Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
1 INTRODUCTION
An electric locomotive is a locomotive powered by electricity from an external source. Sources include overhead lines, third rail, or an on-board electricity storage device such as a battery, flywheel system, or fuel cell. One advantage of electrification is the lack of pollution from the locomotives themselves. Electrification also results in higher performance, lower maintenance costs, and lower energy costs for electric locomotives. Power plants, even if they burn fossil fuels, are far cleaner than mobile sources such as locomotive engines. Also the power for electric locomotives can come from clean and/or renewable sources, including geothermal power, hydroelectric power, nuclear power, solar power, and wind turbines. Electric locomotives are also quiet compared to diesel locomotives since there is no engine and exhaust noise and less mechanical noise. The lack of reciprocating parts means that electric locomotives are easier on the track, reducing track maintenance. Power plant capacity is far greater than what any individual locomotive uses, so electric locomotives can have a higher power output than diesel locomotives and they can produce even higher short-term surge power for fast acceleration. Electric locomotives are ideal for commuter rail service with frequent stops. They are used on high-speed lines, such as ICE in Germany, Acela in the US, Shinkansen in Japan and TGV in France. Electric locomotives are also used on freight routes that have a consistently high traffic volume, or in areas with advanced rail networks. Electric locomotives benefit from the high efficiency of electric motors, often above 90%. Additional efficiency can be gained from regenerative braking, which allows kinetic energy to be recovered during braking to put some power back on the line. Newer electric locomotives use AC motor-inverter drive systems that provide for regenerative braking.
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B) TRACTION TRANSFORMER The traction transformer is a single phase transformer rated as under.
Range Available : Design: RDSO Spec No.: Approval Agency: Type Tested: 5, 10, 25 & 50 KVA 25 KV I 240V, 50 Hz. Single phase, oil filled According to IS & RDSO specifications. ETI/PSI/15(08/2003) RDSO, CORE At CPRI & ERDA
Used at: 220/25 KV, 132/25 KV, 110/25 KV & 66/25 KV Railway Traction Substations, Switching stations, and other outdoor locations. The ATs are suitable for pole mounting along with the Railway Track for supply of power to electric signaling and or sub station/switching station loads.
C) CIRCUIT BREAKER
The circuit breaker is a device which breaks the circuit automatic under faulty condition and protects the substation equipment. The following types of circuit breakers and interrupters are now in use for traction substation: Circuit Breakers
a) 220/132/110/66 kV, Double pole: SF6 type b) 25 kV Single Pole - SF6 type Vacuum type c) Interrupters - SF6 Vacuum type
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D) ISOLATOR
The isolator is a switch which used for isolate the circuit during maintenance and fault condition. It always operates at noload condition.
Single & Double Pole 25 KV Isolators Range Available: Design: ROSO spec: Approval agency: 1250 Amp., 1600 Amp & 3150 Amp., 33 KV Class As per latest IS & ROSO specifications. ETI/OHE/16(01/94) with slip no. 1 (June2000) RDSO & CORE
Type Test: CPRI & ERDA, Vadodra. Used At : Section and paralleling post & sub sectioning & paralleling post, Feeding post & Traction sub-station
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4 OVERHEAD EQUIPMENTS
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A) UNINSULATED OVERLAP
In this type of overlap the distance between two conductors is kept 200 mm and the conductors are permanently connected by jumpers to have electrical continuity.
B) INSULATED OVERLAP
In this case, the two OHE conductors are kept apart at a distance of 500 mm. The electrical continuity at the insulated overlap is bridged by Interrupters or Isolating Switches except at Neutral Section (SP).
C) NEUTRAL SECTION
To separate OHE of two adjoining feed posts. A short neutral section (PTFE) type is provided opposite the Traction Sub Station to avoid the need of lowering the pantograph during extended feed conditions.
D) SECTION INSULATOR
Section Insulators are provided to insulate the OHE of one track and another track, such as at turn outs & cross over, and to separate secondary tracks and sidings from the main line or other sidings.
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B) BOW COLLECTOR The bow collector is also employed for collecting the current with tramways. The bow collector consist of light metal strip or bow 0.6 or 0.9 meter wide pressing against the trolley wire and attached to frame work mounted on the roof of loco.
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C) PANTOGRAPH COLLECTOR
The pantograph is implied in railways for collection of current where the operating speed is as high as 100 or 130 kmph and the current to be collected are as large as 2000 or 3000 amperes. Pantographs are mounted on the roof of the vehicle and usually carry a sliding shoe for contact with the overhead trolley wire.
These consist of a jointed frame usually of a steel tubing. The contact shoes are usually about 1.2 meters long. There may be a single shoe or two shoes on each pantograph. The shoes may be straight throughout their lengths or cambered slightly or may be in the form of an auxiliary bow. Material used for pantograph is often steed with sometimes, wearing plates of copper or bronze inserted. The pressure varies from 5 to 15 kg. The pantograph is raised or lowered from the driver cab by one of the following methods or with some modification of it. i) ii) iii) Air raised, gravity lowered. Air raised, spring lowered, Spring raised, air lowered.
The pantograph should be such construction that they maintain continues contact with a overhead wire at reasonably constant pressure at any height. They must be light enough in order to follow the overhead wire as it changes height above the rails to pass under overhead crossing etc., with minimum inertia effects even at high speeds they must be sufficiently strong and rigid to resist air pressures both head on, due to speed of train, and transverse, due to wind; also they must resist stresses due to the sway of the locomotive at high speeds and oo some extent, stresses due to blows from the overhead system at deflectors or turnouts etc. and from striking birds. If, however, there is a serious trouble on the overhead system, the pantograph must be sufficiently pliable so that it will be damaged rather than pulling down the overhead structure. The above arrangement has the following advantages over other types of collectors. i) ii) It can be operate in either direction of motion. There is no risk of leaving wire junction etc.
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iii)
iv)
The erection of the overhead network is very simple due to absence of points and grooved crossing required for bows. Its height can be varied from the drivers cabin by carrying out simple operations.
WAP 1
WAP 4
WAG 5
WAG 7
B. 3 PHASE LOCO
WAP 5
WAP 7
WAG 9
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8 CODING OF LOCO
What is the coding of loco signify? W=WIDE A=A.C. G=GOODS P=PASSENGER M=MIXED (GOODS+PASSENGER)
Numbers of rolling stock in Ahmedabad shed Total loco 14 WAP 1 = 4 WAP 4= 4 WAG 5 = 5 WAG 7 = 1
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9 LAYOUT OF LOCO
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WAP1 Built by CLW to RDSO specifications. First in the dedicated electric passenger loco series. Production began in 1980 and the locos were at first used solely for the Howrah-Delhi Rajdhani. A single WAP1 (#22001) was all that was needed to haul the 18-coach Rajdhani at a max. speed of 120 km/h. and an average speed of around 82km/h. Continuous power 3760hp; starting TE 22.2t, continuous TE 13.8t. Loco weight is 112.8t.
The original WAP-1 locos were modified and regeared versions of the WAM-4, originally classified WAM-4R. Rated max. speed is 130km/h (some documents suggest 140km/h). Some (5?) with Flexicoil Mark II bogies were classified WAP-1 FM II and later WAP-3. Two WAP-1 units were also converted to WAP-6. [10/02] One of them, #22212, the first prototype WAP-6, was then converted to a WAP-4 and was based at Jhansi (now [8/03] at Mughalsarai).
Many remaining WAP-1's are being converted to WAP-4's by a complete retrofit including new traction motors, new transformers, etc. These upgrades do not result in the 'R' suffix in the road number that is typical for rebuilt locos. Ghaziabad shed locos are currently [1/05] the only ones not scheduled for such upgrades and are expected to remain as 'pure' WAP-1 units. The WAP1E has only air brakes. Earlier WAP-1's had loco air brakes and vacuum train brakes but were retrofitted for dual train brakes. Motors are grouped in 2S-3P combination and weak field operation is available. Elgi compressors, Northey exhausters, S F India blowers. The locos were originally not designed for MU operation but were later modified to allow MU'ing.
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WAP 1
CLW Alstom/CLW - TAO 659 (575kW (770hp), 750V, 1095 rpm) Axle-hung, nose-suspended, force-ventilated. 58:21 BHEL type HETT-3900, 3900 kVA. 32 taps. Two silicon rectifiers, with S18FN35 cells (by Hind Rectifier) with 64 cells per unit. 2700A/1050V. 18.8t. Co-Co Flexicoil (cast steel bogies); primary and secondary wheel springs with bolsters Two Faiveley AM-12. 900A/10min
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B) WAP 4
This 5000 HP locomotive was evolved to meet the requirement of hauling longer trains of 24 coaches at higher speed up to 130 kmph over Indian railways. This loco is presently hauling important high-speed trains on Indian Railways. These are six axles loco with axle and nose suspended drive.
5000 HP 25 KV AC WAP 4 Passenger Electric Locomotive.
Need :Due to advanced mechanical design especially those of bogies, the locomotive has low unsprung masses and is truly track friendly. Presently WAP-5 is the only passenger locomotive with fully suspended drive. Anti-collision posts give locomotive superior crash worthiness. The fleet of WAP-5 class locomotives is now being geared up for the proposed 150 kmph services Salient Details :-
system Class of Loco Track Gauge Axle arrangement Brake System Total weight Wheel Diameter Length over buffers Panto locked down height Traction Motor type Continuous Power at Wheel Rim Starting Tractive Effort Control System Voltage
25 KV, AC, 50 Hz. WAP-4 1676 mm (Broad Gauge) Co-Co Air and Rheostatic 112.8 + 1% t.` 1092 mm (New) , 1016 mm (Full worn) 18794 mm 4232.5 mm HS 15250A, DC Series Motor 5000 HP 30.8 t 110 V DC
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WAP 4
Manufacturers Traction Motors CLW Hitachi HS15250 (630kW, 750V, 900A. 895rpm. Weight 3500kg). Axle-hung, nosesuspended, force ventilated, taper roller bearings. 23:58 (One loco, #22559, is said to have a 23:59 ratio.) 5400kVA, 32 taps Two silicon rectifiers, (ratings?). 18.8t. Co-Co Flexicoil Mark 1 cast bogies; primary and secondary wheel springs with bolsters Two Stone India (Calcutta) AM-12. 1000A/10min, 900A continuous 30.8t
Gear Ratio Transformer Rectifiers Axle load Bogies Pantographs Current Ratings Tractive Effort
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C) WAG 5
WAG5Introduced in 1984. Power 3850hp (some documents say 3900hp, which may be a later modification), 6-axled (Co-Co). Starting TE 382kN (33500kgf); continuous TE 202kN (20600kgf). Adhesion 29%. A very successful class, and probably the one with the most numbers produced. There are many variants of these, starting with the plain WAG-5. WAG-5A locos have Alsthom motors. Later versions were WAG-5H and variants with Hitachi motors: WAG-5HA by CLW, with high-adhesion bogies, and WAG-5HB built by BHEL to RDSO's specifications. (Note: Lallaguda shed uses the simple code 'WAG-5' for locos that would normally be denoted 'WAG-5HA'.) Newer versions have been spotted: WAG-5HG, WAG-5HR, WAG-5RH (here the 'R' is believed to denote rheostatic braking, but not all WAG-5 class locos that have rheostatic braking use this suffix), WAG-5D, WAG-5P for fast passenger traffic (mail and express trains) with gear ratio 21:85. etc,. WAG-5HE variants are believed to have Hitachi traction motors and only air brakes. The detailed differences among these variants are not precisely known. Specifications for the base WAG-5 model are given below. Some of the variants are known to have different gearing and equipment, and different rated speeds. The original WAG-5 units had a top speed of 80km/h. Many variants have a gear ratio of 21:58, the same as that of the WAM-4 6P, which allows these WAG-5 locos to be used for mixed applications including hauling passenger trains at 100km/h. Auxiliaries are from many sources: typically Elgi compressors, Northey exhausters, and other equipment from S F India, but many variations exist. Speed control by parallel combinations of motors and weak field operation. Air brakes for loco, dual train brakes are original equipment. In the external appearance of WAG-5 locos, it can be seen that locomotives with road numbers up until 23293 have side louvres and round glass windows like the WAM-4 locos showing the legacy of the WAM-4 design. From number 23294 onwards the locos have the newer WAP4/WAG-7 style of louvres, thought to be for better ventilation. More recently WAG-5 locos of all types have been retrofitted with data loggers, flasher lights, train parting alarms, etc.
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WAG 5 Traction Motors Alstom TAO 659 (575kW, 750V, 1070 rpm) or TAO 656; or Hitachi HS 15250A (See description under WAP-4.) Axle-hung, nosesuspended. Six motors. 62:16 or 62:15 with Alstom motors, some 64:18 (Hitachi motors), many now 58:21 for mixed use. BHEL, type HETT-3900. 3900kVA, 22.5kV, 182A. 32 taps. Silicon rectifiers (two) using 64 S-18FN-350 diodes each from Hind Rectifier. 2700A / 1050V per cubicle. Co-Co cast bogies (Alco asymmetric trimount - shared with WDM-2, WAM-4). 20t 2375t Two Faiveley AM-12 1100A/10min, 750A continuous
Gear Ratio
Transformer Rectifiers
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D) WAG 7
With the ever increasing freight traffic and the need for hauling heavier loads in 1 in 200 grade at increased balancing speeds, CLW went into for the design of an uprated version of WAG-5 locomotive with high capacity transformer, rectifier, traction motor, compressor and other matching associated equipments. These are six axles loco with axle and nose suspended drive. DC series motors, controlled by a tap changer are used in this locomotive. Indian Railway is going to achieve 7,00 million tonnes of traffic, WAG-7 is 5000 HP 25 KV AC WAG-7 Freight Electric Locomotive. the main stay of loco. In the locomotive vehicle market WAG -7 is more economical option and one of the cheapest in the world.
Need :Due to advanced mechanical design especially those of bogies, the locomotive has low unsprung masses and is truly track friendly. Presently WAP-5 is the only passenger locomotive with fully suspended drive. Anti-collision posts give locomotive superior crash worthiness. The fleet of WAP-5 class locomotives is now being geared up for the proposed 150 kmph services
Salient Details :Gauge System Voltage Continuous H. P Max. Speed Starting Tractive Effort Continuous Tractive Effort Wheel Arrangement Weight of loco Type of Bogie Gear Ratio Adhesion Brake System Total weight of locomotive 1676 mm 25 KV AC 5000 100 kmph 402 KN. (41t) 235 KN (24t) 25KV AC, 50 Hz. Co-Co Fabricated 16: 65 34.5% Dual brake-rheostatic and air. 123 t.
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WAG 7
Traction Motors Hitachi HS15250-G (a variant of the standard HS15250 with higher current rating (thicker wire gauge, better insulation); see description under WAP-4.) Motors built by CLW and BHEL. 65:18 CCL India, type CGTT-5400, 5400kVA, 32 taps. Two silicon rectifiers, cell type S18FN350 (from Hind Rectifier), 64 per bridge, 2700A / 1050V per cubicle. 20.5t Alco High-Adhesion bogies, fabricated bogie frame assembly, with unidirectional mounting of traction motors, primary and secondary suspension. 3010t Two Stone India (Calcutta) type AN-12. 1350A/2min, 1200A/10min, 960A/hr, 900A continuous
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The traditional DC (Direct Current) electric motor driving a train or locomotive is a simple machine consisting of a case containing a fixed electrical part, the stator (called the stator because it is static and comprising what is called the field coils) and a moving electrical part, the rotor (because it rotates) or armature as it is often called. As the rotor turns, it turns a pinion which drives a gearwheel. The gearwheel is shrunk onto the axle and thus drives the wheels as shown in the diagram above. The motion of the motor is created by the interaction of the magnetism caused by the currents flowing the the stator and the rotor. This interaction causes the rotor to turn and provide the drive. The stator and the rotor of the DC motor are connected electrically. The connection consists of fixed, carbon brushes which are spring loaded so that they remain in contact with an extension of the armature called the commutator. In this way, the field coils (the stator) are kept in the circuit with the rotor (the armature and commutator).
bracket fixed to the transom of the bogie. It was called a "nose suspended motor" (see diagram above) and is still common around the world. Its main disadvantage is that part of the weight rests on the axle and is therefore unstrung. This leads to greater wear on bogie and track. Nowadays, designers try to ensure all the motor weight is sprung by ensuring it is carried entirely by the bogie frame - a frame mounted motor.
C) QUILL DRIVE
This is a simplified diagram of a quill drive. A quill is described in the dictionary as, "the hollow stem of a feather" and "a bobbin or spindle", as well as a "feather" and, alternatively, what a porcupine has on its back. In railway traction terms, a quill drive is where a hollow shaft is placed round the driving axle and the motor drives the quill rather than driving the axle as it does with a nose suspended drive. The quill itself is attached, at one end, to one of the wheels by means of rubber bushed links and, at the other end, to the gearwheel by similar links. The big advantage of such drives is that all the weight of the motor is carried in the bogie frame (so it is a frame mounted motor) instead of it being directly supported by the axle and therefore partially unstrung
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WEIGHT
2150KG
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3900 0-865(TAP 0-32) 0-862(TAP 0-29) 0-859(TAP 0-26) 2250 2250 2250 a6-a5 and a4-a3
AMPS
45C/55C
HETT 3900 SINGLE
4170
PHASE FREQUENCY
50 HZ
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02
4 HP/3 KW
4 5
02 01
6 7 8 9
02 01 04 01
12.6 HP/ 9.5 KW 1 HP/.75 KW .04 HP/32 W 1- I/P 150 KVA 3- O/P 120 KVA
PROCEDURE
The AEB system is activated by means of a key obtained at the top of the descending grade (at Castle Rock for the Braganza ghat). The key, which is specific to each loco, is engaged and turned in the loco, and then removed and handed to the guard of the train (except for light locos where there is no guard). While the AEB system is activated, the loco cannot run faster than 30km/h; the brakes are applied immediately if the speed rises above that.
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When the loco reaches the bottom of the down grade (Kulem at the foothills of the Braganza ghat), the AEB system is deactivated and the key is handed over to the Station Master of the station at the bottom of the ghat section (Kulem). From there onwards, the loco can proceed at normal permissible speeds. The AEB key specific to a loco is handed over to the loco pilot by the Station Master of the station at the bottom (Kulem) when the loco is above to ascend the ghat section.
OPERATION
The AEB system depends on a speed sensor attached to the axle generator (tachometer generator) of the locomotive. The speed sensor controls the Emergency Brake Relay (EBR). The EBR gets energized when the speed sensor detects that the loco is moving faster than 30km/h (or other programmed speed limit). When the EBR is energized, two emergency brake valves, EBV1 and EBV2 get activated. The first emergency brake valve EBV1 cuts off pilot air from A9 to C2, with the additional C2 relay then causing the Brake Pipe to exhaust, while the second emergency brake valve EBV2 also exhausts the Brake Pipe pressure and causes application of the brakes.
16 AIR BREAK
In the air brake's simplest form, called the straight air system, compressed air pushes on a piston in a cylinder. The piston is connected through mechanical linkage to brake shoes that can rub on the train wheels, using the resulting friction to slow the train. The mechanical linkage can become quite elaborate, as it evenly distributes force from one pressurized air cylinder to 8 or 12 wheels. The pressurized air comes from an air compressor in the locomotive and is sent from car to car by a train line made up of pipes beneath each car and hoses between cars. The principal
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problem with the straight air braking system is that any separation between hoses and pipes causes loss of air pressure and hence the loss of the force applying the brakes.
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20 REGENERATIVE BRAKING
Regenerative braking works on the principle of converting the kinetic energy of the locomotive (and train) back to electricity by using the traction motors in reverse (as generators) and feeding the electricity back to the OHE. This is somewhat easier with DC than with AC traction as with the latter the phase and frequency of the generated electricity have to be matched to that of the OHE. On the other hand, regeneration with DC motors adds to their bulk and complexity. The newer AC locos have microprocessor control which helps enormously as the waveform and phase of the regenerated power can be adjusted precisely. The regenerated voltage is in effect the loco presenting a negative load to the OHE system, which manifests itself as a slight rise in the system voltage. This results in a corresponding reduction in energy supplied by the generating units on the grid, and the regenerated energy can, in principle, even go back to the supplying grid and be used elsewhere. The OHE is said to be receptive if it is in a state where the loco can use regenerative braking. If there is no other loco on the section that can absorb the power, and if the substation is not set up to send power back to the supply grid, regeneration results in the OHE voltage rising more than a certain threshold -- this is how the control systems on board the loco can detect the (non-)receptivity of the line. If the line is not receptive the loco has to resort to using frictional or rheostatic braking. Even if the line is receptive, feeding power back to the supply grid may not always be possible, though, because of practical constraints in the design of the substation equipment, reverse flow detection relays in the supply grid (provided as protection in case of a fault in the 132kV supply system), improper phase match by the loco resulting in relays blocking the regenerated power, etc. The regenerated power therefore often gets used just by circulating in the OHE system and thereby getting used by other locomotives in the section. Because of this, regenerative braking bears fruit in busy sections where there are always some live locos. (In other railway systems, e.g., in Japan, although not in India, sometimes the regenerated power is just dissipated using large resistive loads at the substation or elsewhere.) Conversely when the system voltage starts dropping, it is an indication that the locomotive(s) on the section is/are not generating power and are instead consuming power (the normal case) in which case the normal power supply feeds energy back in to the OHE. Apart from saving a fraction of the electricity costs for the railways, regenerative braking in practice also offers the driver finer control over braking a train, and the savings in brake pads and other equipment used in normal frictional braking is also significant. It has been claimed that regnerative braking in busy sections can save up to 10% or more of the electricity costs.
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21 GEAR OF TRACTION MOTOR SPUR GEAR CONVENTIONAL LOCO HELICAL GEAR 3 PHASE LOCO
SPUR GEAR
Spur gears or straight-cut gears are the simplest type of gear. They consist of a cylinder or disk, and with the teeth projecting radially, and although they are not straight-sided in form, the edge of each tooth thus is straight and aligned parallel to the axis of rotation. These gears can be meshed together correctly only if they are fitted to parallel axles
HELICAL GEAR
Helical gears offer a refinement over spur gears. The leading edges of the teeth are not parallel to the axis of rotation, but are set at an angle. Since the gear is curved, this angling causes the tooth shape to be a segment of a helix. Helical gears can be meshed in a parallel or crossed orientations. The former refers to when the shafts are parallel to each other; this is the most common orientation. In the latter, the shafts are non-parallel. The angled teeth engage more gradually than do spur gear teeth causing them to run more smoothly and quietly. With parallel helical gears, each pair of teeth first make contact at a single point at one side of the gear wheel; a moving curve of contact then grows gradually across the tooth face to a maximum then recedes until the teeth break contact at a single point on the opposite side. In spur gears teeth suddenly meet at a line contact across their entire width causing stress and noise. Spur gears make a characteristic whine at high speeds and can not take as much torque as helical gears. Whereas spur gears are used for low speed applications and those situations where noise control is not a problem, the use of helical gears is indicated when the application involves high speeds, large power transmission, or where noise abatement is important. The speed is considered to be high when the pitch line velocity exceeds 25 m/s. A disadvantage of helical gears is a resultant thrust along the axis of the gear, which needs to be accommodated by appropriate thrust bearings, and a greater degree of sliding friction between the meshing teeth, often addressed with additives in the lubricant .
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7. Closing of DJ
Now the DJ of the locomotive can be closed by depressing the BLDJ and then depressing BLRDJ. The DJ will then close and this will result in a change in the voltmeter which should now show a reading of approximately 25kV. The BLCP switch should then be turned ON immediately to start the compressor to build up main reservoir pressure of 8 to 10 kg/cm^2.
23 WHEELSET
A wheelset is the wheel-axle assembly of a railroad car. The frame assembly beneath each end of a car, railcar or locomotive that holds the wheelsets is called the bogie
CONICAL SHAPE
Most wheels have a conical shape of about 1 in 20. The conical shape has the effect of steering the wheelset around curves, so that the flanges rarely come into play. The rails generally slant in at the same rate as the wheel conicity. As the wheels approach a curve, they will tend to follow a straighter path. This causes the wheelset to shift sideways on the track so that the effective diameter of the outer wheels is greater than that of the inner ones. Since the wheels are joined rigidly by the axle, the outer wheels will travel further, causing the train to naturally follow the curve.
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24 CONCLUSIONS
By attending the 30 days training in electric traction Ahmedabad division western railway I conclude that In this overall training of one month I put my greatest effort to understand & explore more & more about the loco and electric traction. But the loco is such a complex machine which has so many function & components which need so much time to understand. But I try my best to utilize this short span of time to bring out the valuable knowledge about the loco and electric traction.
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25 REFERENCE
I develop my this training report on WESTERN RAILWAY ELECTRIC TRACTION AHMEDABAD DIVISION by using following books and web sites. Books A course in electrical power by J.B. GUPTA THE DEVELOPMENT OF ELECTRIC TRACTION FOR RAILWAY TRAIN SERVICE. BY EDWARD P. BURCH Manual for electric traction
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