf0 6.4.2 {\ul F}{\ul O}{\ul R}{\ul W}{\ul A}{\ul R}{\ul D}{\ul }{\ul E}{\ul
R}{\ul R}{\ul O}{\ul R}{\ul }{\ul C}{\ul O}{\ul R}{\ul R}{\ul E}{\ul C}{\ul T}
{\ul I}{\ul O}{\ul N} \par
}
10 \fs28 \cf0 Forward Error Correction
Coding}{\b0 \fs16 is}{\b0 \fs
16 added}{\b0 \fs16 to}{\b0 \fs16 the}{\b0 \fs16 information}{\b0 \fs16 bit
s}{\b0 \fs16 (redundancy)}{\b0 \fs16 which}{\b0 \fs16 enable}{\b0 \fs16 the}
{\b0 \fs16 original}{\b0 \fs16 to }
\fi224 {\b0 \fs16 be}{\b0 \fs16 reconstructed}{\b0 \fs16 given}{\b0 \fs16 a}{
\b0 \fs16 small}{\b0 \fs16 number}{\b0 \fs16 of}{\b0 \fs16 random}{\b0 \fs16
errors }
Repeat}{\b0 \fs16 transmission}{\
b0 \fs16 is}{\b0 \fs16 not}{\b0 \fs16 required}{\b0 \fs16 if}{\b0 \fs16 dat
a}{\b0 \fs16 fully}{\b0 \fs16 corrected}{\b0 \fs16 -}{\b0 \fs16 suitable}{\b
0 \fs16 for}{\b0 \fs16 speech }\par
}
2 \cf94 Data bits
{\b \fs10 \cf0 Generate }
\fs10 \cf0 code }
\fi239 Code bits \par
}
\cf0 Combine
\par}{\phpg\posx4905\pvpg\posy11841\absw661\absh241 \sl-135 \b \f10 \fs10 \cf0 c
ode + data \par
}
Coded data \par
}
2 \cf94 Coded
345 data
{\b \fs10 \cf1 Transmitter }\par
}
\fs10 \cf0 Extract data
f0 {\b0 \fs12 \cf94 ED&C }\par

}
Data bits \par
}
\cf1 Receiver \par
}
t }\f10 \fs17 \cf0
FEC generally utilises convolution channel coding \par
}
}
85 \par
}
ffd8ffe000104a46494600010100000100010000ffdb004300010101010101010101010101010101
01010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101
010101010101010101ffdb0043010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101
0101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101ffc0
001108034a025403012200021101031101ffc4001f00000105010101010101000000000000000001
02030405060708090a0bffc400b5100002010303020403050504040000017d010203000411051221
31410613516107227114328191a1082342b1c11552d1f02433627282090a161718191a2526272829
2a3435363738393a434445464748494a535455565758595a636465666768696a737475767778797a
0101010101010101010000000000000102030405060708090a0bffc400b511000201020404030407
05040400010277000102031104052131061241510761711322328108144291a1b1c109233352f015
6272d10a162434e125f11718191a262728292a35363738393a434445464748494a53545556575859
5a636465666768696a737475767778797a82838485868788898a92939495969798999aa2a3a4a5a6
00ffd9
}
In forward error transmission, the original data can be reconstructed from the r
eceived bits in
\par}{\phpg\posx2445\pvpg\posy1727\absw8333\absh1324 \sl-240 \f20 \fs17 \cf0 sev
eral ways, allowing the system to make a best estimate of what the data should b
e, without
uiring re-transmission.
Because we are sending more bits than there are in the original data, there is
said to be
\par}{\phpg\posx2445\pvpg\posy1727\absw8333\absh1324 \sl-240 \f20 \fs17 \cf0 red
undancy in the system. \par
}
\cf0 6.4.3 {\ul B}{\ul L}{\ul O}{\ul C}{\ul K}{\ul }{\ul C}{\ul H}{\ul A}{\u
l N}{\ul N}{\ul E}{\ul L}{\ul }{\ul C}{\ul O}{\ul D}{\ul I}{\ul N}{\ul G}
cf0 {\b0 \f20 \fs17 Using}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 block}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 codes,}{\b0 \f
20 \fs17 the}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 current}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 data}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 bl
ock}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 (that}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 which}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 is}{\b0 \f20
\fs17 about}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 to}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 be}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 transmitte
d)}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 is}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 used}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 to }
{\b0 \f20 \fs17 generate}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 a}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 code.}{\b0 \f20 \fs
17 This}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 code}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 is}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 sent}{\b0 \
f20 \fs17 along}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 with}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 the}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 ori
ginal}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 data}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 bits.}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 In}{\b0 \f20
\fs17 the}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 simple}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 example }
{\b0 \f20 \fs17 illustrated,}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 the}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 code}{\b0 \f2
0 \fs17 is}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 just}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 a}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 repeat}{\b
0 \f20 \fs17 of}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 the}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 original}{\b0 \f20 \fs17
data.}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 Realistic}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 schemes}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 are}
{\b0 \f20 \fs17 calculated}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 to }
{\b0 \f20 \fs17 give}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 the}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 best}{\b0 \f20 \fs17
chance}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 of}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 recovering}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 the}{\b
0 \f20 \fs17 data}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 when}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 errors}{\b0 \f20 \fs17
occur. }\par
}
0 \fs28 \cf0 Block Channel Coding
f0 {\f0\fs27 \bullet }{\b0 \fs21 }{\fs21 \cf94 Simplified}{\fs21 Block}{\fs21
Coding}{\fs21 Concept }\par
}
\fs10 \cf0 Speech
\par}{\phpg\posx3060\pvpg\posy7821\absw778\absh241 \sl-135 \b \f10 \fs10 \cf0 co
ded blocks \par
}
cf0 Data Block \par
}
cf0 Data Block \par
}
\cf94 Block Coder \par
}
0 Check
\par}{\phpg\posx6000\pvpg\posy9489\absw300\absh209 \sl-120 \b \f10 \fs9 \cf0 \fi
29 Code \par
}
cf0 Data Block \par
}
0 Check
\par}{\phpg\posx7845\pvpg\posy9489\absw300\absh209 \sl-120 \b \f10 \fs9 \cf0 Cod
e \par
}
cf0 Data Block \par
}
cf0 New block-coded
i119 speech block \par
}
1 \cf0 6.4.4 {\ul C}{\ul O}{\ul N}{\ul V}{\ul O}{\ul L}{\ul U}{\ul T}{\ul I}{\
ul O}{\ul N}{\ul A}{\ul L}{\ul }{\ul C}{\ul H}{\ul A}{\ul N}{\ul N}{\ul E}{\ul
L}{\ul }{\ul C}{\ul O}{\ul D}{\ul I}{\ul N}G
\cf0 {\b0 \f20 \fs17 Convolutional}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 coders}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 are}
{\b0 \f20 \fs17 normally}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 described}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 by}{\b0 \f
20 \fs17 the}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 ratio}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 of}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 input}
{\b0 \f20 \fs17 information}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 bits}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 to}{\b0 \f20
\fs17 output }
{\b0 \f20 \fs17 coded}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 bits}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 generated}{\b0 \f2
0 \fs17 by}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 the}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 coder}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 plus}{\
b0 \f20 \fs17 the}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 delay}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 (in}{\b0 \f20 \fs17
terms}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 of}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 bits)}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 incurred}{\b0
\f20 \fs17 through}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 the }
{\b0 \f20 \fs17 convolution}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 process.}{\b0 \f20 \fs17
They}{
\b0 \f20 \fs17 delay}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 is}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 related}{\b0 \f20 \fs
17 to}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 the}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 number}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 of}{\b0 \f2
0 \fs17 registers}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 used}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 in}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 th
e}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 coding }
{\b0 \f20 \fs17 device. }
\cf0 {\b0 \f20 \fs17 For}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 example,}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 a}{\b0 \f20
\fs17 coder}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 that}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 generates}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 2
}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 output}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 bits}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 for}{\b0 \f20 \f
s17 every}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 information}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 input}{\b0 \f20 \fs17
bit}{\b0 \f20 \fs17
using}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 a}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 5-bit }
{\b0 \f20 \fs17 register}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 is}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 referred}{\b0 \f2
0 \fs17 to}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 as}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 a}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 }{\b0 \f20 \f
s17 rate}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 encoder}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 with}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 a}{\b0
\f20 \fs17 delay}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 (or}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 constraint}{\b0 \f20 \f
s17 length)}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 of}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 5. }\par
}
6 \par
}
}
ffd8ffe000104a46494600010100000100010000ffdb004300010101010101010101010101010101
01010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101
010101010101010101ffdb0043010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101
0101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101ffc0
001108034a025403012200021101031101ffc4001f00000105010101010101000000000000000001
02030405060708090a0bffc400b5100002010303020403050504040000017d010203000411051221
31410613516107227114328191a1082342b1c11552d1f02433627282090a161718191a2526272829
2a3435363738393a434445464748494a535455565758595a636465666768696a737475767778797a
0101010101010101010000000000000102030405060708090a0bffc400b511000201020404030407
05040400010277000102031104052131061241510761711322328108144291a1b1c109233352f015
6272d10a162434e125f11718191a262728292a35363738393a434445464748494a53545556575859
5a636465666768696a737475767778797a82838485868788898a92939495969798999aa2a3a4a5a6
00ffd9
}

}\f10 \fs21 \cf0 \par
}
10 \fs28 \cf0 Convolutional Codes
cf0 {\b0 \fs21 Rate}{\b0 \fs21 of}{\b0 \fs21 coding}{\b0 \fs21 describes}{\b0
\fs21 the}{\b0 \fs21 amount}{\b0 \fs21 of}{\b0 \fs21 redundancy}{\b0 \fs21
in}{\b0 \fs21 the }
{\b0 \fs21 coded}{\b0 \fs21 data: }\par
}
\f10 \fs18 \cf0
s23 \bullet } \par
}
/2 rate code transmits twice as many bits as actual data
\par}{\phpg\posx4109\pvpg\posy3309\absw5009\absh456 \sl-285 \f10 \fs18 \cf0 Data
rate is halved \par
}
}\f10 \fs21 \cf0
\f0\fs28 \bullet } \par
}
}\f10 \fs21 \cf0 \par
}
Convolutional codes cannot detect errors
If the error rate is high, convolutional codes can increase
\par}{\phpg\posx3704\pvpg\posy4187\absw6191\absh2150 \sl-225 \f10 \fs21 \cf0 err
ors
\cf0 Convolutional codes are slightly more efficient than block
\par}{\phpg\posx3704\pvpg\posy4187\absw6191\absh2150 \sl-225 \f10 \fs21 \cf0 cod
es
90 {\fs18 i.e.}{\fs18 reduction}{\fs18 in}{\fs18 error}{\fs18 rate}{\fs18 f
or}{\fs18 given}{\fs18 increase}{\fs18 in}{\fs18 bits}{\fs18 transmitted }\
par
}
s10 \cf0 Section 6 - Speech & Channel Coding \par
}
10 \fs28 \cf0 Convolution Channel Coding
cf0 {\f0\fs28 \bullet }{\b0 \fs21 }{\fs21 \cf94 Simplified}{\fs21 \cf94 Convo
lution}{\fs21 \cf94 Coding}{\fs21 \cf94 Concept: }
28 \cf0 \fi3209 {\i \fs14 G }{\i\dn006 \fs9 0}{\i \fs14 (d) }
\fi3705 {\fs17 +}{\fs17
+ }\par
}
s14 \cf0 d \par
}
s17 \cf0 1 \par
}
{\phpg\posx3749\pvpg\posy10425\absw36\absh110 \b\i \f10 \fs9 \cf0 \b\i \f10 \fs9
\cf0 i \par
}
s17 \cf0 d{\up006 \fs11 1 }\par
}
s17 \cf0 d{\up006 \fs11 2 }\par
}
s17 \cf0 d{\up006 \fs11 3 }\par
}
s17 \cf0 d{\up006 \fs11 4 }\par
}
s12 \cf0 V{\f10 =}{\f10 2 }\par
}
{\phpg\posx10035\pvpg\posy10349\absw162\absh178 \b\i \f10 \fs14 \cf0 \b\i \f10 \
fs14 \cf0 C{\fs9 j }\par
}
\cf0 + \par
}
\cf0 + \par
}
\cf0 + \par
}
s14 \cf0 G {\dn006 \fs9 1}(d) \par
}
{\phpg\posx5549\pvpg\posy11785\absw2086\absh677 \b\i \f10 \fs17 \cf0 \fi45 \b\i
\f10 \fs17 \cf0 G {\dn006 \fs11 0}(d) = d{\up006 \fs11 4} + d{\up006 \fs11 3}
+ 1
\par}{\phpg\posx5549\pvpg\posy11785\absw2086\absh677 \sl-165 \par\par\b\i \f10 \
fs17 \cf0 G {\dn006 \fs11 1}(d) = d {\up006 \fs11 4} + d {\up006 \fs11 3} + d
{\up006 \fs11 1} + 1 \par
}
The coder above feeds 4 information bits of the bit stream into the registers.
It then carries out
\par}{\phpg\posx2565\pvpg\posy13517\absw8302\absh447 \sl-255 \f20 \fs17 \cf0 two
processes: \par
}
{\phpg\posx2565\pvpg\posy14522\absw342\absh217 \f20 \fs17 \cf0 \f20 \fs17 \cf0 a
nd \par
}
}\f40 \fs17 \cf0
{\f0\fs22 \bullet } \par
}
Modulo 2 addition of{\b\i d}{\b\i
+}{\b\i d }{\b\i\dn006 \fs12 3}{\b\i +
} 1 to produce a G{\dn006 \fs12 0} bit

\cf0 Modulo 2 addition of{\b\i d }{\b\i\dn006 \fs12 4}{\b\i +}{\b\i d }{\b\
i\dn006 \fs12 3}{\b\i +}{\b\i d }{\b\i\dn006 \fs12 1}{\b\i +} 1 to produce
a G{\fs12 1} bit \par
}
}
87 \par
}
ffd8ffe000104a46494600010100000100010000ffdb004300010101010101010101010101010101
01010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101
010101010101010101ffdb0043010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101
0101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101ffc0
001108034a025403012200021101031101ffc4001f00000105010101010101000000000000000001
02030405060708090a0bffc400b5100002010303020403050504040000017d010203000411051221
31410613516107227114328191a1082342b1c11552d1f02433627282090a161718191a2526272829
2a3435363738393a434445464748494a535455565758595a636465666768696a737475767778797a
0101010101010101010000000000000102030405060708090a0bffc400b511000201020404030407
05040400010277000102031104052131061241510761711322328108144291a1b1c109233352f015
6272d10a162434e125f11718191a262728292a35363738393a434445464748494a53545556575859
5a636465666768696a737475767778797a82838485868788898a92939495969798999aa2a3a4a5a6
00ffd9
}
These two bits are then fed to the output. The bits stored in the registers are
then moved to
right by one place and the next information bit is fed in. The process then r
epeats itself.
As a result, two bits are generated for each information bit fed into the enco
der. These bits are
the original data with bits added (as is the case with block coding) but rather
a
\par}{\phpg\posx2445\pvpg\posy1472\absw8321\absh1554 \sl-255 \f20 \fs17 \cf0 rep
resentation of the original data. Therefore, convolutional coding is not able t
o detect
ors; it simply reconstructs that data using the information stored in the trans
mitted bits. \par
}
_____________________________________________________________________
b \f10 \fs32 6.5}{\b \f10 \fs32
GSM}{\b \f10 \fs32 Channel}{\b \f10 \fs32 C
oding }
\cf0 \fi1425 {\fs17 GSM}{\fs17 uses}{\fs17 a}{\fs17 combination}{\fs17 of}{
\fs17 block}{\fs17 and}{\fs17 convolutional}{\fs17 coding}{\fs17 methods.}{
\fs17 First}{\fs17 some}{\fs17 of}{\fs17 the }
i1425 {\fs17 information}{\fs17 bits}{\fs17 are}{\fs17 block}{\fs17 coded,}{
\fs17 building}{\fs17 a}{\fs17 block}{\fs17 of}{\fs17 information}{\fs17 e
ach}{\fs17 with}{\fs17 an}{\fs17 associated }
i1425 {\fs17 block}{\fs17 check}{\fs17 sequence}{\fs17 (BCS).}{\fs17
All}{
\fs17 the}{\fs17 block}{\fs17 coded}{\fs17 bits}{\fs17 (including}{\fs17 t
he}{\fs17 BCS)}{\fs17 are}{\fs17 passed}{\fs17 through }
i1425 {\fs17 a}{\fs17 convolutional}{\fs17 coder}{\fs17 to}{\fs17 form}{\fs1
7 the}{\fs17 final}{\fs17 coded}{\fs17 bits }\par
}
\cf94 GSM (TCH/F) Channel Coding
{\cf0 GSM}{\cf0 (TCH/F)}{\cf0 Channel}{\cf0 Coding }\par
}
cf0 260 bits \par
}
cf0 50 Class 1a
i224 bits \par
}
cf0 132 Class 1b bits \par
}
\fs10 \cf0 78 Class 2 bits
\par}{\phpg\posx6674\pvpg\posy7611\absw1019\absh228 \sl-120 \b \f10 \fs10 \cf0 (
side information) \par

}
\cf0 189 bit block coding \par
}
cf0 53 bits \par
}
0 Inc 3
\par}{\phpg\posx5445\pvpg\posy8563\absw211\absh241 \sl-90 \b \f10 \fs7 \cf0 pari
ty
\par}{\phpg\posx5445\pvpg\posy8563\absw211\absh241 \sl-90 \b \f10 \fs7 \cf0 \fi2
9 bits \par
}
cf0 132 bits \par
}
{\phpg\posx7050\pvpg\posy8563\absw147\absh241 \b \f10 \fs7 \cf0 \fi59 \b \f10 \f
s7 \cf0 4
\par}{\phpg\posx7050\pvpg\posy8563\absw147\absh241 \sl-90 \b \f10 \fs7 \cf0 tail
\par}{\phpg\posx7050\pvpg\posy8563\absw147\absh241 \sl-90 \b \f10 \fs7 \cf0 bits
\par
}
cf0 uncoded \par
}
cf0 x2 \par
}
0 \fs10 \cf94 -rate
convolution encoder \par
}
\cf0 378 convolution encoded bits \par
}
\cf0 + \par
}
\cf0 78 non-encoded
fi344 bits \par
}
\cf0 456 bits \par
}
8 \par
}
The reason for this 'double coding' is that ideally forward convolutional codin
g will detect
\par}{\phpg\posx2445\pvpg\posy12107\absw8303\absh3351 \sl-240 \f20 \fs17 \cf0 an
d correct all errors. However, if the data is damaged beyond repair, block codi
ng is used to
\par}{\phpg\posx2445\pvpg\posy12107\absw8303\absh3351 \sl-255 \f20 \fs17 \cf0 ig
nore the data and request a retransmission of the corrupted data block.
0 The GSM coding scheme is described as 'concatenated'. as divides the data into
three
\par}{\phpg\posx2445\pvpg\posy12107\absw8303\absh3351 \sl-255 \f20 \fs17 \cf0 pr
ioritised sections, depending on the importance of the data to the speech charac
teristics. It
en applies different levels of coding to each, as shown.. The resultant code is
then put
gether (concatenated) for transmission.
0 The convolutional coder described previously is that used by GSM. The purpose
of the
\par}{\phpg\posx2445\pvpg\posy12107\absw8303\absh3351 \sl-255 \f20 \fs17 \cf0 ad
dition of 4 tail bits in the previous diagram is to ensure that the registers in
the coder are
\par}{\phpg\posx2445\pvpg\posy12107\absw8303\absh3351 \sl-240 \f20 \fs17 \cf0 fl
ushed after each 260-bit block has been coded.
0 \fi5475 {\f10 GSM}{\f10 Technology}{\f10 for}{\f10 Engineers }
i5610 {\f10 }{\f10 AIRCOM}{\f10 International}{\f10 2002 }\par
}
ffd8ffe000104a46494600010100000100010000ffdb004300010101010101010101010101010101
01010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101
010101010101010101ffdb0043010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101
0101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101ffc0
001108034a025403012200021101031101ffc4001f00000105010101010101000000000000000001
02030405060708090a0bffc400b5100002010303020403050504040000017d010203000411051221
31410613516107227114328191a1082342b1c11552d1f02433627282090a161718191a2526272829
2a3435363738393a434445464748494a535455565758595a636465666768696a737475767778797a
0101010101010101010000000000000102030405060708090a0bffc400b511000201020404030407
05040400010277000102031104052131061241510761711322328108144291a1b1c109233352f015
6272d10a162434e125f11718191a262728292a35363738393a434445464748494a53545556575859
5a636465666768696a737475767778797a82838485868788898a92939495969798999aa2a3a4a5a6
00ffd9
}
_____________________________________________________________________
b \f10 \fs32 6.6}{\b \f10 \fs32
Interleaving }
0 \fi1425 {\b \f10 \fs21 6.6.1}{\b \f10 \fs21
{\ul I}{\ul N}{\ul T}{\ul E}{\u
l R}{\ul L}{\ul E}{\ul A}{\ul V}{\ul I}{\ul N}{\ul G}}{\b \f10 \fs21 {\ul }{\ul
P}{\ul R}{\ul I}{\ul N}{\ul C}{\ul I}{\ul P}{\ul L}{\ul E} }
0 \fi1425 {\fs17 The}{\fs17 efficiency}{\fs17 of}{\fs17 the}{\fs17 convoluti
onal}{\fs17 coding}{\fs17 described}{\fs17 above}{\fs17 is}{\fs17 based}{\f
s17 on}{\fs17 an}{\fs17 assumption}{\fs17 that }
i1425 {\fs17 errors}{\fs17 will}{\fs17 be}{\fs17 randomly}{\fs17 distributed
.}{\fs17
However,}{\fs17 radio}{\fs17 transmission}{\fs17 paths}{\fs17 te
nd}{\fs17 to}{\fs17 be}{\fs17 prone}{\fs17 to }
i1425 {\fs17 frequency-dependent}{\fs17 'bursty'}{\fs17 type}{\fs17 errors}{\
fs17 due}{\fs17 primarily}{\fs17 to}{\fs17 fading. }
i1425 {\fs17 Therefore,}{\fs17 convolutional}{\fs17 coding}{\fs17 alone}{\fs1
7 may}{\fs17 not}{\fs17 be}{\fs17 able}{\fs17 to}{\fs17 compensate}{\fs17
for}{\fs17 a}{\fs17 large}{\fs17 number}{\fs17 of }
i1425 {\fs17 consecutive}{\fs17 errors}{\fs17 on}{\fs17 a}{\fs17 single}{\fs
17 channel}{\fs17 frequency }\par
}
\cf0 Block Interleaving \par
}
}
\fs10 \cf94 8000 Hz
ampling \par
}
\fs10 \cf94 13-bit
fi60 resolution
uantization \par
}
cf0 2080-bit (20ms)
i239 blocks
i209 (note 1) \par
}
cf0 8000x13bits
i60 {\cf1 =}{\cf1 104}{\cf1 kbps }\par
}
}
}
\fs10 \cf94 RPE-LTP
peech Coder \par
}
\cf94 Channel
fi29 Coding \par
}
}
\fs10 \cf94 GMSK
odulation \par
}
}
fi1439 {\cf1 13}{\cf1 kbps }
}
}
\cf94 Radio Burst
ultiplexing \par
}
To overcome this, the data bursts are not sent in their natural order, but are
interleaved
\par}{\phpg\posx2565\pvpg\posy11192\absw8210\absh2215 \sl-240 \f20 \fs17 \cf0 am
ong a set of timeslots within the multiframe.
0 Interleaving is applied after error coding and removed at the receiver before
the decoding.
us the coding algorithm has a more random distribution of errors to deal with.
0 In the example above, 8 data blocks for each of channels 1-3 are transmitted c
onsecutively. If
\par}{\phpg\posx2565\pvpg\posy11192\absw8210\absh2215 \sl-240 \f20 \fs17 \cf0 a
noise burst occurs at the point and for the duration shown, 6 data blocks will b
e affected, 1
\par}{\phpg\posx2565\pvpg\posy11192\absw8210\absh2215 \sl-255 \f20 \fs17 \cf0 bl
ock of channel 1 and 5 blocks of channel 2. This is probably insignificant for
channel 1 but
uld have significant implications for channel 2. \par
}
}
89 \par
}
ffd8ffe000104a46494600010100000100010000ffdb004300010101010101010101010101010101
01010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101
010101010101010101ffdb0043010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101
0101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101ffc0
001108034a025403012200021101031101ffc4001f00000105010101010101000000000000000001
02030405060708090a0bffc400b5100002010303020403050504040000017d010203000411051221
31410613516107227114328191a1082342b1c11552d1f02433627282090a161718191a2526272829
2a3435363738393a434445464748494a535455565758595a636465666768696a737475767778797a
0101010101010101010000000000000102030405060708090a0bffc400b511000201020404030407
05040400010277000102031104052131061241510761711322328108144291a1b1c109233352f015
6272d10a162434e125f11718191a262728292a35363738393a434445464748494a53545556575859
5a636465666768696a737475767778797a82838485868788898a92939495969798999aa2a3a4a5a6
00ffd9
}
0 \fs28 \cf94 Interleaving
\fi750 {\cf0 Interleaving}{\cf0 -}{\cf0 Effects}{\cf0 of}{\cf0 'Burst'}{\cf0
Noise }
f94 {\f0\fs27 \bullet }{\b0 \fs21 \cf0 }{\fs21 \cf0 Non}{\fs21 \cf0 -}{\fs21 \
cf0 Interleaved}{\fs21 \cf0 Channels: }\par
}
cf94 1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
1
2
3
4
5
6 \par
}
94 7 \par
}
94 8 \par
}
cf0 Noise burst \par
}
94 1
1
1 \par
}
cf0 Channel 1
0 Channel 2
0 Channel 3 \par
}
}\f10 \fs21 \cf0 {\b Interleaved}{\b Channels: }\par
}
cf94 1
1
1
2
2
2
3
3
3
\par
}
94 4 \par
}
94 4 \par
}
94 4 \par
}
94 5 \par
}
94 5 \par
}
94 5 \par
}
94 6 \par
}
94 6 \par
}
94 6 \par
}
94 7 \par
}
94 7 \par
}
94 7 \par
}
94 8 \par
}
94 8 \par
}
94 8 \par
}
cf0 Noise burst \par
}
f the channel data blocks are interleaved as shown in the lower illustration, 6
blocks will still
\par}{\phpg\posx2445\pvpg\posy7367\absw8319\absh663 \sl-255 \f20 \fs17 \cf0 be a
ffected but in this case only two from each channel. Therefore the significance
of the noise
\par}{\phpg\posx2445\pvpg\posy7367\absw8319\absh663 \sl-240 \f20 \fs17 \cf0 burs
t (per channel) has been reduced. \par
}
}
\cf94 Channel Coder \par
}
}
\cf0 456 bits
fi120 {\fs7 4}{\fs7
5}{\fs7
6 }\par
}
\cf0 456 bits
fi120 {\fs7 \cf94 4}{\fs7 \cf94
5}{\fs7 \cf94
6 }\par
}
{\phpg\posx5145\pvpg\posy11038\absw44\absh92 \b \f10 \fs7 \cf0 \b \f10 \fs7 \cf0
1 \par
}
2 \par
}
3 \par
}
7 \par
}
8 \par
}
94 1 \par
}
94 2 \par
}
94 3 \par
}
94 7 \par
}
94 8 \par
}
\cf0 (8 x 57 bit blocks) \par
}
1 \par
}
f94 1 1 \par
}
2 \par
}
f94 2 2 \par
}
3 \par
}
94 33 \par
}
4 \par
}
94 44 \par
}
5 \par
}
94 55 \par
}
6 \par
}
94 66 \par
}
7 \par
}
94 77 \par
}
8 \par
}
94 8 \par
}
In addition, existing error correction algorithms function most efficiently when
errors are
\par}{\phpg\posx2445\pvpg\posy13982\absw8272\absh892 \sl-255 \f20 \fs17 \cf0 ran
dom in nature. They would therefore have a greater probability of correcting al
l errors on
\par}{\phpg\posx2445\pvpg\posy13982\absw8272\absh892 \sl-255 \f20 \fs17 \cf0 eac
h of the three channels in the second case above but would be unlikely to correc
t all the
ors on channel 2 in the first case above. \par
}
0 \par
}
}
ffd8ffe000104a46494600010100000100010000ffdb004300010101010101010101010101010101
01010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101
010101010101010101ffdb0043010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101
0101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101ffc0
001108034a025403012200021101031101ffc4001f00000105010101010101000000000000000001
02030405060708090a0bffc400b5100002010303020403050504040000017d010203000411051221
31410613516107227114328191a1082342b1c11552d1f02433627282090a161718191a2526272829
2a3435363738393a434445464748494a535455565758595a636465666768696a737475767778797a
0101010101010101010000000000000102030405060708090a0bffc400b511000201020404030407
05040400010277000102031104052131061241510761711322328108144291a1b1c109233352f015
6272d10a162434e125f11718191a262728292a35363738393a434445464748494a53545556575859
5a636465666768696a737475767778797a82838485868788898a92939495969798999aa2a3a4a5a6
00ffd9
}
\cf0 6.6.2 {\ul G}{\ul S}{\ul M}{\ul }{\ul I}{\ul N}{\ul T}{\ul E}{\ul R}{\u
l L}{\ul E}{\ul A}{\ul V}{\ul I}{\ul N}{\ul G}{\ul }{\ul I}{\ul M}{\ul P}{\ul L
}{\ul E}{\ul M}{\ul E}{\ul N}{\ul T}{\ul A}{\ul T}{\ul I}{\ul O}{\ul N}
cf0 {\b0 \f20 \fs17 GSM}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 employs}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 interleaving}{
\b0 \f20 \fs17 to}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 reduce}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 the}{\b0 \f20 \fs17
effects}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 of}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 burst}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 noise}{\b0
\f20 \fs17 over}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 the}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 air}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 inte
rface.}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 This }
{\b0 \f20 \fs17 takes}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 place}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 after}{\b0 \f20 \f
s17 channel}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 coding}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 but}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 befor
e}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 converting}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 the}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 coded}{\b0 \
f20 \fs17 bit}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 stream}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 into}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 da
ta}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 bursts. }
cf0 {\b0 \f20 \fs17 The}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 degree}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 of}{\b0 \f20 \f
s17 interleaving}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 used}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 in}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 GSM
}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 depends}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 on}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 the}{\b0 \f20 \fs
17 type}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 of}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 traffic}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 carried.}
{\b0 \f20 \fs17 One}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 456-bit }

{\b0 \f20 \fs17 block}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 of}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 data}{\b0 \f20 \fs17
is}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 spread}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 over: }\par
}
}\f40 \fs17 \cf0
fs22 \bullet }
fs22 \bullet } \par
}
timeslots for full-rate speech (as shown above)
\par}{\phpg\posx3300\pvpg\posy3752\absw4256\absh676 \sl-255 \f20 \fs17 \cf0 4 ti
meslots for most control channels
\par}{\phpg\posx3300\pvpg\posy3752\absw4256\absh676 \sl-255 \f20 \fs17 \cf0 up t
o 19 timeslots for data \par
}
{\phpg\posx2565\pvpg\posy4757\absw8296\absh663 \f20 \fs17 \cf0 \f20 \fs17 \cf0 E
ach timeslot referred to above equates to a burst of data over the air interface
. The following
\par}{\phpg\posx2565\pvpg\posy4757\absw8296\absh663 \sl-255 \f20 \fs17 \cf0 sect
ion describes the radio burst multiplexing of data blocks over the air interface
and the
\par}{\phpg\posx2565\pvpg\posy4757\absw8296\absh663 \sl-240 \f20 \fs17 \cf0 diff
erent types of bursts used by GSM. \par
}
_____________________________________________________________________
b \f10 \fs32 6.7}{\b \f10 \fs32
Radio}{\b \f10 \fs32 Burst}{\b \f10 \fs32 M
ultiplexing }
0 \fi3780 {\b \f10 \fs28 GSM}{\b \f10 \fs28 Burst}{\b \f10 \fs28 Multiplexing
}\par
}
}
\fs10 \cf94 8000 Hz
ampling \par
}
\fs10 \cf94 13-bit
fi60 resolution
uantization \par
}
cf0 2080-bit (20ms)
i239 blocks
i209 (note 1) \par
}
cf0 8000x13bits
i60 {\cf1 =}{\cf1 104}{\cf1 kbps }\par
}
}
}
0 \fs10 \cf94 RPE-LTP
Speech Coder \par
}
\cf94 Channel
\fi29 Coding \par
}
}
0 \fs10 \cf94 GMSK
Modulation \par
}
\cf0 156.25-bit bursts \par
}
\fi1439 {\cf1 13}{\cf1 kbps }
cf0 {\fs9 note}{\fs9 1:}{\fs9 160}{\fs9 samples}{\fs9 of}{\fs9 13}{\fs9 bi
ts}{\fs9 per}{\fs9 20ms }\par
}
}
\cf94 Radio Burst
Multiplexing \par
}
\cf1 Channel Coding \par
}
1 \cf0 6.7.1 {\ul R}{\ul A}{\ul D}{\ul I}{\ul O}{\ul }{\ul B}{\ul U}{\ul R}{\
ul S}{\ul T}{\ul }{\ul M}{\ul U}{\ul L}{\ul T}{\ul I}{\ul P}{\ul L}{\ul E}{\ul
X}{\ul I}{\ul N}{\ul G}{\ul }{\ul P}{\ul R}{\ul I}{\ul N}{\ul C}{\ul I}{\ul P}{
\ul L}{\ul E}{\ul S}
\cf0 {\b0 \f20 \fs17 Data}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 is}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 transmitted}{\b0
\f20 \fs17 over}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 the}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 GSM}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 Air}
{\b0 \f20 \fs17 interface}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 in}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 blocks.}{\b0 \f2
0 \fs17 Each}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 block}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 is}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 known
}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 as}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 a}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 'burst'. }
{\b0 \f20 \fs17 One}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 burst}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 corresponds}{\b0 \f
20 \fs17 to}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 one}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 timeslot}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 on}
{\b0 \f20 \fs17 an}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 8-timeslot}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 TDMA}{\b0 \f20
\fs17 frame. }
\cf0 {\b0 \f20 \fs17 GSM}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 defines}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 a}{\b0 \f20 \
fs17 number}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 of}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 burst}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 types,}
{\b0 \f20 \fs17 dependant}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 upon}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 the}{\b0 \f20
\fs17 burst's}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 function.}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 However,}{\b0 \f20 \
fs17 they }
{\b0 \f20 \fs17 all}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 have}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 a}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 s
ize}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 of}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 156.25}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 bit}{\b0 \f20 \
fs17 periods}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 with}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 time}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 durat
ion}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 of}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 0.577ms}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 (see}{\b0 \f20
\fs17 section}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 on }
{\b0 \f20 \fs17 voice/channel}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 coding}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 for}{\b0
\f20 \fs17 explanation). }\par
}
}
91 \par
}
ffd8ffe000104a46494600010100000100010000ffdb004300010101010101010101010101010101
01010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101
010101010101010101ffdb0043010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101
0101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101ffc0
001108034a025403012200021101031101ffc4001f00000105010101010101000000000000000001
02030405060708090a0bffc400b5100002010303020403050504040000017d010203000411051221
31410613516107227114328191a1082342b1c11552d1f02433627282090a161718191a2526272829
2a3435363738393a434445464748494a535455565758595a636465666768696a737475767778797a
0101010101010101010000000000000102030405060708090a0bffc400b511000201020404030407
05040400010277000102031104052131061241510761711322328108144291a1b1c109233352f015
6272d10a162434e125f11718191a262728292a35363738393a434445464748494a53545556575859
5a636465666768696a737475767778797a82838485868788898a92939495969798999aa2a3a4a5a6
00ffd9
}
\cf0 Radio Burst Multiplexing \par
}
cf0 456 bits
i105 {\fs7 4}{\fs7
5 }\par
}
cf0 456 bits
i105 {\fs7 \cf94 4}{\fs7 \cf94
5 }\par
}
1 \par
}
2 \par
}
3 \par
}
6 \par
}
7 \par
}
8 \par
}
4 1 \par
}
4 2 \par
}
4 3 \par
}
4 6 \par
}
4 7 \par
}
4 8 \par
}
cf0 (8 x 57 bit blocks) \par
}
1 \par
}
94 1 1 \par
}
2 \par
}
94 2 2 \par
}
3 \par
}
94 3 3 \par
}
4 \par
}
4 44 \par
}
5 \par
}
4 55 \par
}
6 \par
}
4 66 \par
}
7 \par
}
4 77 \par
}
8 \par
}
4 8 \par
}
3 \par
}
57 data bits \par
}
1 \par
}
0 26 training
\par}{\phpg\posx6225\pvpg\posy5458\absw397\absh146 \b \f10 \fs7 \cf0 \fi134 bits
\par
}
1 \par
}
94 57 data bits \par
}
3 \par
}
0 8.25 \par
}
\cf0 1 burst = 156.25 bit periods (0.577mS) \par
}
However, the Guard period of each burst exists to provide an inter-timeslot buff
er and is
refore not actually part of the information burst. Therefore the burst size is
often referred
by its information size. For example, a normal burst of 156.25 bit periods has
an 8.25 guard
\par}{\phpg\posx2445\pvpg\posy7367\absw8275\absh1554 \sl-255 \f20 \fs17 \cf0 per
iod and therefore has an information burst size of 148 bits.
Each burst bit is numbered 0-156 with the last bit being 156. The 0 bit is alw
ays transmitted
\par}{\phpg\posx2445\pvpg\posy7367\absw8275\absh1554 \sl-240 \f20 \fs17 \cf0 fir
st. \par
}
0 \fs28 \cf0 Types of Data Burst
f0 {\f0\fs28 \bullet }{\b0 \fs21 }{\b0 \fs21 The}{\b0 \fs21 156.25}{\b0 \fs21
bit}{\b0 \fs21 periods}{\b0 \fs21 of}{\b0 \fs21 a}{\b0 \fs21 timeslot}{\b0
\fs21 can}{\b0 \fs21 hold}{\b0 \fs21 different}{\b0 \fs21 types}{\b0 \fs21
of}{\b0 \fs21 data }\par
}
burst:
0 \fi1004 {\b \fs10 Normal}{\b \fs10 Burst }
i375 {\b \fs10 (Traffic}{\b \fs10 and}{\b \fs10 most}{\b \fs10 control}{\b \f
s10 channels) }
\par}{\phpg\posx3059\pvpg\posy10608\absw2628\absh2688 \sl-116 \par\par\par\f10 \

fs21 \cf0 \fi360 {\b \fs10 Frequency}{\b \fs10 Correction}{\b \fs10 Burst}{\b
\fs10 (FCCH) }
i660 {\b \fs10 Data}{\b \fs10 and}{\b \fs10 tail}{\b \fs10 bits}{\b \fs10 ar
e}{\b \fs10 all}{\b \fs10 0 }
0 \fi555 {\b \fs10 Synchronisation}{\b \fs10 Burst}{\b \fs10 (SCH) }
i420 {\b \fs10 Data}{\b \fs10 to}{\b \fs10 synchronise}{\b \fs10 MS}{\b \fs10
with}{\b \fs10 BTS }
\cf0 \fi990 {\b \fs10 Dummy}{\b \fs10 Burst }
i120 {\b \fs9 Transmitted}{\b \fs9 on}{\b \fs9 BCCH}{\b \fs9 carrier}{\b \fs9
when}{\b \fs9 there}{\b \fs9 are}{\b \fs9 no}{\b \fs9 other }
i375 {\b \fs9 bursts}{\b \fs9 -}{\b \fs9 allows}{\b \fs9 power}{\b \fs9 leve
l}{\b \fs9 measurements }
0 \fi765 {\b \fs10 Access}{\b \fs10 Burst}{\b \fs10 (RACH) }
i315 {\b \fs10 Long}{\b \fs10 guard}{\b \fs10 period}{\b \fs10 to}{\b \fs10
avoid}{\b \fs10 collisions }\par
}
f0 Stealing flag bits
0 {\fs10 26}{\fs10 Training }\par
}
\cf0 Bits \par
}
cf0 1 \par
}
cf0 3 \par
}
\cf0 57 Data Bits \par
}
cf0 1 \par
}
}
cf0 3 \par
}
\cf0 8.25 \par
}
cf0 3 \par
}
\cf0 142 fixed bits \par
}

cf0 3 \par
}
\cf0 8.25 \par
}
cf0 3 \par
}
\cf94 39 Data
\fi104 Bits \par
}
\cf0 64 Training Bits
ync Sequence \par
}
\cf94 39 Data
\fi104 Bits \par
}
cf0 3 \par
}
\cf0 8.25 \par
}
cf0 3 \par
}
\cf0 26 Training
fi195 Bits \par
}
cf0 3 \par
}
\cf0 8.25 \par
}
cf0 8 \par
}
\cf0 41 Training
fi195 Bits \par
}
}
cf0 3 \par
}
\cf0 68.25 \par
}
f0 Tail bits \par
}
f0 Guard period \par
}
2 \par
}
}
ffd8ffe000104a46494600010100000100010000ffdb004300010101010101010101010101010101
01010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101
010101010101010101ffdb0043010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101
0101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101ffc0
001108034a025403012200021101031101ffc4001f00000105010101010101000000000000000001
02030405060708090a0bffc400b5100002010303020403050504040000017d010203000411051221
31410613516107227114328191a1082342b1c11552d1f02433627282090a161718191a2526272829
2a3435363738393a434445464748494a535455565758595a636465666768696a737475767778797a
0101010101010101010000000000000102030405060708090a0bffc400b511000201020404030407
05040400010277000102031104052131061241510761711322328108144291a1b1c109233352f015
6272d10a162434e125f11718191a262728292a35363738393a434445464748494a53545556575859
5a636465666768696a737475767778797a82838485868788898a92939495969798999aa2a3a4a5a6
00ffd9

}
SM defines 5 bursts types include: \par
}
}\f40 \fs17 \cf0
\fs22 \bullet }
\fs22 \bullet }
\fs22 \bullet }
}
Normal Bursts
\par}{\phpg\posx3285\pvpg\posy2567\absw2503\absh1135 \sl-255 \f20 \fs17 \cf0 Syn
chronisation Bursts
\par}{\phpg\posx3285\pvpg\posy2567\absw2503\absh1135 \sl-255 \f20 \fs17 \cf0 Fre
quency Correction Bursts
\par}{\phpg\posx3285\pvpg\posy2567\absw2503\absh1135 \sl-255 \f20 \fs17 \cf0 Acc
ess Bursts
\par}{\phpg\posx3285\pvpg\posy2567\absw2503\absh1135 \sl-255 \f20 \fs17 \cf0 Dum
my Bursts \par
}
\cf0 6.7.2 {\ul N}{\ul O}{\ul R}{\ul M}{\ul A}{\ul L}{\ul }{\ul B}{\ul U}{\u
l R}{\ul S}{\ul T}
cf0 {\b0 \f20 \fs17 A}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 normal}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 burst}{\b0 \f20 \
fs17 is}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 the}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 most}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 common}{\b0
\f20 \fs17 burst}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 type}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 and}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 i
s}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 generally}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 used}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 for}{\b0 \f2
0 \fs17 carrying}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 user}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 data }
{\b0 \f20 \fs17 (voice)}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 over}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 the}{\b0 \f20 \fs
17 Traffic}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 Channel}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 (TCH)}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 and
}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 for}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 control}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 channels}{\b0 \f
20 \fs17 other}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 than}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 the}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 FCCH
,}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 SCH }
{\b0 \f20 \fs17 and}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 RACH}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 (see}{\b0 \f20 \fs17
different}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 burst}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 types}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 below)
.}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 It}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 has}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 an}{\b0 \f20 \fs17
information}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 burst}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 size}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 of}{
\b0 \f20 \fs17 148}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 bits }
{\b0 \f20 \fs17 (156.25-8.25}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 guard}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 period).}{\
b0 \f20 \fs17
The}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 burst}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 comprises}{\b0 \f20
\fs17 the}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 following}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 elements: }\par
}
}\f40 \fs17 \cf0 \par
}
}\f40 \fs17 \cf0 \par
}
}\f40 \fs17 \cf0 \par

}
}\f40 \fs17 \cf0 \par
}
}\f40 \fs17 \cf0 \par
}
{\ul D}{\ul a}{\ul t}{\ul a}{\ul }{\ul B}{\ul l}{\ul o}{\ul c}{\ul k}{\ul s}.
The burst includes 2 x 57-bit voice/data blocks. These blocks (plus the
\par}{\phpg\posx3300\pvpg\posy6137\absw7568\absh4726 \sl-255 \f20 \fs17 \cf0 ste
aling bits) are encrypted (see section on voice/channel coding for explanation o
f
\par}{\phpg\posx3300\pvpg\posy6137\absw7568\absh4726 \sl-240 \f20 \fs17 \cf0 how
blocks are inserted into bursts).
{\ul T}{\ul a}{\ul i}{\ul l}{\ul }{\ul B}{\ul i}{\ul t}{\ul s}. The burst in
cludes 2 x 3-bit tail blocks. These blocks are always set to
\par}{\phpg\posx3300\pvpg\posy6137\absw7568\absh4726 \sl-240 \f20 \fs17 \cf0 0,0
,0. Their purpose is to assist in the equalisation process by providing a start
/stop
\par}{\phpg\posx3300\pvpg\posy6137\absw7568\absh4726 \sl-255 \f20 \fs17 \cf0 ref
erence for the equaliser.
{\ul T}{\ul r}{\ul a}{\ul i}{\ul n}{\ul i}{\ul n}{\ul g}{\ul }{\ul B}{\ul i}{\
ul t}{\ul s}. Each burst contains a 26-bit training sequence. This sequence is
used
\par}{\phpg\posx3300\pvpg\posy6137\absw7568\absh4726 \sl-240 \f20 \fs17 \cf0 by
the equaliser to compensate for timing variations on the channel (see section on
\par}{\phpg\posx3300\pvpg\posy6137\absw7568\absh4726 \sl-255 \f20 \fs17 \cf0 Equ
alisation). GSM defines 8 distinct 26-bit training patterns. The sequence used
is
\par}{\phpg\posx3300\pvpg\posy6137\absw7568\absh4726 \sl-240 \f20 \fs17 \cf0 det
ermined at call setup.
{\ul S}{\ul t}{\ul e}{\ul a}{\ul l}{\ul i}{\ul n}{\ul g}{\ul }{\ul B}{\ul i}{\
ul t}{\ul s}.
Each burst contains two stealing bits, one associated with each
\par}{\phpg\posx3300\pvpg\posy6137\absw7568\absh4726 \sl-240 \f20 \fs17 \cf0 voi
ce/data block. A stealing bit is set to 1 if its associated data block has been
'stolen'
use by the FACCH (see section on GSM control channels for further explanation).
{\ul G}{\ul u}{\ul a}{\ul r}{\ul d}{\ul }{\ul P}{\ul e}{\ul r}{\ul i}{\ul o}{\
ul d}. The 8.25-bit guard period is unused space with allows for a short time
\par}{\phpg\posx3300\pvpg\posy6137\absw7568\absh4726 \sl-255 \f20 \fs17 \cf0 gap
between consecutive timeslots to prevent inter-timeslot interference over the
nnel. The guard period also allows time for the transmitter to ramp -up and ram
p\par}{\phpg\posx3300\pvpg\posy6137\absw7568\absh4726 \sl-255 \f20 \fs17 \cf0 dow
n. \par
}
1 \cf0 6.7.3 {\ul F}{\ul R}{\ul E}{\ul Q}{\ul U}{\ul E}{\ul N}{\ul C}{\ul Y}{\
ul }{\ul C}{\ul O}{\ul R}{\ul R}{\ul E}{\ul C}{\ul T}{\ul I}{\ul O}{\ul N}{\ul
}{\ul B}{\ul U}{\ul R}{\ul S}{\ul T}

\cf0 {\b0 \f20 \fs17 The}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 Frequency}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 Correction}
{\b0 \f20 \fs17 burst}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 is}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 used}{\b0 \f20 \fs17
for}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 frequency}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 synchronisation}{\b0 \f20 \fs1
7 of}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 the}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 MS.}{\b0 \f20 \fs17
The}{\b0 \f20
\fs17 data }
{\b0 \f20 \fs17 bits}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 are}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 all}{\b0 \f20 \fs17
set}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 to}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 0,}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 the}{\b0 \f20 \fs1
7 equivalent}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 of}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 an}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 unmodulat
ed}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 carrier}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 with}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 a}{\b0 \f20 \
fs17 specific}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 frequency}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 offset. }
{\b0 \f20 \fs17 The}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 repetitions}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 of}{\b0 \f20
\fs17 these}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 bursts}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 are}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 colle
ctively}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 known}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 as}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 the}{\b0 \f2
0 \fs17 Frequency}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 Correction}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 Channel }
{\b0 \f20 \fs17 (FCCH).}{\b0 \f20 \fs17
It}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 has}{\b0 \f20 \f
s17 an}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 information}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 burst}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 siz
e}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 of}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 148}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 bits}{\b0 \f20 \fs17
(156.25-8.25}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 guard}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 period).}{\b0 \f20 \fs17
The}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 tail}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 bits }
{\b0 \f20 \fs17 and}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 guard}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 band}{\b0 \f20 \fs1
7 are}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 the}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 same}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 as}{\b0 \f20
\fs17 for}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 a}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 normal}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 burst. }
\par
}
}
93 \par
}
ffd8ffe000104a46494600010100000100010000ffdb004300010101010101010101010101010101
01010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101
010101010101010101ffdb0043010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101
0101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101ffc0
001108034a025403012200021101031101ffc4001f00000105010101010101000000000000000001
02030405060708090a0bffc400b5100002010303020403050504040000017d010203000411051221
31410613516107227114328191a1082342b1c11552d1f02433627282090a161718191a2526272829
2a3435363738393a434445464748494a535455565758595a636465666768696a737475767778797a
0101010101010101010000000000000102030405060708090a0bffc400b511000201020404030407
05040400010277000102031104052131061241510761711322328108144291a1b1c109233352f015
6272d10a162434e125f11718191a262728292a35363738393a434445464748494a53545556575859
5a636465666768696a737475767778797a82838485868788898a92939495969798999aa2a3a4a5a6
00ffd9
}
\cf0 6.7.4 {\ul S}{\ul Y}{\ul N}{\ul C}{\ul H}{\ul R}{\ul O}{\ul N}{\ul I}{\u
l S}{\ul A}{\ul T}{\ul I}{\ul O}{\ul N}{\ul }{\ul B}{\ul U}{\ul R}{\ul S}{\ul T
}
cf0 {\b0 \f20 \fs17 The}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 synchronisation}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 burst}
{\b0 \f20 \fs17 is}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 used}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 for}{\b0 \f20 \fs17
time-synchronisation}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 of}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 the}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 m
obile}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 with}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 the}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 BTS.}{\b0 \f20
\fs17 It }
{\b0 \f20 \fs17 differs}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 from}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 the}{\b0 \f20 \fs
17 Normal}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 Burst}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 primarily}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 in
}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 the}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 fact}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 that}{\b0 \f20 \fs1
7 it}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 has}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 an}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 extended}{\b0 \f
20 \fs17 64-bit}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 training }
{\b0 \f20 \fs17 sequence,}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 with}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 no}{\b0 \f20 \f
s17 stealing}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 bits}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 and}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 reduce
d-size}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 data}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 blocks.}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 The}{\b0
\f20 \fs17 repetitions}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 of}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 these}{\b0 \f20 \fs
17 bursts }
{\b0 \f20 \fs17 are}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 collectively}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 known}{\b0 \f
20 \fs17 as}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 the}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 Synchronisation}{\b0 \f20 \fs
17 Channel}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 (SCH).}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 It}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 has}{\
b0 \f20 \fs17 an}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 information}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 burst }
{\b0 \f20 \fs17 size}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 of}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 148}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 b
its}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 (156.25-8.25}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 guard}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 period
).}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 A}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 single}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 burst}{\b0 \f20
\fs17 comprises}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 the}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 following}{\b0 \f20 \fs17
elements: }\par
}
}\f40 \fs17 \cf0 \par

}
}\f40 \fs17 \cf0 \par
}
The burst includes 2 x 39-bit encrypted data blocks. These blocks carry
ormation regarding the TDMA frame number and Base Station Identity Code
\par}{\phpg\posx3180\pvpg\posy3497\absw7569\absh2458 \sl-255 \f20 \fs17 \cf0 (BS
IC). It is broadcast in conjunction with the Frequency Correction burst. The f
rame
\par}{\phpg\posx3180\pvpg\posy3497\absw7569\absh2458 \sl-240 \f20 \fs17 \cf0 Num
ber (FN) is encoded in a 19-bit pattern which repeats every 2,715,648 frames (3.
5
\par}{\phpg\posx3180\pvpg\posy3497\absw7569\absh2458 \sl-255 \f20 \fs17 \cf0 hou
rs). The TDMA frame number is used by the mobile to determine the type of
\par}{\phpg\posx3180\pvpg\posy3497\absw7569\absh2458 \sl-240 \f20 \fs17 \cf0 log
ical channel being transmitted on the control channel, TS0. The BSIC is also us
ed
\par}{\phpg\posx3180\pvpg\posy3497\absw7569\absh2458 \sl-255 \f20 \fs17 \cf0 by
the mobile for checking the identity of the BTS when making power
\par}{\phpg\posx3180\pvpg\posy3497\absw7569\absh2458 \sl-240 \f20 \fs17 \cf0 mea
surements.
{\ul T}{\ul r}{\ul a}{\ul i}{\ul n}{\ul i}{\ul n}{\ul g}{\ul }{\ul B}{\ul i}{\
ul t}{\ul s}. The extended 64-bit training sequence is used to allow for time\par}{\phpg\posx3180\pvpg\posy3497\absw7569\absh2458 \sl-240 \f20 \fs17 \cf0 syn
chronisation between the mobile and the BTS. \par
}
he tail bits and guard band are the same as for a normal burst. \par
}
\cf0 6.7.5 {\ul D}{\ul U}{\ul M}{\ul M}{\ul Y}{\ul }{\ul B}{\ul U}{\ul R}{\u
l S}{\ul T}
cf0 {\b0 \f20 \fs17 The}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 format}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 of}{\b0 \f20 \f
s17 Dummy}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 Burst}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 is}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 the}{\b0
\f20 \fs17 same}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 as}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 that}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 for}
{\b0 \f20 \fs17 the}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 Normal}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 Burst}{\b0 \f20 \f
s17 (the}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 stealing}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 bits}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 have
}
{\b0 \f20 \fs17 relevance}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 here).}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 However,}{\b
0 \f20 \fs17 it}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 contains}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 no}{\b0 \f20 \fs17
information.}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 It}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 is}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 generally
}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 transmitted}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 by}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 the}{\b0 \f20
\fs17 BTS }
{\b0 \f20 \fs17 on}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 any}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 BCH}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 ca
rrier}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 timeslot}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 (including}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 TCH
s)}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 when}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 no}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 other}{\b0 \f20 \f
s17 information}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 is}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 to}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 be}{\b
0 \f20 \fs17 sent}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 so}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 that }
{\b0 \f20 \fs17 neighbouring}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 cells}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 can}{\b0 \f
20 \fs17 still}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 carry}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 out}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 pow
er}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 measurements. }\par
}
\cf0 6.7.6 {\ul A}{\ul C}{\ul C}{\ul E}{\ul S}{\ul S}{\ul }{\ul B}{\ul U}{\u
l R}{\ul S}{\ul T}
cf0 {\b0 \f20 \fs17 The}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 Access}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 Burst}{\b0 \f20
\fs17 is}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 used}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 to}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 gain}{\b0
\f20 \fs17 access}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 to}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 the}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 net
work}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 and}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 is}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 therefore}{\b0 \f
20 \fs17 uplink}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 only.}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 It}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 is
}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 also }
{\b0 \f20 \fs17 used}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 to}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 request}{\b0 \f20 \fs1
7 resources}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 from}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 the}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 new}{\b
0 \f20 \fs17 cell}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 on}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 handover.}{\b0 \f20 \fs1
7 It}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 has}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 a}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 shortened}{\b0 \
f20 \fs17 information }
{\b0 \f20 \fs17 burst}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 size}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 of}{\b0 \f20 \fs17
88}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 bits}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 (156.25-68.25}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 guard}
{\b0 \f20 \fs17 period).}{\b0 \f20 \fs17
The}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 burst}{\b0 \f2
0 \fs17 comprises}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 the}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 following}{\b0 \f20 \fs
17 elements: }\par
}
}\f40 \fs17 \cf0 \par
}
}\f40 \fs17 \cf0
}
}\f40 \fs17 \cf0 \par
}
The burst includes a 36-bit data block. This block contains information
\par}{\phpg\posx3180\pvpg\posy10757\absw7572\absh3363 \sl-240 \f20 \fs17 \cf0 fr
om the MS requesting network resources
0 {\ul T}{\ul a}{\ul i}{\ul l}{\ul }{\ul B}{\ul i}{\ul t}{\ul s}. The burst i
ncludes a normal 3-bit tail block and an extended 8-bit tail block.
0 {\ul T}{\ul r}{\ul a}{\ul i}{\ul n}{\ul i}{\ul n}{\ul g}{\ul }{\ul B}{\ul i}{
\ul t}{\ul s}. Each burst contains an extended 41-bit training sequence to allo
w for
e equaliser to provide adequate timing adjustments. This sequence is used to
\par}{\phpg\posx3180\pvpg\posy10757\absw7572\absh3363 \sl-255 \f20 \fs17 \cf0 sy
nchronise the MS to the BTS.
The BTS detects the 41-bit access sequence and
mputes the timing advance value which is then transmitted to the MS.
0 {\ul G}{\ul u}{\ul a}{\ul r}{\ul d}{\ul }{\ul P}{\ul e}{\ul r}{\ul i}{\ul o}{
\ul d}. The extended 68.25-bit guard period is to allow for the fact that when
MS initially connects to the network, it has no information about timing advanc
e.

is guard period allows for maximum initial timing advance and hence maximum
\par}{\phpg\posx3180\pvpg\posy10757\absw7572\absh3363 \sl-255 \f20 \fs17 \cf0 ce
ll size (max 64-bit timing advance value, up to 37.5km round-trip distance from
the
\par}{\phpg\posx3180\pvpg\posy10757\absw7572\absh3363 \sl-240 \f20 \fs17 \cf0 BT
S{\dn006 \fs12 1}) until the MS is informed about its correct timing advance le
vel (see above). \par
}
\par
}
12 \cf0 8
s17 Guard}{\fs17 period}{\fs17 =}{\fs17 68.25}{\fs17 bit}{\fs17 periods}{\f
s17 at}{\fs17 3.69s/bit}{\fs17 =}{\fs17 252}{\fs17 s.}{\fs17
252}{\fs17 s
}{\fs17 x}{\fs17 3x10}{\fs17
=}{\fs17 75.5km}{\fs17 =}{\fs17 37.5km}{\
fs17 round}{\fs17 trip}{\fs17 dis}{\fs17 tance. }\par
}
4 \par
}
}
ffd8ffe000104a46494600010100000100010000ffdb004300010101010101010101010101010101
01010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101
010101010101010101ffdb0043010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101
0101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101ffc0
001108034a025403012200021101031101ffc4001f00000105010101010101000000000000000001
02030405060708090a0bffc400b5100002010303020403050504040000017d010203000411051221
31410613516107227114328191a1082342b1c11552d1f02433627282090a161718191a2526272829
2a3435363738393a434445464748494a535455565758595a636465666768696a737475767778797a
0101010101010101010000000000000102030405060708090a0bffc400b511000201020404030407
05040400010277000102031104052131061241510761711322328108144291a1b1c109233352f015
6272d10a162434e125f11718191a262728292a35363738393a434445464748494a53545556575859
5a636465666768696a737475767778797a82838485868788898a92939495969798999aa2a3a4a5a6
00ffd9
}
_____________________________________________________________________
\f10 \fs32 6.8}{\b \f10 \fs32
Summary}{\b \f10 \fs32 of}{\b \f10 \fs32 Cod
ing}{\b \f10 \fs32 Processes }\par
}
\cf0 GSM Voice/Channel Coding Summary \par
}
cf0 20ms Block \par
}
cf0 20ms Block \par
}
cf0 20ms Block \par
}
\cf0 (2080 bits per block) \par
}
cf0 Speech \par
}
\cf94 Speech Coder \par
}
\cf94 Speech Coder \par
}
\cf0 RPE-LTP encoding \par
}
kbps \par
}
cf0 260 bits \par
}
cf0 260 bits \par
}
}

}
\cf0 Block and convolution encoding \par
}
.8kbps \par
}
cf0 456 bits
fs7 3}{\fs7
4}{\fs7
5}{\fs7
6 }\par
}
cf0 456 bits
fs7 \cf94 3}{\fs7 \cf94
4}{\fs7 \cf94
5}{\fs7 \cf94
6 }\p
ar
}
1 \par
}
2 \par
}
7 \par
}
8 \par
}
4 1 \par
}
4 2 \par
}
4 7 \par
}
4 8 \par
}
x 57-bit blocks \par
}
cf0 Interleaving \par
}
1 \par
}
94 1 1 \par
}
2 \par
}
4 22 \par
}
3 \par
}
4 33 \par
}
4 \par
}
4 44 \par
}
5 \par
}
4 55 \par
}
6 \par
}
4 66 \par
}
7 \par
}
4 77 \par
}
8 \par
}
4 8 \par
}
3 \par
}
57 data bits \par
}
1 \par
}
fs7 \cf0 26
\par}{\phpg\posx6495\pvpg\posy7543\absw298\absh214 \b \f10 \fs7 \cf0 training
\par}{\phpg\posx6495\pvpg\posy7543\absw298\absh214 \b \f10 \fs7 \cf0 \fi75 bits
\par
}
1 \par
}
94 57 data bits \par
}
3 \par
}
0 8.25 \par
}
\cf0 1 burst = 156.25 bit periods (0.577mS) \par
}
_____________________________________________________________________
b \f10 \fs32 6.9}{\b \f10 \fs32
Radio}{\b \f10 \fs32 Interface}{\b \f10 \fs3
2 Modulation }
0 \fi4320 {\b \f10 \fs28 \cf94 GSM}{\b \f10 \fs28 \cf94 Modulation }\par
}
\cf1 Speech Coding \par
}
\cf0 GSM Modulation \par
}
\fs10 \cf94 8000 Hz
sampling \par
}
0 \fs10 \cf94 13-bit
\fi60 resolution
Quantization \par
}
\cf0 2080-bit (20ms)
fi239 blocks
fi209 (note 1) \par
}
\cf0 8000x13bits
fi60 {\cf1 =}{\cf1 104}{\cf1 kbps }\par
}
\cf0 456-bit}{\cf0 blocks }\par
}
\cf1 Radio Interface \par
}
0 \fs10 \cf94 RPE-LTP
Speech Coder \par
}
\cf94 Channel
\fi29 Coding \par
}
}
0 \fs10 \cf94 GMSK
Modulation \par
}
\cf0 156.25-bit bursts \par
}
\fi1439 {\cf1 13}{\cf1 kbps }
cf0 {\fs9 note}{\fs9 1:}{\fs9 160}{\fs9 samples}{\fs9 of}{\fs9 13}{\fs9 bi
ts}{\fs9 per}{\fs9 20ms }\par
}
}
\cf94 Radio Burst
Multiplexing \par
}
\cf1 Channel Coding \par
}
}
95 \par
}
ffd8ffe000104a46494600010100000100010000ffdb004300010101010101010101010101010101
01010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101
010101010101010101ffdb0043010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101
0101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101ffc0
001108034a025403012200021101031101ffc4001f00000105010101010101000000000000000001
02030405060708090a0bffc400b5100002010303020403050504040000017d010203000411051221
31410613516107227114328191a1082342b1c11552d1f02433627282090a161718191a2526272829
2a3435363738393a434445464748494a535455565758595a636465666768696a737475767778797a
0101010101010101010000000000000102030405060708090a0bffc400b511000201020404030407
05040400010277000102031104052131061241510761711322328108144291a1b1c109233352f015
6272d10a162434e125f11718191a262728292a35363738393a434445464748494a53545556575859
5a636465666768696a737475767778797a82838485868788898a92939495969798999aa2a3a4a5a6
00ffd9
}
he modulation technique used with standard GSM is known as Gaussian Minimum Shif
t
\par}{\phpg\posx2445\pvpg\posy1832\absw8033\absh649 \sl-240 \f20 \fs17 \cf0 Keyi
ng (GMSK). GMSK had its roots in Frequency Shift Keying (FSK) where each binary
1
0 is transmitted in the form of one of two different frequencies: \par
}
0 \fs28 \cf0 Modulation - Frequency Shift Keying
cf0 {\f0\fs28 \bullet }{\b0 \fs21 }{\b0 \fs21 Two}{\b0 \fs21 frequencies}{\b0
\fs21 are}{\b0 \fs21 used}{\b0 \fs21 to}{\b0 \fs21 represent}{\b0 \fs21 th
e}{\b0 \fs21 two}{\b0 \fs21 binary}{\b0 \fs21 levels }
28 \cf0 \fi4919 {\b0 \fs14 \cf1 F1}{\b0 \fs14 \cf1
F2}{\b0 \fs14 \cf1
F1}{\b0 \fs14 \cf1
F2 }\par
}
0
1
0 \par
}
\cf94 Modulator \par
}
arrier F1 + F2 \par
}
\fs28 \cf0 Modulation - Minimum Shift Keying (MSK)
f0 {\f0\fs23 \bullet }{\b0 \fs17 }{\b0 \fs17

MSK}{\b0 \fs17 utilises}{\b0 \f
s17 procedures}{\b0 \fs17 to}{\b0 \fs17 minimise}{\b0 \fs17 the}{\b0 \fs17
phase}{\b0 \fs17 change}{\b0 \fs17 when}{\b0 \fs17 alternating }
fi224 {\b0 \fs17 frequencies }\par
}
\cf0 1 \par
}
6 \par
}
}
ffd8ffe000104a46494600010100000100010000ffdb004300010101010101010101010101010101
01010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101
010101010101010101ffdb0043010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101
0101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101ffc0
001108034a025403012200021101031101ffc4001f00000105010101010101000000000000000001
02030405060708090a0bffc400b5100002010303020403050504040000017d010203000411051221
31410613516107227114328191a1082342b1c11552d1f02433627282090a161718191a2526272829
2a3435363738393a434445464748494a535455565758595a636465666768696a737475767778797a
0101010101010101010000000000000102030405060708090a0bffc400b511000201020404030407
05040400010277000102031104052131061241510761711322328108144291a1b1c109233352f015
6272d10a162434e125f11718191a262728292a35363738393a434445464748494a53545556575859
5a636465666768696a737475767778797a82838485868788898a92939495969798999aa2a3a4a5a6
00ffd9
10 \fs17 \cf0 6. Speech and Channel Coding
{\f20 Minimum}{\f20 Shift}{\f20 Keying}{\f20 (MSK)}{\f20 is}{\f20 a}{\f20
special}{\f20 form}{\f20 of}{\f20 FSK}{\f20 that}{\f20 uses}{\f20 minimum}
{\f20 spacing}{\f20 and}{\f20 no }
0 phase}{\f20 inversions.}{\f20 It}{\f20 uses}{\f20 a}{\f20 continuous}{\f
20 phase}{\f20 modulation}{\f20 scheme}{\f20 where}{\f20 frequency}{\f20 c
hanges }
0 occur}{\f20 at}{\f20 the}{\f20 carrier}{\f20 zero}{\f20 crossings.}{\f20
With}{\f20 MSK}{\f20 the}{\f20 difference}{\f20 between}{\f20 the}{\f20
frequency}{\f20 of}{\f20 a }
0 logical}{\f20 zero}{\f20 and}{\f20 a}{\f20 logical}{\f20 one}{\f20 is}{\
f20 always}{\f20 equal}{\f20 to}{\f20 half}{\f20 the}{\f20 data}{\f20 rat
e. }\par
}
A significant problem with using MSK for high speed applications is that it is
not compact
\par}{\phpg\posx2565\pvpg\posy6647\absw8214\absh1770 \sl-240 \f20 \fs17 \cf0 eno
ugh to fully utilize the available RF bandwidth. To more efficiently use avail
able
\par}{\phpg\posx2565\pvpg\posy6647\absw8214\absh1770 \sl-240 \f20 \fs17 \cf0 ban
dwidth, it is necessary to reduce the energy of the MSK upper side lobes by fee
ding the
nal through a low pass filter. To do this, a Gaussian filter, characterized by
a Gaussian
tribution (bell shaped curve), is used to provide a cut-off frequency with very
little
\par}{\phpg\posx2565\pvpg\posy6647\absw8214\absh1770 \sl-240 \f20 \fs17 \cf0 ove
rshoot in its impulse response and therefore reduces adjacent channel interferen
ce.
refore GMSK is able to make much more efficient use of bandwidth and power than
does
\par}{\phpg\posx2565\pvpg\posy6647\absw8214\absh1770 \sl-240 \f20 \fs17 \cf0 MSK
due to its low base-band and harmonic content. \par
}
0 \fs28 \cf0 Modulation - Gaussian Minimum Shift Keying
Data}{\b0 \fs18 pulses}{\b0 \f
s18 are}{\b0 \fs18 shaped}{\b0 \fs18 using}{\b0 \fs18 a}{\b0 \fs18 Gaussian
}
\fi210 {\b0 \fs18 filter: }\par
}
t }\f10 \fs16 \cf0 Smoothes phase transitions
0\fs21 \bullet } Gives a constant envelope
0\fs21 \bullet } Reduces adjacent channel interference \par
}

f0 Gaussian Filter
\par}{\phpg\posx9675\pvpg\posy10963\absw569\absh160 \sl-90 \b \f10 \fs7 \cf0 \fi
105 Response \par
}
f0 Frequency Response of MSK Filter \par
}
f0 Frequency Response of GMSK Filter \par
}
{\sp{\sn txflTextFlow}{\sv 2}}}{\shptxt \b \f10 \fs6 \cf0 1.0 \par}}
{\sp{\sn txflTextFlow}{\sv 2}}}{\shptxt \b \f10 \fs6 \cf0 Response \par}}
{\sp{\sn txflTextFlow}{\sv 2}}}{\shptxt \b \f10 \fs6 \cf0 Response \par}}
0 \par
}
0 0.1 \par
}
0 0.2 \par
}
0 0.3 \par
}
0 0.4 \par
}
0 0.5 \par
}
0 \par
}
0 0.1 \par
}
0 0.2 \par
}
0 0.3 \par
}
0 0.4 \par
}
f0 0.5 \par
}
0 Spatial Frequency \par
}
0 Spatial Frequency \par
}
}
97 \par
}
ffd8ffe000104a46494600010100000100010000ffdb004300010101010101010101010101010101
01010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101
010101010101010101ffdb0043010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101
0101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101ffc0
001108034a025403012200021101031101ffc4001f00000105010101010101000000000000000001
02030405060708090a0bffc400b5100002010303020403050504040000017d010203000411051221
31410613516107227114328191a1082342b1c11552d1f02433627282090a161718191a2526272829
2a3435363738393a434445464748494a535455565758595a636465666768696a737475767778797a
0101010101010101010000000000000102030405060708090a0bffc400b511000201020404030407
05040400010277000102031104052131061241510761711322328108144291a1b1c109233352f015
6272d10a162434e125f11718191a262728292a35363738393a434445464748494a53545556575859
5a636465666768696a737475767778797a82838485868788898a92939495969798999aa2a3a4a5a6
00ffd9
}
cf0 {\b0 \fs21 This}{\b0 \fs21 Section}{\b0 \fs21 covers}{\b0 \fs21 the}{\b0
\fs21 following}{\b0 \fs21 topics: }
cf0 \fi329 {\f0\fs28 \bullet }{\b0 \fs21 }{\b0 \fs21
Speech}{\b0 \fs21 Codin
g}{\b0 \fs21 Techniques }
GSM}{\b0 \fs21 Speech}{\b0
\fs21 Coding }
Channel}{\b0 \fs21 Coding}{
\b0 \fs21 Techniques }
GSM}{\b0 \fs21 Channel}{\b0
\fs21 Coding }
Interleaving }
Radio}{\b0 \fs21 Burst}{\b0
\fs21 Multiplexing }
Radio}{\b0 \fs21 Interface}
{\b0 \fs21 Modulation }\par
}
0 \cf0 d{\dn006 \fs7 i }\par
}
0 \cf0 1 \par
}
10 \cf0 G {\dn006 \fs7 0}(d) \par
}
f0 + \par
}
10 \cf0 d{\up006 \fs7 1 }\par
}
10 \cf0 d{\fs7 2 }\par
}
10 \cf0 d{\fs7 3 }\par
}
cf0 +
0 {\i d}{\i \fs7 4 }\par
}
10 \cf0 V{\f10 =}{\f10 2 }\par
}
s10 \cf0 C{\fs7 j }\par
}
f0 + \par
}
f0 + \par
}
f0 + \par
}
10 \cf0 G {\dn006 \fs7 1}(d) \par
}
8 \par
}
}
ffd8ffe000104a46494600010100000100010000ffdb004300010101010101010101010101010101
01010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101
010101010101010101ffdb0043010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101
0101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101ffc0
001108034a025403012200021101031101ffc4001f00000105010101010101000000000000000001
02030405060708090a0bffc400b5100002010303020403050504040000017d010203000411051221
31410613516107227114328191a1082342b1c11552d1f02433627282090a161718191a2526272829
2a3435363738393a434445464748494a535455565758595a636465666768696a737475767778797a
0101010101010101010000000000000102030405060708090a0bffc400b511000201020404030407
05040400010277000102031104052131061241510761711322328108144291a1b1c109233352f015
6272d10a162434e125f11718191a262728292a35363738393a434445464748494a53545556575859
5a636465666768696a737475767778797a82838485868788898a92939495969798999aa2a3a4a5a6
00ffd9
\cf0 7. Mobility Management \par
}
}
0 _____________________________________________________________________
\b \f10 \fs32 7.1}{\b \f10 \fs32
Introduction }
5 \cf0 \fi1425 {\fs17 The}{\fs17 Mobility}{\fs17 management}{\fs17 (MM)}{\fs1
7 sublayer}{\fs17 exists}{\fs17 between}{\fs17 the}{\fs17 MS}{\fs17 and}{\
fs17 the}{\fs17 MSC.}{\fs17
MM }
fi1425 {\fs17 messages}{\fs17 are}{\fs17 relayed}{\fs17 transparently}{\fs17
through}{\fs17 the}{\fs17 BSS. }
f0 \fi1425 {\fs17 MM}{\fs17 functions}{\fs17 can}{\fs17 be}{\fs17 divided}{\
fs17 into}{\fs17 three}{\fs17 groups: }\par
}
}\f40 \fs17 \cf0
\fs22 \bullet }
}
MM Common Procedures
\par}{\phpg\posx3285\pvpg\posy12857\absw3687\absh676 \sl-255 \f20 \fs17 \cf0 MM
Specific Procedures
\par}{\phpg\posx3285\pvpg\posy12857\absw3687\absh676 \sl-255 \f20 \fs17 \cf0 MM

Connection Management Procedures \par
}
The Common procedure group can be again sub-divided into two areas: \par
}
}\f40 \fs17 \cf0
}
Network initiated Common Procedures
\par}{\phpg\posx3300\pvpg\posy14372\absw3477\absh447 \sl-255 \f20 \fs17 \cf0 MSinitiated Common Procedures \par
}
}
99 \par
}
ffd8ffe000104a46494600010100000100010000ffdb004300010101010101010101010101010101
01010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101
010101010101010101ffdb0043010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101
0101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101ffc0
001108034a025403012200021101031101ffc4001f00000105010101010101000000000000000001
02030405060708090a0bffc400b5100002010303020403050504040000017d010203000411051221
31410613516107227114328191a1082342b1c11552d1f02433627282090a161718191a2526272829
2a3435363738393a434445464748494a535455565758595a636465666768696a737475767778797a
0101010101010101010000000000000102030405060708090a0bffc400b511000201020404030407
05040400010277000102031104052131061241510761711322328108144291a1b1c109233352f015
6272d10a162434e125f11718191a262728292a35363738393a434445464748494a53545556575859
5a636465666768696a737475767778797a82838485868788898a92939495969798999aa2a3a4a5a6
00ffd9
}
_____________________________________________________________________
\f10 \fs32 7.2}{\b \f10 \fs32
Mobility}{\b \f10 \fs32 Management}{\b \f10 \
fs32 Procedures }\par
}
0 \fs28 \cf0 Mobility Management Procedures
cf0 {\f0\fs28 \bullet }{\b0 \fs21 }{\fs21 Network}{\fs21 Initiated}{\fs21 MM
}{\fs21 common}{\fs21 procedures: }
TMSI}{\b0 \fs18 re-allocati
on}{\b0 \fs18 procedure }
authentication}{\b0 \fs18 p
rocedure }
identification}{\b0 \fs18 p
rocedure }
{\f0\fs28 \bullet }{\b0 \fs21 }{\fs21 MS-Initiated}{\fs21 MM}{\fs21 common}{
\fs21 procedures: }
IMSI}{\b0 \fs18 detach}{\b0
\fs18 procedure }
{\f0\fs28 \bullet }{\b0 \fs21 }{\fs21 MM-specific}{\fs21 procedures: }
normal}{\b0 \fs18 location}
{\b0 \fs18 updating}{\b0 \fs18 procedure }
periodic}{\b0 \fs18 updatin
g}{\b0 \fs18 procedure }
IMSI}{\b0 \fs18 attach}{\b0
\fs18 procedure }
{\f0\fs28 \bullet }{\b0 \fs21 }{\fs21 MM}{\fs21 connection}{\fs21 management
}{\fs21 procedures: }
establish,}{\b0 \fs18 maint
ain}{\b0 \fs18 and}{\b0 \fs18 release}{\b0 \fs18 a}{\b0 \fs18 MM}{\b0 \fs18
connection}{\b0 \fs18 between}{\b0 \fs18 the}{\b0 \fs18 MS}{\b0 \fs18 and }
\fi420 {\b0 \fs18 the}{\b0 \fs18 Network }\par
}
\cf0 7.2.1 {\ul }{\ul M}{\ul M}{\ul }{\ul C}{\ul O}{\ul M}{\ul M}{\ul O}{\ul
N}{\ul }{\ul P}{\ul R}{\ul O}{\ul C}{\ul E}{\ul D}{\ul U}{\ul R}{\ul E}{\ul S}
{\b0 . }
cf0 {\b0 \f20 \fs17 MM}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 common}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 procedures}{\b0
\f20 \fs17 relate}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 to}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 security}{\b0 \f20 \fs17
functions}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 and}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 also}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 includes
}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 MS}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 network}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 detach }
{\b0 \f20 \fs17 procedures. }
cf0 {\b0 \f20 \fs17 A}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 MM}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 common}{\b0 \f20 \fs1
7 procedure}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 can}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 always}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 be}{\
b0 \f20 \fs17 initiated}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 whilst}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 a}{\b0 \f20 \f
s17 RR}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 connection}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 exists.}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 T
he }
{\b0 \f20 \fs17 procedures}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 belonging}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 to}{\b0 \
f20 \fs17 this}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 group}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 are: }
cf0 {\b0 \f20 \fs17 (a)}{\b0 \f20 \fs17
Network-Initiated: }\par
}
}\f40 \fs17 \cf0
\fs22 \bullet }
\fs22 \bullet }
}
TMSI re-allocation procedure
\par}{\phpg\posx3540\pvpg\posy11582\absw2577\absh919 \sl-270 \f20 \fs17 \cf0 Aut
hentication procedure
\par}{\phpg\posx3540\pvpg\posy11582\absw2577\absh919 \sl-255 \f20 \fs17 \cf0 Ide
ntification procedure
\par}{\phpg\posx3540\pvpg\posy11582\absw2577\absh919 \sl-255 \f20 \fs17 \cf0 Abo
rt procedure \par
}
The abort procedure is used only if an MM connection is being established or ha
s already
en established i.e. not during MM specific procedures or during IMSI detach proc
edure.
0 (b)
Initiated by the Mobile station:
0 \fi735 {\f0\fs22 \bullet }{\f40 }
IMSI detach procedure \par
}
00 \par
}
}
ffd8ffe000104a46494600010100000100010000ffdb004300010101010101010101010101010101
01010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101
010101010101010101ffdb0043010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101
0101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101ffc0
001108034a025403012200021101031101ffc4001f00000105010101010101000000000000000001
02030405060708090a0bffc400b5100002010303020403050504040000017d010203000411051221
31410613516107227114328191a1082342b1c11552d1f02433627282090a161718191a2526272829
2a3435363738393a434445464748494a535455565758595a636465666768696a737475767778797a
0101010101010101010000000000000102030405060708090a0bffc400b511000201020404030407
05040400010277000102031104052131061241510761711322328108144291a1b1c109233352f015
6272d10a162434e125f11718191a262728292a35363738393a434445464748494a53545556575859
5a636465666768696a737475767778797a82838485868788898a92939495969798999aa2a3a4a5a6
00ffd9
}
\cf0 7.2.2 {\ul M}{\ul M}{\ul -}{\ul S}{\ul P}{\ul E}{\ul C}{\ul I}{\ul F}{\u
l I}{\ul C}{\ul }{\ul P}{\ul R}{\ul O}{\ul C}{\ul E}{\ul D}{\ul U}{\ul R}{\ul E
}{\ul S}{\b0 \f20 . }
cf0 {\b0 \f20 \fs17 MM}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 specific}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 procedures}{\b
0 \f20 \fs17 relate}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 to}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 location}{\b0 \f20 \fs
17 updating}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 and}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 also}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 include
s}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 MS}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 network}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 attach }
{\b0 \f20 \fs17 procedures. }
cf0 {\b0 \f20 \fs17 A}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 MM}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 specific}{\b0 \f20 \f
s17 procedure}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 can}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 only}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 be}{\
b0 \f20 \fs17 initiated}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 if}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 no}{\b0 \f20 \fs17
other}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 MM}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 specific}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 procedure
}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 is}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 running }
{\b0 \f20 \fs17 or}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 no}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 MM}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 conn
ection}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 exists.}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 The}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 procedures
}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 belonging}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 to}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 this}{\b0 \f20
\fs17 group}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 are: }\par
}
}\f40 \fs17 \cf0
fs22 \bullet }
fs22 \bullet } \par
}
ormal location updating procedure
\par}{\phpg\posx3660\pvpg\posy3767\absw3251\absh690 \sl-270 \f20 \fs17 \cf0 Peri
odic updating procedure
\par}{\phpg\posx3660\pvpg\posy3767\absw3251\absh690 \sl-255 \f20 \fs17 \cf0 IMSI
attach procedure \par
}
\cf0 7.2.3 {\ul M}{\ul M}{\ul }{\ul C}{\ul O}{\ul N}{\ul N}{\ul E}{\ul C}{\u
l T}{\ul I}{\ul O}{\ul N}{\ul }{\ul M}{\ul A}{\ul N}{\ul A}{\ul G}{\ul E}{\ul M
}{\ul E}{\ul N}{\ul T}{\ul }{\ul P}{\ul R}{\ul O}{\ul C}{\ul E}{\ul D}{\ul U}{\
ul R}{\ul E}{\ul S}{\b0 . }
cf0 {\b0 \f20 \fs17 MM}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 Connection}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 management}{
\b0 \f20 \fs17 procedures}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 enable}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 the}{\b0 \f2
0 \fs17 establishment,}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 maintenance}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 and}{\b0 \
f20 \fs17 release }
{\b0 \f20 \fs17 of}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 MM}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 connections}{\b0 \f20 \f
s17 between}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 the}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 MS}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 and}{\b0
\f20 \fs17 the}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 network}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 (MSC),}{\b0 \f20 \fs17
over}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 which}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 an}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 entity}{\b0 \
f20 \fs17 of}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 the }
{\b0 \f20 \fs17 upper}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 CM}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 layer}{\b0 \f20 \fs17
can}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 exchange}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 information}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 wi
th}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 its}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 peer. }
cf0 {\b0 \f20 \fs17 A}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 MM}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 connection}{\b0 \f20
\fs17 establishment}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 can}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 only}{\b0 \f20 \fs17
be}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 performed}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 if}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 no}{\b0 \f20
\fs17 MM}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 specific}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 procedure}{\b0 \f20 \fs17
is }
{\b0 \f20 \fs17 running.}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 More}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 than}{\b0 \f20 \
fs17 one}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 MM}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 connection}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 may}{
\b0 \f20 \fs17 be}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 active}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 at}{\b0 \f20 \fs17
the}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 same}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 time. }\par
}
_____________________________________________________________________
\f10 \fs32 7.3}{\b \f10 \fs32
Network}{\b \f10 \fs32 Areas }\par
}
10 \fs28 \cf0 Network Areas

Cell:}{\b0 \fs17 radio}{\b0 \fs17
coverage}{\b0 \fs17 area}{\b0 \fs17 of}{\b0 \fs17 one}{\b0 \fs17 base}{\b0
\fs17 station}{\b0 \fs17 (BTS) }
\fi375 {\f0\fs23 \bullet }{\b0 \fs17 }{\b0 \fs17 GSM}{\b0 \fs17 assigns}{\b0 \
fs17 a}{\b0 \fs17 cell}{\b0 \fs17 global}{\b0 \fs17 identity}{\b0 \fs17 num
ber}{\b0 \fs17 to}{\b0 \fs17 each}{\b0 \fs17 cell }
Location}{\fs17 Area:}{\b0 \fs17
Group}{\b0 \fs17 of}{\b0 \fs17 cells}{\b0 \fs17 served}{\b0 \fs17 by}{\b0 \f
s17 one}{\b0 \fs17 or}{\b0 \fs17 more }
\fi225 {\b0 \fs17 BSCs. }
\fi375 {\f0\fs23 \bullet }{\b0 \fs17 }{\b0 \fs17 When}{\b0 \fs17 there}{\b0 \f
s17 is}{\b0 \fs17 an}{\b0 \fs17 incoming}{\b0 \fs17 call,}{\b0 \fs17 the}{\
b0 \fs17 mobile}{\b0 \fs17 is}{\b0 \fs17 paged }
\fi525 {\b0 \fs17 throughout}{\b0 \fs17 its}{\b0 \fs17 location}{\b0 \fs17 ar
ea.}{\b0 \fs17 A}{\b0 \fs17 unique}{\b0 \fs17 Location}{\b0 \fs17 Area }
\fi525 {\b0 \fs17 Identity}{\b0 \fs17 (LAI)}{\b0 \fs17 is}{\b0 \fs17 assigned
}{\b0 \fs17 to}{\b0 \fs17 each}{\b0 \fs17 LA. }
28 \cf0 {\f0\fs23 \bullet }{\b0 \fs17 }{\fs17
MSC}{\fs17 Service}{\fs17 Are
a:}{\b0 \fs17 part}{\b0 \fs17 of}{\b0 \fs17 network}{\b0 \fs17 covered}{\b0
\fs17 by}{\b0 \fs17 one}{\b0 \fs17 MSC. }
\fi375 {\f0\fs23 \bullet }{\b0 \fs17 }{\b0 \fs17 All}{\b0 \fs17 mobiles}{\b0 \
fs17 in}{\b0 \fs17 this}{\b0 \fs17 area}{\b0 \fs17 will}{\b0 \fs17 be}{\b0
\fs17 registered}{\b0 \fs17 in}{\b0 \fs17 the}{\b0 \fs17 VLR }
\fi525 {\b0 \fs17 associated}{\b0 \fs17 with}{\b0 \fs17 the}{\b0 \fs17 MSC. }
28 \cf0 {\f0\fs23 \bullet }{\b0 \fs17 }{\fs17
PLMN}{\fs17 Service}{\fs17 Ar
ea:}{\b0 \fs17 public}{\b0 \fs17 land}{\b0 \fs17 mobile}{\b0 \fs17 network}{
\b0 \fs17 area}{\b0 \fs17 -}{\b0 \fs17 the }
\fi225 {\b0 \fs17 area}{\b0 \fs17 served}{\b0 \fs17 by}{\b0 \fs17 one}{\b0 \f
s17 network}{\b0 \fs17 operator }\par
}
}
101 \par
}
ffd8ffe000104a46494600010100000100010000ffdb004300010101010101010101010101010101
01010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101
010101010101010101ffdb0043010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101
0101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101ffc0
001108034a025403012200021101031101ffc4001f00000105010101010101000000000000000001
02030405060708090a0bffc400b5100002010303020403050504040000017d010203000411051221
31410613516107227114328191a1082342b1c11552d1f02433627282090a161718191a2526272829
2a3435363738393a434445464748494a535455565758595a636465666768696a737475767778797a
0101010101010101010000000000000102030405060708090a0bffc400b511000201020404030407
05040400010277000102031104052131061241510761711322328108144291a1b1c109233352f015
6272d10a162434e125f11718191a262728292a35363738393a434445464748494a53545556575859
5a636465666768696a737475767778797a82838485868788898a92939495969798999aa2a3a4a5a6
00ffd9
}
n order to understand the concepts of mobility management, it is necessary to un
derstand
structure of network areas used within GSM systems. This is also relevant to th
e concepts
call management and paging procedures. \par
}
\cf0 7.3.1 {\ul G}{\ul S}{\ul M}{\ul }{\ul S}{\ul E}{\ul R}{\ul V}{\ul I}{\ul
C}{\ul E}{\ul }{\ul A}{\ul R}{\ul E}{\ul A}
f0 {\b0 \f20 \fs17 A}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 GSM}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 Service}{\b0 \f20 \fs
17 Area}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 is}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 defined}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 as}{\b0 \
f20 \fs17 the}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 total}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 area}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 ser
ved}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 by}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 a}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 combination}{\b0 \f2
0 \fs17 of}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 all}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 member }
\b0 \f20 \fs17 countries}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 where}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 a}{\b0 \f20 \fs
17 mobile}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 can}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 be}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 serviced. }
\par
}
\cf0 7.3.2 {\ul P}{\ul U}{\ul B}{\ul L}{\ul I}{\ul C}{\ul }{\ul L}{\ul A}{\u
l N}{\ul D}{\ul }{\ul M}{\ul O}{\ul B}{\ul I}{\ul L}{\ul E}{\ul }{\ul N}{\ul E
}{\ul T}{\ul W}{\ul O}{\ul R}{\ul K}{\ul }{\ul (}{\ul P}{\ul L}{\ul M}{\ul N})
cf0 {\b0 \f20 \fs17 The}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 PLMN}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 is}{\b0 \f20 \fs1
7 defined}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 as}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 a}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 network}{\b0
\f20 \fs17 serving}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 a}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 specific}{\b0 \f20 \fs17
geographical}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 area}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 or}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 a}{\b0
\f20 \fs17 specific}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 operator. }
{\b0 \f20 \fs17 For}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 example,}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 a}{\b0 \f20 \fs17
country}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 could}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 be}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 divided}{\
b0 \f20 \fs17 into}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 a}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 number}{\b0 \f20 \fs17
of}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 regions,}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 each}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 covered}{\b0
\f20 \fs17 by}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 a}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 PLMN }
{\b0 \f20 \fs17 or,}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 as}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 is}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 the
}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 case}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 in}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 the}{\b0 \f20 \fs17
UK,}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 each}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 of}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 the}{\b0 \f20 \f
s17 four}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 major}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 vendors}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 (Cell
net,}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 Vodafone,}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 Orange}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 and }
{\b0 \f20 \fs17 One-to-One)}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 each}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 provide}{\b0
\f20 \fs17 a}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 country-wide}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 PLMN. }
cf0 {\b0 \f20 \fs17 The}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 links}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 between}{\b0 \f2
0 \fs17 PLMNs}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 or}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 a}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 PLMN}{\b0
\f20 \fs17 and}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 PSTNs}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 will}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 b
e}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 on}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 the}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 level}{\b0 \f20 \fs1
7 of}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 national}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 or }
{\b0 \f20 \fs17 international}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 transit}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 exchange
s.}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 All}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 incoming}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 calls}{\b0 \
f20 \fs17 for}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 a}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 GSM}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 PLMN}{\b
0 \f20 \fs17 will}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 be}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 routed}{\b0 \f20 \fs17
to}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 a }
{\b0 \f20 \fs17 Gateway}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 MSC}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 which}{\b0 \f20 \f
s17 acts}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 as}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 an}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 incoming}{\b0
\f20 \fs17 transit}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 exchange}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 for}{\b0 \f20 \f
s17 the}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 GSM}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 PLMN. }\par
}
\cf0 7.3.3 {\ul M}{\ul S}{\ul C}{\ul /}{\ul V}{\ul L}{\ul R}{\ul }{\ul S}{\u
l E}{\ul R}{\ul V}{\ul I}{\ul C}{\ul E}{\ul }{\ul A}{\ul R}{\ul E}{\ul A}
cf0 {\b0 \f20 \fs17 A}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 PLMN}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 is}{\b0 \f20 \fs17
divided}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 into}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 a}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 number}{\b0 \
f20 \fs17 of}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 MSC/VLR}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 Service}{\b0 \f20 \fs17
Areas,}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 each}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 controlled}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 by}{\
b0 \f20 \fs17 a}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 single }
{\b0 \f20 \fs17 MSC.}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 The}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 size}{\b0 \f20 \fs17
of}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 each}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 area}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 is}{\b0 \f20 \
fs17 dependant}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 upon}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 the}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 capa
city}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 constraints}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 of}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 the}{\b0
\f20 \fs17 MSC}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 and/or}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 the }
{\b0 \f20 \fs17 size}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 of}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 the}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 g
eographical}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 region.}{\b0 \f20 \fs17
All}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 MSs
}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 within}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 and}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 Service}{\b0 \f20
\fs17 Area}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 are}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 registered}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 w
ith}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 the}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 VLR }
{\b0 \f20 \fs17 associated}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 with}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 that}{\b0 \f20
\fs17 MSC.}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 All}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 MS-originated}{\b0 \f20 \fs1
7 and}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 MS-terminated}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 calls}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 ar
e}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 routed}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 through}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 the }
{\b0 \f20 \fs17 MS's}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 parent}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 MSC. }\par
}
\cf0 7.3.4 {\ul L}{\ul O}{\ul C}{\ul A}{\ul T}{\ul I}{\ul O}{\ul N}{\ul }{\u
l A}{\ul R}{\ul E}{\ul A}{\ul S}{\ul }{\ul (}{\ul L}{\ul A}{\ul )}
cf0 {\b0 \f20 \fs17 MSC/VLR}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 Service}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 areas}{\b0
\f20 \fs17 can}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 comprise}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 one}{\b0 \f20 \fs17
or}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 more}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 LAs,}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 each}{\b0 \f20
\fs17 uniquely}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 identified}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 by}{\b0 \f20 \fs17
a }
{\b0 \f20 \fs17 Location}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 Area}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 Identity}{\b0 \f
20 \fs17 (LAI).}{\b0 \f20 \fs17
LAs}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 are}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 us
ed}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 to}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 group}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 MSs}{\b0 \f20 \fs
17 for}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 paging}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 purposes.}{\b0 \f20 \fs17
Wh
en}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 an }
{\b0 \f20 \fs17 MSC}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 needs}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 to}{\b0 \f20 \fs17
locate}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 an}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 affiliated}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 MS,}{\b0
\f20 \fs17 it}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 transmits}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 a}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 b
roadcast}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 paging}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 request}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 messa
ge.}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 To }
{\b0 \f20 \fs17 reduce}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 the}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 load}{\b0 \f20 \fs1
7 on}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 the}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 signalling}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 channels
,}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 rather}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 than}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 broadcasting}{\
b0 \f20 \fs17 this}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 message}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 over}{\b0 \f20 \fs
17 the }
{\b0 \f20 \fs17 whole}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 MSC}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 Service}{\b0 \f20 \f
s17 Area,}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 it}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 is}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 only}{\b0 \f
20 \fs17 transmitted}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 in}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 the}{\b0 \f20 \fs17
LA}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 in}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 which}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 the}{\b0 \f20 \fs
17 MS}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 is}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 currently }
{\b0 \f20 \fs17 operating. }
{\b0 \f20 \fs17 In}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 order}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 to}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 a
chieve}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 this,}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 the}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 MSC}{\b0 \f2
0 \fs17 must}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 retain}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 up-to-date}{\b0 \f20 \fs1
7 knowledge}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 of}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 the}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 current}{
\b0 \f20 \fs17 LA}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 in }
{\b0 \f20 \fs17 which}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 each}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 MS}{\b0 \f20 \fs17
is}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 operating.}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 This}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 is}{\b0
\f20 \fs17 achieved}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 through}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 location}{\b0 \f2
0 \fs17 update}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 messages}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 transmitted }
{\b0 \f20 \fs17 by}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 all}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 MSs}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 ea
ch}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 time}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 an}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 MS}{\b0 \f20 \fs17
moves}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 into}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 a}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 new}{\b0 \f20
\fs17 LA. }\par
}
1 \cf0 7.3.5{\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 188 \\f Symbol }}{\ul C}{\ul E}{\ul L}{\ul
L}{\ul S}
\cf0 {\b0 \f20 \fs17 The}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 lowest}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 level}{\b0 \f2
0 \fs17 of}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 functional}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 area}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 w
ithin}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 a}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 GSM}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 Network}{\b0 \f20
\fs17 is}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 the}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 Cell.}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 An}{\b0
\f20 \fs17 LA}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 comprises}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 a }
{\b0 \f20 \fs17 number}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 of}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 cells,}{\b0 \f20 \f
s17 each}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 cell}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 serving}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 a}{\b0
\f20 \fs17 number}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 of}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 mobile}{\b0 \f20 \fs17
subscribers.}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 As}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 the}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 MS}{\b0
\f20 \fs17 is}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 moving }
{\b0 \f20 \fs17 between}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 cells,}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 it}{\b0 \f20 \
fs17 distinguishes}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 new}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 cell}{\b0 \f20 \fs17
by}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 receiving}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 the}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 Base}{\b0 \f
20 \fs17 Station}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 Identity}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 Code}{\b0 \f20 \fs1
7 (BSIC) }
{\b0 \f20 \fs17 which}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 is}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 transmitted}{\b0 \f2
0 \fs17 regularly}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 by}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 each}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 Ba
se}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 Transceiver}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 Station}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 (BTS).
}\par
}
02 \par
}
}
ffd8ffe000104a46494600010100000100010000ffdb004300010101010101010101010101010101
01010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101
010101010101010101ffdb0043010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101
0101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101ffc0
001108034a025403012200021101031101ffc4001f00000105010101010101000000000000000001
02030405060708090a0bffc400b5100002010303020403050504040000017d010203000411051221
31410613516107227114328191a1082342b1c11552d1f02433627282090a161718191a2526272829
2a3435363738393a434445464748494a535455565758595a636465666768696a737475767778797a
0101010101010101010000000000000102030405060708090a0bffc400b511000201020404030407
05040400010277000102031104052131061241510761711322328108144291a1b1c109233352f015
6272d10a162434e125f11718191a262728292a35363738393a434445464748494a53545556575859
5a636465666768696a737475767778797a82838485868788898a92939495969798999aa2a3a4a5a6
00ffd9
}
_____________________________________________________________________
b \f10 \fs32 7.4}{\b \f10 \fs32
Mobility}{\b \f10 \fs32 States }
0 \fi1425 {\b \f10 \fs21 7.4.1}{\b \f10 \fs21
{\ul M}{\ul S}}{\b \f10 \fs21 {
\ul }{\ul T}{\ul U}{\ul R}{\ul N}{\ul E}{\ul D}}{\b \f10 \fs21 {\ul }{\ul O}{\
ul F}{\ul F} }
0 \fi1425 {\fs17 In}{\fs17 this}{\fs17 case}{\fs17 the}{\fs17 MS}{\fs17 can
not}{\fs17 be}{\fs17 reached}{\fs17 by}{\fs17 the}{\fs17 network.}{\fs17
This}{\fs17 could}{\fs17 be}{\fs17 due}{\fs17 to}{\fs17 the}{\fs17 MS}{\f
s17 being}{\fs17 out }
i1425 {\fs17 of}{\fs17 coverage}{\fs17 for}{\fs17 an}{\fs17 extended}{\fs17
period}{\fs17 or}{\fs17 in}{\fs17 powered}{\fs17 down}{\fs17 or}{\fs17 th
e}{\fs17 SIM}{\fs17 has}{\fs17 been}{\fs17 removed.}{\fs17 In}{\fs17 all
}
i1425 {\fs17 cases,}{\fs17 the}{\fs17 MS}{\fs17 fails}{\fs17 to}{\fs17 resp
ond}{\fs17 to}{\fs17 paging}{\fs17 messages}{\fs17 and}{\fs17 does}{\fs17
not}{\fs17 provide}{\fs17 periodic}{\fs17 location }
i1425 {\fs17 updates.}{\fs17 In}{\fs17 such}{\fs17 circumstances,}{\fs17 th
e}{\fs17 network}{\fs17 assumed}{\fs17 the}{\fs17 MS}{\fs17 is}{\fs17 IMSI
}{\fs17 detached}{\fs17 (see}{\fs17 below). }\par
}
10 \fs28 \cf0 MS Mobility States
cf0 {\fs21 A}{\fs21 Mobile}{\fs21 Station}{\fs21 (MS)}{\fs21 can}{\fs21 be}
{\fs21 in}{\fs21 one}{\fs21 of}{\fs21 three }
{\fs21 mobility}{\fs21 states: }

28 \cf0 \fi645 {\f0\fs28 \bullet }{\b0 \fs21 }{\b0 \fs21
MS}{\b0 \fs21 turne
d}{\b0 \fs21 off }
MS}{\b0 \fs21 turne
d}{\b0 \fs21 on}{\b0 \fs21 in}{\b0 \fs21 idle}{\b0 \fs21 mode }
MS}{\b0 \fs21 turne
d}{\b0 \fs21 on}{\b0 \fs21 in}{\b0 \fs21 dedicated}{\b0 \fs21 mode }\par
}
1 \cf0 7.4.2 {\ul M}{\ul S}{\ul }{\ul T}{\ul U}{\ul R}{\ul N}{\ul E}{\ul D}{\
ul }{\ul O}{\ul N}{\ul }{\ul I}{\ul N}{\ul }{\ul I}{\ul D}{\ul L}{\ul E}{\ul
}{\ul M}{\ul O}{\ul D}{\ul E}
\cf0 {\b0 \f20 \fs17 In}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 idle}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 mode}{\b0 \f20 \f
s17 the}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 MS}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 is}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 'camped-on',}{
\b0 \f20 \fs17 synchronised}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 to}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 the}{\b0 \f20
\fs17 network}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 and}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 is}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 ready}{
\b0 \f20 \fs17 to}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 place}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 or }
{\b0 \f20 \fs17 receive}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 a}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 call.}{\b0 \f20 \fs
17 The}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 MS}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 is}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 said}{\b0 \f20
\fs17 to}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 be}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 'IMSI-attached'.}{\b0 \f20 \fs17
It}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 can}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 also}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 receive}{\b0 \
f20 \fs17 paging}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 messages}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 and }
{\b0 \f20 \fs17 provide}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 periodic}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 location}{\b
0 \f20 \fs17 updates}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 (e.g.}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 on}{\b0 \f20 \fs17
change}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 of}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 LocationArea).}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 I
n}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 addition}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 it}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 carries}{\b0 \f
20 \fs17 out }
{\b0 \f20 \fs17 cell}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 reselection}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 procedures}{
\b0 \f20 \fs17 as}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 it}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 moves}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 a
round}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 the}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 network. }
\cf0 7.4.3 {\ul M}{\ul S}{\ul }{\ul T}{\ul U}{\ul R}{\ul N}{\ul E}{\ul D}{\ul
}{\ul O}{\ul N}{\ul }{\ul I}{\ul N}{\ul }{\ul D}{\ul E}{\ul D}{\ul I}{\ul C}
{\ul A}{\ul T}{\ul E}{\ul D}{\ul }{\ul M}{\ul O}{\ul D}{\ul E}
\cf0 {\b0 \f20 \fs17 In}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 dedicated}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 mode,}{\b0 \
f20 \fs17 the}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 MS}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 is}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 particip
ating}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 in}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 user}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 information}{\b
0 \f20 \fs17 transfer,}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 either}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 through}{\b0 \f
20 \fs17 a}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 voice }
{\b0 \f20 \fs17 or}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 data}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 call. }\par
}
}
103 \par
}
ffd8ffe000104a46494600010100000100010000ffdb004300010101010101010101010101010101
01010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101
010101010101010101ffdb0043010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101
0101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101ffc0
001108034a025403012200021101031101ffc4001f00000105010101010101000000000000000001
02030405060708090a0bffc400b5100002010303020403050504040000017d010203000411051221
31410613516107227114328191a1082342b1c11552d1f02433627282090a161718191a2526272829
2a3435363738393a434445464748494a535455565758595a636465666768696a737475767778797a
0101010101010101010000000000000102030405060708090a0bffc400b511000201020404030407
05040400010277000102031104052131061241510761711322328108144291a1b1c109233352f015
6272d10a162434e125f11718191a262728292a35363738393a434445464748494a53545556575859
5a636465666768696a737475767778797a82838485868788898a92939495969798999aa2a3a4a5a6
00ffd9
}
_____________________________________________________________________
b \f10 \fs32 7.5}{\b \f10 \fs32
IMSI}{\b \f10 \fs32 Attach}{\b \f10 \fs32 /
}{\b \f10 \fs32 Detach }
0 \fi1425 {\b \f10 \fs21 7.5.1}{\b \f10 \fs21
{\ul M}{\ul S}}{\b \f10 \fs21 {
\ul }{\ul N}{\ul E}{\ul T}{\ul W}{\ul O}{\ul R}{\ul K}}{\b \f10 \fs21 {\ul }{\
ul C}{\ul O}{\ul N}{\ul N}{\ul E}{\ul C}{\ul T}{\ul I}{\ul O}{\ul N}}{\b \f10 \f
s21 {\ul }{\ul S}{\ul E}{\ul Q}{\ul U}{\ul E}{\ul N}{\ul C}{\ul E} }
0 \fi1425 {\fs17 When}{\fs17 an}{\fs17 MS}{\fs17 powers}{\fs17 on}{\fs17 wi
thin}{\fs17 network}{\fs17 coverage,}{\fs17 it}{\fs17 starts}{\fs17 by}{\fs
17 scanning}{\fs17 all}{\fs17 frequencies}{\fs17 within }
i1425 {\fs17 its}{\fs17 allocated}{\fs17 band}{\fs17 (e.g.}{\fs17 124}{\fs17

for}{\fs17 standard}{\fs17 GSM).}{\fs17
It}{\fs17 measures}{\fs17 the}{
\fs17 received}{\fs17 power}{\fs17 on}{\fs17 each}{\fs17 of }
i1425 {\fs17 these}{\fs17 frequencies}{\fs17 and}{\fs17 placed}{\fs17 them}{
\fs17 in}{\fs17 order. }
0 \fi1425 {\fs17 The}{\fs17 MS}{\fs17 then}{\fs17 selects}{\fs17 and}{\fs17
listens}{\fs17 out}{\fs17 on}{\fs17 the}{\fs17 strongest}{\fs17 RF}{\fs17
level}{\fs17 carrier}{\fs17 for}{\fs17 a}{\fs17 frequency}{\fs17 correctio
n }
i1425 {\fs17 burst}{\fs17 which}{\fs17 is}{\fs17 transmitted}{\fs17 on}{\fs1
7 the}{\fs17 control}{\fs17 channel}{\fs17 of}{\fs17 a}{\fs17 BCCH}{\fs17
carrier.}{\fs17 This}{\fs17 is}{\fs17 to}{\fs17 initially }
i1425 {\fs17 achieve}{\fs17 frequency}{\fs17 synchronisation}{\fs17 with}{\fs
17 the}{\fs17 transmitting}{\fs17 BTS. }\par
}
\cf0 MS Network Connection Sequence \par
}
Scan RF
nels \par
}
Select highest
5 carrier level \par
}
0 \cf94 Scan for FCCH
\par}{\phpg\posx7274\pvpg\posy7011\absw1380\absh241 \sl-135 \f10 \fs10 \cf94 fre
quency correction burst \par
}
Power on \par
}
cf1 NO \par
}
Select next highest
95 carrier level \par
}
\cf94 FCCH
cted? \par
}
cf1 NO \par
}
cf1 YES \par
}
\cf94 SCH
cted? \par
}
0 \cf94 Scan for SCH
\par}{\phpg\posx7394\pvpg\posy8976\absw1125\absh255 \sl-150 \f10 \fs10 \cf94 syn
chronisation burst \par
}
cf1 YES \par
}
4 'camp-on' to BCCH
i44 and start decoding \par
}
Monitor PCH and
29 adjacent carriers \par
}
Having achieved frequency synchronisation; the MS listens on the SCH for frame
\par}{\phpg\posx2445\pvpg\posy11642\absw8274\absh2890 \sl-240 \f20 \fs17 \cf0 sy
nchronisation information. The SCH channel provides frame timing, the current f
rame
\par}{\phpg\posx2445\pvpg\posy11642\absw8274\absh2890 \sl-255 \f20 \fs17 \cf0 nu
mber and BSIC information.
0 Once frame synchronisation is achieved, the MS starts to read and decode the a
dditional
formation being transmitted on the BCCH. This includes the adjacent cell list,
minimum
\par}{\phpg\posx2445\pvpg\posy11642\absw8274\absh2890 \sl-255 \f20 \fs17 \cf0 re
ceived signal strength, the LAI and beacon frequencies from surrounding cells.
0 The MS then continues to monitor the PCH for incoming call paging requests, se
nds periodic
\par}{\phpg\posx2445\pvpg\posy11642\absw8274\absh2890 \sl-255 \f20 \fs17 \cf0 lo
cation updates and maintains a record of surround cell signal strengths.
0 If the MS fails to detect either the FCCH or the SCH, it will reselect the nex
t highest RF carrier
\par}{\phpg\posx2445\pvpg\posy11642\absw8274\absh2890 \sl-240 \f20 \fs17 \cf0 le
vel from its measured list and repeats the detection process. \par
}
04 \par
}
}
ffd8ffe000104a46494600010100000100010000ffdb004300010101010101010101010101010101
01010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101
010101010101010101ffdb0043010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101
0101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101ffc0
001108034a025403012200021101031101ffc4001f00000105010101010101000000000000000001
02030405060708090a0bffc400b5100002010303020403050504040000017d010203000411051221
31410613516107227114328191a1082342b1c11552d1f02433627282090a161718191a2526272829
2a3435363738393a434445464748494a535455565758595a636465666768696a737475767778797a
0101010101010101010000000000000102030405060708090a0bffc400b511000201020404030407
05040400010277000102031104052131061241510761711322328108144291a1b1c109233352f015
6272d10a162434e125f11718191a262728292a35363738393a434445464748494a53545556575859
5a636465666768696a737475767778797a82838485868788898a92939495969798999aa2a3a4a5a6
00ffd9
}
\cf0 7.5.2 I{\ul M}{\ul S}{\ul I}{\ul }{\ul A}{\ul T}{\ul T}{\ul A}{\ul C}{\u
l H}{\ul }{\ul P}{\ul R}{\ul O}{\ul C}{\ul E}{\ul D}{\ul U}{\ul R}{\ul E} \par
}
s10 \cf0 Section 8 - Mobility Management \par
}
10 \fs28 \cf0 IMSI Attach
\fi2925 {\b0 \fs53 \cf1 }
cf0 {\f0\fs28 \bullet }{\b0 \fs21 }{\b0 \fs21 Mobile}{\b0 \fs21 camps}{\b0 \f
s21 on}{\b0 \fs21 to}{\b0 \fs21 best}{\b0 \fs21 serving}{\b0 \fs21 BTS }
{\f0\fs28 \bullet }{\b0 \fs21 }{\b0 \fs21 Mobile}{\b0 \fs21 sends}{\b0 \fs21
IMSI}{\b0 \fs21 to}{\b0 \fs21 MSC }

{\f0\fs28 \bullet }{\b0 \fs21 }{\b0 \fs21 MSC/VLR}{\b0 \fs21 is}{\b0 \fs21 u
pdated}{\b0 \fs21 in}{\b0 \fs21 HLR }
{\f0\fs28 \bullet }{\b0 \fs21 }{\b0 \fs21 Subscriber}{\b0 \fs21 data}{\b0 \fs
21 including}{\b0 \fs21 current}{\b0 \fs21 location }
\fi224 {\b0 \fs21 area}{\b0 \fs21 is}{\b0 \fs21 added}{\b0 \fs21 to}{\b0 \fs2
1 local}{\b0 \fs21 VLR }
{\f0\fs28 \bullet }{\b0 \fs21 }{\b0 \fs21 MSC}{\b0 \fs21 and}{\b0 \fs21 HLR}
{\b0 \fs21 carry}{\b0 \fs21 out}{\b0 \fs21 authentication }
\fi224 {\b0 \fs21 check}{\b0 \fs21 -}{\b0 \fs21 challenge}{\b0 \fs21 and}{\b0
\fs21 response}{\b0 \fs21 using}{\b0 \fs21 K}{\b0\dn006 \fs14 i }
{\f0\fs28 \bullet }{\b0 \fs21 }{\b0 \fs21 Optionally}{\b0 \fs21 EIR}{\b0 \fs2
1 checks}{\b0 \fs21 for}{\b0 \fs21 status}{\b0 \fs21 of}{\b0 \fs21 mobile }
\fi225 {\b0 \fs21 (white/grey/black) }\par
}
\cf94 BSC \par
}
\fs14 \cf94 VLR
94 MSC \par
}
\cf94 AuC
94 \fi240 HLR \par
}
\cf94 EIR \par
}
The IMSI attach procedure is used by the MS to indicate that it is has adopted t
he active
\par}{\phpg\posx2565\pvpg\posy7892\absw8305\absh6225 \sl-255 \f20 \fs17 \cf0 (po
wer-on) state within the network. The IMSI attach is also performed as part of
the location
\par}{\phpg\posx2565\pvpg\posy7892\absw8305\absh6225 \sl-240 \f20 \fs17 \cf0 upd
ating procedure.
The basic IMSI attach procedure is illustrated above and described below, with
each of the
\par}{\phpg\posx2565\pvpg\posy7892\absw8305\absh6225 \sl-255 \f20 \fs17 \cf0 sta
ges identified on the diagram:
{\b {\ul S}{\ul t}{\ul a}{\ul g}{\ul e}}{\b {\ul }{\ul 1} }
MS sends a message to BSS on the RACH requesting a channel allocation. The BSS
\par}{\phpg\posx2565\pvpg\posy7892\absw8305\absh6225 \sl-255 \f20 \fs17 \cf0 res
ponds with a 'Immediate Assignment' message on the AGCH. This message assigns
a
\par}{\phpg\posx2565\pvpg\posy7892\absw8305\absh6225 \sl-240 \f20 \fs17 \cf0 SDC
CH channel to the MS.

\par}{\phpg\posx2565\pvpg\posy7892\absw8305\absh6225 \sl-240 \f20 \fs17 \cf0 On
assignment of the SDCCH channel, the MS sends and IMSI attach message over the
\par}{\phpg\posx2565\pvpg\posy7892\absw8305\absh6225 \sl-255 \f20 \fs17 \cf0 SDC
CH to the MSC/VLR relayed via the BSS. This informs the MSC/VLR of the MS's IM
SI.
\par}{\phpg\posx2565\pvpg\posy7892\absw8305\absh6225 \sl-240 \f20 \fs17 \cf0 Thi
s information may also be updated in the HLR which provides subscriber profile d
ata to
VLR is it does not already have it.
{\b {\ul S}{\ul t}{\ul a}{\ul g}{\ul e}}{\b {\ul }{\ul 3}}.
Security proced
ures are activated including authentication and (optionally) and
\par}{\phpg\posx2565\pvpg\posy7892\absw8305\absh6225 \sl-255 \f20 \fs17 \cf0 IME
I check with the EIR.
uming successful authentication, the VLR responds to the MSC with an 'IMSI Attac
h
\par}{\phpg\posx2565\pvpg\posy7892\absw8305\absh6225 \sl-255 \f20 \fs17 \cf0 Ack
nowledge' message which is forwarded by the MSC, via the BSS, to the MS.
MSC also sends a 'Clear Command' message to the MS over the SDCCH in order to
\par}{\phpg\posx2565\pvpg\posy7892\absw8305\absh6225 \sl-240 \f20 \fs17 \cf0 rel
ease the dedicated resources used to effect the IMSI attach \par
}
}
105 \par
}
ffd8ffe000104a46494600010100000100010000ffdb004300010101010101010101010101010101
01010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101
010101010101010101ffdb0043010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101
0101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101ffc0
001108034a025403012200021101031101ffc4001f00000105010101010101000000000000000001
02030405060708090a0bffc400b5100002010303020403050504040000017d010203000411051221
31410613516107227114328191a1082342b1c11552d1f02433627282090a161718191a2526272829
2a3435363738393a434445464748494a535455565758595a636465666768696a737475767778797a
0101010101010101010000000000000102030405060708090a0bffc400b511000201020404030407
05040400010277000102031104052131061241510761711322328108144291a1b1c109233352f015
6272d10a162434e125f11718191a262728292a35363738393a434445464748494a53545556575859
5a636465666768696a737475767778797a82838485868788898a92939495969798999aa2a3a4a5a6
00ffd9
}
\cf0 {\ul S}{\ul t}{\ul a}{\ul g}{\ul e}{\ul }{\ul 6}{\b0 .}{\b0
The}{\b0
VLR}{\b0 assigns}{\b0 a}{\b0 Temporary}{\b0 Mobile}{\b0 Subscriber}{\b0 Id
entity}{\b0 (TMSI)}{\b0 to}{\b0 the}{\b0 MS}{\b0 and }
\b0 informs}{\b0 it}{\b0 that}{\b0 it}{\b0 is}{\b0 attached}{\b0 to}{\b0
the}{\b0 network.}{\b0 This}{\b0 function}{\b0 creates}{\b0 a}{\b0 'Mobil
ity}{\b0 Management }
\b0 (MM)}{\b0 Context'. }\par
}
\cf0 7.5.3 I{\ul M}{\ul S}{\ul I}{\ul }{\ul D}{\ul E}{\ul T}{\ul A}{\ul C}{\u
l H}{\ul }{\ul P}{\ul R}{\ul O}{\ul C}{\ul E}{\ul D}{\ul U}{\ul R}{\ul E} \par
}
s10 \cf0 Section 8 - Mobility Management \par
}
\cf0 IMSI Detach \par
}
{\phpg\posx6015\pvpg\posy4209\absw825\absh717 \f10 \fs64 \cf1 \f10 \fs64 \cf1 "
\par
}
t }\f10 \fs21 \cf0 Explicit:
375 {\f0\fs23 \bullet }{\fs17 }{\fs17 Mobile}{\fs17 informs}{\fs17 MSC}{\fs17
it}{\fs17 is}{\fs17 switching}{\fs17 off }
375 {\f0\fs23 \bullet }{\fs17 }{\fs17 HLR}{\fs17 stores}{\fs17 last}{\fs17 l
ocation}{\fs17 area}{\fs17 for}{\fs17 mobile }
375 {\f0\fs23 \bullet }{\fs17 }{\fs17 VLR}{\fs17 records}{\fs17 that}{\fs17

mobile}{\fs17 is}{\fs17 no}{\fs17 longer}{\fs17 available}{\fs17 on }
525 {\fs17 network }
375 {\f0\fs23 \bullet }{\fs17 }{\fs17 Mobile}{\fs17 powers}{\fs17 down }
0\fs28 \bullet } Implicit
375 {\f0\fs23 \bullet }{\fs17 }{\fs17 VLR}{\fs17 forces}{\fs17 IMSI}{\fs17 D
etach}{\fs17 due}{\fs17 to}{\fs17 no}{\fs17 response }\par
}
\cf94 BSC \par
}
\fs14 \cf94 VLR
94 MSC \par
}
\cf94 AuC
94 \fi240 HLR \par
}
he IMSI detach procedure is invoked if the MS is deactivated either by powering
down or if
SIM is removed or forced by the network.
There are two causes of an IMSI detach: \par
}
}\f40 \fs17 \cf0
}
{\ul E}{\ul x}{\ul p}{\ul l}{\ul i}{\ul c}{\ul i}{\ul t}:
The MS informs the
network that it is detaching.
l I}{\ul m}{\ul p}{\ul l}{\ul i}{\ul c}{\ul i}{\ul t}:
The MSC has not been a
ble to contact the MS for a pre-determined amount
time and forces an IMSI detach. \par
}
The detach procedure is essentially the reverse of the IMSI attach procedure an
d is as follows:
0 {\b {\ul S}{\ul t}{\ul a}{\ul g}{\ul e}}{\b {\ul }{\ul 1} }
e MS sends a 'Channel Request' message on the RACH to the BSS. The BSS assigns
a an
\par}{\phpg\posx2445\pvpg\posy11387\absw8277\absh3093 \sl-255 \f20 \fs17 \cf0 SD
CCH channel, informing the MS over the AGCH.
e MS sends a 'IMSI Detach Indication' message to the BSS which identifies the MS
using its
\par}{\phpg\posx2445\pvpg\posy11387\absw8277\absh3093 \sl-240 \f20 \fs17 \cf0 TM
SI. The BSS forwards this message to the MSC which in turn updates its VLR usin
g a
\par}{\phpg\posx2445\pvpg\posy11387\absw8277\absh3093 \sl-255 \f20 \fs17 \cf0 'D
etach IMSI' signalling message.
e VLR informs the HLR of the change using a 'Deregister Mobile Subscriber' signa
lling
\par}{\phpg\posx2445\pvpg\posy11387\absw8277\absh3093 \sl-255 \f20 \fs17 \cf0 me
ssage. The HLR responds to the VLR with a 'Deregistration Accepted' message. \p
ar
}
06 \par
}
}
ffd8ffe000104a46494600010100000100010000ffdb004300010101010101010101010101010101
01010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101
010101010101010101ffdb0043010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101
0101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101ffc0
001108034a025403012200021101031101ffc4001f00000105010101010101000000000000000001
02030405060708090a0bffc400b5100002010303020403050504040000017d010203000411051221
31410613516107227114328191a1082342b1c11552d1f02433627282090a161718191a2526272829
2a3435363738393a434445464748494a535455565758595a636465666768696a737475767778797a
0101010101010101010000000000000102030405060708090a0bffc400b511000201020404030407
05040400010277000102031104052131061241510761711322328108144291a1b1c109233352f015
6272d10a162434e125f11718191a262728292a35363738393a434445464748494a53545556575859
5a636465666768696a737475767778797a82838485868788898a92939495969798999aa2a3a4a5a6
00ffd9
}
f20 \fs17 \cf0 {\ul S}{\ul t}{\ul a}{\ul g}{\ul e}{\ul }{\ul 4}
\fi1425 {\b0 The}{\b0 VLR}{\b0 notifies}{\b0 the}{\b0 MSC}{\b0 of}{\b0 th
is}{\b0 acceptance}{\b0 with}{\b0 an}{\b0 'Acknowledge}{\b0 IMSI}{\b0 Deta
chment' }
\fi1425 {\b0 message.}{\b0 The}{\b0 MSC}{\b0 does}{\b0 not}{\b0 notify}{\
b0 the}{\b0 MS}{\b0 as,}{\b0 by}{\b0 this}{\b0 stage,}{\b0 the}{\b0 MS}{
\b0 may}{\b0 well}{\b0 be}{\b0 disconnected. }
\cf0 \fi1425 {\ul S}{\ul t}{\ul a}{\ul g}{\ul e}{\ul }{\ul 5}
\fi1425 {\b0 The}{\b0 MSC}{\b0 sends}{\b0 a}{\b0 'Clear}{\b0 Command'}{\b0
message}{\b0 to}{\b0 the}{\b0 BSS}{\b0 to}{\b0 release}{\b0 the}{\b0 as
signed}{\b0 SDCCH }
\fi1425 {\b0 resources.}{\b0 The}{\b0 BSS}{\b0 responds}{\b0 with}{\b0 a}
{\b0 'Clear}{\b0 Complete'}{\b0 message}{\b0 which}{\b0 completes}{\b0 the
}{\b0 IMSI }
\fi1425 {\b0 Detach}{\b0 procedure. }
\cf0 {\b0 \fs25 ________________________________________________________________
_____ }
{\f10 \fs32 7.6}{\f10 \fs32
Location}{\f10 \fs32 Updating }
\cf0 \fi1425 {\f10 \fs21 7.6.1}{\f10 \fs21
{\ul L}{\ul O}{\ul C}{\ul A}{\ul T
}{\ul I}{\ul O}{\ul N}}{\f10 \fs21 {\ul }{\ul U}{\ul P}{\ul D}{\ul A}{\ul T}{\u
l E}}{\f10 \fs21 {\ul }{\ul O}{\ul P}{\ul T}{\ul I}{\ul O}{\ul N}{\ul S} }
\cf0 \fi1425 {\b0 In}{\b0 order}{\b0 to}{\b0 ensure}{\b0 the}{\b0 correct}{
\b0 routing}{\b0 of}{\b0 an}{\b0 incoming}{\b0 call}{\b0 to}{\b0 a}{\b0
MS,}{\b0 the}{\b0 network}{\b0 needs}{\b0 to}{\b0 know }
\fi1425 {\b0 the}{\b0 current}{\b0 location}{\b0 of}{\b0 that}{\b0 MS}{\b0
down}{\b0 to}{\b0 cell}{\b0 level.}{\b0 This}{\b0 can}{\b0 be}{\b0 ach
ieved}{\b0 by}{\b0 one}{\b0 of}{\b0 three }
\fi1425 {\b0 methods: }\par
}
}\f40 \fs17 \cf0 \par
}
}\f40 \fs17 \cf0 \par
}
\cf0 {\ul L}{\ul o}{\ul c}{\ul a}{\ul t}{\ul i}{\ul o}{\ul n}{\ul }{\ul U}{\ul
p}{\ul d}{\ul a}{\ul t}{\ul e}{\ul }{\ul o}{\ul n}{\ul }{\ul E}{\ul v}{\ul e}
{\ul r}{\ul y}{\ul }{\ul C}{\ul e}{\ul l}{\ul l}{\ul }{\ul C}{\ul h}{\ul a}{\u
l n}{\ul g}{\ul e}
{\b0 Every}{\b0 time}{\b0 an}{\b0 MS}{\b0 moves}{\b0 into}{\b0 a}{\b0 dif
ferent}{\b0 cell}{\b0 area,}{\b0 it}{\b0 sends}{\b0 a}{\b0 location}{\b0
update}{\b0 to}{\b0 the }
{\b0 network.}{\b0 This}{\b0 has}{\b0 the}{\b0 advantage}{\b0 that}{\b0 n
o}{\b0 paging}{\b0 is}{\b0 required}{\b0 to}{\b0 establish}{\b0 the}{\b0
cell }
{\b0 location}{\b0 of}{\b0 an}{\b0 MS}{\b0 for}{\b0 each}{\b0 incoming}{\b
0 call.}{\b0 However,}{\b0 it}{\b0 imposes}{\b0 a}{\b0 significant}{\b0
load}{\b0 on }
{\b0 the}{\b0 network}{\b0 signalling}{\b0 channels. }
cf0 {\ul P}{\ul a}{\ul g}{\ul i}{\ul n}{\ul g}{\ul }{\ul A}{\ul l}{\ul l}{\ul
}{\ul C}{\ul e}{\ul l}{\ul l}{\ul s}
{\b0 Every}{\b0 time}{\b0 an}{\b0 incoming}{\b0 call}{\b0 is}{\b0 to}{\b0
be}{\b0 routed}{\b0 to}{\b0 an}{\b0 MS,}{\b0 all}{\b0 cells}{\b0 in}{\b
0 the}{\b0 network}{\b0 are }
{\b0 paged}{\b0 to}{\b0 identify}{\b0 the}{\b0 cell}{\b0 owning}{\b0 the}{
\b0 MS.}{\b0 This}{\b0 has}{\b0 the}{\b0 advantage}{\b0 that}{\b0 no}{\b
0 location }
{\b0 updating}{\b0 is}{\b0 required}{\b0 to}{\b0 maintain}{\b0 a}{\b0 curr
ent}{\b0 MS}{\b0 location}{\b0 log.}{\b0 However,}{\b0 it}{\b0 imposes}{\
b0 a }
{\b0 significant}{\b0 load}{\b0 on}{\b0 the}{\b0 network}{\b0 signalling}{\
b0 channels. }
17 \cf0 \fi5325 {\i \f10 \fs10 Section}{\i \f10 \fs10 8}{\i \f10 \fs10 -}{\i \
f10 \fs10 Mobility}{\i \f10 \fs10 Management }
\fi1560 {\f10 \fs28 Location}{\f10 \fs28 Update}{\f10 \fs28 Options }
17 \cf0 \fi704 {\f0\fs27 \bullet }{\b0 \f10 \fs20 }{\b0 \f10 \fs21
Send}{\b0
\f10 \fs21 location}{\b0 \f10 \fs21 update}{\b0 \f10 \fs21 on}{\b0 \f10 \fs21
every}{\b0 \f10 \fs21 cell}{\b0 \f10 \fs21 change }
\fi1064 {\f0\fs29 \bullet }{\b0 \f10 \fs22 }{\b0 \f10 \fs17 No}{\b0 \f10 \fs17
paging}{\b0 \f10 \fs17 requirement }
\fi1064 {\f0\fs29 \bullet }{\b0 \f10 \fs22 }{\b0 \f10 \fs17 Excessive}{\b0 \f1
0 \fs17 signalling}{\b0 \f10 \fs17 traffic}{\b0 \f10 \fs17 load }
cf0 \fi704 {\f0\fs27 \bullet }{\b0 \f10 \fs20 }{\b0 \f10 \fs21
Page}{\b0 \f10
\fs21 every}{\b0 \f10 \fs21 cell}{\b0 \f10 \fs21 in}{\b0 \f10 \fs21 network
}
\fi1064 {\f0\fs29 \bullet }{\b0 \f10 \fs22 }{\b0 \f10 \fs17 No}{\b0 \f10 \fs17
location}{\b0 \f10 \fs17 update}{\b0 \f10 \fs17 requirement }
\fi1064 {\f0\fs29 \bullet }{\b0 \f10 \fs22 }{\b0 \f10 \fs17 Excessive}{\b0 \f1
0 \fs17 signalling}{\b0 \f10 \fs17 traffic}{\b0 \f10 \fs17 load }

cf0 \fi704 {\f0\fs27 \bullet }{\b0 \f10 \fs20 }{\b0 \f10 \fs21
Subdivide}{\b0
\f10 \fs21 network}{\b0 \f10 \fs21 into}{\b0 \f10 \fs21 paging}{\b0 \f10 \fs
21 areas }
\fi1064 {\f0\fs29 \bullet }{\b0 \f10 \fs22 }{\b0 \f10 \fs17 Requires}{\b0 \f10
\fs17 paging}{\b0 \f10 \fs17 procedure}{\b0 \f10 \fs17 with}{\b0 \f10 \fs17
reduced}{\b0 \f10 \fs17 traffic}{\b0 \f10 \fs17 load }
\fi1064 {\f0\fs29 \bullet }{\b0 \f10 \fs22 }{\b0 \f10 \fs17 Required}{\b0 \f10
\fs17 location}{\b0 \f10 \fs17 updating}{\b0 \f10 \fs17 with}{\b0 \f10 \fs17
reduced}{\b0 \f10 \fs17 traffic}{\b0 \f10 \fs17 load }\par
}
}
107 \par
}
ffd8ffe000104a46494600010100000100010000ffdb004300010101010101010101010101010101
01010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101
010101010101010101ffdb0043010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101
0101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101ffc0
001108034a025403012200021101031101ffc4001f00000105010101010101000000000000000001
02030405060708090a0bffc400b5100002010303020403050504040000017d010203000411051221
31410613516107227114328191a1082342b1c11552d1f02433627282090a161718191a2526272829
2a3435363738393a434445464748494a535455565758595a636465666768696a737475767778797a
0101010101010101010000000000000102030405060708090a0bffc400b511000201020404030407
05040400010277000102031104052131061241510761711322328108144291a1b1c109233352f015
6272d10a162434e125f11718191a262728292a35363738393a434445464748494a53545556575859
5a636465666768696a737475767778797a82838485868788898a92939495969798999aa2a3a4a5a6
00ffd9
}
}\f40 \fs17 \cf0 \par
}
\cf0 {\ul S}{\ul u}{\ul b}{\ul d}{\ul i}{\ul v}{\ul i}{\ul d}{\ul e}{\ul }{\ul
N}{\ul e}{\ul t}{\ul w}{\ul o}{\ul r}{\ul k}{\ul }{\ul i}{\ul n}{\ul t}{\ul o}
{\ul }{\ul P}{\ul a}{\ul g}{\ul i}{\ul n}{\ul g}{\ul }{\ul S}{\ul u}{\ul b}{\u
l -}{\ul R}{\ul e}{\ul g}{\ul i}{\ul o}{\ul n}{\ul s}
{\b0 Every}{\b0 time}{\b0 an}{\b0 MS}{\b0 moves}{\b0 in}{\b0 a}{\b0 new}{
\b0 paging}{\b0 sub-region}{\b0 it}{\b0 informs}{\b0 the}{\b0 network}{\b0
of}{\b0 that }
{\b0 sub-region}{\b0 identity.}{\b0 Every}{\b0 time}{\b0 an}{\b0 incoming}
{\b0 call}{\b0 is}{\b0 to}{\b0 be}{\b0 routed}{\b0 to}{\b0 an}{\b0 MS,}{
\b0 only}{\b0 the }
{\b0 cells}{\b0 in}{\b0 its}{\b0 current}{\b0 paging}{\b0 sub-region}{\b0
are}{\b0 checked.}{\b0
This}{\b0 provides}{\b0 a}{\b0 comprise}{\b0 betw
een }
{\b0 the}{\b0 two}{\b0 above}{\b0 options}{\b0 and}{\b0 has}{\b0 been}{\b0
proved}{\b0 to}{\b0 reduce}{\b0 signalling}{\b0 channel}{\b0 loads }
{\b0 significantly. }\par
}
\cf0 7.6.2 {\ul G}{\ul S}{\ul M}{\ul }{\ul L}{\ul O}{\ul C}{\ul A}{\ul T}{\u
l I}{\ul O}{\ul N}{\ul }{\ul A}{\ul R}{\ul E}{\ul A}{\ul S}{\ul }{\ul (}{\ul L
}{\ul A}{\ul s}{\ul )}
cf0 {\b0 \f20 \fs17 Within}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 GSM}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 networks}{\b0 \
f20 \fs17 these}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 paging}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 sub-regions}{\b0 \f20
\fs17 are}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 known}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 as}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 a}{\b0 \f
20 \fs17 Location}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 Areas}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 (LAs)}{\b0 \f20 \fs17
and }
{\b0 \f20 \fs17 comprise}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 a}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 number}{\b0 \f20 \f
s17 of}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 cells.}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 All}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 cells}{\b
0 \f20 \fs17 within}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 the}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 LA}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 m
ust}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 be}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 under}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 the}{\b0 \f20 \f
s17 control}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 of}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 a}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 single}{\b0
\f20 \fs17 MSC }
{\b0 \f20 \fs17 and}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 within}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 the}{\b0 \f20 \fs17
same}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 PLMN.}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 Each}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 LA}{\b0 \f
20 \fs17 within}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 the}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 PLMN}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 is}
{\b0 \f20 \fs17 uniquely}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 identified}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 by}{\b0 \
f20 \fs17 a}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 Location }
{\b0 \f20 \fs17 Area}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 Identifier}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 (LAI). }\par
}
\cf0 7.6.3 {\ul C}{\ul O}{\ul N}{\ul D}{\ul I}{\ul T}{\ul I}{\ul O}{\ul N}{\ul
S}{\ul }{\ul F}{\ul O}{\ul R}{\ul }{\ul L}{\ul O}{\ul C}{\ul A}{\ul T}{\ul I}
{\ul O}{\ul N}{\ul }{\ul U}{\ul P}{\ul D}{\ul A}{\ul T}{\ul E}{\ul S}
f0 {\b0 \f20 \fs17 Location}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 Updates}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 occur}{\b0
\f20 \fs17 under}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 one}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 of}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 the
}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 following}{\b0 \f20 \fs17 conditions: }\par
}
{\phpg\posx3150\pvpg\posy6789\absw195\absh903 \f40 \fs17 \cf0 \fi30 {\f0\fs22 \b
ullet }\f40 \fs17 \cf0
{\f0\fs22 \bullet }
{\f0\fs22 \bullet }
fs22 \bullet } \par
}
n change of LA
\par}{\phpg\posx3540\pvpg\posy6797\absw3012\absh906 \sl-255 \f20 \fs17 \cf0 Peri
odic Updates
\par}{\phpg\posx3540\pvpg\posy6797\absw3012\absh906 \sl-255 \f20 \fs17 \cf0 On M
S switch on (IMSI attach)
0 When changing cells during a call \par
}
\cf0 Location{\cf94 Updates }\par
}
BSC \par
}
t }\f10 \fs26 \cf0 {\fs21 Location}{\fs21 Area}{\fs21 Change }
{\f0\fs34 \bullet }{\fs21 Periodic}{\fs21 Location}{\fs21 Update }
{\f0\fs34 \bullet }{\fs21 IMSI}{\fs21 Attach }
{\f0\fs34 \bullet }{\fs21 Cell}{\fs21 change}{\fs21 during}{\fs21 call }
{\f0\fs34 \bullet }{\fs21 TMSI}{\fs21 update}{\fs21 on}{\fs21 LA}{\fs21 c
hange }\par
}
BSC \par
}
\cf94 VLR
f94 \fi180 MSC \par
}
BSC \par
}
\fs12 \cf0 AuC
f0 {\fs14 HLR }\par

}
\cf94 VLR
f94 \fi135 MSC \par
}
Every time a moving MS enters a new LA (identified by the information transmitte
d on the
\par}{\phpg\posx2445\pvpg\posy14207\absw8032\absh433 \sl-240 \f20 \fs17 \cf0 BCC
H) it initiates a location update. \par
}
08 \par
}
}
ffd8ffe000104a46494600010100000100010000ffdb004300010101010101010101010101010101
01010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101
010101010101010101ffdb0043010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101
0101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101ffc0
001108034a025403012200021101031101ffc4001f00000105010101010101000000000000000001
02030405060708090a0bffc400b5100002010303020403050504040000017d010203000411051221
31410613516107227114328191a1082342b1c11552d1f02433627282090a161718191a2526272829
2a3435363738393a434445464748494a535455565758595a636465666768696a737475767778797a
0101010101010101010000000000000102030405060708090a0bffc400b511000201020404030407
05040400010277000102031104052131061241510761711322328108144291a1b1c109233352f015
6272d10a162434e125f11718191a262728292a35363738393a434445464748494a53545556575859
5a636465666768696a737475767778797a82838485868788898a92939495969798999aa2a3a4a5a6
00ffd9
}
If an MS is not moving, LA updates will not take place. Therefore, if there has
been no
\par}{\phpg\posx2565\pvpg\posy1727\absw8074\absh2674 \sl-240 \f20 \fs17 \cf0 act
ivity for a (operator-defined) period of time, the MS will initiate a periodic u
pdate to the
work. If the parent VLR has received no updates from an MS within a certain (op
erator\par}{\phpg\posx2565\pvpg\posy1727\absw8074\absh2674 \sl-240 \f20 \fs17 \cf0 def
ined) time period, it assumes it has left the network and forces an IMSI detach.
Every time an IMSI attach takes place, location update information is passed to
the parent
. If an MS has previously detached and is reattaching in the same VLR no update
is
uired. If it is a new VLR a standard location update procedure is implemented.
In this
\par}{\phpg\posx2565\pvpg\posy1727\absw8074\absh2674 \sl-240 \f20 \fs17 \cf0 cas
e the HLR would also be informed of the new LAI associated with the MS.
If an MS changes cell during a call, a location update must be initiated to ens
ure traffic
tinues to be routed to the correct cell. \par
}
_____________________________________________________________________
b \f10 \fs32 7.7}{\b \f10 \fs32
Roaming }
0 \fi1425 {\fs17 Roaming}{\fs17 is}{\fs17 defined}{\fs17 as}{\fs17 the}{\fs1
7 ability}{\fs17 of}{\fs17 an}{\fs17 MS}{\fs17 to}{\fs17 move}{\fs17 betw
een}{\fs17 different}{\fs17 PLMNs}{\fs17 with}{\fs17 no }
i1425 {\fs17 disruption}{\fs17 to}{\fs17 services. }
0 \fi1425 {\fs17 In}{\fs17 order}{\fs17 to}{\fs17 have}{\fs17 this}{\fs17 c
apability,}{\fs17 the}{\fs17 service}{\fs17 providers}{\fs17 of}{\fs17 the}
{\fs17 two}{\fs17 PLMNs}{\fs17 must}{\fs17 have}{\fs17 a}{\fs17 mutual }
i1425 {\fs17 roaming}{\fs17 agreement. }\par
}
10 \fs28 \cf0 Roaming
Allows}{\b0 \fs17 subscriber}{
\b0 \fs17 to}{\b0 \fs17 travel}{\b0 \fs17 to}{\b0 \fs17 different}{\b0 \fs17
network}{\b0 \fs17 areas,}{\b0 \fs17 different }

\fi224 {\b0 \fs17 operator's}{\b0 \fs17 networks,}{\b0 \fs17 different}{\b0 \f
s17 countries}{\b0 \fs17 -}{\b0 \fs17 keeping}{\b0 \fs17 the }
\fi224 {\b0 \fs17 services}{\b0 \fs17 and}{\b0 \fs17 features}{\b0 \fs17 they
}{\b0 \fs17 use}{\b0 \fs17 at}{\b0 \fs17 home }
Billing}{\b0 \fs17 is}{\b0
\fs17 done}{\b0 \fs17 through}{\b0 \fs17 home}{\b0 \fs17 network}{\b0 \fs17
operator, }
\fi224 {\b0 \fs17 who}{\b0 \fs17 pays}{\b0 \fs17 any}{\b0 \fs17 other}{\b0 \f
s17 serving}{\b0 \fs17 operator}{\b0 \fs17 involved }
Requires}{\b0 \fs17 agreem
ents}{\b0 \fs17 between}{\b0 \fs17 operators}{\b0 \fs17 on }
\fi224 {\b0 \fs17 charge}{\b0 \fs17 rates,}{\b0 \fs17 methods}{\b0 \fs17 of}{
\b0 \fs17 payments}{\b0 \fs17 etc. }
Clearing}{\b0 \fs17 house}
{\b0 \fs17 companies}{\b0 \fs17 carry}{\b0 \fs17 out}{\b0 \fs17 data}{\b0 \f
s17 validation}{\b0 \fs17 on}{\b0 \fs17 roamer }
\fi224 {\b0 \fs17 data}{\b0 \fs17 records,}{\b0 \fs17 billing}{\b0 \fs17 of}{
\b0 \fs17 home}{\b0 \fs17 network}{\b0 \fs17 operators}{\b0 \fs17 and}{\b0 \
fs17 allocation}{\b0 \fs17 of }
\fi224 {\b0 \fs17 payments }\par
}
}
109 \par
}
ffd8ffe000104a46494600010100000100010000ffdb004300010101010101010101010101010101
01010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101
010101010101010101ffdb0043010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101
0101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101ffc0
001108034a025403012200021101031101ffc4001f00000105010101010101000000000000000001
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5a636465666768696a737475767778797a82838485868788898a92939495969798999aa2a3a4a5a6
00ffd9
}
_____________________________________________________________________
b \f10 \fs32 7.8}{\b \f10 \fs32
TMSI}{\b \f10 \fs32 Reallocation }
\cf0 \fi1425 {\fs17 In}{\fs17 order}{\fs17 to}{\fs17 ensure}{\fs17 continue
d}{\fs17 confidentiality}{\fs17 of}{\fs17 a}{\fs17 user's}{\fs17 IMSI,}{\fs
17 each}{\fs17 time}{\fs17 an}{\fs17 MS}{\fs17 changes}{\fs17 LA,}{\fs17
a }
i1425 {\fs17 new}{\fs17 TMSI}{\fs17 is}{\fs17 issued}{\fs17 by}{\fs17 the}{
\fs17 VLR. }
0 \fi1425 {\fs17 Exceptional}{\fs17 conditions}{\fs17 could}{\fs17 include}{\
fs17 a}{\fs17 network}{\fs17 failure}{\fs17 (e.g.}{\fs17 a}{\fs17 database
)}{\fs17 where}{\fs17 the}{\fs17 TMSI }
i1425 {\fs17 becomes}{\fs17 unknown,}{\fs17 in}{\fs17 which}{\fs17 case}{\fs
17 the}{\fs17 network}{\fs17 will}{\fs17 request}{\fs17 IMSI}{\fs17 detail
s}{\fs17 in}{\fs17 order}{\fs17 to}{\fs17 validate }
i1425 {\fs17 the}{\fs17 subscriber}{\fs17 before}{\fs17 issuing}{\fs17 a}{\f
s17 new}{\fs17 TMSI. }\par
}
10 \fs28 \cf0 TMSI Re-allocation
Used}{\b0 \fs21 to}{\b0 \fs21
protect}{\b0 \fs21 a}{\b0 \fs21 subscriber's}{\b0 \fs21 IMSI }
TMSI}{\b0 \fs21 only}{\b0 \fs2
1 unique}{\b0 \fs21 within}{\b0 \fs21 a}{\b0 \fs21 Location}{\b0 \fs21 Area
}{\b0 \fs21 (LA) }
Outside}{\b0 \fs21 an}{\b0 \fs
21 LA,}{\b0 \fs21 TMSI}{\b0 \fs21 must}{\b0 \fs21 be}{\b0 \fs21 combined}{\

b0 \fs21 with}{\b0 \fs21 LAI}{\b0 \fs21 to}{\b0 \fs21 remain }
\fi285 {\b0 \fs21 unique }
TMSI}{\b0 \fs21 re-allocated}{
\b0 \fs21 on}{\b0 \fs21 LA}{\b0 \fs21 change}{\b0 \fs21 (minimum)}{\b0 \fs21
or}{\b0 \fs21 as}{\b0 \fs21 a}{\b0 \fs21 result}{\b0 \fs21 of }
\fi285 {\b0 \fs21 an}{\b0 \fs21 exceptional}{\b0 \fs21 condition. }
Normally}{\b0 \fs21 takes}{\b0
\fs21 place}{\b0 \fs21 in}{\b0 \fs21 encrypted}{\b0 \fs21 mode }
Normally}{\b0 \fs21 tales}{\b0
\fs21 place}{\b0 \fs21 in}{\b0 \fs21 conjunction}{\b0 \fs21 with}{\b0 \fs21
another}{\b0 \fs21 procedure }
\fi285 {\b0 \fs21 e.g.}{\b0 \fs21 Location}{\b0 \fs21 update,}{\b0 \fs21 call
}{\b0 \fs21 setup}{\b0 \fs21 etc }\par
}
10 \par
}
}
ffd8ffe000104a46494600010100000100010000ffdb004300010101010101010101010101010101
01010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101
010101010101010101ffdb0043010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101
0101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101ffc0
001108034a025403012200021101031101ffc4001f00000105010101010101000000000000000001
02030405060708090a0bffc400b5100002010303020403050504040000017d010203000411051221
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0101010101010101010000000000000102030405060708090a0bffc400b511000201020404030407
05040400010277000102031104052131061241510761711322328108144291a1b1c109233352f015
6272d10a162434e125f11718191a262728292a35363738393a434445464748494a53545556575859
5a636465666768696a737475767778797a82838485868788898a92939495969798999aa2a3a4a5a6
00ffd9
}
cf0 {\b0 \fs21 This}{\b0 \fs21 Section}{\b0 \fs21 has}{\b0 \fs21 covered}{\b0
\fs21 the}{\b0 \fs21 following}{\b0 \fs21 MM}{\b0 \fs21 Functions: }
\fi165 {\f0\fs23 \bullet }{\b0 \fs18 }{\b0 \fs18 Network}{\b0 \fs18 areas }
\fi165 {\f0\fs23 \bullet }{\b0 \fs18 }{\b0 \fs18 MS}{\b0 \fs18 Mobility}{\b0 \
fs18 States }
\fi165 {\f0\fs23 \bullet }{\b0 \fs18 }{\b0 \fs18 Attaching}{\b0 \fs18 and}{\b0
\fs18 Detaching}{\b0 \fs18 from}{\b0 \fs18 the}{\b0 \fs18 Network }
\fi165 {\f0\fs23 \bullet }{\b0 \fs18 }{\b0 \fs18 Authentication}{\b0 \fs18 and
}{\b0 \fs18 Security}{\b0 \fs18 (Section}{\b0 \fs18 10) }
\fi165 {\f0\fs23 \bullet }{\b0 \fs18 }{\b0 \fs18 Location}{\b0 \fs18 Updating
}
\fi165 {\f0\fs23 \bullet }{\b0 \fs18 }{\b0 \fs18 Roaming }
\fi165 {\f0\fs23 \bullet }{\b0 \fs18 }{\b0 \fs18 TMSI}{\b0 \fs18 reallocation
}\par
}
}
111 \par
}
ffd8ffe000104a46494600010100000100010000ffdb004300010101010101010101010101010101
01010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101
010101010101010101ffdb0043010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101
0101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101ffc0
001108034a025403012200021101031101ffc4001f00000105010101010101000000000000000001
02030405060708090a0bffc400b5100002010303020403050504040000017d010203000411051221
31410613516107227114328191a1082342b1c11552d1f02433627282090a161718191a2526272829
2a3435363738393a434445464748494a535455565758595a636465666768696a737475767778797a
0101010101010101010000000000000102030405060708090a0bffc400b511000201020404030407
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5a636465666768696a737475767778797a82838485868788898a92939495969798999aa2a3a4a5a6
00ffd9
}
}
12 \par
}
}
ffd8ffe000104a46494600010100000100010000ffdb004300010101010101010101010101010101
01010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101
010101010101010101ffdb0043010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101
0101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101ffc0
001108034a025403012200021101031101ffc4001f00000105010101010101000000000000000001
02030405060708090a0bffc400b5100002010303020403050504040000017d010203000411051221
31410613516107227114328191a1082342b1c11552d1f02433627282090a161718191a2526272829
2a3435363738393a434445464748494a535455565758595a636465666768696a737475767778797a
0101010101010101010000000000000102030405060708090a0bffc400b511000201020404030407
05040400010277000102031104052131061241510761711322328108144291a1b1c109233352f015
6272d10a162434e125f11718191a262728292a35363738393a434445464748494a53545556575859
5a636465666768696a737475767778797a82838485868788898a92939495969798999aa2a3a4a5a6
00ffd9
\cf0 8. Radio Resource Management \par
}
}
0 _____________________________________________________________________
\b \f10 \fs32 8.1}{\b \f10 \fs32
Introduction }
5 \cf0 \fi1425 {\fs17 Radio}{\fs17 Resource}{\fs17 management}{\fs17 procedur
es}{\fs17 include}{\fs17 the}{\fs17 functions}{\fs17 related}{\fs17 to}{\fs
17 the}{\fs17 management}{\fs17 of }
fi1425 {\fs17 the}{\fs17 common}{\fs17 transmission}{\fs17 resources,}{\fs17
e.g.}{\fs17 the}{\fs17 physical}{\fs17 channels}{\fs17 and}{\fs17 the}{\fs
17 data}{\fs17 link}{\fs17 connections }
fi1425 {\fs17 on}{\fs17 control}{\fs17 channels.}{\fs17 It}{\fs17 exists}{\
fs17 only}{\fs17 between}{\fs17 the}{\fs17 MS}{\fs17 and}{\fs17 the}{\fs17
BSS. }
f0 \fi1425 {\fs17 The}{\fs17 general}{\fs17 purpose}{\fs17 of}{\fs17 Radio}{
\fs17 Resource}{\fs17 procedures}{\fs17 is}{\fs17 to}{\fs17 establish,}{\fs
17 maintain}{\fs17 and}{\fs17 release}{\fs17 RR }
fi1425 {\fs17 connections}{\fs17 that}{\fs17 allow}{\fs17 a}{\fs17 point-topoint}{\fs17 dialogue}{\fs17 between}{\fs17 the}{\fs17 network}{\fs17 and}{
\fs17 a}{\fs17 Mobile}{\fs17 Station. }

fi1425 {\fs17 This}{\fs17 includes}{\fs17 the}{\fs17 cell}{\fs17 selection/r
eselection}{\fs17 and}{\fs17 the}{\fs17 handover}{\fs17 procedures.}{\fs17
Moreover,}{\fs17 Radio }
fi1425 {\fs17 Resource}{\fs17 management}{\fs17 procedures}{\fs17 include}{\f
s17 the}{\fs17 reception}{\fs17 of}{\fs17 the}{\fs17 uni-directional}{\fs17
BCCH}{\fs17 and }
fi1425 {\fs17 CCCH}{\fs17 when}{\fs17 no}{\fs17 RR}{\fs17 connection}{\fs17
is}{\fs17 established.}{\fs17
This}{\fs17 permits}{\fs17 automatic}{\fs17
cell }
fi1425 {\fs17 selection/reselection. }\par
}
}
113 \par
}
ffd8ffe000104a46494600010100000100010000ffdb004300010101010101010101010101010101
01010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101
010101010101010101ffdb0043010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101
0101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101ffc0
001108034a025403012200021101031101ffc4001f00000105010101010101000000000000000001
02030405060708090a0bffc400b5100002010303020403050504040000017d010203000411051221
31410613516107227114328191a1082342b1c11552d1f02433627282090a161718191a2526272829
2a3435363738393a434445464748494a535455565758595a636465666768696a737475767778797a
0101010101010101010000000000000102030405060708090a0bffc400b511000201020404030407
05040400010277000102031104052131061241510761711322328108144291a1b1c109233352f015
6272d10a162434e125f11718191a262728292a35363738393a434445464748494a53545556575859
5a636465666768696a737475767778797a82838485868788898a92939495969798999aa2a3a4a5a6
00ffd9
}
_____________________________________________________________________
\f10 \fs32 8.2}{\b \f10 \fs32
Radio}{\b \f10 \fs32 Resource}{\b \f10 \fs32
Connection}{\b \f10 \fs32 Setup }\par
}
\cf0 Mobile-Initiated RR Connection Setup \par
}
\cf94 Mobile \par
}
\cf94 BSS \par
}
\cf94 Channel Request
f94 Channel Request
}{\phpg\posx4875\pvpg\posy4954\absw1200\absh409 \b \f10 \fs12 \cf94 \fi0 {\cf0 R
equest }\par
}
cf1 RACH
1 {\cf94 RACH }\par
}
\cf94 Channel{\cf0 Request }
}{\phpg\posx4875\pvpg\posy5764\absw1200\absh463 \b \f10 \fs12 \cf94 \fi0 Request
f94 \fi90 AGCH \par
}
0 \fs12 \cf1 RACH
f1 {\cf0 Immediate}{\cf0 Assignment }\par
}
\cf0 Network-Initiated RR Connection Setup \par
}
\cf94 Mobile \par
}
\cf94 BSS \par
}
\cf1 PCH
\cf94 PCH }\par
}
2 \cf94 Paging Request
{\cf0 Paging}{\cf0 Request }\par
}
2 \cf94 Channel Request \par
}
\cf94 RACH \par
}
\cf94 AGCH \par
}
\cf0 Immediate Assignment \par
}
14 \par
}
}
ffd8ffe000104a46494600010100000100010000ffdb004300010101010101010101010101010101
01010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101
010101010101010101ffdb0043010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101
0101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101ffc0
001108034a025403012200021101031101ffc4001f00000105010101010101000000000000000001
02030405060708090a0bffc400b5100002010303020403050504040000017d010203000411051221
31410613516107227114328191a1082342b1c11552d1f02433627282090a161718191a2526272829
2a3435363738393a434445464748494a535455565758595a636465666768696a737475767778797a
0101010101010101010000000000000102030405060708090a0bffc400b511000201020404030407
05040400010277000102031104052131061241510761711322328108144291a1b1c109233352f015
6272d10a162434e125f11718191a262728292a35363738393a434445464748494a53545556575859
5a636465666768696a737475767778797a82838485868788898a92939495969798999aa2a3a4a5a6
00ffd9
}
10 \fs28 \cf0 RR Connection{\cf94 Release }
cf0 {\f0\fs27 \bullet }{\b0 \fs21 }{\b0 \fs21 Initiated}{\b0 \fs21 by}{\b0 \f
s21 network}{\b0 \fs21 only }
{\f0\fs27 \bullet }{\b0 \fs21 }{\b0 \fs21 Reasons}{\b0 \fs21 could}{\b0 \fs21
include: }
\fi375 {\f0\fs23 \bullet }{\b0 \fs17 }{\b0 \fs17 End}{\b0 \fs17 of}{\b0 \fs17
a}{\b0 \fs17 call }
\fi375 {\f0\fs23 \bullet }{\b0 \fs17 }{\b0 \fs17 Too}{\b0 \fs17 many}{\b0 \fs1
7 errors }
\fi375 {\f0\fs23 \bullet }{\b0 \fs17 }{\b0 \fs17 Removal}{\b0 \fs17 of}{\b0 \f
s17 channel}{\b0 \fs17 in}{\b0 \fs17 favour}{\b0 \fs17 of}{\b0 \fs17 higher
}{\b0 \fs17 priority}{\b0 \fs17 call }
{\f0\fs27 \bullet }{\b0 \fs21 }{\b0 \fs21 MS}{\b0 \fs21 waits}{\b0 \fs21 for
}{\b0 \fs21 a}{\b0 \fs21 short}{\b0 \fs21 random}{\b0 \fs21 period}{\b0 \fs2
1 and}{\b0 \fs21 returns}{\b0 \fs21 to}{\b0 \fs21 idle}{\b0 \fs21 state }\p
ar
}
\cf94 Mobile
\cf0 Mobile }\par
}
cf1 SDCCH
cf94 SDCCH }\par
}
0 \fs16 \cf0 BSS
f0 {\fs12 \cf94 Channel}{\fs12 \cf94 Release }
\fs12 Channel}{\fs12 Release }\par
}
{\phpg\posx5955\pvpg\posy6021\absw1138\absh120 \b\i \f10 \fs10 \cf94 \b\i \f10 \
fs10 \cf94 Short random delay \par
}

s10 \cf0 Return{\cf94 to}{\cf94 idle}{\cf94 state }\par
}
10 \cf0 state \par
}
_____________________________________________________________________
b \f10 \fs32 8.3}{\b \f10 \fs32
Cell}{\b \f10 \fs32 Selection}{\b \f10 \fs32
and}{\b \f10 \fs32 Reselection }
\cf0 \fi1425 {\fs17 On}{\fs17 switch-on,}{\fs17 an}{\fs17 MS}{\fs17 periodi
cally}{\fs17 measures}{\fs17 the}{\fs17 received}{\fs17 power}{\fs17 level}
{\fs17 on}{\fs17 each}{\fs17 of}{\fs17 the}{\fs17 BCCH }
i1425 {\fs17 frequencies}{\fs17 of}{\fs17 all}{\fs17 cells}{\fs17 within}{\f
s17 range.}{\fs17 From}{\fs17 these}{\fs17 periodic}{\fs17 measurements}{\
fs17 the}{\fs17 MS}{\fs17 calculates}{\fs17 the }
i1425 {\fs17 mean}{\fs17 received}{\fs17 level}{\fs17 value}{\fs17 from}{\fs
17 each}{\fs17 cell,}{\fs17 stored}{\fs17 in}{\fs17 the}{\fs17 parameter}{
\fs17 RXLEV(n)}{\fs17 where }
i1425 {\fs17 n=neighbouring}{\fs17 cell}{\fs17 number. }
0 \fi1425 {\fs17 Based}{\fs17 on}{\fs17 these}{\fs17 calculated}{\fs17 value
s,}{\fs17 the}{\fs17 MS}{\fs17 selects}{\fs17 which}{\fs17 cell}{\fs17 to}
{\fs17 connect}{\fs17 to.}{\fs17 This}{\fs17 connection }
i1425 {\fs17 process}{\fs17 is}{\fs17 referred}{\fs17 top}{\fs17 as}{\fs17
'Camping-on'}{\fs17 to}{\fs17 that}{\fs17 cell. }
0 \fi1425 {\fs17 An}{\fs17 MS}{\fs17 in}{\fs17 idle}{\fs17 mode}{\fs17 must
}{\fs17 periodically}{\fs17 measure}{\fs17 the}{\fs17 received}{\fs17 power
}{\fs17 level}{\fs17 on}{\fs17 each}{\fs17 of}{\fs17 the}{\fs17 BCCH }
i1425 {\fs17 frequencies}{\fs17 of}{\fs17 neighbouring}{\fs17 cells.}{\fs17
From}{\fs17 these}{\fs17 periodic}{\fs17 measurements}{\fs17 the}{\fs17 MS
}{\fs17 calculates}{\fs17 the }
i1425 {\fs17 mean}{\fs17 received}{\fs17 level}{\fs17 value}{\fs17 from}{\fs
17 each}{\fs17 cell,}{\fs17 stored}{\fs17 in}{\fs17 the}{\fs17 parameter}{
\fs17 RXLEV(n)}{\fs17 where }
i1425 {\fs17 n=neighbouring}{\fs17 cell}{\fs17 number.}{\fs17
Based}{\fs17
on}{\fs17 these}{\fs17 calculated}{\fs17 values,}{\fs17 the}{\fs17 MS}{\fs
17 selects}{\fs17 which}{\fs17 cell}{\fs17 to }
i1425 {\fs17 camp-on}{\fs17 to. }
0 \fi1425 {\fs17 Once}{\fs17 a}{\fs17 mobile}{\fs17 has}{\fs17 camped}{\fs17
on}{\fs17 to}{\fs17 a}{\fs17 cell,}{\fs17 it}{\fs17 will}{\fs17 continue
}{\fs17 to}{\fs17 measure}{\fs17 neighbouring}{\fs17 BCCH }
i1425 {\fs17 carriers,}{\fs17 looking}{\fs17 for}{\fs17 a}{\fs17 better}{\fs
17 cell. }
0 \fi1425 {\fs17 The}{\fs17 OFFSET}{\fs17 (hysteresis)}{\fs17 term}{\fs17 pr
events}{\fs17 unnecessary}{\fs17 re-selection}{\fs17 on}{\fs17 a}{\fs17 loc
ation}{\fs17 area}{\fs17 boundary }

i1425 {\fs17 which}{\fs17 would}{\fs17 require}{\fs17 extra}{\fs17 signallin
g}{\fs17 to}{\fs17 perform}{\fs17 the}{\fs17 location}{\fs17 update. }\par
}
}
115 \par
}
ffd8ffe000104a46494600010100000100010000ffdb004300010101010101010101010101010101
01010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101
010101010101010101ffdb0043010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101
0101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101ffc0
001108034a025403012200021101031101ffc4001f00000105010101010101000000000000000001
02030405060708090a0bffc400b5100002010303020403050504040000017d010203000411051221
31410613516107227114328191a1082342b1c11552d1f02433627282090a161718191a2526272829
2a3435363738393a434445464748494a535455565758595a636465666768696a737475767778797a
0101010101010101010000000000000102030405060708090a0bffc400b511000201020404030407
05040400010277000102031104052131061241510761711322328108144291a1b1c109233352f015
6272d10a162434e125f11718191a262728292a35363738393a434445464748494a53545556575859
5a636465666768696a737475767778797a82838485868788898a92939495969798999aa2a3a4a5a6
00ffd9
}

10 \fs28 \cf0 Cell Selection Procedure
cf0 {\f0\fs27 \bullet }{\b0 \fs21 }{\b0 \fs21 MS}{\b0 \fs21 powers-up }
{\f0\fs27 \bullet }{\b0 \fs21 }{\b0 \fs21 MS}{\b0 \fs21 starts}{\b0 \fs21 me
asuring}{\b0 \fs21 received}{\b0 \fs21 power}{\b0 \fs21 level}{\b0 \fs21 fro
m}{\b0 \fs21 all}{\b0 \fs21 cells}{\b0 \fs21 in }
\fi225 {\b0 \fs21 range }
{\f0\fs27 \bullet }{\b0 \fs21 }{\b0 \fs21 MS}{\b0 \fs21 calculates}{\b0 \fs21
average}{\b0 \fs21 power}{\b0 \fs21 level}{\b0 \fs21 received}{\b0 \fs21 f
rom}{\b0 \fs21 each}{\b0 \fs21 cell }
\fi375 {\f0\fs23 \bullet }{\b0 \fs17 }{\b0 \fs17 Stored}{\b0 \fs17 in}{\b0 \fs
17 RXLEV(n)}{\b0 \fs17 parameter }
{\f0\fs27 \bullet }{\b0 \fs21 }{\b0 \fs21 MS}{\b0 \fs21 calculates}{\b0 \fs21
C1}{\b0 \fs21 parameter}{\b0 \fs21 for}{\b0 \fs21 each}{\b0 \fs21 cell}{\b
0 \fs21 based}{\b0 \fs21 on}{\b0 \fs21 RXLEV(n) }
\fi225 {\b0 \fs21 and}{\b0 \fs21 vendor-specific}{\b0 \fs21 parameters }
{\f0\fs27 \bullet }{\b0 \fs21 }{\b0 \fs21 Mobile}{\b0 \fs21 compares}{\b0 \fs
21 cells}{\b0 \fs21 which}{\b0 \fs21 give}{\b0 \fs21 a}{\b0 \fs21 positive}
{\b0 \fs21 value}{\b0 \fs21 of}{\b0 \fs21 C1}{\b0 \fs21 and }
\fi225 {\b0 \fs21 'camps-on'}{\b0 \fs21 to}{\b0 \fs21 the}{\b0 \fs21 cell}{\b
0 \fs21 with}{\b0 \fs21 the}{\b0 \fs21 highest}{\b0 \fs21 C1}{\b0 \fs21 val
ue }\par
}
0 \fs28 \cf0 Cell Re-selection - GSM Phase 1 Mobiles
28 \cf0 {\b0 \fs16 For}{\b0 \fs16 GSM}{\b0 \fs16 Phase}{\b0 \fs16 1}{\b0 \fs1
6 mobiles,}{\b0 \fs16 cell}{\b0 \fs16 reselection}{\b0 \fs16 is}{\b0 \fs16
achieved}{\b0 \fs16 by}{\b0 \fs16 comparing}{\b0 \fs16 current}{\b0 \fs16 ce
ll}{\b0 \fs16 C1 }
{\b0 \fs16 with}{\b0 \fs16 neighbouring}{\b0 \fs16 C1}{\b0 \fs16 cell}{\b0 \f
s16 measurements: }
28 \cf0 \fi375 {\f0\fs20 \bullet }{\b0 \fs16 }{\b0 \fs16 Between}{\b0 \fs16 c
ells}{\b0 \fs16 within}{\b0 \fs16 a}{\b0 \fs16 Location}{\b0 \fs16 Area: }
cf0 \fi1245 {\fs17 C1}{\fs17 (new)}{\fs17 >}{\fs17 C1}{\fs17 (old) }
\fi2295 {\fs16 (for}{\fs16 more}{\fs16 than}{\fs16 5}{\fs16 seconds) }
cf0 \fi375 {\f0\fs20 \bullet }{\b0 \fs16 }{\b0 \fs16 Between}{\b0 \fs16 cells
}{\b0 \fs16 on}{\b0 \fs16 a}{\b0 \fs16 Location}{\b0 \fs16 Area}{\b0 \fs16
boundary: }
cf0 \fi1275 {\fs17 C1}{\fs17 (new)}{\fs17 >}{\fs17 C1}{\fs17 (old)}{\fs17 +
}{\fs17 OFFSET }
\fi2250 {\fs16 (for}{\fs16 more}{\fs16 than}{\fs16 5}{\fs16 seconds) }\par
}
16 \par
}
}
ffd8ffe000104a46494600010100000100010000ffdb004300010101010101010101010101010101
01010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101
010101010101010101ffdb0043010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101
0101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101ffc0
001108034a025403012200021101031101ffc4001f00000105010101010101000000000000000001
02030405060708090a0bffc400b5100002010303020403050504040000017d010203000411051221
31410613516107227114328191a1082342b1c11552d1f02433627282090a161718191a2526272829
2a3435363738393a434445464748494a535455565758595a636465666768696a737475767778797a
0101010101010101010000000000000102030405060708090a0bffc400b511000201020404030407
05040400010277000102031104052131061241510761711322328108144291a1b1c109233352f015
6272d10a162434e125f11718191a262728292a35363738393a434445464748494a53545556575859
5a636465666768696a737475767778797a82838485868788898a92939495969798999aa2a3a4a5a6
00ffd9
}
0 \fs28 \cf0 Cell Re-selection - GSM Phase 2 Mobiles
cf0 {\f0\fs27 \bullet }{\b0 \fs21 }{\b0 \fs21 GSM}{\b0 \fs21 Phase}{\b0 \fs21
2}{\b0 \fs21 introduced}{\b0 \fs21 a}{\b0 \fs21 separate}{\b0 \fs21 cell}{
\b0 \fs21 re-selection }

\fi210 {\b0 \fs21 parameter,}{\b0 \fs21 C2 }
{\f0\fs27 \bullet }{\b0 \fs21 }{\b0 \fs21 Intended}{\b0 \fs21 to: }
\fi375 {\f0\fs23 \bullet }{\b0 \fs17 }{\b0 \fs17 Prevent}{\b0 \fs17 multiple}{
\b0 \fs17 reselections}{\b0 \fs17 for}{\b0 \fs17 fast-moving}{\b0 \fs17 mobi
les }
\fi375 {\f0\fs23 \bullet }{\b0 \fs17 }{\b0 \fs17 Ensure}{\b0 \fs17 MS}{\b0 \fs
17 camps}{\b0 \fs17 on}{\b0 \fs17 to}{\b0 \fs17 cell}{\b0 \fs17 with}{\b0 \
fs17 greatest}{\b0 \fs17 chance}{\b0 \fs17 of}{\b0 \fs17 successful }
\fi525 {\b0 \fs17 communications }
{\f0\fs27 \bullet }{\b0 \fs21 }{\b0 \fs21 The}{\b0 \fs21 C2}{\b0 \fs21 calcu
lated}{\b0 \fs21 is: }
cf0 \fi420 {\fs21 C2}{\fs21 =}{\fs21 C1}{\fs21 +}{\fs16 OFFSET}{\fs16 -}{\
fs16 (TEMPORARY_OFFSET}{\fs16 x}{\i \fs16 H}{\fs16 (PENALTY_TIME}{\fs16 -T)
}\par
}
In order to optimize cell reselection, additional cell reselection parameters ca
n be broadcast on
BCCH of each cell. The cell reselection process employs a parameter C2 which de
pends on
se parameters.
The parameters used to calculate C2 are as follows:
\fi735 C2 = C1 + CELL_RESELECT_OFFSET - TEMPORARY OFFSET * H(PENALTY_TIME
735 - T)
1455 for PENALTY_TIME <> 11111
\fi735 C2 = C1 - CELL_RESELECT_OFFSET
1455 for PENALTY_TIME = 11111 \par
}
here: \par
}
H(x) = 0 for x < 0
\par}{\phpg\posx4740\pvpg\posy10847\absw1599\absh433 \sl-240 \f20 \fs17 \cf0 H(x
) = 1 for x >= 0 \par
}
\{x = PENALTY_TIME-T\} \par
}
f20 \fs17 \cf0 {\ul C}{\ul E}{\ul L}{\ul L}{\ul _}{\ul R}{\ul E}{\ul S}{\ul E}{\
ul L}{\ul E}{\ul C}{\ul T}{\ul _}{\ul O}{\ul F}{\ul F}{\ul S}{\ul E}{\ul T}
\fi2160 {\b0 This}{\b0 optional}{\b0 parameter}{\b0 is}{\b0 a}{\b0 a}{\b0
positive}{\b0 or}{\b0 negative}{\b0 offset}{\b0 applied}{\b0 to}{\b0 each
}{\b0 cell}{\b0 to }
\fi2160 {\b0 encourage}{\b0 or}{\b0 discourage}{\b0 MSs}{\b0 to}{\b0 resel
ect}{\b0 that}{\b0 cell. }
\cf0 \fi2160 {\ul P}{\ul E}{\ul N}{\ul A}{\ul L}{\ul T}{\ul Y}{\ul _}{\ul T}{\ul
I}{\ul M}{\ul E}
\fi2160 {\b0 When}{\b0 the}{\b0 MS}{\b0 places}{\b0 the}{\b0 cell}{\b0 on
}{\b0 the}{\b0 list}{\b0 of}{\b0 the}{\b0 strongest}{\b0 carriers}{\b0 (N
eighbour}{\b0 list),}{\b0 it }
\fi2160 {\b0 starts}{\b0 a}{\b0 timer}{\b0 which}{\b0 expires}{\b0 after}{
\b0 the}{\b0 PENALTY_TIME.}{\b0 This}{\b0 timer}{\b0 will}{\b0 be}{\b0 r
eset}{\b0 when }
\fi2160 {\b0 the}{\b0 cell}{\b0 is}{\b0 taken}{\b0 off}{\b0 the}{\b0 list
.}{\b0 For}{\b0 the}{\b0 duration}{\b0 of}{\b0 this}{\b0 timer,}{\b0 C2}
{\b0 is}{\b0 given}{\b0 a}{\b0 negative }
\fi2160 {\b0 offset.}{\b0 This}{\b0 will}{\b0 tend}{\b0 to}{\b0 prevent}{\
b0 fast}{\b0 moving}{\b0 MSs}{\b0 from}{\b0 selecting}{\b0 the}{\b0 cell.
}
\cf0 \fi2160 {\ul T}{\ul E}{\ul M}{\ul P}{\ul O}{\ul R}{\ul A}{\ul R}{\ul Y}{\ul
_}{\ul O}{\ul F}{\ul F}{\ul S}{\ul E}{\ul T}
\fi2160 {\b0 This}{\b0 is}{\b0 the}{\b0 amount}{\b0 of}{\b0 the}{\b0 nega
tive}{\b0 offset}{\b0 described}{\b0 in}{\b0 (2)}{\b0 above.}{\b0 An}{\b0
infinite}{\b0 value}{\b0 can }
\fi2160 {\b0 be}{\b0 applied,}{\b0 but}{\b0 a}{\b0 number}{\b0 of}{\b0 fi
nite}{\b0 values}{\b0 are}{\b0 also}{\b0 possible. }
\cf0 {\b0 \f10 GSM}{\b0 \f10 Technology}{\b0 \f10 for}{\b0 \f10 Engineers }\p
ar
}
AIRCOM International 2002 \par
}
117 \par
}
ffd8ffe000104a46494600010100000100010000ffdb004300010101010101010101010101010101
01010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101
010101010101010101ffdb0043010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101
0101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101ffc0
001108034a025403012200021101031101ffc4001f00000105010101010101000000000000000001
02030405060708090a0bffc400b5100002010303020403050504040000017d010203000411051221
31410613516107227114328191a1082342b1c11552d1f02433627282090a161718191a2526272829
2a3435363738393a434445464748494a535455565758595a636465666768696a737475767778797a
0101010101010101010000000000000102030405060708090a0bffc400b511000201020404030407
05040400010277000102031104052131061241510761711322328108144291a1b1c109233352f015
6272d10a162434e125f11718191a262728292a35363738393a434445464748494a53545556575859
5a636465666768696a737475767778797a82838485868788898a92939495969798999aa2a3a4a5a6
00ffd9
}
_____________________________________________________________________
\f10 \fs32 8.4}{\b \f10 \fs32 Handovers }\par
}
10 \fs28 \cf0 Handover Types
cf0 {\b0 \fs21 There}{\b0 \fs21 are}{\b0 \fs21 four}{\b0 \fs21 different}{\b0
\fs21 types}{\b0 \fs21 of}{\b0 \fs21 handover}{\b0 \fs21 in}{\b0 \fs21 the
}
{\b0 \fs21 GSM}{\b0 \fs21 system,}{\b0 \fs21 which}{\b0 \fs21 involve}{\b0 \f
s21 transferring}{\b0 \fs21 a}{\b0 \fs21 call }
{\b0 \fs21 between: }\par
}
cf1 Internal \par
}
cf1 External \par
}
t }\f10 \fs17 \cf0
Channels (time slots) in the same cell
0\fs23 \bullet }
Cells within the same BSS (same BSC)
0\fs23 \bullet }
Cells in different BSSs (different BSCs) but
270 under the control of the same MSC

0\fs23 \bullet }
Cells under the control of different MSCs \par
}
cf94 BSC \par
}
f94 BSC \par
}
f94 VLR
4 \fi150 MSC \par
}
f94 BSC \par
}
SM handovers are 'hard' - i.e. mobile only
\par}{\phpg\posx3014\pvpg\posy6783\absw5065\absh416 \sl-214 \f10 \fs21 \cf0 comm
unicates with one cell at a time \par
}
f94 VLR
\fi120 MSC \par
}
In a cellular network, the radio and fixed links required are not permanently al
located for the
\par}{\phpg\posx2445\pvpg\posy8987\absw8245\absh1122 \sl-255 \f20 \fs17 \cf0 dur
ation of a call. Handover, or handoff as it is called in North America, is the
switching of
on-going call to a different channel or cell. The execution and measurements req
uired for
\par}{\phpg\posx2445\pvpg\posy8987\absw8245\absh1122 \sl-255 \f20 \fs17 \cf0 han
dover form one of basic functions of RRmanagement. There are four different type
s of
\par}{\phpg\posx2445\pvpg\posy8987\absw8245\absh1122 \sl-255 \f20 \fs17 \cf0 han
dover in the GSM system, which involve transferring a call between: \par
}
t }\f20 \fs17 \cf0
0\fs22 \bullet }
{\f0\fs22 \bullet }
}
Channels (time slots) in the same cell
\par}{\phpg\posx3180\pvpg\posy10487\absw7377\absh1338 \sl-240 \f20 \fs17 \cf0 Ce
lls (Base Transceiver Stations) under the control of the same Base Station
\par}{\phpg\posx3180\pvpg\posy10487\absw7377\absh1338 \sl-255 \f20 \fs17 \cf0 Co
ntroller (BSC),
lls under the control of different BSCs, but belonging to the same Mobile servic
es
\par}{\phpg\posx3180\pvpg\posy10487\absw7377\absh1338 \sl-255 \f20 \fs17 \cf0 Sw
itching Centre (MSC), and
lls under the control of different MSCs. \par
}
Intra-BSS handovers are known as Internal handovers as they involve only one Ba
se Station
\par}{\phpg\posx2445\pvpg\posy12467\absw8319\absh2013 \sl-255 \f20 \fs17 \cf0 Co
ntroller (BSC). To save signalling bandwidth, they are managed by the BSC with
out
volving the Mobile services Switching Centre (MSC), except to notify it at the c
ompletion of
e handover.
0 Inter-BSS (either intra- or inter-MSC) are known as external handovers and are
handled by the
\par}{\phpg\posx2445\pvpg\posy12467\absw8319\absh2013 \sl-255 \f20 \fs17 \cf0 MS
Cs involved. An important aspect of GSM is that the original (or{\i anchor}) M
SC, remains
sponsible for most call-related functions, with the exception of subsequent inte
r-BSC
\par}{\phpg\posx2445\pvpg\posy12467\absw8319\absh2013 \sl-255 \f20 \fs17 \cf0 ha
ndovers under the control of the new (or{\i relay}) MSC. \par
}
18 \par
}
}
ffd8ffe000104a46494600010100000100010000ffdb004300010101010101010101010101010101
01010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101
010101010101010101ffdb0043010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101
0101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101ffc0
001108034a025403012200021101031101ffc4001f00000105010101010101000000000000000001
02030405060708090a0bffc400b5100002010303020403050504040000017d010203000411051221
31410613516107227114328191a1082342b1c11552d1f02433627282090a161718191a2526272829
2a3435363738393a434445464748494a535455565758595a636465666768696a737475767778797a
0101010101010101010000000000000102030405060708090a0bffc400b511000201020404030407
05040400010277000102031104052131061241510761711322328108144291a1b1c109233352f015
6272d10a162434e125f11718191a262728292a35363738393a434445464748494a53545556575859
5a636465666768696a737475767778797a82838485868788898a92939495969798999aa2a3a4a5a6
00ffd9
}
10 \fs28 \cf0 Handover Causes
cf0 {\f0\fs28 \bullet }{\b0 \fs21 }{\b0 \fs21 Handover}{\b0 \fs21 can}{\b0 \f
s21 be}{\b0 \fs21 initiated}{\b0 \fs21 by}{\b0 \fs21 either}{\b0 \fs21 MS}{
\b0 \fs21 or}{\b0 \fs21 MSC }
{\f0\fs28 \bullet }{\b0 \fs21 }{\b0 \fs21 Handover}{\b0 \fs21 decision}{\b0 \
fs21 is}{\b0 \fs21 based}{\b0 \fs21 on}{\b0 \fs21 the}{\b0 \fs21 following}
{\b0 \fs21 parameters }
\fi210 {\b0 \fs21 (in}{\b0 \fs21 priority}{\b0 \fs21 order): }
Received}{\b0 \fs18 signal}
{\b0 \fs18 quality }
Received}{\b0 \fs18 signal}
{\b0 \fs18 strength }
Distance}{\b0 \fs18 of}{\b0
\fs18 MS}{\b0 \fs18 from}{\b0 \fs18 BTS }
Drops}{\b0 \fs18 below}{\b0
\fs18 power}{\b0 \fs18 budget}{\b0 \fs18 margin }
cf0 {\f0\fs28 \bullet }{\b0 \fs21 }{\b0 \fs21 Each}{\b0 \fs21 parameter}{\b0
\fs21 has}{\b0 \fs21 a}{\b0 \fs21 operator-defined}{\b0 \fs21 threshold}{\b0
\fs21 and }
\fi210 {\b0 \fs21 handover}{\b0 \fs21 decisions}{\b0 \fs21 can}{\b0 \fs21 be}
{\b0 \fs21 based}{\b0 \fs21 on}{\b0 \fs21 one}{\b0 \fs21 or}{\b0 \fs21 a }
\fi210 {\b0 \fs21 combination}{\b0 \fs21 of}{\b0 \fs21 the}{\b0 \fs21 paramet
ers }\par
}
Handovers can be initiated by either the MS or the MSC (e.g. as a means of traff
ic load
\par}{\phpg\posx2565\pvpg\posy7367\absw8261\absh1554 \sl-240 \f20 \fs17 \cf0 bal
ancing).
During its idle time slots of a multiframe, the MS scans the BCCH of up to 32 n
eighbouring
\par}{\phpg\posx2565\pvpg\posy7367\absw8261\absh1554 \sl-255 \f20 \fs17 \cf0 cel
ls, and forms a list of the six best candidates for possible handover, based on
the received
nal strength. This information is passed to the BSC and MSC, at least once per
second, and
\par}{\phpg\posx2565\pvpg\posy7367\absw8261\absh1554 \sl-240 \f20 \fs17 \cf0 is
used by the handover algorithm. \par
}
\fs28 \cf0 Handover Command Message
f0 {\b0 \fs21 Structure}{\b0 \fs21 of}{\b0 \fs21 the}{\b0 \fs21 message}{\b0
\fs21 sent}{\b0 \fs21 to}{\b0 \fs21 MS}{\b0 \fs21 by}{\b0 \fs21 original}{\
b0 \fs21 BSS: }\par
}
\cf32 MS \par
}
0 \fs10 \cf0 Message Type
cf0 \fi119 Cell Description
cf0 Handover Reference
\fi90 Power Command \par
}
\cf32 BSS \par
}
\cf0 Handover Command \par
}
\cf0 Channel Description \par
}
cf0 Includes Frequency Hopping
\par}{\phpg\posx6615\pvpg\posy12519\absw1370\absh222 \sl-135 \b \f10 \fs9 \cf0 i
nformation if required \par
}
\fs10 \cf0 Frequency List
\fi419 or
cf0 Mobile Allocation \par
}
cf0 Non - Frequency Hopping \par
}
f0 Frequency Hopping \par

}
}
119 \par
}
ffd8ffe000104a46494600010100000100010000ffdb004300010101010101010101010101010101
01010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101
010101010101010101ffdb0043010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101
0101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101ffc0
001108034a025403012200021101031101ffc4001f00000105010101010101000000000000000001
02030405060708090a0bffc400b5100002010303020403050504040000017d010203000411051221
31410613516107227114328191a1082342b1c11552d1f02433627282090a161718191a2526272829
2a3435363738393a434445464748494a535455565758595a636465666768696a737475767778797a
0101010101010101010000000000000102030405060708090a0bffc400b511000201020404030407
05040400010277000102031104052131061241510761711322328108144291a1b1c109233352f015
6272d10a162434e125f11718191a262728292a35363738393a434445464748494a53545556575859
5a636465666768696a737475767778797a82838485868788898a92939495969798999aa2a3a4a5a6
00ffd9
}
The algorithm for when a handover decision should be taken is not specified in t
he GSM
\par}{\phpg\posx2445\pvpg\posy1712\absw8304\absh1108 \sl-255 \f20 \fs17 \cf0 rec

ommendations. There are two basic algorithms used, both closely tied in with p
ower
trol. This is because the BSC usually does not know whether the poor signal qua
lity is due
multipath fading or to the mobile having moved to another cell. This is especia
lly true in
\par}{\phpg\posx2445\pvpg\posy1712\absw8304\absh1108 \sl-240 \f20 \fs17 \cf0 sma
ll urban cells. \par
}
\cf94 Handover{\cf0 Margin }\par
}
\cf0 Handover to BTS 1 \par
}
\cf0 Handover to BTS 2 \par
}
cf0 BTS 1 \par
}
\cf0 Mobile remains with
fi134 BTS 1 or BTS 2 \par
}
cf0 BTS 2 \par
}
{\sp{\sn txflTextFlow}{\sv 2}}}{\shptxt \b \f10 \fs10 \cf0 boundary \par}}
{\sp{\sn txflTextFlow}{\sv 2}}}{\shptxt \b \f10 \fs10 \cf0 cell \par}}
\cf0 Hysteresis due to handover margin \par
}
{\sp{\sn txflTextFlow}{\sv 2}}}{\shptxt \b \f10 \fs10 \cf0 Nominal \par}}
0 \fs28 \cf0 Example of Handover Signalling
cf0 {\b0 \fs21 Signalling}{\b0 \fs21 for}{\b0 \fs21 a}{\b0 \fs21 basic}{\b0 \
fs21 Inter-BSC}{\b0 \fs21 handover}{\b0 \fs21 involving}{\b0 \fs21 only}{\b0

\fs21 one }
{\b0 \fs21 MSC}{\b0 \fs21 (Intra}{\b0 \fs21 -}{\b0 \fs21 MSC): }\par
}
\cf32 MS \par
}
\cf32 BSS 1 \par
}
\cf32 BSS 2 \par
}
\cf32 MSC \par
}
f0 Measurement report
0 Measurement report
Measurement report
Measurement report \par
}
f0 Handover Required \par
}
f0 HandoverRequest
\fi30 Acknowledgement
0 Handover Command \par
}
f0 Handover Command
0 Handover Access \par
}
f0 Handover Detection \par
}
f0 Physical Information \par
}
f0 Handover Complete \par
}
f0 Handover Complete
\fi105 Clear Command \par
}
f0 Measurement report \par
}
f0 Clear Complete \par
}
f0 Measurement report \par
}
20 \par
}
}
ffd8ffe000104a46494600010100000100010000ffdb004300010101010101010101010101010101
01010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101
010101010101010101ffdb0043010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101
0101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101ffc0
001108034a025403012200021101031101ffc4001f00000105010101010101000000000000000001
02030405060708090a0bffc400b5100002010303020403050504040000017d010203000411051221
31410613516107227114328191a1082342b1c11552d1f02433627282090a161718191a2526272829
2a3435363738393a434445464748494a535455565758595a636465666768696a737475767778797a
0101010101010101010000000000000102030405060708090a0bffc400b511000201020404030407
05040400010277000102031104052131061241510761711322328108144291a1b1c109233352f015
6272d10a162434e125f11718191a262728292a35363738393a434445464748494a53545556575859
5a636465666768696a737475767778797a82838485868788898a92939495969798999aa2a3a4a5a6
00ffd9
}

\fs21 the}{\b0 \fs21 following}{\b0 \fs21 RR}{\b0 \fs21 Functions: }
28 \cf0 \fi375 {\f0\fs27 \bullet }{\b0 \fs21 }{\b0 \fs21 Establish,}{\b0 \fs21
maintain}{\b0 \fs21 and}{\b0 \fs21 release}{\b0 \fs21 RR}{\b0 \fs21 connect
ions }
cf0 \fi375 {\f0\fs27 \bullet }{\b0 \fs21 }{\b0 \fs21 Cell}{\b0 \fs21 Selection
/reselection}{\b0 \fs21 procedures }
cf0 \fi375 {\f0\fs27 \bullet }{\b0 \fs21 }{\b0 \fs21 Handover}{\b0 \fs21 proce
dures }\par
}
}
121 \par
}
ffd8ffe000104a46494600010100000100010000ffdb004300010101010101010101010101010101
01010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101
010101010101010101ffdb0043010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101
0101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101ffc0
001108034a025403012200021101031101ffc4001f00000105010101010101000000000000000001
02030405060708090a0bffc400b5100002010303020403050504040000017d010203000411051221
31410613516107227114328191a1082342b1c11552d1f02433627282090a161718191a2526272829
2a3435363738393a434445464748494a535455565758595a636465666768696a737475767778797a
0101010101010101010000000000000102030405060708090a0bffc400b511000201020404030407
05040400010277000102031104052131061241510761711322328108144291a1b1c109233352f015
6272d10a162434e125f11718191a262728292a35363738393a434445464748494a53545556575859
5a636465666768696a737475767778797a82838485868788898a92939495969798999aa2a3a4a5a6
00ffd9
}
}
22 \par
}
}
ffd8ffe000104a46494600010100000100010000ffdb004300010101010101010101010101010101
01010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101
010101010101010101ffdb0043010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101
0101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101ffc0
001108034a025403012200021101031101ffc4001f00000105010101010101000000000000000001
02030405060708090a0bffc400b5100002010303020403050504040000017d010203000411051221
31410613516107227114328191a1082342b1c11552d1f02433627282090a161718191a2526272829
2a3435363738393a434445464748494a535455565758595a636465666768696a737475767778797a
0101010101010101010000000000000102030405060708090a0bffc400b511000201020404030407
05040400010277000102031104052131061241510761711322328108144291a1b1c109233352f015
6272d10a162434e125f11718191a262728292a35363738393a434445464748494a53545556575859
5a636465666768696a737475767778797a82838485868788898a92939495969798999aa2a3a4a5a6
00ffd9
\cf0 9. Call Management \par
}
}
0 _____________________________________________________________________
\b \f10 \fs32 9.1}{\b \f10 \fs32
Introduction }
5 \cf0 \fi1425 {\fs17 This}{\fs17 section}{\fs17 of}{\fs17 the}{\fs17 notes}
{\fs17 covers}{\fs17 the}{\fs17 procedures}{\fs17 involved}{\fs17 in}{\fs17
establishing}{\fs17 a}{\fs17 call}{\fs17 connection }
fi1425 {\fs17 between}{\fs17 subscribers}{\fs17 and}{\fs17 the}{\fs17 routin
g}{\fs17 of}{\fs17 the}{\fs17 associated}{\fs17 traffic.}{\fs17 This}{\fs1
7 section}{\fs17 also}{\fs17 includes}{\fs17 an }
fi1425 {\fs17 overview}{\fs17 of}{\fs17 the}{\fs17 requirements}{\fs17 for}{
\fs17 echo}{\fs17 cancelling. }
f0 \fi1425 {\fs17 An}{\fs17 MS}{\fs17 can}{\fs17 participate}{\fs17 in}{\fs1
7 one}{\fs17 of}{\fs17 two}{\fs17 types}{\fs17 of}{\fs17 calls: }
f0 \fi1425 {\fs17 {\ul M}{\ul o}{\ul b}{\ul i}{\ul l}{\ul e}}{\fs17 {\ul }{\ul
T}{\ul e}{\ul r}{\ul m}{\ul i}{\ul n}{\ul a}{\ul t}{\ul e}{\ul d}}{\fs17 {\ul }
{\ul C}{\ul a}{\ul l}{\ul l}{\ul .}}{\fs17 This}{\fs17 is}{\fs17 a}{\fs17 c
all}{\fs17 received}{\fs17 by}{\fs17 an}{\fs17 MS}{\fs17 that}{\fs17 has}{
\fs17 been}{\fs17 originated}{\fs17 either}{\fs17 from }
fi1425 {\fs17 another}{\fs17 MS}{\fs17 (internal}{\fs17 or}{\fs17
external
}{\fs17 to}{\fs17 the}{\fs17 PLMN)}{\fs17 or}{\fs17 from}{\fs17 a}{\fs17
fixed}{\fs17 network}{\fs17 (e.g.}{\fs17 PSTN) }
fi1425 {\fs17 subscriber. }
f0 \fi1425 {\fs17 {\ul M}{\ul o}{\ul b}{\ul i}{\ul l}{\ul e}}{\fs17 {\ul }{\ul
O}{\ul r}{\ul i}{\ul g}{\ul i}{\ul n}{\ul a}{\ul t}{\ul e}{\ul d}}{\fs17 {\ul }
{\ul C}{\ul a}{\ul l}{\ul l}{\ul .}}{\fs17
This}{\fs17 is}{\fs17 call}{\fs
17 originated}{\fs17 by}{\fs17 an}{\fs17 MS}{\fs17 within}{\fs17 a}{\fs17
PLMN. }\par
}
}
123 \par
}
ffd8ffe000104a46494600010100000100010000ffdb004300010101010101010101010101010101
01010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101
010101010101010101ffdb0043010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101
0101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101ffc0
001108034a025403012200021101031101ffc4001f00000105010101010101000000000000000001
02030405060708090a0bffc400b5100002010303020403050504040000017d010203000411051221
31410613516107227114328191a1082342b1c11552d1f02433627282090a161718191a2526272829
2a3435363738393a434445464748494a535455565758595a636465666768696a737475767778797a
0101010101010101010000000000000102030405060708090a0bffc400b511000201020404030407
05040400010277000102031104052131061241510761711322328108144291a1b1c109233352f015
6272d10a162434e125f11718191a262728292a35363738393a434445464748494a53545556575859
5a636465666768696a737475767778797a82838485868788898a92939495969798999aa2a3a4a5a6
00ffd9
}
_____________________________________________________________________
\f10 \fs32 9.2}{\b \f10 \fs32
Mobile}{\b \f10 \fs32 Originated}{\b \f10 \fs
32 Calls }\par
}
10 \fs28 \cf0 Mobile Originated Call
cf0 {\f0\fs28 \bullet }{\b0 \fs21 }{\b0 \fs21 When}{\b0 \fs21 the}{\b0 \fs21
mobile}{\b0 \fs21 requests}{\b0 \fs21 access}{\b0 \fs21 to}{\b0 \fs21 the }
\fi224 {\b0 \fs21 network}{\b0 \fs21 to}{\b0 \fs21 make}{\b0 \fs21 a}{\b0 \fs
21 call: }
cf0 \fi375 {\f0\fs21 \bullet }{\b0 \fs16 }{\b0 \fs16 BSS}{\b0 \fs16 determine
s}{\b0 \fs16 the}{\b0 \fs16 nature}{\b0 \fs16 of}{\b0 \fs16 the}{\b0 \fs16
call}{\b0 \fs16 -}{\b0 \fs16 e.g.}{\b0 \fs16 regular }

\fi525 {\b0 \fs16 voice}{\b0 \fs16 call,}{\b0 \fs16 emergency}{\b0 \fs16 call
,}{\b0 \fs16 supplementary}{\b0 \fs16 service }
cf0 \fi375 {\f0\fs23 \bullet }{\b0 \fs17 }{\b0 \fs17 Allocates}{\b0 \fs17 radi
o}{\b0 \fs17 resources}{\b0 \fs17 to}{\b0 \fs17 the}{\b0 \fs17 mobile}{\b0 \
fs17 for}{\b0 \fs17 the}{\b0 \fs17 call }
cf0 \fi375 {\f0\fs21 \bullet }{\b0 \fs16 }{\b0 \fs16 NSS}{\b0 \fs16 determine
s}{\b0 \fs16 the}{\b0 \fs16 destination}{\b0 \fs16 of}{\b0 \fs16 the}{\b0 \f
s16 call: }
\fi750 {\f0\fs18 \bullet }{\b0 \fs14 Mobile}{\b0 \fs14 to}{\b0 \fs14 mobile}{\
b0 \fs14 on}{\b0 \fs14 same}{\b0 \fs14 PLMN }
\fi750 {\f0\fs18 \bullet }{\b0 \fs14 Mobile}{\b0 \fs14 to}{\b0 \fs14 mobile}{\
b0 \fs14 on}{\b0 \fs14 another}{\b0 \fs14 PLMN }
\fi750 {\f0\fs18 \bullet }{\b0 \fs14 Mobile}{\b0 \fs14 to}{\b0 \fs14 fixed}{\b
0 \fs14 network}{\b0 \fs14 (PSTN,}{\b0 \fs14 ISDN) }
cf0 \fi375 {\f0\fs21 \bullet }{\b0 \fs16 }{\b0 \fs16 MSC}{\b0 \fs16 /}{\b0 \f
s16 GMSC}{\b0 \fs16 routes}{\b0 \fs16 the}{\b0 \fs16 call}{\b0 \fs16 approp
riately }
\fi525 {\b0 \fs16 and}{\b0 \fs16 handles}{\b0 \fs16 signalling }\par
}
{\phpg\posx9690\pvpg\posy5138\absw293\absh401 \f10 \fs35 \cf0 \f10 \fs35 \cf0 ?
\par
}
\cf0 Mobile-Originated Call Setup \par
}
6 \cf94 Mobile
cf94 \fi374 {\fs12 Channel}{\fs12 Request }
cf94 \fi374 {\fs12 Channel}{\fs12 Request }
}{\phpg\posx4500\pvpg\posy9837\absw1575\absh1590 \b \f10 \fs16 \cf94 \fi374 {\fs
12 \cf0 Request }
16 \cf94 \fi374 {\fs12 Channel}{\fs12 \cf0 Request }
}{\phpg\posx4500\pvpg\posy9837\absw1575\absh1590 \b \f10 \fs16 \cf94 \fi374 {\fs
12 Request }
cf94 \fi464 {\fs12 AGCH }\par
}
\cf94 BSS \par
}
\cf94 RACH
f94 {\cf1 RACH }\par
}
\cf0 Radio Resource
fi134 Connection \par

}
f10 \fs12 \cf94 RACH
cf94 Immediate Assignment \par
}
2 \cf94 SDCCH
cf94 {\cf0 Service }
\fi30 Service Request \par
}
2 \cf94 LAPDm Connection{\cf0 Setup }
}{\phpg\posx5805\pvpg\posy11899\absw2722\absh450 \b \f10 \fs12 \cf94 \fi0 Setup
cf94 \fi570 {\cf0 Unnumbered}{\cf0 Acknowledgement }
}{\phpg\posx5805\pvpg\posy11899\absw2722\absh450 \b \f10 \fs12 \cf94 \fi570 Unnu
mbered Acknowledgement \par
}
\cf1 SDCCH
}{\phpg\posx7965\pvpg\posy12589\absw578\absh139 \b \f10 \fs12 \cf1 {\cf94 SDCCH
}\par
}
If the call is for another network, the originating MSC will route it to the gat
eway (GMSC)
re it will be passed to the other network's gateway. \par
}
24 \par
}
}
ffd8ffe000104a46494600010100000100010000ffdb004300010101010101010101010101010101
01010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101
010101010101010101ffdb0043010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101
0101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101ffc0
001108034a025403012200021101031101ffc4001f00000105010101010101000000000000000001
02030405060708090a0bffc400b5100002010303020403050504040000017d010203000411051221
31410613516107227114328191a1082342b1c11552d1f02433627282090a161718191a2526272829
2a3435363738393a434445464748494a535455565758595a636465666768696a737475767778797a
0101010101010101010000000000000102030405060708090a0bffc400b511000201020404030407
05040400010277000102031104052131061241510761711322328108144291a1b1c109233352f015
6272d10a162434e125f11718191a262728292a35363738393a434445464748494a53545556575859
5a636465666768696a737475767778797a82838485868788898a92939495969798999aa2a3a4a5a6
00ffd9
}
_____________________________________________________________________
\f10 \fs32 9.3}{\b \f10 \fs32
Mobile}{\b \f10 \fs32 Terminated}{\b \f10 \fs
32 Calls }\par
}
\cf0 Mobile-Terminated (Network-Originated) Call \par
}
\cf94 BSS \par
}
\cf94 VLR \par
}
\cf94 3
94 4 \par
}
\cf94 HLR \par
}
cf0 8 \par
}
fs14 \cf0 8
i45 9
0 12 \par
}
\cf94 BSS \par
}
fs14 \cf0 8
i44 {\cf94 9 }
0 {\cf94 12 }\par
}
\cf94 7
1
\cf94 \fi60 {\fs10 MSC }\par
}
\cf94 6
\cf0 10 }\par
}
cf0 4 \par
}
\cf94 2 \par
}
\cf94 GMSC \par
}
cf0 5 \par
}
\cf94 1
\cf0 1 }\par
}
\cf94 PSTN \par
}
\cf94 8 \par
}
\cf94 BSS \par
}
The above example illustrates the following steps in establishing a Mobile Term
inated (MT)
\par}{\phpg\posx2550\pvpg\posy9122\absw8293\absh4470 \sl-255 \f20 \fs17 \cf0 (Ne
twork Originated) call:
(1)
The incoming call is passed from the fixed network to the gateway MSC (G
MSC).
(2) Using the MSISDN of the calling MS, the GMSC interrogates the HLR to dete
rmine the
\par}{\phpg\posx2550\pvpg\posy9122\absw8293\absh4470 \sl-240 \f20 \fs17 \cf0 IMS

I number of the called party.
(3)
The HLR checks for the existence of the called number and identifies t
he VLR to which it
\par}{\phpg\posx2550\pvpg\posy9122\absw8293\absh4470 \sl-240 \f20 \fs17 \cf0 is
currently affiliated. It then requests the mobile station roaming number (MSRN
) from the
\par}{\phpg\posx2550\pvpg\posy9122\absw8293\absh4470 \sl-255 \f20 \fs17 \cf0 ide
ntified VLR.
(4) Upon receipt, the HLR transmits the MSRN back to the GMSC.
(5) When the GMSC receives a valid MSRN, it switches the call through to the
appropriate
\par}{\phpg\posx2550\pvpg\posy9122\absw8293\absh4470 \sl-255 \f20 \fs17 \cf0 MSC
.
(6)
The VLR is queried for the location range and reachability status of the
mobile subscriber.
(7) If the MS is marked reachable, a radio call is enabled at the MSC. \par
}
}
125 \par
}
ffd8ffe000104a46494600010100000100010000ffdb004300010101010101010101010101010101
01010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101
010101010101010101ffdb0043010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101
0101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101ffc0
001108034a025403012200021101031101ffc4001f00000105010101010101000000000000000001
02030405060708090a0bffc400b5100002010303020403050504040000017d010203000411051221
31410613516107227114328191a1082342b1c11552d1f02433627282090a161718191a2526272829
2a3435363738393a434445464748494a535455565758595a636465666768696a737475767778797a
0101010101010101010000000000000102030405060708090a0bffc400b511000201020404030407
05040400010277000102031104052131061241510761711322328108144291a1b1c109233352f015
6272d10a162434e125f11718191a262728292a35363738393a434445464748494a53545556575859
5a636465666768696a737475767778797a82838485868788898a92939495969798999aa2a3a4a5a6
00ffd9
}
(8) This generates a paging request to from the MSC to all BSSs in the MS's la
st recorded
\par}{\phpg\posx2430\pvpg\posy1967\absw8249\absh2674 \sl-255 \f20 \fs17 \cf0 Loc
ation Area.
(9) The mobile subscriber telephone responds to the paging request from its c
urrent cell, the
\par}{\phpg\posx2430\pvpg\posy1967\absw8249\absh2674 \sl-240 \f20 \fs17 \cf0 lin
k is extended to the MS and authentication information is passed from the MS to
the MSC .
(10) All necessary security procedures are executed.
(11) If security procedures are successful, the VLR indicates to the MSC that
the call can be
\par}{\phpg\posx2430\pvpg\posy1967\absw8249\absh2674 \sl-240 \f20 \fs17 \cf0 com
pleted.
(12) The MSC then extends the call from the GMSC to the MS. \par
}
\cf0 Network-Initiated Call Setup \par
}
\cf94 Mobile
f94 \fi509 {\fs12 \cf1 PCH }
2 PCH }
6 \cf94 \fi374 {\fs12 Channel}{\fs12 Request }\par
}
0 \fs16 \cf94 BSS
f94 {\fs12 Paging}{\fs12 Request }
\cf0 Request }
6 \cf94 \fi540 {\fs12 RACH }\par
}

cf0 Radio Resource
i134 Connection \par
}
\cf94 AGCH \par
}
\cf94 Immediate Assignment \par
}
\cf94 LAPDm Connection{\cf0 Setup }
}{\phpg\posx5805\pvpg\posy8959\absw1783\absh139 \b \f10 \fs12 \cf94 \fi0 Setup \
par
}
\cf94 Paging{\cf0 Response }
}{\phpg\posx4934\pvpg\posy9439\absw1229\absh139 \b \f10 \fs12 \cf94 \fi0 Respons
e \par
}
\cf94 SDCCH \par
}
cf1 SDCCH
cf94 SDCCH }\par
}
\cf94 Unnumbered{\cf0 Acknowledgementt{\f63 \u29537\'3f}{\f63 \u25971\'3f}dh }
\par
}
26 \par
}
}
ffd8ffe000104a46494600010100000100010000ffdb004300010101010101010101010101010101
01010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101
010101010101010101ffdb0043010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101
0101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101ffc0
001108034a025403012200021101031101ffc4001f00000105010101010101000000000000000001
02030405060708090a0bffc400b5100002010303020403050504040000017d010203000411051221
31410613516107227114328191a1082342b1c11552d1f02433627282090a161718191a2526272829
2a3435363738393a434445464748494a535455565758595a636465666768696a737475767778797a
0101010101010101010000000000000102030405060708090a0bffc400b511000201020404030407
05040400010277000102031104052131061241510761711322328108144291a1b1c109233352f015
6272d10a162434e125f11718191a262728292a35363738393a434445464748494a53545556575859
5a636465666768696a737475767778797a82838485868788898a92939495969798999aa2a3a4a5a6
00ffd9
}
_____________________________________________________________________
b \f10 \fs32 9.4}{\b \f10 \fs32
Call}{\b \f10 \fs32 Routing}{\b \f10 \fs32
Examples }
\cf0 \fi1425 {\b \f10 \fs21 9.4.1}{\b \f10 \fs21
{\ul I}{\ul N}{\ul T}{\ul R
}{\ul A}{\ul -}{\ul P}{\ul L}{\ul M}{\ul N}}{\b \f10 \fs21 {\ul }{\ul C}{\ul A}
{\ul L}{\ul L}}{\b \f10 \fs21 {\ul }{\ul R}{\ul O}{\ul U}{\ul T}{\ul I}{\ul N}G
}\par
}
\cf0 Intra-PLMN Call Routing Example \par
}
\cf121 HLR \par
}
\cf121 VMSC \par
}
\cf121 HMSC \par
}
\cf121 VVLR \par
}
\cf121 PLMN \par
}
cf0 Call Routing
0 \fi60 Signalling \par

}
When an MS calls another MS within the same PLMN it first carries out the mobil
e-initiated
\par}{\phpg\posx2565\pvpg\posy9857\absw8111\absh3579 \sl-255 \f20 \fs17 \cf0 cal
l procedure with its Home MSC (HMSC).
HMSC must first identify the location of the MS in order to route the call corr
ectly. As
s is not deducible from the dialled number (the destination MS's MSISDN{\dn006 \
fs12 1} number), the
\par}{\phpg\posx2565\pvpg\posy9857\absw8111\absh3579 \sl-240 \f20 \fs17 \cf0 HMS
C must obtain the destination MS's Mobile Station Roaming Number (MSRN).
An MS's MSRN is stored in its local VLR, in this case the VLR of the destinatio
n MS (Visited
or VVLR). However, the HMSC cannot interrogate the VVLR directly as it does no
t
\par}{\phpg\posx2565\pvpg\posy9857\absw8111\absh3579 \sl-255 \f20 \fs17 \cf0 kno
w its location. It must therefore request this information from the HLR.
The HMSC requests this information from the HLR using the MSISDN number. The H
LR
\par}{\phpg\posx2565\pvpg\posy9857\absw8111\absh3579 \sl-240 \f20 \fs17 \cf0 int
errogates the VVLR and extracts the MSRN of the destination MS. This is passed
back to
HMSC which than then forward the call to the VMSC.
The VMSC carries out paging procedures to initiate a mobile terminated call at
the distant
\par}{\phpg\posx2565\pvpg\posy9857\absw8111\absh3579 \sl-255 \f20 \fs17 \cf0 end
. \par
}
\par
}
The Mobile Subscriber ISDN (MSISDN) number is the number a subscriber normally
associates with his handset \par
}
}
127 \par
}
ffd8ffe000104a46494600010100000100010000ffdb004300010101010101010101010101010101
01010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101
010101010101010101ffdb0043010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101
0101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101ffc0
001108034a025403012200021101031101ffc4001f00000105010101010101000000000000000001
02030405060708090a0bffc400b5100002010303020403050504040000017d010203000411051221
31410613516107227114328191a1082342b1c11552d1f02433627282090a161718191a2526272829
2a3435363738393a434445464748494a535455565758595a636465666768696a737475767778797a
0101010101010101010000000000000102030405060708090a0bffc400b511000201020404030407
05040400010277000102031104052131061241510761711322328108144291a1b1c109233352f015
6272d10a162434e125f11718191a262728292a35363738393a434445464748494a53545556575859
5a636465666768696a737475767778797a82838485868788898a92939495969798999aa2a3a4a5a6
00ffd9
}
\cf0 9.4.2 {\ul I}{\ul N}{\ul T}{\ul E}{\ul R}{\ul -}{\ul P}{\ul L}{\ul M}{\ul
N}{\ul }{\ul C}{\ul A}{\ul L}{\ul L}{\ul }{\ul R}{\ul O}{\ul U}{\ul T}{\ul I}
{\ul N}G \par
}
\cf0 Inter-PLMN Call Routing Example \par
}
\cf121 HLR \par
}
\cf121 MSC \par
}
\cf121 GMSC \par
}
\cf121 VPLMN \par
}
\cf121 MSC2 \par

}
\cf121 GMSC \par
}
\cf121 HPLMN \par
}
cf0 Call Routing
0 \fi60 Signalling \par
}
If subscriber within the HPLMN calls a subscriber external to the HPLMN, the dia
lled
\par}{\phpg\posx2445\pvpg\posy8402\absw8318\absh3349 \sl-240 \f20 \fs17 \cf0 MSI
SDN number is not related to the current location of the destination MS. The c
all is
refore first routed to a GMSC in the HPLMN.
The GMSC recognises the destination Network Dialling Code (NDC) from the diall
ed number
therefore known which VPLMN to access. It therefore forwards the call to a GMS
C in the
\par}{\phpg\posx2445\pvpg\posy8402\absw8318\absh3349 \sl-240 \f20 \fs17 \cf0 VPL
MN.
The VPLMN GMSC must then obtain the MSRN for the destination mobile. This pr
ocedure
\par}{\phpg\posx2445\pvpg\posy8402\absw8318\absh3349 \sl-255 \f20 \fs17 \cf0 fol
lows that of the Intra-PLMN call routing with the GMSC taking the place of the H
MSC
\par}{\phpg\posx2445\pvpg\posy8402\absw8318\absh3349 \sl-240 \f20 \fs17 \cf0 des
cribed in the previous example
This simplifies the process of charging the called subscriber correctly if the
call has to be re\par}{\phpg\posx2445\pvpg\posy8402\absw8318\absh3349 \sl-240 \f20 \fs17 \cf0 rou
ted because the called MS has roamed to a different PLMN or if the call has to b
e
warded. \par
}
28 \par
}
}
ffd8ffe000104a46494600010100000100010000ffdb004300010101010101010101010101010101
01010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101
010101010101010101ffdb0043010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101
0101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101ffc0
001108034a025403012200021101031101ffc4001f00000105010101010101000000000000000001
02030405060708090a0bffc400b5100002010303020403050504040000017d010203000411051221
31410613516107227114328191a1082342b1c11552d1f02433627282090a161718191a2526272829
2a3435363738393a434445464748494a535455565758595a636465666768696a737475767778797a
0101010101010101010000000000000102030405060708090a0bffc400b511000201020404030407
05040400010277000102031104052131061241510761711322328108144291a1b1c109233352f015
6272d10a162434e125f11718191a262728292a35363738393a434445464748494a53545556575859
5a636465666768696a737475767778797a82838485868788898a92939495969798999aa2a3a4a5a6
00ffd9
}
_____________________________________________________________________
\f10 \fs32 9.5}{\b \f10 \fs32
Echo}{\b \f10 \fs32 Cancelling }\par
}
\cf0 Echo Cancelling \par
}
\cf94 BSS \par
}
\cf94 MSC \par
}
\cf94 EC \par
}
\cf94 2W-4W
\par}{\phpg\posx7605\pvpg\posy5211\absw398\absh403 \sl-165 \b \f10 \fs10 \cf94 H

ybrid
ridge \par
}
\cf94 Switch \par
}
cf0 PLMN \par
}
cf0 PSTN \par
}
Echo is an effect of hearing your own voice echoed back to you when speaking int
o a handset.
\par}{\phpg\posx2565\pvpg\posy8522\absw8306\absh3579 \sl-255 \f20 \fs17 \cf0 It
is generated as a result of the delays incurred within the PLMN due to speech co
ding
\par}{\phpg\posx2565\pvpg\posy8522\absw8306\absh3579 \sl-240 \f20 \fs17 \cf0 dec
oding and signal processing.
This is rarely a problem when communicating between two MSs. However, when con
necting
a PSTN telephone, the signal must pass through a 4-wire to 2-wire hybrid transfo
rmer. The
ction of this transformer is such that some of the energy at the 4-wire receive
side from the
\par}{\phpg\posx2565\pvpg\posy8522\absw8306\absh3579 \sl-240 \f20 \fs17 \cf0 mob
ile is coupled back to the 4-wire transmit side and thus speech is retransmitted
back to
mobile.
This effect is not noticeable to the PSTN subscriber but introduces an irritati
ng delayed echo
about 180mS to the mobile subscriber.
To counter this effect, an Echo Canceller (EC) is inserted at the interface bet
ween the MSC and
PSTN.
A standard EC reduces this delay by about 80mS, making it generally tr
ansparent
the mobile subscriber. \par
}
}
129 \par
}
ffd8ffe000104a46494600010100000100010000ffdb004300010101010101010101010101010101
01010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101
010101010101010101ffdb0043010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101
0101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101ffc0
001108034a025403012200021101031101ffc4001f00000105010101010101000000000000000001
02030405060708090a0bffc400b5100002010303020403050504040000017d010203000411051221
31410613516107227114328191a1082342b1c11552d1f02433627282090a161718191a2526272829
2a3435363738393a434445464748494a535455565758595a636465666768696a737475767778797a
0101010101010101010000000000000102030405060708090a0bffc400b511000201020404030407
05040400010277000102031104052131061241510761711322328108144291a1b1c109233352f015
6272d10a162434e125f11718191a262728292a35363738393a434445464748494a53545556575859
5a636465666768696a737475767778797a82838485868788898a92939495969798999aa2a3a4a5a6
00ffd9
}
cf0 \fi165 {\f0\fs23 \bullet }{\b0 \fs17 }{\b0 \fs17 Mobile}{\b0 \fs17 Origina
ted}{\b0 \fs17 Calls }
\fi165 {\f0\fs23 \bullet }{\b0 \fs17 }{\b0 \fs17 Mobile}{\b0 \fs17 Terminated}
{\b0 \fs17 Calls }
\fi165 {\f0\fs23 \bullet }{\b0 \fs17 }{\b0 \fs17 Intra-PLMN}{\b0 \fs17 Call}{\
b0 \fs17 Routing }
\fi165 {\f0\fs23 \bullet }{\b0 \fs17 }{\b0 \fs17 Inter-PLMN}{\b0 \fs17 Call}{\
b0 \fs17 Routing }
\fi165 {\f0\fs23 \bullet }{\b0 \fs17 }{\b0 \fs17 Echo}{\b0 \fs17 Cancelling }\
par
}
f94 HMS
\par}{\phpg\posx7455\pvpg\posy6420\absw144\absh127 \b \f10 \fs5 \cf94 \fi60 C \p
ar
}
94 HLR \par
}
94 VMSC \par
}
94 VVLR \par
}
94 PLMN \par
}
30 \par
}
}
ffd8ffe000104a46494600010100000100010000ffdb004300010101010101010101010101010101
01010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101
010101010101010101ffdb0043010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101
0101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101ffc0
001108034a025403012200021101031101ffc4001f00000105010101010101000000000000000001
02030405060708090a0bffc400b5100002010303020403050504040000017d010203000411051221
31410613516107227114328191a1082342b1c11552d1f02433627282090a161718191a2526272829
2a3435363738393a434445464748494a535455565758595a636465666768696a737475767778797a
0101010101010101010000000000000102030405060708090a0bffc400b511000201020404030407
05040400010277000102031104052131061241510761711322328108144291a1b1c109233352f015
6272d10a162434e125f11718191a262728292a35363738393a434445464748494a53545556575859
5a636465666768696a737475767778797a82838485868788898a92939495969798999aa2a3a4a5a6
00ffd9
}
\cf0 Section 9 \par
}
}
.}{\ul 1}{\ul }{\ul -}{\ul }{\ul M}{\ul o}{\ul b}{\ul i}{\ul l}{\ul e}{\ul -}
{\ul O}{\ul r}{\ul i}{\ul g}{\ul i}{\ul n}{\ul a}{\ul t}{\ul e}{\ul d}{\ul }{\u
l C}{\ul a}{\ul l}{\ul l}{\ul s}
cf0 {\b0 \f20 \fs21 The}{\b0 \f20 \fs21 following}{\b0 \f20 \fs21 exercise}{\b
0 \f20 \fs21 re-visits}{\b0 \f20 \fs21 the}{\b0 \f20 \fs21 situation}{\b0 \f2
0 \fs21 of}{\b0 \f20 \fs21 a}{\b0 \f20 \fs21 mobile}{\b0 \f20 \fs21 originat
ed}{\b0 \f20 \fs21 call.}{\b0 \f20 \fs21 You}{\b0 \f20 \fs21 will}{\b0 \f20 \
fs21 need}{\b0 \f20 \fs21 to }
{\b0 \f20 \fs21 consider}{\b0 \f20 \fs21 how}{\b0 \f20 \fs21 the}{\b0 \f20 \fs
21 network}{\b0 \f20 \fs21 determines}{\b0 \f20 \fs21 the}{\b0 \f20 \fs21 lo
cation}{\b0 \f20 \fs21 of}{\b0 \f20 \fs21 the}{\b0 \f20 \fs21 recipient}{\b0
\f20 \fs21 in}{\b0 \f20 \fs21 order}{\b0 \f20 \fs21 to}{\b0 \f20 \fs21 route
}{\b0 \f20 \fs21 the}{\b0 \f20 \fs21 call }
{\b0 \f20 \fs21 correctly. }\par
}
\cf0 {\ul M}{\ul o}{\ul b}{\ul i}{\ul l}{\ul e}{\ul }{\ul O}{\ul r}{\ul i}{\ul
g}{\ul i}{\ul n}{\ul a}{\ul t}{\ul e}{\ul d}{\ul }{\ul C}{\ul a}{\ul l}{\ul l}
{\ul s}
cf0 {\b0 A}{\b0 subscriber}{\b0 is}{\b0 trying}{\b0 to}{\b0 call}{\b0 anot
her}{\b0 user}{\b0 of}{\b0 the}{\b0 same}{\b0 network. }
cf0 {\b0 The}{\b0 other}{\b0 user}{\b0 may}{\b0 be}{\b0 in}{\b0 the}{\b0
same}{\b0 MSC}{\b0 as}{\b0 the}{\b0 caller}{\b0 (Location}{\b0 Area}{\b0
1)}{\b0 or}{\b0 a}{\b0 different}{\b0 MSC }
{\b0 (Location}{\b0 Area}{\b0 2). }
cf0 {\b0 Add}{\b0 notes}{\b0 and}{\b0 arrows}{\b0 to}{\b0 the}{\b0 diagram
}{\b0 below}{\b0 to}{\b0 show}{\b0 the}{\b0 call}{\b0 routing}{\b0 and}{\
b0 signalling }
{\b0 required}{\b0 to}{\b0 locate}{\b0 the}{\b0 user}{\b0 and}{\b0 set}{\b
0 up}{\b0 the}{\b0 call }\par
}
{\phpg\posx5175\pvpg\posy8611\absw553\absh194 \f20 \fs17 \cf0 \f20 \fs17 \cf0 VL
R 1 \par
}
{\phpg\posx8325\pvpg\posy8341\absw802\absh896 \f20 \fs17 \cf0 \fi45 \f20 \fs17 \
cf0 Location
Area 1
\par}{\phpg\posx8325\pvpg\posy8341\absw802\absh896 \sl-270 \par\f20 \fs17 \cf0 B
SS \par
}
{\phpg\posx3570\pvpg\posy9736\absw376\absh194 \f20 \fs17 \cf0 \f20 \fs17 \cf0 BS
S \par
}
{\phpg\posx5190\pvpg\posy9661\absw597\absh194 \f20 \fs17 \cf0 \f20 \fs17 \cf0 MS
C 1 \par
}
{\phpg\posx9645\pvpg\posy9931\absw765\absh194 \f20 \fs17 \cf0 \f20 \fs17 \cf0 Us
er MS \par
}
aller MS \par
}
SS \par
}
LR \par
}
SC 2 \par
}
{\phpg\posx3330\pvpg\posy12601\absw553\absh194 \f20 \fs17 \cf0 \f20 \fs17 \cf0 V
LR 2 \par
}
{\phpg\posx4290\pvpg\posy13501\absw757\absh410 \f20 \fs17 \cf0 \f20 \fs17 \cf0 L
ocation
\par}{\phpg\posx4290\pvpg\posy13501\absw757\absh410 \sl-240 \f20 \fs17 \cf0 Area
2 \par
}
SS \par
}
SS \par
}
ser MS \par
}
}
131 \par
}
ffd8ffe000104a46494600010100000100010000ffdb004300010101010101010101010101010101
01010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101
010101010101010101ffdb0043010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101
0101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101ffc0
001108034a025403012200021101031101ffc4001f00000105010101010101000000000000000001
02030405060708090a0bffc400b5100002010303020403050504040000017d010203000411051221
31410613516107227114328191a1082342b1c11552d1f02433627282090a161718191a2526272829
2a3435363738393a434445464748494a535455565758595a636465666768696a737475767778797a
0101010101010101010000000000000102030405060708090a0bffc400b511000201020404030407
05040400010277000102031104052131061241510761711322328108144291a1b1c109233352f015
6272d10a162434e125f11718191a262728292a35363738393a434445464748494a53545556575859
5a636465666768696a737475767778797a82838485868788898a92939495969798999aa2a3a4a5a6
00ffd9
}
}
32 \par
}
}
ffd8ffe000104a46494600010100000100010000ffdb004300010101010101010101010101010101
01010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101
010101010101010101ffdb0043010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101
0101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101ffc0
001108034a025403012200021101031101ffc4001f00000105010101010101000000000000000001
02030405060708090a0bffc400b5100002010303020403050504040000017d010203000411051221
31410613516107227114328191a1082342b1c11552d1f02433627282090a161718191a2526272829
2a3435363738393a434445464748494a535455565758595a636465666768696a737475767778797a
0101010101010101010000000000000102030405060708090a0bffc400b511000201020404030407
05040400010277000102031104052131061241510761711322328108144291a1b1c109233352f015
6272d10a162434e125f11718191a262728292a35363738393a434445464748494a53545556575859
5a636465666768696a737475767778797a82838485868788898a92939495969798999aa2a3a4a5a6
00ffd9
\cf0 10. GSM Security \par
}
}
0 _____________________________________________________________________
\b \f10 \fs32 10.1}{\b \f10 \fs32
Introduction }
f0 \fi1425 {\fs17 In}{\fs17 a}{\fs17 GSM}{\fs17 PLMN,}{\fs17 both}{\fs17 th
e}{\fs17 users}{\fs17 and}{\fs17 the}{\fs17 network}{\fs17 operator}{\fs17
have}{\fs17 to}{\fs17 be}{\fs17 protected}{\fs17 against}{\fs17 undesirabl
e }
fi1425 {\fs17 intrusion}{\fs17 by}{\fs17 third}{\fs17 parties.}{\fs17 To}{\
fs17 achieve}{\fs17 this,}{\fs17 the}{\fs17 GSM}{\fs17 recommendations}{\fs

17 describe}{\fs17 three}{\fs17 areas}{\fs17 where }
fi1425 {\fs17 security}{\fs17 measures}{\fs17 have}{\fs17 been}{\fs17 implem
ented.}{\fs17 These}{\fs17 include: }
f0 \fi1905 {\f0\fs22 \bullet }{\f40 \fs17 }{\fs17
Authorising}{\fs17 networ
k}{\fs17 access}{\fs17 (authentication) }
fi1905 {\f0\fs22 \bullet }{\f40 \fs17 }{\fs17
Protecting}{\fs17 user}{\fs17
identity}{\fs17 confidentiality}{\fs17 (use}{\fs17 of}{\fs17 temporary}{\
fs17 identities) }
Protecting}{\fs17 user}{\fs17
data}{\fs17 confidentiality}{\fs17 (use}{\fs17 of}{\fs17 encryption) }
Protection}{\fs17 of}{\fs17
network}{\fs17 signalling}{\fs17 information }\par
}
}
133 \par
}
ffd8ffe000104a46494600010100000100010000ffdb004300010101010101010101010101010101
01010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101
010101010101010101ffdb0043010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101
0101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101ffc0
001108034a025403012200021101031101ffc4001f00000105010101010101000000000000000001
02030405060708090a0bffc400b5100002010303020403050504040000017d010203000411051221
31410613516107227114328191a1082342b1c11552d1f02433627282090a161718191a2526272829
2a3435363738393a434445464748494a535455565758595a636465666768696a737475767778797a
0101010101010101010000000000000102030405060708090a0bffc400b511000201020404030407
05040400010277000102031104052131061241510761711322328108144291a1b1c109233352f015
6272d10a162434e125f11718191a262728292a35363738393a434445464748494a53545556575859
5a636465666768696a737475767778797a82838485868788898a92939495969798999aa2a3a4a5a6
00ffd9
}
_____________________________________________________________________
\f10 \fs32 10.2}{\b \f10 \fs32
Purposes}{\b \f10 \fs32 of}{\b \f10 \fs32 G
SM}{\b \f10 \fs32 Security }\par
}
10 \fs28 \cf0 Purposes of GSM Security
cf0 {\b0 \fs21 Purposes}{\b0 \fs21 of}{\b0 \fs21 GSM}{\b0 \fs21 Security}{\b0
\fs21 include: }
cf0 \fi360 {\f0\fs28 \bullet }{\b0 \fs21 }{\b0 \fs21 Provision}{\b0 \fs21 of}{
\b0 \fs21 user}{\b0 \fs21 identity}{\b0 \fs21 confidentiality }
\fi720 {\f0\fs28 \bullet }{\b0 \fs21 }{\b0 \fs21 Use}{\b0 \fs21 of}{\b0 \fs21
temporary}{\b0 \fs21 identities}{\b0 \fs21 (TMSI) }
cf0 \fi360 {\f0\fs28 \bullet }{\b0 \fs21 }{\b0 \fs21 Protection}{\b0 \fs21 aga
inst}{\b0 \fs21 unauthorised}{\b0 \fs21 access }
\fi720 {\f0\fs28 \bullet }{\b0 \fs21 }{\b0 \fs21 Authentication}{\b0 \fs21 &}
{\b0 \fs21 service}{\b0 \fs21 request}{\b0 \fs21 validation }
\b0 \fs21 data}{\b0 \fs21 confidentiality }
\fi720 {\f0\fs28 \bullet }{\b0 \fs21 }{\b0 \fs21 Encryption}{\b0 \fs21 (Ciphe
ring) }
\b0 \fs21 network}{\b0 \fs21 signalling}{\b0 \fs21 confidentiality }\par
}
he capability to implement the above security measures is mandatory for both th
e MS and
network. However, the implementation is not e.g. ciphering can be switched off.
These
\par}{\phpg\posx2445\pvpg\posy8642\absw8217\absh879 \sl-255 \f20 \fs17 \cf0 secu
rity measures are designed to protect data within the GSM PLMN only. Implementa
tion
\par}{\phpg\posx2445\pvpg\posy8642\absw8217\absh879 \sl-240 \f20 \fs17 \cf0 of e
nd-to-end security of user data is not specified within the GSM recommendation \
par
}

0 _____________________________________________________________________
\b \f10 \fs32 10.3}{\b \f10 \fs32
User}{\b \f10 \fs32 Identity}{\b \f10 \fs3
2 Confidentiality }
5 \cf0 \fi1425 {\fs17 Subscriber}{\fs17 identity}{\fs17 confidentiality}{\fs17
provides}{\fs17 for}{\fs17 the}{\fs17 privacy}{\fs17 of}{\fs17 GSM}{\fs17
PLMN}{\fs17 subscribers }
fi1425 {\fs17 identities}{\fs17 by}{\fs17 ensuring}{\fs17 that}{\fs17 the}{\
fs17 IMSI}{\fs17 is}{\fs17 not}{\fs17 made}{\fs17 available}{\fs17 or}{\fs
17 disclosed}{\fs17 without}{\fs17 authorisation. }
fi1425 {\fs17 This}{\fs17 capability}{\fs17 provides}{\fs17 protection}{\fs17
against}{\fs17 location}{\fs17 tracing}{\fs17 mobile}{\fs17 subscribers}{\
fs17 by}{\fs17 listening}{\fs17 to }
fi1425 {\fs17 the}{\fs17 signalling}{\fs17 exchanges}{\fs17 on}{\fs17 the}{\
fs17 radio}{\fs17 path. }
f0 \fi1425 {\fs17 Protection}{\fs17 of}{\fs17 a}{\fs17 subscriber's}{\fs17 I
MSI}{\fs17 is}{\fs17 achieved}{\fs17 through}{\fs17 the}{\fs17 issuing}{\fs
17 of}{\fs17 a}{\fs17 temporary}{\fs17 replacement }
fi1425 {\fs17 ID.}{\fs17 This}{\fs17 is}{\fs17 known}{\fs17 as}{\fs17 the}
{\fs17 subscriber's}{\fs17 Temporary}{\fs17 Mobile}{\fs17 Subscriber}{\fs17
Identity}{\fs17 (TMSI}{\fs17 - }
fi1425 {\fs17 pronounced}{\fs17 'timsie'). }
f0 \fi1425 {\fs17 This}{\fs17 identity}{\fs17 is}{\fs17 allocated}{\fs17 by}
{\fs17 the}{\fs17 VLR}{\fs17 when}{\fs17 a}{\fs17 subscriber}{\fs17 first}
{\fs17 affiliates}{\fs17 to}{\fs17 the}{\fs17 network}{\fs17 and}{\fs17 ma
y }
fi1425 {\fs17 be}{\fs17 subject}{\fs17 to}{\fs17 change}{\fs17 each}{\fs17
time}{\fs17 the}{\fs17 subscriber}{\fs17 re-connects}{\fs17 to}{\fs17 the}{
\fs17 network}{\fs17 or}{\fs17 when}{\fs17 it}{\fs17 moves }
fi1425 {\fs17 between}{\fs17 MSCs}{\fs17 (and}{\fs17 hence}{\fs17 VLRs). }\p
ar
}
34 \par
}
}
ffd8ffe000104a46494600010100000100010000ffdb004300010101010101010101010101010101
01010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101
010101010101010101ffdb0043010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101
0101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101ffc0
001108034a025403012200021101031101ffc4001f00000105010101010101000000000000000001
02030405060708090a0bffc400b5100002010303020403050504040000017d010203000411051221
31410613516107227114328191a1082342b1c11552d1f02433627282090a161718191a2526272829
2a3435363738393a434445464748494a535455565758595a636465666768696a737475767778797a
0101010101010101010000000000000102030405060708090a0bffc400b511000201020404030407
05040400010277000102031104052131061241510761711322328108144291a1b1c109233352f015
6272d10a162434e125f11718191a262728292a35363738393a434445464748494a53545556575859
5a636465666768696a737475767778797a82838485868788898a92939495969798999aa2a3a4a5a6
00ffd9
}
0 \fs28 \cf0 Protecting User ID{\cf94 Confidentiality }
cf0 {\f0\fs28 \bullet }{\b0 \fs21 }{\b0 \fs21 Benefits}{\b0 \fs21 of}{\b0 \fs2
1 user}{\b0 \fs21 ID}{\b0 \fs21 confidentiality}{\b0 \fs21 include: }
cf0 \fi360 {\f0\fs28 \bullet }{\b0 \fs21 }{\b0 \fs21 Ensures}{\b0 \fs21 IMSI}{
\b0 \fs21 is}{\b0 \fs21 not}{\b0 \fs21 disclosed}{\b0 \fs21 without}{\b0 \fs
21 authorisation }
cf0 \fi360 {\f0\fs28 \bullet }{\b0 \fs21 }{\b0 \fs21 Prevents}{\b0 \fs21 locat
ion}{\b0 \fs21 tracking}{\b0 \fs21 using}{\b0 \fs21 air}{\b0 \fs21 interface
}{\b0 \fs21 data }
cf0 \fi360 {\f0\fs28 \bullet }{\b0 \fs21 }{\b0 \fs21 Prevents}{\b0 \fs21 user}
{\b0 \fs21 ID}{\b0 \fs21 from}{\b0 \fs21 being}{\b0 \fs21 extracted}{\b0 \fs
21 from}{\b0 \fs21 signalling }
\fi495 {\b0 \fs21 information }\par
}
}\f10 \fs21 \cf0 Implemented using replacement Temporary Mobile

35 Subscriber Identity (TMSI) \par
}
_____________________________________________________________________
b \f10 \fs32 10.4}{\b \f10 \fs32
Authentication }
0 \fi1425 {\fs17 Authentication}{\fs17 is}{\fs17 the}{\fs17 verification}{\fs
17 that}{\fs17 the}{\fs17 International}{\fs17 Mobile}{\fs17 Subscriber}{\f
s17 identity}{\fs17 (IMSI) }
i1425 {\fs17 provided}{\fs17 by}{\fs17 the}{\fs17 mobile}{\fs17 subscriber}{
\fs17 within}{\fs17 the}{\fs17 identification}{\fs17 procedure}{\fs17 at}{\
fs17 the}{\fs17 radio}{\fs17 path,}{\fs17 is}{\fs17 the }
i1425 {\fs17 one}{\fs17 claimed.}{\fs17 Its}{\fs17 purpose}{\fs17 is}{\fs17
to}{\fs17 protect}{\fs17 the}{\fs17 network}{\fs17 against}{\fs17 unautho
rised}{\fs17 access.}{\fs17 It}{\fs17 also }
i1425 {\fs17 provides}{\fs17 a}{\fs17 degree}{\fs17 of}{\fs17 protection}{\f
s17 for}{\fs17 GSM}{\fs17 subscribers}{\fs17 by}{\fs17 preventing}{\fs17 i
ntruders}{\fs17 from }
i1425 {\fs17 impersonating}{\fs17 authorised}{\fs17 users. }
0 \fi1425 {\fs17 Three}{\fs17 items}{\fs17 of}{\fs17 information}{\fs17 are}
{\fs17 required}{\fs17 for}{\fs17 the}{\fs17 authentication}{\fs17 process:
}
0 \fi2160 {\b \fs17 {\ul K}{\ul i}}{\b \fs17 {\ul }{\ul K}{\ul e}{\ul y} }
i2160 {\fs17 The}{\fs17 Ki}{\fs17 key}{\fs17 is}{\fs17 a}{\fs17 ciphering}{
\fs17 key}{\fs17 stored}{\fs17 permanently}{\fs17 only}{\fs17 in}{\fs17 th
e}{\fs17 MS}{\fs17 SIM}{\fs17 and}{\fs17 in}{\fs17 the }
i2160 {\fs17 subscriber}{\fs17 profile}{\fs17 in}{\fs17 the}{\fs17 AuC }
0 \fi2160 {\b \fs17 {\ul R}{\ul A}{\ul N}{\ul D} }
i2160 {\fs17 The}{\fs17 RAND}{\fs17 is}{\fs17 a}{\fs17 random}{\fs17 number
}{\fs17 generated}{\fs17 within}{\fs17 the}{\fs17 AuC. }
0 \fi2160 {\b \fs17 {\ul S}{\ul R}{\ul E}{\ul S} }
i2160 {\fs17 The}{\fs17 SRES}{\fs17 is}{\fs17 a}{\fs17 'Signed}{\fs17 Resul
t'}{\fs17 code}{\fs17 generated}{\fs17 by}{\fs17 in}{\fs17 the}{\fs17 AuC}
{\fs17 by}{\fs17 passing}{\fs17 the}{\fs17 Ki}{\fs17 and }
i2160 {\fs17 RAND}{\fs17 through}{\fs17 the}{\fs17 A3}{\fs17 algorithm. }
0 \fi1425 {\fs17 The}{\fs17 AuC,}{\fs17 upon}{\fs17 request}{\fs17 from}{\fs
17 the}{\fs17 MSC,}{\fs17 generates}{\fs17 a}{\fs17 number}{\fs17 of}{\fs1
7 security}{\fs17 information}{\fs17 'triplets', }
i1425 {\fs17 each}{\fs17 comprising}{\fs17 a}{\fs17 RAND}{\fs17 and}{\fs17
an}{\fs17 SRES}{\fs17 and}{\fs17 a}{\fs17 K }{\dn006 \fs12 c}{\fs17 key.}{
\fs17
This}{\fs17 group}{\fs17 of}{\fs17 triplets}{\fs17 is}{\fs17 sent
}{\fs17 to}{\fs17 and }
i1425 {\fs17 stored}{\fs17 in}{\fs17 the}{\fs17 VLR}{\fs17 associated}{\fs17

with}{\fs17 the}{\fs17 MS.}{\fs17 Each}{\fs17 time}{\fs17 an}{\fs17 aut
horisation}{\fs17 has}{\fs17 been}{\fs17 requested,}{\fs17 a }
i1425 {\fs17 new}{\fs17 triplet}{\fs17 is}{\fs17 used. }\par
}
}
135 \par
}
ffd8ffe000104a46494600010100000100010000ffdb004300010101010101010101010101010101
01010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101
010101010101010101ffdb0043010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101
0101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101ffc0
001108034a025403012200021101031101ffc4001f00000105010101010101000000000000000001
02030405060708090a0bffc400b5100002010303020403050504040000017d010203000411051221
31410613516107227114328191a1082342b1c11552d1f02433627282090a161718191a2526272829
2a3435363738393a434445464748494a535455565758595a636465666768696a737475767778797a
0101010101010101010000000000000102030405060708090a0bffc400b511000201020404030407
05040400010277000102031104052131061241510761711322328108144291a1b1c109233352f015
6272d10a162434e125f11718191a262728292a35363738393a434445464748494a53545556575859
5a636465666768696a737475767778797a82838485868788898a92939495969798999aa2a3a4a5a6
00ffd9
}
Note: the K{\dn006 \fs12 c} key is generated as part of the triplet but is used
for encryption rather than
\par}{\phpg\posx2445\pvpg\posy1472\absw8032\absh1783 \sl-240 \f20 \fs17 \cf0 aut
hentication
If all triplets held in the VLR have been used, the MSC requests a new batch f
rom the
\par}{\phpg\posx2445\pvpg\posy1472\absw8032\absh1783 \sl-240 \f20 \fs17 \cf0 HLR
/AuC using a 'Send Authentication Info' message. The HLR/AuC responds with this
ormation using a 'Send Authentication Info Ack' message.
A request for Authentication can be initiated by the MS or the network. \par
}
10 \fs28 \cf0 Authentication
cf0 {\f0\fs28 \bullet }{\b0 \fs21 }{\b0 \fs21 Benefits}{\b0 \fs21 of}{\b0 \fs2
1 authentication}{\b0 \fs21 include: }
\fi360 {\f0\fs23 \bullet }{\b0 \fs18 }{\b0 \fs18 Prevents}{\b0 \fs18 unauthori
sed}{\b0 \fs18 network}{\b0 \fs18 access }
\fi360 {\f0\fs23 \bullet }{\b0 \fs18 }{\b0 \fs18 Prevents}{\b0 \fs18 illegal}{
\b0 \fs18 impersonation}{\b0 \fs18 of}{\b0 \fs18 legitimate}{\b0 \fs18 subsc
ribers }
cf0 {\f0\fs28 \bullet }{\b0 \fs21 }{\b0 \fs21 Implemented}{\b0 \fs21 by}{\b0 \
fs21 using}{\b0 \fs21 an}{\b0 \fs21 authentication}{\b0 \fs21 procedure. }
cf0 {\f0\fs28 \bullet }{\b0 \fs21 }{\b0 \fs21 Procedure}{\b0 \fs21 triggered}{
\b0 \fs21 by: }
\fi360 {\f0\fs23 \bullet }{\b0 \fs18 }{\b0 \fs18 A}{\b0 \fs18 change}{\b0 \fs1
8 in}{\b0 \fs18 subscriber}{\b0 \fs18 profile}{\b0 \fs18 data}{\b0 \fs18 at
}{\b0 \fs18 the}{\b0 \fs18 HLR/VLR }
\fi360 {\f0\fs23 \bullet }{\b0 \fs18 }{\b0 \fs18 Accessing}{\b0 \fs18 a}{\b0 \
fs18 service }
\fi360 {\f0\fs23 \bullet }{\b0 \fs18 }{\b0 \fs18 First}{\b0 \fs18 network}{\b0
\fs18 access}{\b0 \fs18 after}{\b0 \fs18 MSC/VLR}{\b0 \fs18 restart }
\fi360 {\f0\fs23 \bullet }{\b0 \fs18 }{\b0 \fs18 Cipher}{\b0 \fs18 key}{\b0 \f
s18 sequence}{\b0 \fs18 number}{\b0 \fs18 mismatch }\par
}
he authentication of the GSM PLMN subscriber identity may be triggered by the ne
twork
\par}{\phpg\posx2445\pvpg\posy9857\absw8002\absh690 \sl-255 \f20 \fs17 \cf0 when
the subscriber applies for:
60 {\f0\fs22 \bullet }{\f40 }
a change of subscriber-related information e
lement in the VLR or HLR including: \par
}
}\f40 \fs17 \cf0

}
some or all location updating involving change of VLR, registration or erasure o
f
\par}{\phpg\posx3525\pvpg\posy10637\absw7146\absh892 \sl-240 \f20 \fs17 \cf0 a s
upplementary service
access to a service including some or all mobile originating or terminated call
\par}{\phpg\posx3525\pvpg\posy10637\absw7146\absh892 \sl-255 \f20 \fs17 \cf0 set
ups, \par
}
}\f40 \fs17 \cf0
\fs22 \bullet }
}
activation or deactivation of a supplementary service
\par}{\phpg\posx3165\pvpg\posy11642\absw4812\absh690 \sl-255 \f20 \fs17 \cf0 fir
st network access after restart of MSC/VLR;
the event of cipher key sequence number mismatch. \par
}
If, on an access request to the GSM PLMN, the subscriber identity authentication
procedure
\par}{\phpg\posx2445\pvpg\posy12647\absw8229\absh663 \sl-255 \f20 \fs17 \cf0 fai
ls and this failure is not due to network malfunction, access to the GSM PLMN is
denied to
requesting subscriber. \par
}
36 \par
}
}
ffd8ffe000104a46494600010100000100010000ffdb004300010101010101010101010101010101
01010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101
010101010101010101ffdb0043010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101
0101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101ffc0
001108034a025403012200021101031101ffc4001f00000105010101010101000000000000000001
02030405060708090a0bffc400b5100002010303020403050504040000017d010203000411051221
31410613516107227114328191a1082342b1c11552d1f02433627282090a161718191a2526272829
2a3435363738393a434445464748494a535455565758595a636465666768696a737475767778797a
0101010101010101010000000000000102030405060708090a0bffc400b511000201020404030407
05040400010277000102031104052131061241510761711322328108144291a1b1c109233352f015
6272d10a162434e125f11718191a262728292a35363738393a434445464748494a53545556575859
5a636465666768696a737475767778797a82838485868788898a92939495969798999aa2a3a4a5a6
00ffd9
}
\cf0 The General Authentication Procedure \par
}
cf0 MS \par
}
cf0 BSS \par
}
cf0 MSC \par
}
\cf94 AuC
{\cf0 AuC }
HLR
}{\phpg\posx10020\pvpg\posy2871\absw257\absh322 \b \f10 \fs10 \cf94 {\cf0 HLR }\
par
}
\fs16 \cf1 MS
f1 {\fs10 Ki }
\fs10 \cf94 Ki }
f1 \fi149 {\fs12 \cf0 A3 }

f1 \fi60 {\fs10 SRES }
\cf94 SRES }
\par}{\phpg\posx3180\pvpg\posy3567\absw434\absh1133 \b \f10 \fs16 \cf1 \fi389 {\
fs7 \cf94 2 }\par
}
\cf1 HLR/AuC
cf1 \fi45 {\fs10 \cf94 RAND}{\fs10
Ki }
cf1 \fi315 {\fs12 \cf0 A3 }
cf1 \fi240 {\fs10 \cf94 SRES}{\fs7 \cf94 1 }
16 \cf1 \fi30 {\fs10 \cf94 SRE}{\dn006 \fs7 \cf94 SSRES 1}{\fs10 \cf94 /RAND }\
par
}
cf1 Access{\cf94 RequestReques}t
i465 {\cf94 [IMSI] }\par
}
cf1 RAND
cf94 RAND }\par
}
\cf1 Send Authentication{\cf94 info }
}{\phpg\posx8460\pvpg\posy3921\absw1424\absh295 \b \f10 \fs10 \cf1 {\cf94 Send}{
\cf94 Authentication} info
fi569 {\cf94 [IMSI] }\par
}
\fs10 \cf1 Send Authentication info Ack
fi59 {\cf94 Send}{\cf94 Authentication}{\cf94
Ack }
f1 {\cf94 [IMSI,}{\cf0 Triplet(RAND,}{\cf0 SRES}{\dn006 \fs7 \cf94 1}{\cf94
K}{\cf94 )] }\par
}
\cf94 Triplet(RAND SRES \par
}
4 c \par
}
\cf94 SRE{\dn006 \fs7 SSRES1 }\par
}
\cf94 Authentication & ciphering Request
\fi465 {\cf0 [RAND] }
}{\phpg\posx6194\pvpg\posy4926\absw2025\absh295 \b \f10 \fs10 \cf94 \fi465 [RAND
] \par
}

\cf94 SRES{\fs7 2 }\par
}
\fs14 \cf0 =
fs16 \cf94 MSC }\par
}
\cf94 Authentication & ciphering Response
}{\phpg\posx6119\pvpg\posy5601\absw2144\absh331 \b \f10 \fs10 \cf94 \fi0 {\cf1 R
esponse }
f94 \fi525 [SRES{\dn006 \fs7 2}] \par
}
\cf0 {\ul T}{\ul h}{\ul e}{\ul }{\ul A}{\ul u}{\ul t}{\ul h}{\ul e}{\ul n}{\ul
t}{\ul i}{\ul c}{\ul a}{\ul t}{\ul i}{\ul o}{\ul n}{\ul }{\ul P}{\ul r}{\ul o}
{\ul c}{\ul e}{\ul s}{\ul s}
cf0 {\b0 The}{\b0 authentication}{\b0 process}{\b0 is}{\b0 shown}{\b0 in}{\
b0 the}{\b0 previous}{\b0 diagram}{\b0 and}{\b0 described}{\b0 below: }
cf0 STEP 1
{\b0 The}{\b0 subscriber}{\b0 requests}{\b0 network}{\b0 access}{\b0 by}{\b
0 sending}{\b0 its}{\b0 IMSI/TMSI}{\b0 to}{\b0 the}{\b0 MSC }
cf0 STEP 2
{\b0 The}{\b0 MSC}{\b0 checks}{\b0 to}{\b0 see}{\b0 if}{\b0 its}{\b0 VLR}
{\b0 holds}{\b0 a}{\b0 valid}{\b0 unused}{\b0 triplet}{\b0 required}{\b0
authentication.}{\b0 If}{\b0 not, }
{\b0 new}{\b0 pairs}{\b0 are}{\b0 requested}{\b0 from}{\b0 the}{\b0 AuC.}{
\b0
The}{\b0 MSC}{\b0 then}{\b0 sends}{\b0 the}{\b0 RAND}{\b0 component
}{\b0 of}{\b0 the }
{\b0 pair}{\b0 to}{\b0 the}{\b0 MS}{\b0 using}{\b0 an}{\b0 'Authentication
}{\b0 and}{\b0 Ciphering}{\b0 Request'}{\b0 message. }
cf0 STEP 3
{\b0 Using}{\b0 its}{\b0 own}{\b0 Ki}{\b0 and}{\b0 the}{\b0 RAND}{\b0 sen
t}{\b0 from}{\b0 the}{\b0 MSC,}{\b0 the}{\b0 MS}{\b0 creates}{\b0 its}{\
b0 own}{\b0 SRES}{\b0 and}{\b0 sends}{\b0 it }
{\b0 to}{\b0 the}{\b0 MSC}{\b0 using}{\b0 an}{\b0 'Authentication}{\b0 and
}{\b0 Ciphering}{\b0 Response'}{\b0 message. }
cf0 STEP 4
{\b0 The}{\b0 MSC}{\b0 compares}{\b0 its}{\b0 self-generated}{\b0 SRES}{\b0
with}{\b0 that}{\b0 received}{\b0 from}{\b0 the}{\b0 MS.}{\b0
If}{\b0
they}{\b0 are }
{\b0 identical,}{\b0 the}{\b0 user}{\b0 is}{\b0 authenticated}{\b0 and}{\b0
access}{\b0 is}{\b0 granted}{\b0 to}{\b0 the}{\b0 network. }\par
}

}
137 \par
}
ffd8ffe000104a46494600010100000100010000ffdb004300010101010101010101010101010101
01010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101
010101010101010101ffdb0043010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101
0101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101ffc0
001108034a025403012200021101031101ffc4001f00000105010101010101000000000000000001
02030405060708090a0bffc400b5100002010303020403050504040000017d010203000411051221
31410613516107227114328191a1082342b1c11552d1f02433627282090a161718191a2526272829
2a3435363738393a434445464748494a535455565758595a636465666768696a737475767778797a
0101010101010101010000000000000102030405060708090a0bffc400b511000201020404030407
05040400010277000102031104052131061241510761711322328108144291a1b1c109233352f015
6272d10a162434e125f11718191a262728292a35363738393a434445464748494a53545556575859
5a636465666768696a737475767778797a82838485868788898a92939495969798999aa2a3a4a5a6
00ffd9
}
_____________________________________________________________________
b \f10 \fs32 10.5}{\b \f10 \fs32
User}{\b \f10 \fs32 Data}{\b \f10 \fs32 Co
nfidentiality}{\b \f10 \fs32 -}{\b \f10 \fs32 Encryption }
\cf0 \fi1425 {\fs17 The}{\fs17 purpose}{\fs17 of}{\fs17 user}{\fs17 data}{

\fs17 encryption}{\fs17 is}{\fs17 to}{\fs17 ensure}{\fs17 the}{\fs17 confi
dentiality}{\fs17 and}{\fs17 privacy}{\fs17 of}{\fs17 user}{\fs17 data }
i1425 {\fs17 on}{\fs17 physical}{\fs17 connections}{\fs17 by}{\fs17 preventi
ng}{\fs17 its}{\fs17 availability}{\fs17 or}{\fs17 disclosed}{\fs17 to}{\fs
17 unauthorised }
i1425 {\fs17 individuals,}{\fs17 entities}{\fs17 or}{\fs17 processes. }
0 \fi1425 {\fs17 Encryption}{\fs17 will}{\fs17 normally}{\fs17 be}{\fs17 app
lied}{\fs17 to}{\fs17 all}{\fs17 voice}{\fs17 and}{\fs17 non-voice}{\fs17
communications.}{\fs17 Although}{\fs17 a }
i1425 {\fs17 standard}{\fs17 algorithm}{\fs17 (A5)}{\fs17 will}{\fs17 normal
ly}{\fs17 be}{\fs17 employed,}{\fs17 it}{\fs17 is}{\fs17 permissible}{\fs17
for}{\fs17 the}{\fs17 mobile}{\fs17 station }
i1425 {\fs17 and/or}{\fs17 PLMN}{\fs17 infrastructure}{\fs17 to}{\fs17 suppo
rt}{\fs17 more}{\fs17 than}{\fs17 one}{\fs17 algorithm.}{\fs17 In}{\fs17
this}{\fs17 case,}{\fs17 the }
i1425 {\fs17 infrastructure}{\fs17 is}{\fs17 responsible}{\fs17 for}{\fs17 d
eciding}{\fs17 which}{\fs17 algorithm}{\fs17 to}{\fs17 use}{\fs17 (includin
g}{\fs17 the}{\fs17 possibility}{\fs17 not }
i1425 {\fs17 to}{\fs17 use}{\fs17 encryption,}{\fs17 in}{\fs17 which}{\fs17
case}{\fs17 confidentiality}{\fs17 is}{\fs17 not}{\fs17 applied). }
0 \fi1425 {\fs17 When}{\fs17 encryption}{\fs17 is}{\fs17 requested,}{\fs17 t
he}{\fs17 MS}{\fs17 signals}{\fs17 to}{\fs17 the}{\fs17 network}{\fs17 ind
icating}{\fs17 which}{\fs17 of}{\fs17 up}{\fs17 to}{\fs17 seven }
i1425 {\fs17 ciphering}{\fs17 algorithms}{\fs17 it}{\fs17 supports}{\fs17 (
see}{\fs17 GSM}{\fs17 02.07).}{\fs17 The}{\fs17 serving}{\fs17 network}{\fs
17 then}{\fs17 selects}{\fs17 one}{\fs17 of }
i1425 {\fs17 these}{\fs17 and}{\fs17 signals}{\fs17 this}{\fs17 to}{\fs17 t
he}{\fs17 MS.}{\fs17
The}{\fs17 selected}{\fs17 algorithm}{\fs17 is}{\fs1
7 then}{\fs17 used}{\fs17 by}{\fs17 the}{\fs17 MS}{\fs17 and}{\fs17 netwo
rk. }\par
}
10 \fs28 \cf0 User Data Encryption
28 \cf0 {\f0\fs28 \bullet }{\b0 \fs21 }{\b0 \fs21 Benefits}{\b0 \fs21 of}{\b0
\fs21 user}{\b0 \fs21 data}{\b0 \fs21 encryption}{\b0 \fs21 include: }
\fi360 {\f0\fs23 \bullet }{\b0 \fs18 }{\b0 \fs18 Provides}{\b0 \fs18 confident
iality}{\b0 \fs18 for}{\b0 \fs18 user}{\b0 \fs18 data}{\b0 \fs18 across}{\b0
\fs18 air}{\b0 \fs18 interface }
\fi360 {\f0\fs23 \bullet }{\b0 \fs18 }{\b0 \fs18 Selection}{\b0 \fs18 from}{\b
0 \fs18 seven}{\b0 \fs18 encryption}{\b0 \fs18 algorithms }
cf0 {\f0\fs28 \bullet }{\b0 \fs21 }{\b0 \fs21 Capability}{\b0 \fs21 is}{\b0 \f
s21 mandatory}{\b0 \fs21 for}{\b0 \fs21 MS}{\b0 \fs21 and}{\b0 \fs21 networ
k }
{\f0\fs28 \bullet }{\b0 \fs21 }{\b0 \fs21 Implementation}{\b0 \fs21 is}{\b0 \f
s21 optional }
{\f0\fs28 \bullet }{\b0 \fs21 }{\b0 \fs21 Does}{\b0 \fs21 not}{\b0 \fs21 prov
ide}{\b0 \fs21 for}{\b0 \fs21 end-to-end}{\b0 \fs21 encryption }\par
}
7 \cf0 {\ul C}{\ul i}{\ul p}{\ul h}{\ul e}{\ul r}{\ul i}{\ul n}{\ul g}{\ul }{\u
l K}{\ul e}{\ul y}{\ul }{\ul S}{\ul e}{\ul q}{\ul u}{\ul e}{\ul n}{\ul c}{\ul e
}{\ul }{\ul N}{\ul u}{\ul m}{\ul b}{\ul e}{\ul r}{\ul }{\ul (}{\ul C}{\ul K}{\
ul S}{\ul N}{\ul )}
{\b0 In}{\b0 order}{\b0 to}{\b0 allow}{\b0 ciphering}{\b0 to}{\b0 commenc
e}{\b0 on}{\b0 a}{\b0 RR}{\b0 connection}{\b0 without}{\b0 authentication}
{\b0 (for }
{\b0 example}{\b0 after}{\b0 an}{\b0 MSC}{\b0 failure)}{\b0 ciphering}{\b0
key}{\b0 sequence}{\b0 numbers}{\b0 are}{\b0 used.}{\b0 The}{\b0 sequen
ce }
{\b0 number}{\b0 is}{\b0 managed}{\b0 by}{\b0 the}{\b0 network}{\b0 in}{\
b0 the}{\b0 way}{\b0 that}{\b0 the}{\b0 AUTHENTICATION}{\b0 REQUEST }
{\b0 message}{\b0 contains}{\b0 the}{\b0 sequence}{\b0 number}{\b0 allocat
ed}{\b0 to}{\b0 the}{\b0 key}{\b0 which}{\b0 may}{\b0 be}{\b0 computed}{\
b0 from}{\b0 the }
{\b0 RAND}{\b0 parameter}{\b0 carried}{\b0 in}{\b0 that}{\b0 message. }\pa
r
}
38 \par
}
}
ffd8ffe000104a46494600010100000100010000ffdb004300010101010101010101010101010101
01010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101
010101010101010101ffdb0043010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101
0101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101ffc0
001108034a025403012200021101031101ffc4001f00000105010101010101000000000000000001
02030405060708090a0bffc400b5100002010303020403050504040000017d010203000411051221
31410613516107227114328191a1082342b1c11552d1f02433627282090a161718191a2526272829
2a3435363738393a434445464748494a535455565758595a636465666768696a737475767778797a
0101010101010101010000000000000102030405060708090a0bffc400b511000201020404030407
05040400010277000102031104052131061241510761711322328108144291a1b1c109233352f015
6272d10a162434e125f11718191a262728292a35363738393a434445464748494a53545556575859
5a636465666768696a737475767778797a82838485868788898a92939495969798999aa2a3a4a5a6
00ffd9
10 \fs17 \cf0 10. GSM Security
{\f20 The}{\f20 Mobile}{\f20 Station}{\f20 stores}{\f20 this}{\f20 number}{
\f20 with}{\f20 the}{\f20 key,}{\f20 and}{\f20 indicates}{\f20 to}{\f20 t
he}{\f20 network}{\f20 in}{\f20 the}{\f20 first }
0 message}{\f20 (LOCATION}{\f20 UPDATING}{\f20 REQUEST,}{\f20 CM}{\f20 SERV
ICE}{\f20 REQUEST,}{\f20 PAGING }
0 RESPONSE,}{\f20 CM}{\f20 REESTABLISHMENT}{\f20 REQUEST)}{\f20 which}{\f20
sequence}{\f20 number}{\f20 the}{\f20 stored}{\f20 key }
0 has.}{\f20 When}{\f20 the}{\f20 deletion}{\f20 of}{\f20 the}{\f20 sequen
ce}{\f20 number}{\f20 is}{\f20 described}{\f20 this}{\f20 also}{\f20 means
}{\f20 that}{\f20 the }
0 associated}{\f20 key}{\f20 shall}{\f20 be}{\f20 considered}{\f20 as}{\f20
invalid. }
{\f20 In}{\f20 certain}{\f20 circumstances,}{\f20 the}{\f20 network}{\f20 c
an}{\f20 start}{\f20 ciphering}{\f20 with}{\f20 the}{\f20 stored}{\f20 key
}{\f20 if}{\f20 the}{\f20 CKSN }
0 associated}{\f20 with}{\f20 that}{\f20 key}{\f20 is}{\f20 the}{\f20 same
}{\f20 as}{\f20 CKSN}{\f20 stored}{\f20 with}{\f20 the}{\f20 key}{\f20 in
}{\f20 the}{\f20 MS. }
{\b \f20 {\ul G}{\ul e}{\ul n}{\ul e}{\ul r}{\ul a}{\ul l}}{\b \f20 {\ul }{\ul
E}{\ul n}{\ul c}{\ul r}{\ul y}{\ul p}{\ul t}{\ul i}{\ul o}{\ul n}}{\b \f20 {\ul
}{\ul P}{\ul r}{\ul o}{\ul c}{\ul e}{\ul d}{\ul u}{\ul r}{\ul e} }\par
}
\cf0 The General GSM Encryption Procedure \par
}
cf0 MS \par
}
cf0 BTS \par

}
cf0 MSC \par
}
cf1 Ki \par
}
\fs17 \cf94 AuC
94 {\fs10 RAND }\par
}
\cf94 Ki \par
}
cf0 A8
0 \fi135 {\fs10 \cf94 Kc }\par
}
cf0 A8 \par
}
\cf94 Kc \par
}
cf0 Data
cf94 Data }\par
}
cf1 Kc
}{\phpg\posx6525\pvpg\posy7281\absw173\absh120 \b \f10 \fs10 \cf1 {\cf94 Kc }\pa
r
}
\cf94 Data \par
}
cf0 A5 \par
}
cf0 A5 \par
}
\cf94 Encrypted Data
}{\phpg\posx5265\pvpg\posy8511\absw884\absh120 \b \f10 \fs10 \cf94 \fi0 {\cf0 Da
ta }\par
}
The authentication process is shown in the previous diagram and described below:
{\b {\ul S}{\ul T}{\ul E}{\ul P}}{\b {\ul }{\ul 1}}{\b {\ul }{\ul -}}{\b {\ul
}{\ul D}{\ul e}{\ul t}{\ul e}{\ul r}{\ul m}{\ul i}{\ul n}{\ul i}{\ul n}{\ul g}
}{\b {\ul }{\ul t}{\ul h}{\ul e}}{\b {\ul }{\ul A}{\ul 5}}{\b {\ul }{\ul A}{\
ul l}{\ul g}{\ul o}{\ul r}{\ul i}{\ul t}{\ul h}{\ul m} }
uming authentication has already taken place, when an MS wishes to establish an

\par}{\phpg\posx2565\pvpg\posy9602\absw8142\absh4672 \sl-240 \f20 \fs17 \cf0 enc
rypted connection to the network, the A5 algorithm is first negotiated on the DC
CH
nnel in accordance with the following priorities:
\fi375 1.
If the MS and the network have no common versions of the A5 algo
rithm and the
735 network and/or MS is not prepared to use an unencrypted connection, then the
735 connection is released.
375 2.
If the MS and the network have at least one version of the A5 algorit
hm in common,
735 then the network selects one of the mutually acceptable versions for use on
that
735 connection.
375 3.
If the MS and the network have no common versions of the A5 algorith
m and the
735 network is willing to use an unencrypted connection, then an unencrypted
735 connection is established.
{\b {\ul S}{\ul T}{\ul E}{\ul P}}{\b {\ul }{\ul 2}}{\b {\ul }{\ul -}}{\b {\ul
}{\ul K}{\ul c}}{\b {\ul }{\ul K}{\ul e}{\ul y}}{\b {\ul }{\ul G}{\ul e}{\ul
n}{\ul e}{\ul r}{\ul a}{\ul t}{\ul i}{\ul o}{\ul n} }
\par}{\phpg\posx2565\pvpg\posy9602\absw8142\absh4672 \sl-240 \f20 \fs17 \cf0 Usi
ng the Ki key, unique to each MS, and the RAND generated by the AuC, the Kc is
\par}{\phpg\posx2565\pvpg\posy9602\absw8142\absh4672 \sl-240 \f20 \fs17 \cf0 gen
erated at both the MS and AuC. The AuC Kc key is passed to the MSC/VLR along w
ith
RAND and SRES as part of each Triplet. \par
}
}
139 \par
}
ffd8ffe000104a46494600010100000100010000ffdb004300010101010101010101010101010101
01010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101
010101010101010101ffdb0043010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101
0101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101ffc0
001108034a025403012200021101031101ffc4001f00000105010101010101000000000000000001
02030405060708090a0bffc400b5100002010303020403050504040000017d010203000411051221
31410613516107227114328191a1082342b1c11552d1f02433627282090a161718191a2526272829
2a3435363738393a434445464748494a535455565758595a636465666768696a737475767778797a
0101010101010101010000000000000102030405060708090a0bffc400b511000201020404030407
05040400010277000102031104052131061241510761711322328108144291a1b1c109233352f015
6272d10a162434e125f11718191a262728292a35363738393a434445464748494a53545556575859
5a636465666768696a737475767778797a82838485868788898a92939495969798999aa2a3a4a5a6
00ffd9
}
\cf0 {\ul S}{\ul T}{\ul E}{\ul P}{\ul }{\ul 3}{\ul }{\ul -}{\ul }{\ul T}{\ul
r}{\ul a}{\ul n}{\ul s}{\ul i}{\ul t}{\ul i}{\ul o}{\ul n}{\ul }{\ul t}{\ul o}{
\ul }{\ul C}{\ul i}{\ul p}{\ul h}{\ul e}{\ul r}{\ul }{\ul M}{\ul o}{\ul d}{\ul
e}
\b0 Encrypted}{\b0 data}{\b0 is}{\b0 produced}{\b0 by}{\b0 passing}{\b0 th
e}{\b0 Kc}{\b0 key}{\b0 and}{\b0 the}{\b0 clear}{\b0 user}{\b0 data}{\b0
through}{\b0 the}{\b0 A5 }
\b0 algorithm,}{\b0 stored}{\b0 in}{\b0 both}{\b0 the}{\b0 MS}{\b0 and}{\b
0 BSS.}{\b0 The}{\b0 transition}{\b0 from}{\b0 clear}{\b0 mode}{\b0 to}{
\b0 ciphered}{\b0 mode }
\b0 proceeds}{\b0 as}{\b0 follows: }\par
}
}\f40 \fs17 \cf0
{\f0\fs22 \bullet }
}
deciphering starts in the BSS, which sends a clear text 'Start Cipher' message t
o the
\par}{\phpg\posx3165\pvpg\posy2717\absw7493\absh1581 \sl-270 \f20 \fs17 \cf0 Onc
e this message has been received correctly, both the enciphering and deciphering
\par}{\phpg\posx3165\pvpg\posy2717\absw7493\absh1581 \sl-240 \f20 \fs17 \cf0 sta
rt on the MS side.
\par}{\phpg\posx3165\pvpg\posy2717\absw7493\absh1581 \sl-270 \f20 \fs17 \cf0 Enc
iphering on the BSS side starts as soon as synchronisation has been achieved and
encrypted MS-generated frame or a message has been correctly deciphered at the
\par}{\phpg\posx3165\pvpg\posy2717\absw7493\absh1581 \sl-255 \f20 \fs17 \cf0 BSS
\par
}
When a TCH is allocated for user data transmission, the key used for TCH encrypt
ion is the
\par}{\phpg\posx2445\pvpg\posy4727\absw8314\absh1986 \sl-240 \f20 \fs17 \cf0 one
set during the preceding DCCH session (Call Set-up). The enciphering and deciph
ering
cesses start immediately.
{\b Handover}{\b Requirements }
\par}{\phpg\posx2445\pvpg\posy4727\absw8314\absh1986 \sl-255 \f20 \fs17 \cf0 Whe
n a handover occurs, the necessary information (e.g. key Kc, initialisation dat
a) is
nsmitted within the system infrastructure to enable the communication to proceed
from the
\par}{\phpg\posx2445\pvpg\posy4727\absw8314\absh1986 \sl-255 \f20 \fs17 \cf0 old
BSS to the new one, and the Synchronisation procedure is resumed. The key Kc r
emains
\par}{\phpg\posx2445\pvpg\posy4727\absw8314\absh1986 \sl-240 \f20 \fs17 \cf0 unc
hanged at handover. \par
}
_____________________________________________________________________
\f10 \fs32 10.6}{\b \f10 \fs32
Signalling}{\b \f10 \fs32 Data}{\b \f10 \fs3
2 Confidentiality}{\b \f10 \fs32 -}{\b \f10 \fs32 Encryption }\par
}
0 \fs28 \cf0 Signalling Data Encryption
cf0 {\f0\fs28 \bullet }{\b0 \fs21 }{\b0 \fs21 Signalling}{\b0 \fs21 data}{\b0
\fs21 encryption}{\b0 \fs21 provides}{\b0 \fs21 confidentiality}{\b0 \fs21 f
or }
\fi135 {\b0 \fs21 user}{\b0 \fs21 identities}{\b0 \fs21 across}{\b0 \fs21 air
}{\b0 \fs21 interface }
{\f0\fs28 \bullet }{\b0 \fs21 }{\b0 \fs21 Applied}{\b0 \fs21 to}{\b0 \fs21 se
lected}{\b0 \fs21 fields}{\b0 \fs21 of}{\b0 \fs21 signalling}{\b0 \fs21 mess
ages }
\fi135 {\b0 \fs21 including: }
\fi705 {\f0\fs21 \bullet }{\b0 \fs16 }{\b0 \fs16 International}{\b0 \fs16 Mob
ile}{\b0 \fs16 Equipment}{\b0 \fs16 Identity}{\b0 \fs16 (IMEI) }
\fi705 {\f0\fs21 \bullet }{\b0 \fs16 }{\b0 \fs16 International}{\b0 \fs16 Mob
ile}{\b0 \fs16 Subscriber}{\b0 \fs16 Identity}{\b0 \fs16 (IMSI) }
cf0 \fi705 {\f0\fs21 \bullet }{\b0 \fs16 }{\b0 \fs16 Calling}{\b0 \fs16 subsc
riber}{\b0 \fs16 directory}{\b0 \fs16 number}{\b0 \fs16 (mobile}{\b0 \fs16 t
erminating}{\b0 \fs16 calls) }
\fi705 {\f0\fs21 \bullet }{\b0 \fs16 }{\b0 \fs16 Called}{\b0 \fs16 subscriber
}{\b0 \fs16 directory}{\b0 \fs16 number}{\b0 \fs16 (mobile}{\b0 \fs16 origin
ated}{\b0 \fs16 calls) }
{\f0\fs28 \bullet }{\b0 \fs21 }{\b0 \fs21 These}{\b0 \fs21 fields}{\b0 \fs21
are}{\b0 \fs21 not}{\b0 \fs21 protected}{\b0 \fs21 on}{\b0 \fs21 initial}{\b
0 \fs21 connection }
{\f0\fs28 \bullet }{\b0 \fs21 }{\b0 \fs21 Does}{\b0 \fs21 not}{\b0 \fs21 prov
ide}{\b0 \fs21 for}{\b0 \fs21 end-to-end}{\b0 \fs21 encryption }\par
}
40 \par
}
}
ffd8ffe000104a46494600010100000100010000ffdb004300010101010101010101010101010101
01010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101
010101010101010101ffdb0043010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101
0101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101ffc0
001108034a025403012200021101031101ffc4001f00000105010101010101000000000000000001
02030405060708090a0bffc400b5100002010303020403050504040000017d010203000411051221
31410613516107227114328191a1082342b1c11552d1f02433627282090a161718191a2526272829
2a3435363738393a434445464748494a535455565758595a636465666768696a737475767778797a
0101010101010101010000000000000102030405060708090a0bffc400b511000201020404030407
05040400010277000102031104052131061241510761711322328108144291a1b1c109233352f015
6272d10a162434e125f11718191a262728292a35363738393a434445464748494a53545556575859
5a636465666768696a737475767778797a82838485868788898a92939495969798999aa2a3a4a5a6
00ffd9
}
The purpose of signalling data encryption is to ensure the confidentiality of us
er-related
nalling data which is exchanged between MSs and BTSs by preventing its availabil
ity or
closed to unauthorised individuals, entities or processes.
When used, this feature applies on selected fields of signalling messages which
are exchanged
\par}{\phpg\posx2565\pvpg\posy1727\absw8289\absh1554 \sl-240 \f20 \fs17 \cf0 bet
ween MSs and BTSs base stations. The following signalling information elements
related
the user are protected whenever used after initial connection establishment: \pa
r
}
}\f40 \fs17 \cf0
fs22 \bullet }
fs22 \bullet }
fs22 \bullet } \par
}
nternational Mobile Equipment Identity (IMEI).
\par}{\phpg\posx3285\pvpg\posy3722\absw5577\absh919 \sl-255 \f20 \fs17 \cf0 Inte
rnational Mobile Subscriber Identity (IMSI).
\par}{\phpg\posx3285\pvpg\posy3722\absw5577\absh919 \sl-255 \f20 \fs17 \cf0 Call
ing subscriber directory number (mobile terminating calls).
\par}{\phpg\posx3285\pvpg\posy3722\absw5577\absh919 \sl-270 \f20 \fs17 \cf0 Call
ed subscriber directory number (mobile originated calls). \par
}
ote that on initial connection establishment, the signalling information element
s (protocol
\par}{\phpg\posx2565\pvpg\posy4982\absw8210\absh663 \sl-255 \f20 \fs17 \cf0 disc
riminator, connection reference, message type and MS identities IMSI, TMSI or IM
EI) are
protected. \par
}
\fs21 the}{\b0 \fs21 following}{\b0 \fs21 aspects}{\b0 \fs21 of }
{\b0 \fs21 GSM}{\b0 \fs21 security: }
28 \cf0 \fi360 {\f0\fs27 \bullet }{\b0 \fs21 }{\b0 \fs21 User}{\b0 \fs21 Ident
ity}{\b0 \fs21 Confidentiality }
\fi360 {\f0\fs27 \bullet }{\b0 \fs21 }{\b0 \fs21 Authentication }
\fi360 {\f0\fs27 \bullet }{\b0 \fs21 }{\b0 \fs21 User}{\b0 \fs21 Data}{\b0 \fs
21 Confidentiality }\par
}
t }\f10 \fs21 \cf0 Signalling data Confidentiality \par
}
cf94 MS \par
}
f1 Ki
}{\phpg\posx8235\pvpg\posy12369\absw614\absh637 \b \f10 \fs9 \cf1 {\cf94 Ki }
1 \fi134 {\cf0 A3 }
1 \fi59 {\cf94 SRE}{\dn006 \fs6 \cf94 SSRES2 }\par
}
f1 HLR/AuC
}{\phpg\posx9644\pvpg\posy12129\absw449\absh101 \b \f10 \fs9 \cf1 {\cf94 HLR/ }\
par
}
cf94 RANDRAND
94 \fi225 {\cf0 A3 }\par
}
\cf94 Ki \par
}
cf94 RAND \par
}
cf94 SRESSRES{\dn006 \fs6 11 }\par
}
cf94 SRES{\fs6 \cf1 1 }
cf1 SRES}{\fs6 1 }
94 \fi119 {\cf125 = }
94 \fi29 MSC \par
}
cf94 SRES{\dn006 \fs6 11}{\dn006 \fs6 \cf1 /}RAND \par

}
cf94 SRE{\dn006 \fs6 \cf1 SSRES2 }\par
}
94 2 \par
}
}
141 \par
}
ffd8ffe000104a46494600010100000100010000ffdb004300010101010101010101010101010101
01010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101
010101010101010101ffdb0043010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101
0101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101ffc0
001108034a025403012200021101031101ffc4001f00000105010101010101000000000000000001
02030405060708090a0bffc400b5100002010303020403050504040000017d010203000411051221
31410613516107227114328191a1082342b1c11552d1f02433627282090a161718191a2526272829
2a3435363738393a434445464748494a535455565758595a636465666768696a737475767778797a
0101010101010101010000000000000102030405060708090a0bffc400b511000201020404030407
05040400010277000102031104052131061241510761711322328108144291a1b1c109233352f015
6272d10a162434e125f11718191a262728292a35363738393a434445464748494a53545556575859
5a636465666768696a737475767778797a82838485868788898a92939495969798999aa2a3a4a5a6
00ffd9

}
}
42 \par
}
}
ffd8ffe000104a46494600010100000100010000ffdb004300010101010101010101010101010101
01010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101
010101010101010101ffdb0043010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101
0101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101ffc0
001108034a025403012200021101031101ffc4001f00000105010101010101000000000000000001
02030405060708090a0bffc400b5100002010303020403050504040000017d010203000411051221
31410613516107227114328191a1082342b1c11552d1f02433627282090a161718191a2526272829
2a3435363738393a434445464748494a535455565758595a636465666768696a737475767778797a
0101010101010101010000000000000102030405060708090a0bffc400b511000201020404030407
05040400010277000102031104052131061241510761711322328108144291a1b1c109233352f015
6272d10a162434e125f11718191a262728292a35363738393a434445464748494a53545556575859
5a636465666768696a737475767778797a82838485868788898a92939495969798999aa2a3a4a5a6
00ffd9
}
\cf0 Section 10 \par
}
}
0}{\ul .}{\ul 1}{\ul }{\ul -}{\ul }{\ul E}{\ul n}{\ul c}{\ul r}{\ul y}{\ul p}
{\ul t}{\ul i}{\ul o}{\ul n}
cf0 {\b0 \f20 \fs21 Explain}{\b0 \f20 \fs21 the}{\b0 \f20 \fs21 purpose}{\b0 \
f20 \fs21 of}{\b0 \f20 \fs21 the}{\b0 \f20 \fs21 following: }
cf0 \fi720 {\b0 \f20 \fs21 1.}{\b0 \f20 \fs21
Ki}{\b0 \f20 \fs21 Key }\par
}
. Kc Key \par
}
. RAND \par
}
. SRES \par
}
. A3 Algorithm \par
}
6. A5 Algorithm. \par
}
7. A8 Algorithm. \par
}
}
143 \par
}
ffd8ffe000104a46494600010100000100010000ffdb004300010101010101010101010101010101
01010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101
010101010101010101ffdb0043010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101
0101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101ffc0
001108034a025403012200021101031101ffc4001f00000105010101010101000000000000000001
02030405060708090a0bffc400b5100002010303020403050504040000017d010203000411051221
31410613516107227114328191a1082342b1c11552d1f02433627282090a161718191a2526272829
2a3435363738393a434445464748494a535455565758595a636465666768696a737475767778797a
0101010101010101010000000000000102030405060708090a0bffc400b511000201020404030407
05040400010277000102031104052131061241510761711322328108144291a1b1c109233352f015
6272d10a162434e125f11718191a262728292a35363738393a434445464748494a53545556575859
5a636465666768696a737475767778797a82838485868788898a92939495969798999aa2a3a4a5a6
00ffd9
}
}
44 \par
}
}
ffd8ffe000104a46494600010100000100010000ffdb004300010101010101010101010101010101
01010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101
010101010101010101ffdb0043010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101
0101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101ffc0
001108034a025403012200021101031101ffc4001f00000105010101010101000000000000000001
02030405060708090a0bffc400b5100002010303020403050504040000017d010203000411051221
31410613516107227114328191a1082342b1c11552d1f02433627282090a161718191a2526272829
2a3435363738393a434445464748494a535455565758595a636465666768696a737475767778797a
0101010101010101010000000000000102030405060708090a0bffc400b511000201020404030407
05040400010277000102031104052131061241510761711322328108144291a1b1c109233352f015
6272d10a162434e125f11718191a262728292a35363738393a434445464748494a53545556575859
5a636465666768696a737475767778797a82838485868788898a92939495969798999aa2a3a4a5a6
00ffd9
\cf0 11 Billing Procedures Overview \par
}
\cf0 11. Billing Procedures Overview \par
}
_____________________________________________________________________
b \f10 \fs32 11.1}{\b \f10 \fs32
Introduction }
0 \fi1425 {\fs17 Call}{\fs17 and}{\fs17 event}{\fs17 data}{\fs17 from}{\fs17
the}{\fs17 MSCs,}{\fs17 BSSs}{\fs17 and}{\fs17 location}{\fs17 registers
}{\fs17 (HLR/VLR)}{\fs17 is}{\fs17 required}{\fs17 for}{\fs17 a }
i1425 {\fs17 number}{\fs17 of}{\fs17 network}{\fs17 management}{\fs17 activi
ties}{\fs17 including,}{\fs17 but}{\fs17 not}{\fs17 limited}{\fs17 to,}{\fs
17 the}{\fs17 following: }\par
}
t }\f40 \fs17 \cf0
{\f0\fs22 \bullet }
{\f0\fs22 \bullet }
{\f0\fs22 \bullet }
}
the billing of home subscribers, either directly or via service providers, for
network
\par}{\phpg\posx3285\pvpg\posy11492\absw7373\absh1810 \sl-240 \f20 \fs17 \cf0 ut
ilisation charges;

e settlement of accounts for traffic carried or services performed by fixed netw
ork
d other operators;
e settlement of accounts with other PLMNs for roaming traffic via the transferre
d
count procedure;
\par}{\phpg\posx3285\pvpg\posy11492\absw7373\absh1810 \sl-270 \f20 \fs17 \cf0 st
atistical analysis of service usage;
\par}{\phpg\posx3285\pvpg\posy11492\absw7373\absh1810 \sl-255 \f20 \fs17 \cf0 as
historical evidence in dealing with customer service and billing complaints; \p
ar
}
The call and event data collected from the network elements is employed to deter
mine the
work utilisation charges for the basic and supplementary services utilised by th
e home
\par}{\phpg\posx2565\pvpg\posy13757\absw8183\absh892 \sl-255 \f20 \fs17 \cf0 sub
scribers of the PLMN. The charges calculated are then combined with the network
access
\par}{\phpg\posx2565\pvpg\posy13757\absw8183\absh892 \sl-255 \f20 \fs17 \cf0 (su
bscription) charges and billed to those customers directly serviced by the PLMN.
\par
}
}
145 \par
}
ffd8ffe000104a46494600010100000100010000ffdb004300010101010101010101010101010101
01010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101
010101010101010101ffdb0043010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101
0101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101ffc0
001108034a025403012200021101031101ffc4001f00000105010101010101000000000000000001
02030405060708090a0bffc400b5100002010303020403050504040000017d010203000411051221
31410613516107227114328191a1082342b1c11552d1f02433627282090a161718191a2526272829
2a3435363738393a434445464748494a535455565758595a636465666768696a737475767778797a
0101010101010101010000000000000102030405060708090a0bffc400b511000201020404030407
05040400010277000102031104052131061241510761711322328108144291a1b1c109233352f015
6272d10a162434e125f11718191a262728292a35363738393a434445464748494a53545556575859
5a636465666768696a737475767778797a82838485868788898a92939495969798999aa2a3a4a5a6
00ffd9
}
_____________________________________________________________________
b \f10 \fs32 11.2}{\b \f10 \fs32
Billing}{\b \f10 \fs32 Principles }
0 \fi4290 {\b \f10 \fs28 Billing}{\b \f10 \fs28 Principles }
0 \fi2354 {\f0\fs28 \bullet }{\f10 \fs21 }{\f10 \fs21 The}{\f10 \fs21 GSM}{\f1
0 \fs21 Specification}{\f10 \fs21 for}{\f10 \fs21 billing}{\f10 \fs21 assume
s}{\f10 \fs21 the}{\f10 \fs21 following }
i2489 {\f10 \fs21 principles: }
i2774 {\f0\fs28 \bullet }{\f10 \fs21 }{\f10 \fs21 For}{\f10 \fs21 MO}{\f10 \fs
21 calls,}{\f10 \fs21 caller}{\f10 \fs21 pays}{\f10 \fs21 for}{\f10 \fs21 c
onnection}{\f10 \fs21 to}{\f10 \fs21 dialled }
i2909 {\f10 \fs21 number}{\f10 \fs21 (caller}{\f10 \fs21 does}{\f10 \fs21 NOT
}{\f10 \fs21 pay}{\f10 \fs21 for}{\f10 \fs21 call-forward}{\f10 \fs21 elemen
t) }
i2774 {\f0\fs28 \bullet }{\f10 \fs21 }{\f10 \fs21 For}{\f10 \fs21 MT}{\f10 \fs
21 calls}{\f10 \fs21 the}{\f10 \fs21 called}{\f10 \fs21 party}{\f10 \fs21 p
ays}{\f10 \fs21 for}{\f10 \fs21 call-forward}{\f10 \fs21 part }
i2909 {\f10 \fs21 of}{\f10 \fs21 connection }
i2774 {\f0\fs28 \bullet }{\f10 \fs21 }{\f10 \fs21 For}{\f10 \fs21 MT}{\f10 \fs
21 calls,}{\f10 \fs21 the}{\f10 \fs21 called}{\f10 \fs21 party}{\f10 \fs21
pays}{\f10 \fs21 for}{\f10 \fs21 any}{\f10 \fs21 roaming }
i2909 {\f10 \fs21 extension}{\f10 \fs21 part}{\f10 \fs21 of}{\f10 \fs21 the}{
\f10 \fs21 connection }
i2774 {\f0\fs28 \bullet }{\f10 \fs21 }{\f10 \fs21 Charge}{\f10 \fs21 rates}{\f
10 \fs21 can}{\f10 \fs21 be}{\f10 \fs21 based}{\f10 \fs21 on}{\f10 \fs21 on
e}{\f10 \fs21 or}{\f10 \fs21 a}{\f10 \fs21 combination}{\f10 \fs21 of: }

0 \fi3329 {\f0\fs21 \bullet }{\f10 \fs16 }{\f10 \fs16 duration,}{\f10 \fs16 l
ocation,}{\f10 \fs16 destination,}{\f10 \fs16 service,}{\f10 \fs16 time}{\f10
\fs16 of}{\f10 \fs16 day,}{\f10 \fs16 type}{\f10 \fs16 of}{\f10 \fs16 day,
}\par
}
s17 \cf0 In deriving this specification the following principles are assumed:
0 \fi1425 1.
For mobile originated calls, the mobile user pays for the connec
tion to the dialled number,
i1425 as per the published tariff of the Local PLMN, plus a mark-up defined by t
he HPLMN to
i1425 cover additional administration costs, when roaming. It is assumed that t
he MS subscriber
i1425 will NOT be charged for the forwarded leg if the dialled number has set ca
ll forwarding. If
i1425 additional charging is required for this forwarded leg, then it is assumed
that such charging
i1425 will be applied only to the called party.
0 \fi1425 2.
For mobile terminated calls, any charge set for incoming calls i
s that based on the tariff as
i1425 published by the HPLMN. The tariff as published for the roaming extension
charges is
i1425 assumed to be time and date invariant.
0 \fi1425 3.
Charge rates for calls originating within a PLMN vary depending
upon, for example,
i1425 location, destination, service, time of day, type of day and any mark ups.
0 {\fs25 _____________________________________________________________________ }
b \f10 \fs32 11.3}{\b \f10 \fs32
Description}{\b \f10 \fs32 of}{\b \f10 \fs3
2 Call}{\b \f10 \fs32 Components }
0 \fi1425 In order to retain the flexibility to cater for differing subscriber p
rofiles, every call connection
i1425 can be divided into five different call components: \par
}
t }\f20 \fs17 \cf0
0\fs22 \bullet }
0\fs22 \bullet }
0\fs22 \bullet }

}
46 \par
}
Originating call component
\par}{\phpg\posx2820\pvpg\posy13877\absw7873\absh1758 \sl-240 \f20 \fs17 \cf0 Te
rminating call component
\par}{\phpg\posx2820\pvpg\posy13877\absw7873\absh1758 \sl-255 \f20 \fs17 \cf0 Ro
aming Call Component
\par}{\phpg\posx2820\pvpg\posy13877\absw7873\absh1758 \sl-240 \f20 \fs17 \cf0 Ca
ll Forwarding call component (call-forwarding call only)
ansit call component (land-land calls only)
}
ffd8ffe000104a46494600010100000100010000ffdb004300010101010101010101010101010101
01010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101
010101010101010101ffdb0043010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101
0101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101ffc0
001108034a025403012200021101031101ffc4001f00000105010101010101000000000000000001
02030405060708090a0bffc400b5100002010303020403050504040000017d010203000411051221
31410613516107227114328191a1082342b1c11552d1f02433627282090a161718191a2526272829
2a3435363738393a434445464748494a535455565758595a636465666768696a737475767778797a
0101010101010101010000000000000102030405060708090a0bffc400b511000201020404030407
05040400010277000102031104052131061241510761711322328108144291a1b1c109233352f015
6272d10a162434e125f11718191a262728292a35363738393a434445464748494a53545556575859
5a636465666768696a737475767778797a82838485868788898a92939495969798999aa2a3a4a5a6
00ffd9
}
10 \fs28 \cf0 Call{\cf94 Components }
cf0 {\f0\fs28 \bullet }{\b0 \fs21 }{\b0 \fs21 Five}{\b0 \fs21 basic}{\b0 \fs21
call}{\b0 \fs21 components: }
Originating}{\b0 \fs21
call}{\b0 \fs21 component }
Terminating}{\b0 \fs21
call}{\b0 \fs21 component }
Roaming}{\b0 \fs21 call
}{\b0 \fs21 components }
Call}{\b0 \fs21 Forward
}{\b0 \fs21 call}{\b0 \fs21 component }
Transit}{\b0 \fs21 call
}{\b0 \fs21 component }\par
}
{\ul O}{\ul r}{\ul i}{\ul g}{\ul i}{\ul n}{\ul a}{\ul t}{\ul i}{\ul n}{\ul g}{\u
l }{\ul C}{\ul a}{\ul l}{\ul l}{\ul }{\ul C}{\ul o}{\ul m}{\ul p}{\ul o}{\ul n
}{\ul e}{\ul n}t
originating call component is from the originating subscriber to the destinatio
n region
\par}{\phpg\posx2565\pvpg\posy7127\absw8243\absh2013 \sl-240 \f20 \fs17 \cf0 (de
fined by dialling code). The operator generally charges this component to the or
iginating
\par}{\phpg\posx2565\pvpg\posy7127\absw8243\absh2013 \sl-255 \f20 \fs17 \cf0 sub
scriber.
{\ul T}{\ul e}{\ul r}{\ul m}{\ul i}{\ul n}{\ul a}{\ul t}{\ul i}{\ul n}{\ul g}{\
ul }{\ul C}{\ul a}{\ul l}{\ul l}{\ul }{\ul C}{\ul o}{\ul m}{\ul p}{\ul o}{\ul
n}{\ul e}{\ul n}{\ul t}
terminating call component is from the destination MSC/VLR to the destination M
S i.e.
MS roaming into a different PLMN. It can be recorded separately and this compon
ent can
charged to either the originating or terminating subscriber. \par
}
\cf0 Call{\cf94 Components }\par
}
4 \cf121 GMSC
\fi195 3 \par
}
4 \cf121 MSC3 \par
}
2 \cf121 VPLMN3 \par
}
\cf0 Originating CC \par
}
\cf0 Roaming CC \par
}
10 \fs14 \cf121 GMSC
\fi510 1
f121 {\fs12 HPLMN1 }\par
}
4 \cf121 MSC2 \par
}
4 \cf121 GMSC
\fi195 2 \par
}
\cf0 PSTN \par
}
2 \cf121 VPLMN2 \par
}
\cf0 Call Forward \par
}
\cf0 Terminating CC \par
}
\cf0 Transit CC \par
}
\cf0 Call Forward CC \par
}
}
147 \par
}
ffd8ffe000104a46494600010100000100010000ffdb004300010101010101010101010101010101
01010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101
010101010101010101ffdb0043010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101
0101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101ffc0
001108034a025403012200021101031101ffc4001f00000105010101010101000000000000000001
02030405060708090a0bffc400b5100002010303020403050504040000017d010203000411051221
31410613516107227114328191a1082342b1c11552d1f02433627282090a161718191a2526272829
2a3435363738393a434445464748494a535455565758595a636465666768696a737475767778797a
0101010101010101010000000000000102030405060708090a0bffc400b511000201020404030407
05040400010277000102031104052131061241510761711322328108144291a1b1c109233352f015
6272d10a162434e125f11718191a262728292a35363738393a434445464748494a53545556575859
5a636465666768696a737475767778797a82838485868788898a92939495969798999aa2a3a4a5a6
00ffd9
\cf0 11 Billing Procedures Overview
\fi1425 {\f20 {\ul R}{\ul o}{\ul a}{\ul m}{\ul i}{\ul n}{\ul g}}{\f20 {\ul }{\u
l C}{\ul a}{\ul l}{\ul l}}{\f20 {\ul }{\ul C}{\ul o}{\ul m}{\ul p}{\ul o}{\ul n
}{\ul e}{\ul n}t }
425 {\f20 If}{\f20 the}{\f20 terminating}{\f20 subscriber}{\f20 roams}{\f20
outside}{\f20 the}{\f20 original}{\f20 destination}{\f20 PLMN,}{\f20 this}
{\f20 component}{\f20 is }
425 {\f20 also}{\f20 recorded}{\f20 separately}{\f20 and}{\f20 is}{\f20 gen
erally}{\f20 charged}{\f20 to}{\f20 the}{\f20 terminating}{\f20 subscriber}
{\f20 as}{\f20 the }
425 {\f20 originating}{\f20 subscriber}{\f20 has}{\f20 no}{\f20 control}{\f2
0 over}{\f20 the}{\f20 terminating}{\f20 subscriber's}{\f20 movements. }
\fi1425 {\f20 {\ul C}{\ul a}{\ul l}{\ul l}}{\f20 {\ul }{\ul F}{\ul o}{\ul r}{\u
l w}{\ul a}{\ul r}{\ul d}{\ul i}{\ul n}{\ul g}}{\f20 {\ul }{\ul C}{\ul a}{\ul l
}{\ul l}}{\f20 {\ul }{\ul C}{\ul o}{\ul m}{\ul p}{\ul o}{\ul n}{\ul e}{\ul n}{\
ul t}}{\f20 {\ul }(call-forwarding}{\f20 call}{\f20 only) }

425 {\f20 If}{\f20 the}{\f20 terminating}{\f20 subscriber}{\f20 has}{\f20 i
mplemented}{\f20 call}{\f20 forward,}{\f20 this}{\f20 component}{\f20 is}{\
f20 recorded }
425 {\f20 separately}{\f20 and}{\f20 is}{\f20 generally}{\f20 charged}{\f20
to}{\f20 the}{\f20 terminating}{\f20 subscriber. }
\fi1425 {\f20 {\ul T}{\ul r}{\ul a}{\ul n}{\ul s}{\ul i}{\ul t}}{\f20 {\ul }{\u
l c}{\ul a}{\ul l}{\ul l}}{\f20 {\ul }{\ul c}{\ul o}{\ul m}{\ul p}{\ul o}{\ul n
}{\ul e}{\ul n}{\ul t}}{\f20 (land-land}{\f20 calls}{\f20 only) }
425 {\f20 If}{\f20 calls}{\f20 are}{\f20 set}{\f20 up}{\f20 over}{\f20 ext
ended}{\f20 geographical}{\f20 distance,}{\f20 it}{\f20 may}{\f20 be}{\f20
necessary}{\f20 to}{\f20 record}{\f20 the }
425 {\f20 intermediary}{\f20 transit}{\f20 network}{\f20 call}{\f20 componen
t. }\par
}
_____________________________________________________________________
b \f10 \fs32 11.4}{\b \f10 \fs32
Charge}{\b \f10 \fs32 Advice}{\b \f10 \fs32
Information}{\b \f10 \fs32 (CAI) }
0 \fi3120 {\b \f10 \fs28 Charge}{\b \f10 \fs28 Advice}{\b \f10 \fs28 Informati
on}{\b \f10 \fs28 (CAI) }
CAI}{\f10 \fs21 suppli
ed}{\f10 \fs21 to}{\f10 \fs21 MS}{\f10 \fs21 by}{\f10 \fs21 the}{\f10 \fs21
network }
i2429 {\f0\fs36 \bullet }{\f10 \fs27 }{\f10 \fs21
Enables}{\f10 \fs21 MS}{\f
10 \fs21 to}{\f10 \fs21 calculate}{\f10 \fs21 Advice}{\f10 \fs21 of}{\f10 \f
s21 Charge}{\f10 \fs21 (AOC)}{\f10 \fs21 data }
i2429 {\f0\fs36 \bullet }{\f10 \fs27 }{\f10 \fs21
Comprises}{\f10 \fs21 all}
{\f10 \fs21 or}{\f10 \fs21 a}{\f10 \fs21 combination}{\f10 \fs21 of}{\f10 \f
s21 the}{\f10 \fs21 following }
i2714 {\f10 \fs21 parameters: }
i2924 {\f0\fs30 \bullet }{\f10 \fs23 }{\f10 \fs18 e1}{\f10 \fs18 -}{\f10 \fs1
8 Units}{\f10 \fs18 per}{\f10 \fs18 interval }
8 Seconds}{\f10 \fs18 per}{\f10 \fs18 time}{\f10 \fs18 interval }
8 Scaling}{\f10 \fs18 factor }
8 Unit}{\f10 \fs18 increment }
8 Units}{\f10 \fs18 per}{\f10 \fs18 data}{\f10 \fs18 interval }
8 Segments}{\f10 \fs18 per}{\f10 \fs18 data}{\f10 \fs18 interval }
8 Initial}{\f10 \fs18 seconds}{\f10 \fs18 per}{\f10 \fs18 interval }\par
}
48 \par
}
On every successful request for an applicable telecommunications service, the n
etwork
\par}{\phpg\posx2445\pvpg\posy11372\absw8305\absh4012 \sl-240 \f20 \fs17 \cf0 su
pplies the MS with Charge Advice Information (CAI) in the form of signalling inf
ormation.
is information enables the MS to calculate the units associated with the request
ed service in
al time in the form of an Advice of Charge (AOC) value. Any change in the charg
ing rate
\par}{\phpg\posx2445\pvpg\posy11372\absw8305\absh4012 \sl-240 \f20 \fs17 \cf0 du
ring a call may be indicated to the mobile station.
0 The CAI provides charging information, indicates the charging point and initia
tes the timing
the chargeable duration. The CAI information sent to the MS from the MSC consi
sts of
\par}{\phpg\posx2445\pvpg\posy11372\absw8305\absh4012 \sl-255 \f20 \fs17 \cf0 se
ven elements, however it need only contain those elements required for the parti
cular
\par}{\phpg\posx2445\pvpg\posy11372\absw8305\absh4012 \sl-255 \f20 \fs17 \cf0 si
tuation. If elements are missing from the initial CAI message of a call, they sh
all be treated
\par}{\phpg\posx2445\pvpg\posy11372\absw8305\absh4012 \sl-240 \f20 \fs17 \cf0 as
zero. The seven elements are as follows:
0 {\b Element}{\b e1}{\b - }
is element defines the number of units incremented per interval. It is set in te
rms of
\par}{\phpg\posx2445\pvpg\posy11372\absw8305\absh4012 \sl-240 \f20 \fs17 \cf0 LP
LMN units/interval to a resolution as defined in the table above under RES.
}
ffd8ffe000104a46494600010100000100010000ffdb004300010101010101010101010101010101
01010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101
010101010101010101ffdb0043010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101
0101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101ffc0
001108034a025403012200021101031101ffc4001f00000105010101010101000000000000000001
02030405060708090a0bffc400b5100002010303020403050504040000017d010203000411051221
31410613516107227114328191a1082342b1c11552d1f02433627282090a161718191a2526272829
2a3435363738393a434445464748494a535455565758595a636465666768696a737475767778797a
0101010101010101010000000000000102030405060708090a0bffc400b511000201020404030407
05040400010277000102031104052131061241510761711322328108144291a1b1c109233352f015
6272d10a162434e125f11718191a262728292a35363738393a434445464748494a53545556575859
5a636465666768696a737475767778797a82838485868788898a92939495969798999aa2a3a4a5a6
00ffd9
}
\cf0 Element e2 \par}{\phpg\posx2565\pvpg\posy1960\absw8185\absh5948 \sl-240 \b \f20 \fs17 \cf0
{\b0 This}{\b0 element}{\b0 defines}{\b0 the}{\b0 time}{\b0 interval}{\b0
for}{\b0 unitization,}{\b0 and}{\b0 is}{\b0 specified}{\b0 in}{\b0 seconds
,}{\b0 to}{\b0 a }
{\b0 resolution}{\b0 as}{\b0 defined}{\b0 in}{\b0 the}{\b0 table}{\b0 abov
e}{\b0 under}{\b0 RES. }
cf0 Element e3 \par}{\phpg\posx2565\pvpg\posy1960\absw8185\absh5948 \sl-240 \b \f20 \fs17 \cf0
{\b0 This}{\b0 element}{\b0 defines}{\b0 the}{\b0 scaling}{\b0 factor}{\b0
to}{\b0 convert}{\b0 from}{\b0 LPLMN}{\b0 units}{\b0 to}{\b0 HPLMN}{\b0
units.}{\b0 It}{\b0 is}{\b0 a }
{\b0 dimensionless}{\b0 multiplier}{\b0 given}{\b0 to}{\b0 a}{\b0 resolutio
n}{\b0 as}{\b0 defined}{\b0 in}{\b0 the}{\b0 table}{\b0 above}{\b0 under}
{\b0 RES. }
{\b0 This}{\b0 element}{\b0 defines}{\b0 the}{\b0 number}{\b0 of}{\b0 unit
s}{\b0 to}{\b0 be}{\b0 incremented}{\b0 on}{\b0 receipt}{\b0 of}{\b0 the}
{\b0 message }
{\b0 containing}{\b0 the}{\b0 CAI}{\b0 elements.}{\b0 It}{\b0 is}{\b0 spec
ified}{\b0 in}{\b0 units}{\b0 of}{\b0 the}{\b0 LPLMN}{\b0 to}{\b0 a}{\b0

resolution}{\b0 as}{\b0 defined }
{\b0 in}{\b0 the}{\b0 table}{\b0 above }
{\b0 under}{\b0 RES. }
{\b0 This}{\b0 element}{\b0 defines}{\b0 the}{\b0 number}{\b0 of}{\b0 unit
s}{\b0 incremented}{\b0 per}{\b0 data}{\b0 interval.}{\b0 It}{\b0 is}{\b0
set}{\b0 in}{\b0 terms}{\b0 of }
{\b0 LPLMN}{\b0 units/interval,}{\b0 to}{\b0 a}{\b0 resolution}{\b0 as}{\b0
defined}{\b0 in}{\b0 the}{\b0 table}{\b0 above}{\b0 under}{\b0 RES. }
{\b0 This}{\b0 element}{\b0 defines}{\b0 the}{\b0 data}{\b0 usage}{\b0 int
erval}{\b0 for}{\b0 unitization,}{\b0 and}{\b0 is}{\b0 specified}{\b0 in}{
\b0 segments }
{\b0 (SEG),}{\b0 to}{\b0 a}{\b0 resolution}{\b0 as}{\b0 defined}{\b0 in}{\
b0 the}{\b0 table}{\b0 above}{\b0 under}{\b0 RES.,}{\b0 for}{\b0 Dedicate
d}{\b0 Access}{\b0 to}{\b0 the }
{\b0 PSPDN}{\b0 (whether}{\b0 directly}{\b0 or}{\b0 via}{\b0 Dedicated}{\b0
PAD).}{\b0 It}{\b0 does}{\b0 not}{\b0 apply}{\b0 to}{\b0 circuit}{\b0 s
witched}{\b0 access }
{\b0 to}{\b0 modems}{\b0 or}{\b0 PADs,}{\b0 (except}{\b0 Dedicated}{\b0 PA
D's)}{\b0 or}{\b0 MS}{\b0 to}{\b0 MS}{\b0 calls. }
{\b0 This}{\b0 element}{\b0 defines}{\b0 the}{\b0 initial}{\b0 time}{\b0 i
nterval}{\b0 for}{\b0 unitization,}{\b0 and}{\b0 is}{\b0 specified}{\b0 in
}{\b0 seconds,}{\b0 to}{\b0 a }
{\b0 resolution}{\b0 as}{\b0 defined}{\b0 in}{\b0 the}{\b0 table}{\b0 abov
e}{\b0 under}{\b0 RES. }\par
}
_____________________________________________________________________
b \f10 \fs32 11.5}{\b \f10 \fs32
Advice}{\b \f10 \fs32 of}{\b \f10 \fs32 Ch
arge}{\b \f10 \fs32 (AoC)}{\b \f10 \fs32 Calculations }
\cf0 \fi1425 {\fs17 Advice}{\fs17 of}{\fs17 Charge}{\fs17 (AOC)}{\fs17 enab
les}{\fs17 an}{\fs17 MS}{\fs17 to}{\fs17 calculate}{\fs17 and}{\fs17 indic
ate}{\fs17 the}{\fs17 cost}{\fs17 of}{\fs17 a}{\fs17 call}{\fs17 in}{\fs17
home }
i1425 {\fs17 units}{\fs17 as}{\fs17 a}{\fs17 basic}{\fs17 service.}{\fs17
The}{\fs17 MS}{\fs17 is}{\fs17 informed}{\fs17 of}{\fs17 the}{\fs17 chargi
ng}{\fs17 rate}{\fs17 at}{\fs17 the}{\fs17 'charging}{\fs17 point'}{\fs17
i.e}{\fs17 the }
i1425 {\fs17 point}{\fs17 at}{\fs17 which}{\fs17 the}{\fs17 charging}{\fs17
begins.}{\fs17 The}{\fs17 MAS}{\fs17 then}{\fs17 uses}{\fs17 its}{\fs17
internal}{\fs17 Chargeable}{\fs17 Duration }

i1425 {\fs17 (CDUR)}{\fs17 clock}{\fs17 to}{\fs17 time}{\fs17 the}{\fs17 ca
ll}{\fs17 from}{\fs17 the}{\fs17 charging}{\fs17 point}{\fs17 to}{\fs17 th
e}{\fs17 end}{\fs17 of}{\fs17 the}{\fs17 call }
0 \fi1425 {\fs17 By}{\fs17 using}{\fs17 the}{\fs17 AoC}{\fs17 calculations}{
\fs17 the}{\fs17 MS}{\fs17 is}{\fs17 able}{\fs17 to}{\fs17 derive}{\fs17
the}{\fs17 number}{\fs17 of}{\fs17 home}{\fs17 units}{\fs17 used.}{\fs17
Due }
i1425 {\fs17 to}{\fs17 the}{\fs17 independence}{\fs17 of}{\fs17 the}{\fs17
calculated}{\fs17 value,}{\fs17 an}{\fs17 exact}{\fs17 one-to-one}{\fs17 re
lation}{\fs17 with}{\fs17 the}{\fs17 bill}{\fs17 cannot }
i1425 {\fs17 be}{\fs17 guaranteed.}{\fs17 This}{\fs17 discrepancy}{\fs17 is
}{\fs17 due}{\fs17 to}{\fs17 the}{\fs17 short}{\fs17 delays}{\fs17 in}{\fs
17 signalling}{\fs17 between}{\fs17 the}{\fs17 MS}{\fs17 and }
i1425 {\fs17 the}{\fs17 network,}{\fs17 e.g.}{\fs17 transmission}{\fs17 of}{
\fs17 charging}{\fs17 point}{\fs17 and}{\fs17 end}{\fs17 of}{\fs17 call}{\
fs17 signals. }
\cf0 \fi1425 {\fs17 On}{\fs17 receipt}{\fs17 of}{\fs17 the}{\fs17 CAI}{\fs1
7 message,}{\fs17 charging}{\fs17 computation}{\fs17 commences.}{\fs17 The
}{\fs17 following}{\fs17 describes }
i1425 {\fs17 the}{\fs17 process}{\fs17 for}{\fs17 a}{\fs17 simple}{\fs17 si
ngle}{\fs17 call}{\fs17 scenario,}{\fs17 for}{\fs17 either}{\fs17 an}{\fs17
incoming}{\fs17 or}{\fs17 outgoing}{\fs17 call}{\fs17 for}{\fs17 the}{\fs
17 MS }
i1425 {\fs17 in}{\fs17 any}{\fs17 PLMN,}{\fs17 including}{\fs17 HPLMN. }\par
}
}
149 \par
}
ffd8ffe000104a46494600010100000100010000ffdb004300010101010101010101010101010101
01010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101
010101010101010101ffdb0043010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101
0101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101ffc0
001108034a025403012200021101031101ffc4001f00000105010101010101000000000000000001
02030405060708090a0bffc400b5100002010303020403050504040000017d010203000411051221
31410613516107227114328191a1082342b1c11552d1f02433627282090a161718191a2526272829
2a3435363738393a434445464748494a535455565758595a636465666768696a737475767778797a
0101010101010101010000000000000102030405060708090a0bffc400b511000201020404030407
05040400010277000102031104052131061241510761711322328108144291a1b1c109233352f015
6272d10a162434e125f11718191a262728292a35363738393a434445464748494a53545556575859
5a636465666768696a737475767778797a82838485868788898a92939495969798999aa2a3a4a5a6
00ffd9
}
10 \fs28 \cf0 Advice of{\cf94 charge}{\cf94 (}AoC)
cf0 {\f0\fs36 \bullet }{\b0 \fs27 }{\b0 \fs21 Calculated}{\b0 \fs21 by}{\b0 \
fs21 MS}{\b0 \fs21 based}{\b0 \fs21 on}{\b0 \fs21 CAI}{\b0 \fs21 supplied}{
\b0 \fs21 by}{\b0 \fs21 network }
{\f0\fs36 \bullet }{\b0 \fs27 }{\b0 \fs21 AoC}{\b0 \fs21 calculated}{\b0 \fs2
1 using}{\b0 \fs21 the}{\b0 \fs21 equation: }\par
}
cf0 AoC = \par
}
cf0 e3 \par
}
cf0 x \{ \par
}
cf0 e4 \par
}
\cf0 + e1xINT(CDUR/(e7,e2)) + e5xINT(SEG/e6) \} \par
}
\cf0 = scaling x \{constant + \par
}
\cf0 time related \par
}

cf0 + \par
}
\cf0 data related \par
}
f0 \} \par
}
here: CDUR = Chargeable DURation counter (as measured by MS)
25 SEG = SEGment counter (as counted by MS) \par
}
\cf0 {\ul I}{\ul N}{\ul I}{\ul T}{\ul I}{\ul A}{\ul L}{\ul /}{\ul F}{\ul I}{\ul
X}{\ul E}{\ul D} {\ul }{\ul C}{\ul H}{\ul A}{\ul R}{\ul G}{\ul E}:
{\b0 Element}{\b0 e4*e3}{\b0 defines}{\b0 the}{\b0 number}{\b0 of}{\b0 HPL
MN}{\b0 units}{\b0 to}{\b0 be}{\b0 incremented}{\b0 in}{\b0 a}{\b0 Curren
t}{\b0 Call}{\b0 Meter }
{\b0 (CCM)}{\b0 on}{\b0 receipt}{\b0 of}{\b0 the}{\b0 CAI}{\b0 message. }
cf0 {\ul I}{\ul N}{\ul I}{\ul T}{\ul I}{\ul A}{\ul L}{\ul }{\ul T}{\ul I}{\ul M
}{\ul E}{\ul -}{\ul R}{\ul E}{\ul L}{\ul A}{\ul T}{\ul E}{\ul D} {\ul }{\ul C}{
\ul H}{\ul A}{\ul R}{\ul G}{\ul E}:
{\b0 On}{\b0 first}{\b0 receipt}{\b0 of}{\b0 the}{\b0 CAI}{\b0 message,}{\
b0 timing}{\b0 commences}{\b0 immediately}{\b0 and}{\b0 MS}{\b0 timer}{\b0
CDUR}{\b0 is }
{\b0 incremented}{\b0 from}{\b0 zero,}{\b0 with}{\b0 a}{\b0 precision}{\b0
of}{\b0 at}{\b0 least}{\b0 0.1}{\b0 seconds.}{\b0 When}{\b0 CDUR}{\b0 re
aches}{\b0 e7}{\b0 i.e.}{\b0 a }
{\b0 full}{\b0 interval}{\b0 has}{\b0 been}{\b0 timed,}{\b0 then }
{\b0 e1*e3}{\b0 HPLMN}{\b0 units}{\b0 are}{\b0 added}{\b0 to}{\b0 the}{\b0
CCM.}{\b0 The}{\b0 CDUR}{\b0 is}{\b0 then}{\b0 reset}{\b0 to}{\b0 zero
}{\b0 to}{\b0 allow}{\b0 timing}{\b0 of }
{\b0 the}{\b0 next}{\b0 interval}{\b0 to}{\b0 commence}{\b0 based}{\b0 on}
{\b0 CAI}{\b0 element}{\b0 e2.}{\b0 e7}{\b0 is}{\b0 not}{\b0 used}{\b0
further,}{\b0 unless}{\b0 it}{\b0 is }
{\b0 updated}{\b0 via}{\b0 a}{\b0 new}{\b0 CAI}{\b0 message. }
cf0 {\ul T}{\ul I}{\ul M}{\ul E}{\ul -}{\ul R}{\ul E}{\ul L}{\ul A}{\ul T}{\ul E
}{\ul D}{\ul }{\ul C}{\ul H}{\ul A}{\ul R}{\ul G}{\ul E}:
{\b0 On}{\b0 expiry}{\b0 of}{\b0 the}{\b0 interval}{\b0 defined}{\b0 by}{\
b0 e7;}{\b0 e2}{\b0 is}{\b0 applied}{\b0 and}{\b0 timing}{\b0 re-commence
s}{\b0 immediately. }
{\b0 The}{\b0 MS}{\b0 timer}{\b0 CDUR}{\b0 is}{\b0 incremented}{\b0 from}{
\b0 zero,}{\b0 with}{\b0 a}{\b0 precision}{\b0 of}{\b0 at}{\b0 least}{\b0
0.1}{\b0 seconds.}{\b0 When }
{\b0 CDUR}{\b0 reaches}{\b0 e2}{\b0 i.e.}{\b0 a}{\b0 full}{\b0 interval}{
\b0 has}{\b0 been}{\b0 timed,}{\b0 then}{\b0 e1*e3}{\b0 HPLMN}{\b0 units}

{\b0 are}{\b0 added}{\b0 to}{\b0 the }
{\b0 CCM.}{\b0 The}{\b0 CDUR}{\b0 is}{\b0 then}{\b0 reset}{\b0 to}{\b0 z
ero}{\b0 to}{\b0 allow}{\b0 timing}{\b0 of}{\b0 the}{\b0 next}{\b0 interv
al}{\b0 to}{\b0 commence,}{\b0 based }
{\b0 on}{\b0 e2. }
cf0 {\ul D}{\ul A}{\ul T}{\ul A}{\ul -}{\ul R}{\ul E}{\ul L}{\ul A}{\ul T}{\ul E
}{\ul D} {\ul }{\ul C}{\ul H}{\ul A}{\ul R}{\ul G}{\ul E}:
{\b0 On}{\b0 first}{\b0 receipt}{\b0 of}{\b0 non-zero}{\b0 element}{\b0 e6
,}{\b0 data}{\b0 segment}{\b0 counting}{\b0 commences}{\b0 immediately}{\b0
and }
{\b0 the}{\b0 MS}{\b0 counter}{\b0 SEG}{\b0 is}{\b0 incremented}{\b0 from}
{\b0 zero,}{\b0 by}{\b0 unity}{\b0 for}{\b0 each}{\b0 segment}{\b0 transf
erred.}{\b0 When }
{\b0 SEG}{\b0 reaches }
{\b0 e6}{\b0 i.e.}{\b0 a}{\b0 full}{\b0 data}{\b0 interval}{\b0 has}{\b0
been}{\b0 counted,}{\b0 then}{\b0 e5*e3}{\b0 HPLMN}{\b0 units}{\b0 are}{\b
0 added}{\b0 to}{\b0 the}{\b0 CCM. }
{\b0 SEG}{\b0 is}{\b0 then}{\b0 reset}{\b0 to}{\b0 zero}{\b0 to}{\b0 allo
w}{\b0 counting}{\b0 of}{\b0 the}{\b0 next}{\b0 data}{\b0 interval}{\b0 t
o}{\b0 commence. }\par
}
50 \par
}
}
ffd8ffe000104a46494600010100000100010000ffdb004300010101010101010101010101010101
01010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101
010101010101010101ffdb0043010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101
0101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101ffc0
001108034a025403012200021101031101ffc4001f00000105010101010101000000000000000001
02030405060708090a0bffc400b5100002010303020403050504040000017d010203000411051221
31410613516107227114328191a1082342b1c11552d1f02433627282090a161718191a2526272829
2a3435363738393a434445464748494a535455565758595a636465666768696a737475767778797a
0101010101010101010000000000000102030405060708090a0bffc400b511000201020404030407
05040400010277000102031104052131061241510761711322328108144291a1b1c109233352f015
6272d10a162434e125f11718191a262728292a35363738393a434445464748494a53545556575859
5a636465666768696a737475767778797a82838485868788898a92939495969798999aa2a3a4a5a6
00ffd9
}
_____________________________________________________________________
\f10 \fs32 11.6}{\b \f10 \fs32
Call}{\b \f10 \fs32 Detail}{\b \f10 \fs32 R
ecords}{\b \f10 \fs32 (CDRs) }\par
}
f10 \fs28 \cf94 Call Detail Records (
\fi1185 {\cf0 Call}{\cf0 Detail}{\cf0 Records}{\cf0 (}{\cf0 CDRs}{\cf0 ) }
cf94 {\f0\fs36 \bullet }{\b0 \fs27 \cf0 }{\b0 \fs21 \cf0
Each}{\b0 \fs21 \cf0
call}{\b0 \fs21 \cf0 within}{\b0 \fs21 \cf0 the}{\b0 \fs21 \cf0 PLMN}{\b0 \
fs21 \cf0 creates}{\b0 \fs21 \cf0 a}{\b0 \fs21 \cf0 call}{\b0 \fs21 \cf0 rec
ord }
This}{\b0 \fs21 \cf0 re
cord}{\b0 \fs21 \cf0 is}{\b0 \fs21 \cf0 generated}{\b0 \fs21 \cf0 by}{\b0 \fs
21 \cf0 the}{\b0 \fs21 \cf0 MSC/GMSC}{\b0 \fs21 \cf0 originating }
\fi285 {\b0 \fs21 \cf0 the}{\b0 \fs21 \cf0 call }
The}{\b0 \fs21 \cf0 rec
ord}{\b0 \fs21 \cf0 in}{\b0 \fs21 \cf0 known}{\b0 \fs21 \cf0 as}{\b0 \fs21 \c
f0 a}{\b0 \fs21 \cf0 'Call}{\b0 \fs21 \cf0 Detail}{\b0 \fs21 \cf0 Record'}{\
b0 \fs21 \cf0 (CDR) }
CDRs}{\b0 \fs21 \cf0 co
ntain}{\b0 \fs21 \cf0 the}{\b0 \fs21 \cf0 following}{\b0 \fs21 \cf0 informati
on: }
\fi495 {\f0\fs36 \bullet }{\b0 \fs27 \cf0 }{\b0 \fs21 \cf0 Subscriber}{\b0 \fs
21 \cf0 Identity }
\fi495 {\f0\fs36 \bullet }{\b0 \fs27 \cf0 }{\b0 \fs21 \cf0 Number}{\b0 \fs21 \
cf0 called }
\fi495 {\f0\fs36 \bullet }{\b0 \fs27 \cf0 }{\b0 \fs21 \cf0 Call}{\b0 \fs21 \cf
0 Length }
\fi495 {\f0\fs36 \bullet }{\b0 \fs27 \cf0 }{\b0 \fs21 \cf0 Route}{\b0 \fs21 \c
f0 of}{\b0 \fs21 \cf0 call }\par
}
ote that the MSC which originates the call keeps control of it throughout subseq
uent
\par}{\phpg\posx2565\pvpg\posy8642\absw7613\absh433 \sl-240 \f20 \fs17 \cf0 hand
overs in order to maintain the CDRs. \par
}
0 \fs28 \cf0 Call Charge Outline Procedure
Network}{\b0 \fs17 supplies}{\b0
\fs17 originating}{\b0 \fs17 MS}{\b0 \fs17 with}{\b0 \fs17 CAI}{\b0 \fs17 d
etails }
MS}{\b0 \fs17 calculates}{\b0 \fs
17 AOC}{\b0 \fs17 record}{\b0 \fs17 using}{\b0 \fs17 CAI}{\b0 \fs17 details
}
This}{\b0 \fs17 record}{\b0 \fs17
acts}{\b0 \fs17 as}{\b0 \fs17 a}{\b0 \fs17 'toll}{\b0 \fs17 ticket'}{\b0 \
fs17 which}{\b0 \fs17 tracks}{\b0 \fs17 the}{\b0 \fs17 call}{\b0 \fs17 on}{
\b0 \fs17 its}{\b0 \fs17 route}{\b0 \fs17 through }
\fi285 {\b0 \fs17 various}{\b0 \fs17 networks }
Each}{\b0 \fs17 call}{\b0 \fs17
component}{\b0 \fs17 can}{\b0 \fs17 generate}{\b0 \fs17 a}{\b0 \fs17 separat
e}{\b0 \fs17 CDR }
The}{\b0 \fs17 record}{\b0 \fs17
passes}{\b0 \fs17 along}{\b0 \fs17 the}{\b0 \fs17 backbone}{\b0 \fs17 to}{\
b0 \fs17 the}{\b0 \fs17 home}{\b0 \fs17 network }
Billing}{\b0 \fs17 computer}{\b0
\fs17 generates}{\b0 \fs17 bills}{\b0 \fs17 based}{\b0 \fs17 on}{\b0 \fs17
cumulative}{\b0 \fs17 CDRs }
HPLMN}{\b0 \fs17 collects}{\b0 \f
s17 the}{\b0 \fs17 charges }
HPLM}{\b0 \fs17 reimburses}{\b0 \
fs17 VPLMN}{\b0 \fs17 using}{\b0 \fs17 TAPs}{\b0 \fs17 in}{\b0 \fs17 accord
ance}{\b0 \fs17 with}{\b0 \fs17 roaming }
\fi285 {\b0 \fs17 agreement }\par
}
\cf94 CDR \par
}
\cf94 CDR \par
}
\cf94 MSC \par

}
0 \fs10 \cf94 CDR
f94 {\fs12 PSTN/ISDN }\par
}
\cf94 MSC \par
}
}
151 \par
}
ffd8ffe000104a46494600010100000100010000ffdb004300010101010101010101010101010101
01010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101
010101010101010101ffdb0043010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101
0101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101ffc0
001108034a025403012200021101031101ffc4001f00000105010101010101000000000000000001
02030405060708090a0bffc400b5100002010303020403050504040000017d010203000411051221
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0101010101010101010000000000000102030405060708090a0bffc400b511000201020404030407
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5a636465666768696a737475767778797a82838485868788898a92939495969798999aa2a3a4a5a6
00ffd9
}
}\f40 \fs17 \cf0 \par
}
}\f40 \fs17 \cf0 \par
}
}\f40 \fs17 \cf0 \par
}
}\f40 \fs17 \cf0
{\f0\fs22 \bullet }
{\f0\fs22 \bullet }
}
When a call is in initiated, the network supplies the MS with the necessary Char
ge
\par}{\phpg\posx3165\pvpg\posy1982\absw7540\absh3619 \sl-240 \f20 \fs17 \cf0 Adv
ice Information (CAI)
The MS uses the CAI to calculate the Advice of Charge (AOC) for the current cal
l and
cumulative charge for all previous calls
This record acts as a 'toll ticket' which tracks the call on its route through
various
works
The record passes along the backbone to the home network (HPLMN)
Billing computer generates bills to be sent to the user
Under international agreements, the HPLMN collects the charges
Payment due to VPLMNs is settled by transfer of monies \par
}
_____________________________________________________________________
b \f10 \fs32 11.7}{\b \f10 \fs32
The}{\b \f10 \fs32 Transferred}{\b \f10 \fs
32 Account}{\b \f10 \fs32 Procedure}{\b \f10 \fs32 (TAP) }
0 \fi1425 {\fs17 The}{\fs17 Transferred}{\fs17 Account}{\fs17 Procedure}{\fs1
7 (TAP)}{\fs17 is}{\fs17 the}{\fs17 mechanism}{\fs17 by}{\fs17 which}{\fs1
7 operators}{\fs17 exchange }
i1425 {\fs17 roaming}{\fs17 billing}{\fs17 information.}{\fs17 This}{\fs17
is}{\fs17 how}{\fs17 roaming}{\fs17 partners}{\fs17 are}{\fs17 able}{\fs17
to}{\fs17 bill}{\fs17 each}{\fs17 other}{\fs17 for}{\fs17 the }

i1425 {\fs17 use}{\fs17 of}{\fs17 networks}{\fs17 and}{\fs17 services}{\fs17
through}{\fs17 a}{\fs17 standard}{\fs17 process. }\par
}
\fs28 \cf0 Transferred Account Procedure (TAP)
GSM}{\b0 \fs21 Association-def
ined}{\b0 \fs21 protocol}{\b0 \fs21 for}{\b0 \fs21 interchange}{\b0 \fs21 of
}
\fi285 {\b0 \fs21 billing}{\b0 \fs21 data}{\b0 \fs21 between}{\b0 \fs21 diffe
rent}{\b0 \fs21 network}{\b0 \fs21 operators }
Initially}{\b0 \fs21 defined}{\b0
\fs21 by}{\b0 \fs21 the}{\b0 \fs21 Transferred}{\b0 \fs21 Account}{\b0 \fs21
Data }
\fi285 {\b0 \fs21 Interchange}{\b0 \fs21 Group}{\b0 \fs21 (TADIG)}{\b0 \fs21
in}{\b0 \fs21 1989. }
First}{\b0 \fs21 TAP}{\b0 \fs21 s
tandard}{\b0 \fs21 implemented}{\b0 \fs21 in}{\b0 \fs21 1996 }
Currently}{\b0 \fs21 version}{\b0
\fs21 is}{\b0 \fs21 TAP3,}{\b0 \fs21 launched}{\b0 \fs21 in}{\b0 \fs21 June
}{\b0 \fs21 2000 }
Latest}{\b0 \fs21 update}{\b0 \fs2
1 is}{\b0 \fs21 V3.9}{\b0 \fs21 dated}{\b0 \fs21 30th}{\b0 \fs21 November}{
\b0 \fs21 2001 }\par
}
52 \par
}
}
ffd8ffe000104a46494600010100000100010000ffdb004300010101010101010101010101010101
01010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101
010101010101010101ffdb0043010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101
0101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101ffc0
001108034a025403012200021101031101ffc4001f00000105010101010101000000000000000001
02030405060708090a0bffc400b5100002010303020403050504040000017d010203000411051221
31410613516107227114328191a1082342b1c11552d1f02433627282090a161718191a2526272829
2a3435363738393a434445464748494a535455565758595a636465666768696a737475767778797a
0101010101010101010000000000000102030405060708090a0bffc400b511000201020404030407
05040400010277000102031104052131061241510761711322328108144291a1b1c109233352f015
6272d10a162434e125f11718191a262728292a35363738393a434445464748494a53545556575859
5a636465666768696a737475767778797a82838485868788898a92939495969798999aa2a3a4a5a6
00ffd9
}
Much of the traffic carried by a GSM PLMN either originates, or terminates in a
nother
twork. The operator of the local fixed network charges the wireless operator fo
r each call
at terminates at one of its fixed subscribers. Likewise, the GSM operator will c
harge the
\par}{\phpg\posx2565\pvpg\posy1472\absw8331\absh12070 \sl-255 \f20 \fs17 \cf0 fi
xed operator for each call made to a mobile number from a fixed line. Therefo
re GSM
twork operators and their local fixed counterparts usually negotiate an intercon
nect
\par}{\phpg\posx2565\pvpg\posy1472\absw8331\absh12070 \sl-255 \f20 \fs17 \cf0 ag
reement to make charging as simple as possible. Other fixed international opera
tors have
\par}{\phpg\posx2565\pvpg\posy1472\absw8331\absh12070 \sl-240 \f20 \fs17 \cf0 no
rmally already negotiated similar agreements amongst themselves.
0 {\b {\ul E}{\ul X}{\ul A}{\ul M}{\ul P}{\ul L}{\ul E}}{\b {\ul }{\ul O}{\ul F
}}{\b {\ul }{\ul U}{\ul S}{\ul I}{\ul N}{\ul G}}{\b {\ul }{\ul T}{\ul A}{\ul P
}{\ul S} }
0 Therefore, in order to place a call from a German PLMN to a Canadian fixed pho
ne, it is not
cessary for the German PLMN operator to negotiate a price with a Canadian fixed
network
erator. The German PLMN operator negotiates a price with the German fixed netwo
rk

erator.
0 The German fixed network operator then negotiates a price with the Canadian fi
xed network
erator. So, the German fixed network operator passes this call cost back to th
e German
\par}{\phpg\posx2565\pvpg\posy1472\absw8331\absh12070 \sl-240 \f20 \fs17 \cf0 PL
MN. This means that the German PLMN has to recoup the cost of the call from its
\par}{\phpg\posx2565\pvpg\posy1472\absw8331\absh12070 \sl-255 \f20 \fs17 \cf0 su
bscribers either directly (retail billing), or via the appropriate Service Provi
der (wholesale
\par}{\phpg\posx2565\pvpg\posy1472\absw8331\absh12070 \sl-240 \f20 \fs17 \cf0 bi
lling).
0 This form of accounting covers the division of revenue between both fixed and
mobile
tworks. However, it does not cover the costs incurred by foreign subscribers wh
ilst
\par}{\phpg\posx2565\pvpg\posy1472\absw8331\absh12070 \sl-255 \f20 \fs17 \cf0 ro
aming in other networks. Consider the case of a French subscriber calling a Can
adian fixed
\par}{\phpg\posx2565\pvpg\posy1472\absw8331\absh12070 \sl-240 \f20 \fs17 \cf0 ph
one from within a German network. The German fixed network will still charge th
e
\par}{\phpg\posx2565\pvpg\posy1472\absw8331\absh12070 \sl-255 \f20 \fs17 \cf0 Ge
rman PLMN for the leg of the call placed to the Canadian number. In this case,
the
\par}{\phpg\posx2565\pvpg\posy1472\absw8331\absh12070 \sl-240 \f20 \fs17 \cf0 Ge
rman PLMN does not receive any revenue from its own subscriber. In order to rec
oup the
sts incurred by the call, the German PLMN must charge the home mobile network op
erator,
\par}{\phpg\posx2565\pvpg\posy1472\absw8331\absh12070 \sl-240 \f20 \fs17 \cf0 he
re the French PLMN, to cover the costs incurred by the French mobile subscriber.
0 It is this type of inter-PLMN accounting for which TAP was designed. The deta
ils of the calls
\par}{\phpg\posx2565\pvpg\posy1472\absw8331\absh12070 \sl-240 \f20 \fs17 \cf0 ma
de by a subscriber roaming in a visited network (VPLMN) are recorded by the serv
ing
C. Each call produces one or more Call Detail Records (CDRs). Although ETSI
provides a
\par}{\phpg\posx2565\pvpg\posy1472\absw8331\absh12070 \sl-240 \f20 \fs17 \cf0 st
andard CDR format (GSM-12.05) many switch vendors use proprietary formats.
0 The CDRs produced by the MSC are transferred on a regular basis to the billing
system of the
\par}{\phpg\posx2565\pvpg\posy1472\absw8331\absh12070 \sl-255 \f20 \fs17 \cf0 VP
LMN for pricing or rating. Those call records produced on behalf of roaming sub
scribers,
\par}{\phpg\posx2565\pvpg\posy1472\absw8331\absh12070 \sl-255 \f20 \fs17 \cf0 wi
ll be converted and grouped in files under the TAP format.
0 The TAP files are generated and sent, at the latest, 36 hours from call end ti
me. This means

at operators can send 1 or many TAP files per day. TAP files contain rated call
information
cording to the operator's Inter Operator Tariff (IOT), plus any bilaterally agre
ed
\par}{\phpg\posx2565\pvpg\posy1472\absw8331\absh12070 \sl-240 \f20 \fs17 \cf0 ar
rangements or discounting schemes.
e transfer of TAP records between the visited and the home mobile networks may b
e
\par}{\phpg\posx2565\pvpg\posy1472\absw8331\absh12070 \sl-255 \f20 \fs17 \cf0 pe
rformed directly, or more commonly, via a Clearinghouse. Invoicing between the
operators
en normally happens once per month.
0 On reception by the HPLMN, the TAP record is converted into an internal format
and added
gether with any call records produced by the subscriber whilst within the home n
etwork.
0 If a service provider serves the subscriber then the records will form the bas
is of the wholesale
\par}{\phpg\posx2565\pvpg\posy1472\absw8331\absh12070 \sl-240 \f20 \fs17 \cf0 bi
lling between the HPLMN and that Service Provider. On receipt of the information
from the
\par}{\phpg\posx2565\pvpg\posy1472\absw8331\absh12070 \sl-255 \f20 \fs17 \cf0 HP
LMN, the Service Provider may re-rate the calls according to its own tariff plan
s and
\par}{\phpg\posx2565\pvpg\posy1472\absw8331\absh12070 \sl-255 \f20 \fs17 \cf0 pr
oduce an itemised bill, including call detail, for the subscriber. \par
}
}
153 \par
}
ffd8ffe000104a46494600010100000100010000ffdb004300010101010101010101010101010101
01010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101
010101010101010101ffdb0043010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101
0101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101ffc0
001108034a025403012200021101031101ffc4001f00000105010101010101000000000000000001
02030405060708090a0bffc400b5100002010303020403050504040000017d010203000411051221
31410613516107227114328191a1082342b1c11552d1f02433627282090a161718191a2526272829
2a3435363738393a434445464748494a535455565758595a636465666768696a737475767778797a
0101010101010101010000000000000102030405060708090a0bffc400b511000201020404030407
05040400010277000102031104052131061241510761711322328108144291a1b1c109233352f015
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5a636465666768696a737475767778797a82838485868788898a92939495969798999aa2a3a4a5a6
00ffd9
}
\fs21 the}{\b0 \fs21 following}{\b0 \fs21 billing}{\b0 \fs21 topics: }
cf0 \fi360 {\f0\fs27 \bullet }{\b0 \fs21 }{\b0 \fs21 Billing}{\b0 \fs21 Princ
iples }
\fi360 {\f0\fs27 \bullet }{\b0 \fs21 }{\b0 \fs21 Description}{\b0 \fs21 of}{\
b0 \fs21 Call}{\b0 \fs21 Components }
\fi360 {\f0\fs27 \bullet }{\b0 \fs21 }{\b0 \fs21 Charge}{\b0 \fs21 Advice}{\b
0 \fs21 Information}{\b0 \fs21 (CAI) }
\fi360 {\f0\fs27 \bullet }{\b0 \fs21 }{\b0 \fs21 Advice}{\b0 \fs21 of}{\b0 \f
s21 Charge}{\b0 \fs21 (AoC)}{\b0 \fs21 Calculation }
\fi360 {\f0\fs27 \bullet }{\b0 \fs21 }{\b0 \fs21 Call}{\b0 \fs21 Detail}{\b0
\fs21 Records}{\b0 \fs21 (CDRs) }
\fi360 {\f0\fs27 \bullet }{\b0 \fs21 }{\b0 \fs21 The}{\b0 \fs21 Transferred}{
\b0 \fs21 Account}{\b0 \fs21 Procedure}{\b0 \fs21 (TAP) }\par
}
94 CDR \par
}
94 MSC \par
}

94 CDR \par
}
94 MSC \par
}
94 CDR \par
}
94 PSTN/ISDN \par
}
54 \par
}
}
ffd8ffe000104a46494600010100000100010000ffdb004300010101010101010101010101010101
01010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101
010101010101010101ffdb0043010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101
0101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101ffc0
001108034a025403012200021101031101ffc4001f00000105010101010101000000000000000001
02030405060708090a0bffc400b5100002010303020403050504040000017d010203000411051221
31410613516107227114328191a1082342b1c11552d1f02433627282090a161718191a2526272829
2a3435363738393a434445464748494a535455565758595a636465666768696a737475767778797a
0101010101010101010000000000000102030405060708090a0bffc400b511000201020404030407
05040400010277000102031104052131061241510761711322328108144291a1b1c109233352f015
6272d10a162434e125f11718191a262728292a35363738393a434445464748494a53545556575859
5a636465666768696a737475767778797a82838485868788898a92939495969798999aa2a3a4a5a6
00ffd9
\cf0 12. GSM Evolution \par
}
}
_____________________________________________________________________
b \f10 \fs32 12.1}{\b \f10 \fs32
Introduction }
0 \fi1425 {\fs17 This}{\fs17 final}{\fs17 section}{\fs17 of}{\fs17 the}{\fs1
7 course}{\fs17 looks}{\fs17 briefly}{\fs17 at}{\fs17 the}{\fs17 developme
nts}{\fs17 within}{\fs17 GSM}{\fs17 that}{\fs17 are}{\fs17 leading }
i1425 {\fs17 towards}{\fs17 third}{\fs17 generation}{\fs17 technology}{\fs17
and}{\fs17 the}{\fs17 high}{\fs17 data}{\fs17 rates}{\fs17 which}{\fs17 t
his}{\fs17 is}{\fs17 intended}{\fs17 to}{\fs17 offer. }
i1425 {\fs17 These}{\fs17 technologies}{\fs17 are}{\fs17 collectively}{\fs17
known}{\fs17 as}{\fs17 2.5}{\fs17 or}{\fs17 2}{\fs17 }{\fs17 Generation}{
\fs17 GSM}{\fs17 technologies}{\fs17 and }
i1425 {\fs17 include: }\par
}
}\f40 \fs17 \cf0
fs22 \bullet }
fs22 \bullet } \par
}
igh Speed Circuit-Switched Data (HSCSD)
\par}{\phpg\posx3285\pvpg\posy8357\absw3897\absh676 \sl-255 \f20 \fs17 \cf0 Gene
ral Packet Radio Service (GPRS)
\par}{\phpg\posx3285\pvpg\posy8357\absw3897\absh676 \sl-255 \f20 \fs17 \cf0 Enha
nced Data for GSM Evolution (EDGE) \par
}
f10 \fs28 \cf94 2.5{\cf0 Generation}{\cf0 GSM }
cf94 {\f0\fs27 \bullet }{\b0 \fs21 \cf0 }{\b0 \fs21 \cf0 Evolution}{\b0 \fs21
\cf0 of}{\b0 \fs21 \cf0 GSM}{\b0 \fs21 \cf0 towards}{\b0 \fs21 \cf0 3G}{\b0
\fs21 \cf0 systems }
{\f0\fs27 \bullet }{\b0 \fs21 \cf0 }{\b0 \fs21 \cf0 Main}{\b0 \fs21 \cf0 req
uirement}{\b0 \fs21 \cf0 is}{\b0 \fs21 \cf0 for}{\b0 \fs21 \cf0 increased}{\b
0 \fs21 \cf0 data }
\fi224 {\b0 \fs21 \cf0 rates }
{\f0\fs27 \bullet }{\b0 \fs21 \cf0 }{\b0 \fs21 \cf0 Mobile}{\b0 \fs21 \cf0 a
ccess}{\b0 \fs21 \cf0 to: }\par
}
t }\f10 \fs17 \cf0 Internet

0\fs23 \bullet } E-mail
0\fs23 \bullet } Corporate networks \par
}
\cf1 2.5{\cf94 Generation}{\fs10 \cf0 38.8}{\fs10 \cf0 kb/s }\par
}
\cf1 Generation \par
}
\cf0 ECSD \par
}
\cf1 3{\dn006 \fs10 \cf94 rd} Generation \par
}
\cf94 Generation \par
}
\cf0 UMTS \par
}
\cf0 384 kb/s
Mb/s \par
}
\cf94 EDGE \par
}
\cf0 EGPRS \par
}
\cf0 69.2 kb/s \par
}
\cf0 14.4
\par}{\phpg\posx6269\pvpg\posy12561\absw240\absh255 \sl-150 \b \f10 \fs10 \cf0 k
b/s \par
}
\cf0 HSCSD \par
}
\cf0 GPRS \par
}
\cf0 21.4 kb/s \par
}
\cf0 9.6
\par}{\phpg\posx5639\pvpg\posy13401\absw235\absh241 \sl-135 \b \f10 \fs10 \cf0 k
b/s \par
}
\cf0 CSD \par
}

\cf0 SMS \par
}
\cf1 2{\fs10 nd}{\cf94 Generation }\par
}
\fs14 \cf0 Circuit Switched
cf0 Packet Switched \par
}
}
155 \par
}
ffd8ffe000104a46494600010100000100010000ffdb004300010101010101010101010101010101
01010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101
010101010101010101ffdb0043010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101
0101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101ffc0
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0101010101010101010000000000000102030405060708090a0bffc400b511000201020404030407
05040400010277000102031104052131061241510761711322328108144291a1b1c109233352f015
6272d10a162434e125f11718191a262728292a35363738393a434445464748494a53545556575859
5a636465666768696a737475767778797a82838485868788898a92939495969798999aa2a3a4a5a6
00ffd9
}
_____________________________________________________________________
b \f10 \fs32 12.2}{\b \f10 \fs32
HSCSD }
0 \fi1425 {\fs17 The}{\fs17 main}{\fs17 new}{\fs17 concept}{\fs17 in}{\fs17
HSCSD}{\fs17 is}{\fs17 that}{\fs17 of}{\fs17 multiple}{\fs17 timeslots}{\f
s17 per}{\fs17 handset.}{\fs17
Current}{\fs17 handsets }
i1425 {\fs17 are}{\fs17 limited}{\fs17 practically}{\fs17 to}{\fs17 a}{\fs17
maximum}{\fs17 of}{\fs17 4}{\fs17 timeslots. }\par
}
\cf0 HSCSD \par
}
t }\f10 \fs16 \cf0 {\b
Increases}{\b bit}{\b rate}{\b for}{\b GSM}{\b b
y}{\b a}{\b mainly }
209 {\b software}{\b upgrade }
{\f0\fs21 \bullet }{\b
Uses}{\b multiple}{\b GSM}{\b channel}{\b coding
}
209 {\b schemes}{\b to}{\b give}{\b 4.8}{\b kb/s,}{\b 9.6}{\b kb/s}{\b or
}{\b 14.4 }
209 {\b kb/s}{\b per}{\b timeslot }
Multiple}{\b timeslots}{\b for}{\b a}{\b connect
ion }
209 {\b e.g.}{\b using}{\b two}{\b timeslots}{\b gives}{\b data}{\b rates
}
209 {\b up}{\b to}{\b 28.8}{\b kb/s }
Timeslots}{\b may}{\b be}{\b symmetrical}{\b or
}
209 {\b asymmetrical,}{\b e.g.}{\b two}{\b downlink,}{\b one }
209 {\b uplink,}{\b giving}{\b 28.8}{\b kb/s}{\b downloads}{\b but}{\b 14.
4 }
209 {\b kb/s}{\b uploads. }\par
}
\cf94 Maximum{\cf0 data}{\cf0 rate}{\cf0 quoted}{\cf0 as }
}{\phpg\posx7845\pvpg\posy6079\absw1976\absh288 \b \f10 \fs12 \cf94 \fi0 rate qu
oted as
\fi375 115 kb/s = 14.4 x 8 \par
}
{\phpg\posx2640\pvpg\posy8927\absw73\absh217 \f20 \fs17 \cf0 \f20 \fs17 \cf0 ` \

par
}
f10 \fs28 \cf0 HSCSD Mobile Equipment
s28 \cf0 {\f0\fs21 \bullet }{\b0 \fs16 }{\fs16
HSCSD}{\fs16 handsets}{\fs16
are}{\fs16 typically}{\fs16 limited}{\fs16 to}{\fs16 4 }
\fi224 {\fs16 timeslots,}{\fs16 allowing: }\par
}
}\f10 \fs16 \cf0
fs21 \bullet } \par
}
\cf0 2 up / 2 down (28.8 kb/s in both directions)
3 down and 1 up (43.2 kb/s down 14.4 kb/s up) \par
}
et }\f10 \fs16 \cf0 {\b
This}{\b limitation}{\b arises}{\b because}{\b t
he}{\b handset }
i224 {\b operates}{\b in}{\b half}{\b duplex}{\b and}{\b needs}{\b time}{\
b to}{\b change }
i224 {\b between}{\b transmit}{\b and}{\b receive}{\b modes }
\cf0 {\f0\fs21 \bullet }{\b
Nokia}{\b cardphone}{\b (PCMCIA}{\b card}{\b
for}{\b laptops)}{\b uses }
i225 {\b HSCSD}{\b (Orange}{\b network) }
i225 {\b -}{\b quotes}{\b data}{\b downloads}{\b at}{\b 28.8}{\b kb/s }\pa
r
}
56 \par
}
}
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01010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101
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0101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101ffc0
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0101010101010101010000000000000102030405060708090a0bffc400b511000201020404030407
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5a636465666768696a737475767778797a82838485868788898a92939495969798999aa2a3a4a5a6
00ffd9
}
_____________________________________________________________________
\f10 \fs32 12.3}{\b \f10 \fs32
GPRS }\par
}
f10 \fs28 \cf94 GPRS
cf94 {\f0\fs27 \bullet }{\b0 \fs21 \cf0 }{\b0 \fs21 \cf0 General}{\b0 \fs21 \c
f0 Packet}{\b0 \fs21 \cf0 Radio}{\b0 \fs21 \cf0 Service }
{\f0\fs27 \bullet }{\b0 \fs21 \cf0 }{\b0 \fs21 \cf0 Packet}{\b0 \fs21 \cf0 s
witching: }
\fi375 {\f0\fs23 \bullet }{\b0 \fs17 \cf0 }{\b0 \fs17 \cf0 Data}{\b0 \fs17 \cf
0 divided}{\b0 \fs17 \cf0 into}{\b0 \fs17 \cf0 packets }
\fi375 {\f0\fs23 \bullet }{\b0 \fs17 \cf0 }{\b0 \fs17 \cf0 Packets}{\b0 \fs17
\cf0 travel}{\b0 \fs17 \cf0 through}{\b0 \fs17 \cf0 network }
\fi525 {\b0 \fs17 \cf0 individually }
\fi375 {\f0\fs23 \bullet }{\b0 \fs17 \cf0 }{\b0 \fs17 \cf0 Connection}{\b0 \fs
17 \cf0 only}{\b0 \fs17 \cf0 exists}{\b0 \fs17 \cf0 while }
\fi525 {\b0 \fs17 \cf0 packet}{\b0 \fs17 \cf0 is}{\b0 \fs17 \cf0 transferred}
{\b0 \fs17 \cf0 from}{\b0 \fs17 \cf0 one }

\fi525 {\b0 \fs17 \cf0 node}{\b0 \fs17 \cf0 to}{\b0 \fs17 \cf0 next }
\fi375 {\f0\fs23 \bullet }{\b0 \fs17 \cf0 }{\b0 \fs17 \cf0 When}{\b0 \fs17 \cf
0 packet}{\b0 \fs17 \cf0 has}{\b0 \fs17 \cf0 passed}{\b0 \fs17 \cf0 a}{\b0 \
fs17 \cf0 node, }
\fi525 {\b0 \fs17 \cf0 the}{\b0 \fs17 \cf0 network}{\b0 \fs17 \cf0 resources}
{\b0 \fs17 \cf0 become }
\fi525 {\b0 \fs17 \cf0 available}{\b0 \fs17 \cf0 for}{\b0 \fs17 \cf0 another}
{\b0 \fs17 \cf0 packet }
{\f0\fs27 \bullet }{\b0 \fs21 \cf0 }{\b0 \fs21 \cf0 User}{\b0 \fs21 \cf0 see
s}{\b0 \fs21 \cf0 an}{\b0 \fs21 \cf0 'always}{\b0 \fs21 \cf0 on' }
\fi225 {\b0 \fs21 \cf0 virtual}{\b0 \fs21 \cf0 connection}{\b0 \fs21 \cf0 thr
ough}{\b0 \fs21 \cf0 the }
\fi225 {\b0 \fs21 \cf0 network }\par
}
{\phpg\posx7230\pvpg\posy4854\absw299\absh209 \f10 \fs9 \cf0 \f10 \fs9 \cf0 Data
\par}{\phpg\posx7230\pvpg\posy4854\absw299\absh209 \sl-120 \f10 \fs9 \cf0 packet
\par
}
\cf0 PCU Circuit/Packet Data Separation \par
}
\fs12 \cf0 Visited
SC/VLR \par
}
\cf0 Gateway
fi134 MSC \par
}
4 \cf125 PSTN \par
}
\cf0 Circuit Switched \par
}
\cf0 A \par
}
\cf0 BTS \par
}
\cf0 BSC{\cf94
PCU }
14 \cf0 \fi1184 {\fs12 G}{\dn006 \fs8 b }
\fi119 {\fs12 Packet}{\fs12 Switched }\par
}
\cf0 HLR \par
}
\cf94 Serving
\fi104 GSN \par
}
\cf94 Gateway
\fi134 GSN \par
}
\cf0 PDN \par
}
}
157 \par
}
ffd8ffe000104a46494600010100000100010000ffdb004300010101010101010101010101010101
01010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101
010101010101010101ffdb0043010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101
0101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101ffc0
001108034a025403012200021101031101ffc4001f00000105010101010101000000000000000001
02030405060708090a0bffc400b5100002010303020403050504040000017d010203000411051221
31410613516107227114328191a1082342b1c11552d1f02433627282090a161718191a2526272829
2a3435363738393a434445464748494a535455565758595a636465666768696a737475767778797a
0101010101010101010000000000000102030405060708090a0bffc400b511000201020404030407
05040400010277000102031104052131061241510761711322328108144291a1b1c109233352f015
6272d10a162434e125f11718191a262728292a35363738393a434445464748494a53545556575859
5a636465666768696a737475767778797a82838485868788898a92939495969798999aa2a3a4a5a6
00ffd9
}
10 \fs28 \cf0 GPRS Air Interface
New}{\b0 \fs17 'Packet'}{\b0 \
fs17 logical}{\b0 \fs17 channels}{\b0 \fs17 defined}{\b0 \fs17 -}{\b0 \fs17
PBCCH,}{\b0 \fs17 PDTCH}{\b0 \fs17 etc. }
New}{\b0 \fs17 multiframe}{\b0 \fs
17 structure}{\b0 \fs17 based}{\b0 \fs17 on}{\b0 \fs17 'radio}{\b0 \fs17 bl
ocks'}{\b0 \fs17 of}{\b0 \fs17 4}{\b0 \fs17 timeslots }
\fi375 {\f0\fs23 \bullet }{\b0 \fs17 }{\b0 \fs17 Allows}{\b0 \fs17 up}{\b0 \fs
17 to}{\b0 \fs17 8}{\b0 \fs17 mobiles}{\b0 \fs17 to}{\b0 \fs17 share}{\b0 \
fs17 a}{\b0 \fs17 timeslot }
For}{\b0 \fs17 high}{\b0 \fs17 da
ta}{\b0 \fs17 rates,}{\b0 \fs17 several}{\b0 \fs17 physical}{\b0 \fs17 chann
els}{\b0 \fs17 may}{\b0 \fs17 be}{\b0 \fs17 allocated}{\b0 \fs17 to }
\fi225 {\b0 \fs17 one}{\b0 \fs17 user }\par
}
}
4 levels of channel coding schemes (CS-1 to CS-4):
150 {\f0\fs23 \bullet } Decreasing level of error checking
150 {\f0\fs23 \bullet } Greater data throughput rates
150 {\f0\fs23 \bullet } Scheme selected according to
300 interference level (C/I) \par
}
{\sp{\sn txflTextFlow}{\sv 2}}}{\shptxt \b \f10 \fs10 \cf0 throughput \par}}
cf0 CS-4 \par
}
cf0 CS-3
0 CS-2
0 CS-1 \par
}
{\sp{\sn txflTextFlow}{\sv 2}}}{\shptxt \b \f10 \fs10 \cf0 Data \par}}
cf0 C/I \par
}
0 \fs28 \cf0 Using Spare GSM Capacity
f0 {\f0\fs23 \bullet }{\b0 \fs17 }{\b0 \fs17
GPRS}{\b0 \fs17 can}{\b0 \fs17
use}{\b0 \fs17 traffic}{\b0 \fs17 capacity}{\b0 \fs17 on }\par
}
17 \cf0 the GSM network away from the
i224 busy hour for non time critical data
i224 transfers
f0\fs23 \bullet } Even during the busy hour, there
i224 is spare capacity that GPRS can
i224 make use of:
i375 {\f0\fs20 \bullet }{\fs16 }{\fs16 Voice}{\fs16 calls}{\fs16 start}{\fs1
6 and}{\fs16 finish}{\fs16 at }
i525 {\fs16 random}{\fs16 times,}{\fs16 leaving}{\fs16 short }
i525 {\fs16 periods}{\fs16 when}{\fs16 channels}{\fs16 are }
i525 {\fs16 unused }
i375 {\f0\fs20 \bullet }{\fs16 }{\fs16 Packets}{\fs16 of}{\fs16 data}{\fs16
can}{\fs16 be}{\fs16 sent}{\fs16 when }
i525 {\fs16 these}{\fs16 channels}{\fs16 become}{\fs16 available}{\fs16 - }
i525 {\fs16 dynamic}{\fs16 allocation }\par
}
\cf0 Available
\par}{\phpg\posx6750\pvpg\posy10566\absw540\absh255 \sl-150 \b \f10 \fs10 \cf0 f
or GPRS \par
}
{\sp{\sn txflTextFlow}{\sv 2}}}{\shptxt \b \f10 \fs10 \cf0 Usage \par}}
\cf0 Maximum Capacity \par
}
\cf0 Available
\par}{\phpg\posx8670\pvpg\posy10521\absw551\absh241 \sl-135 \b \f10 \fs10 \cf0 f
or GPRS \par
}
\cf0 Circuit Switched Demand \par
}
{\sp{\sn txflTextFlow}{\sv 2}}}{\shptxt \b \f10 \fs10 \cf0 Timeslot \par}}
\cf0 Time (hours) \par
}
cf0 0 \par
}
\cf0 24 \par
}
{\phpg\posx6690\pvpg\posy12174\absw105\absh533 \f10 \fs9 \cf0 \f10 \fs9 \cf0 Ti
\par}{\phpg\posx6690\pvpg\posy12174\absw105\absh533 \sl-120 \f10 \fs9 \cf0 m
\par}{\phpg\posx6690\pvpg\posy12174\absw105\absh533 \sl-120 \f10 \fs9 \cf0 es
\par}{\phpg\posx6690\pvpg\posy12174\absw105\absh533 \sl-120 \f10 \fs9 \cf0 lot
\par}{\phpg\posx6690\pvpg\posy12174\absw105\absh533 \sl-120 \f10 \fs9 \cf0 s \pa
r
}
{\sp{\sn txflTextFlow}{\sv 2}}}{\shptxt \b \f10 \fs10 \cf0 Timeslots \par}}
{\phpg\posx8640\pvpg\posy13618\absw370\absh154 \f10 \fs7 \cf0 \fi180 \f10 \fs7 \
cf0 Time
\par}{\phpg\posx8640\pvpg\posy13618\absw370\absh154 \sl-107 \f10 \fs7 \cf0 {\b \
fs10 Time }\par
}
58 \par
}
}
ffd8ffe000104a46494600010100000100010000ffdb004300010101010101010101010101010101
01010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101
010101010101010101ffdb0043010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101
0101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101ffc0
001108034a025403012200021101031101ffc4001f00000105010101010101000000000000000001
02030405060708090a0bffc400b5100002010303020403050504040000017d010203000411051221
31410613516107227114328191a1082342b1c11552d1f02433627282090a161718191a2526272829
2a3435363738393a434445464748494a535455565758595a636465666768696a737475767778797a
0101010101010101010000000000000102030405060708090a0bffc400b511000201020404030407
05040400010277000102031104052131061241510761711322328108144291a1b1c109233352f015
6272d10a162434e125f11718191a262728292a35363738393a434445464748494a53545556575859
5a636465666768696a737475767778797a82838485868788898a92939495969798999aa2a3a4a5a6
00ffd9
}
10 \fs28 \cf0 Charging for GPRS Services
GPRS}{\b0 \fs17 allows}{\b0 \f
s17 the}{\b0 \fs17 user}{\b0 \fs17 to}{\b0 \fs17 be}{\b0 \fs17 'always}{\b0
\fs17 connected' }
\fi224 {\b0 \fs17 -}{\b0 \fs17 charging}{\b0 \fs17 by}{\b0 \fs17 time}{\b0 \f
s17 is}{\b0 \fs17 not}{\b0 \fs17 appropriate }
Some}{\b0 \fs17 possible}{\b0 \fs1
7 methods}{\b0 \fs17 of}{\b0 \fs17 charging}{\b0 \fs17 are: }\par
}
}\f40 \fs16 \cf0
fs21 \bullet }
fs21 \bullet }
fs21 \bullet } \par
}
By volume of data transferred
\par}{\phpg\posx4379\pvpg\posy3582\absw3200\absh1125 \sl-285 \f10 \fs16 \cf0 Fla
t rate for Internet access
\par}{\phpg\posx4379\pvpg\posy3582\absw3200\absh1125 \sl-285 \f10 \fs16 \cf0 By
Quality of Service
\par}{\phpg\posx4379\pvpg\posy3582\absw3200\absh1125 \sl-285 \f10 \fs16 \cf0 For
content - operator may provide own
\par}{\phpg\posx4379\pvpg\posy3582\absw3200\absh1125 \sl-195 \f10 \fs16 \cf0 pag
es (value added services) \par
}
cf0 Internet \par
}
cf1 \par
}
cf1 \par
}
}\f10 \fs17 \cf0
Quality of Service parameters: \par
}
}\f40 \fs16 \cf0
\fs21 \bullet }
\fs21 \bullet }
}
Service Precedence (priority)
\par}{\phpg\posx4379\pvpg\posy5217\absw2325\absh1030 \sl-315 \f10 \fs16 \cf0 Rel
iability
\par}{\phpg\posx4379\pvpg\posy5217\absw2325\absh1030 \sl-315 \f10 \fs16 \cf0 Del
ay
\par}{\phpg\posx4379\pvpg\posy5217\absw2325\absh1030 \sl-315 \f10 \fs16 \cf0 Thr
oughput \par
}
cf1 \par
}
cf1 \par
}
cf1 \par
}
_____________________________________________________________________
\f10 \fs32 12.4}{\b \f10 \fs32
EDGE }\par
}
10 \fs28 \cf0 EDGE
Enhanced}{\b0 \fs18 Data}{
\b0 \fs18 rates}{\b0 \fs18 for}{\b0 \fs18 GSM}{\b0 \fs18 Evolution }

\fi360 {\f0\fs21 \bullet }{\b0 \fs16 }{\b0 \fs16 Use}{\b0 \fs16 8}{\b0 \fs16
Phase-Shift}{\b0 \fs16 Keying}{\b0 \fs16 (8PSK)}{\b0 \fs16 modulation }
\fi510 {\b0 \fs16 -}{\b0 \fs16 3}{\b0 \fs16 bits}{\b0 \fs16 per}{\b0 \fs16 s
ymbol }
\fi360 {\f0\fs21 \bullet }{\b0 \fs16 }{\b0 \fs16 Improved}{\b0 \fs16 link}{\b
0 \fs16 control}{\b0 \fs16 allows}{\b0 \fs16 the}{\b0 \fs16 system}{\b0 \fs1
6 to}{\b0 \fs16 adapt }
\fi510 {\b0 \fs16 to}{\b0 \fs16 variable}{\b0 \fs16 channel}{\b0 \fs16 qualit
y}{\b0 \fs16 -}{\b0 \fs16 leads}{\b0 \fs16 to}{\b0 \fs16 slightly }
\fi510 {\b0 \fs16 reduced}{\b0 \fs16 coverage}{\b0 \fs16 area }\par
}
0,1,0) \par
}
0,1,1) \par
}
1,1,0) \par
}
0,0,1) \par
}
1,1,1) \par
}
0,0,0) \par
}
1,0,1) \par
}
1,0,0) \par
}
t }\f10 \fs16 \cf0 Applied to GSM, EDGE allows a maximum data rate of 48 kb/s
per
150 timeslot, giving the quoted figure of 384 kb/s per carrier (8 timeslots) \pa
r
}
t }\f10 \fs18 \cf0
EDGE can be applied to HSCSD (ECSD) and GPRS (EGPRS)
0\fs23 \bullet } EDGE will be expensive for operators to implement:
360 {\f0\fs21 \bullet }{\fs16 }{\fs16 Each}{\fs16 base}{\fs16 station}{\fs16
will}{\fs16 require}{\fs16 a}{\fs16 new}{\fs16 EDGE}{\fs16 transceiver }
360 {\f0\fs21 \bullet }{\fs16 }{\fs16 Abis}{\fs16 interface}{\fs16 between}{
\fs16 BTS}{\fs16 and}{\fs16 BSC}{\fs16 must}{\fs16 be}{\fs16 upgraded }\pa
r
}

}
159 \par
}
}

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GSM Technology for Engineers

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{\phpg\posx7920\pvpg\posy15388\absw2773\absh398 \f10 \fs17 \cf0 \f10 \fs17 \cf0

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