For Madge Goldman who has done so much 10 bring so many people together LM. Gelfand Mark Saul Trigonometry Birkhauser Boston * Basel ¢ BerlinLM, Gelfand Mark Saul Department of Mathematies Bronxville Schools Rutgers University Bronxville, NY 10708 Piscataway, NJ 08854-8019 USA USA, Library of Congress Cataloging i-Publicaton Data Getfand, LM. (zit Moisevich) Tegonometry/ LM. Gell, Mack Sol. Pm ISBN 0.8176-39144 (atk, pape) 1 Trigonomen, Plane, Saul, MatkE. I, Tile Qassscus. 1999 Sie242-de2r spas iP Printed on acid-se paper , (©2001 1M Gefand Birkhduser Allighs reserved. This work may not be translated or copiedin whol or in prt without the writes Deemision ofthe publisher Birkhauser Boston, clo Springer-Verlag New York, Inc, 17S Fifth ‘Avenue, New York, NY 10010, USA), except for bref excerpts in connection with reviews oF ‘scholarly azaysis. Use in connection with any frm af information storage and etic, electroie ‘sdaptaton, computer software, or by smilie oF dssmilr methodology now known or hese developed is forbidden The use of general descriptive names, ade names, talemarks, te inthis publication, evo ifthe former are not especialy enti, i nto be taken a sign hast nes as understood bythe “Trade Marks and Merchandise Marks Act, may accordingly be sed ely by anyone. ISBN 0817639144 SPIN 10536370 ISBN 3-7665-3014-4 ‘Typeset in LATEX ty Main Stock, Cambridge, MA Prine and bound by Hailon Prioting Renstlaer, NY Primed in the United Stats of America 9s76sasa1 Contents Preface 0 Trigonometry ‘What is new about trigonometry? Right triangles... 0... eevee ee ee ‘The Pythagorean theorem hoeece Our best friends (among right triangles) . . « Our next best friends (among right triangles) . Some standard notation . . auaune 1 Trigonometric Ratios in a Triangle 1 Definition of sina... . . Booeoe 2 Find the hiddensine.... 0.0... 000 3 Thecosine ratio... .. « 5 5 4 Arelation between the sine and the cosine 5 Abitof notation . 6 7 8 9 Another relation between the sine and the cosine Our next best friends (and the sine ratio) ‘What is the value of sin 90°? ‘An exploration: How large can the sum be? 10 More exploration: How large can the product be? 11 More names for ratios 2. Relations among Trigonometric Ratios ‘The sine and its relatives Algebra or geometry? . . A remark about names An identity crisis? Identities with secant and cosecant . . . Alemma Some inequalities