F

1
s
o
2
s
s
t
F
: is the kinetic energy of the particle

Thus, the work of all external forces (including the gravity, spring
forces) is equal to the particles kinetic energy change
Work and Energy
Work is defined as
.
2
1 2
1
.
ext
U d

}
F
F r
ds
dr
O x
y
r
d + r r
Horizental plane
1 2
. [ ]
x y z
dU d F dx F dy F dz

= = + + F r
. ( cos( )) ,
t
dU d F ds Fds o = = = F r
[ . ], N m J =
The total work along the path is
2 2
1 2
1 1
. ( )
x x y y z z
U d F d F d F d

= = + +
} }
F r
.
2 2
1 2
1 1
.
ext
t
U d Fds

= =

} }
F
F r
. ext
m =

F a
2 2
1 1 ( )
{ . }
t
t t n n
t
dse
a e a e
m d ma ds
+
= =
} }
a r
2 1
2 2
2 2
1 2 2 1
1 1
1 1
[ ]
2 2
t
t
a ds vdv
T T
U m a ds mvdv mv mv

=
= = =
} }
1 2 2
, [ , . ] U T T T J lb ft

= = A
2
(1/ 2) T mv =
Where,
This work is the area under the force deflection
curve. It is stored in the spring as a potential energy
Example:
The force F is constant
F
o
dr
2
s
1
s
2 2
1 2
1 1
2 1
. cos( ) cos( )
cos( )
U d F dr F L
F L T T
o o
o

= = =
=
} }
F r
x
P kx =
k
( ) P x
1
x
2
x
x
Work done by Spring Force
,2 ,1
2 2
2 2
1 2 2 1
.
1 1
1 1
. .
2 2
s s
kx dx
V V
U d kx dx kx kx

= = =
} }
i i
F r
s
V
2
1
( )
2
s
V x kx =
The work done by a spring force is
(elastic energy),.
The amount of the work done on (by) the spring depends on
the initial and final points not on the followed path, All
forces whose work do not depend on the path of motion
are called conservative forces.
2
y
Kinetic and Potential energy of Gravity:
a) If a particle is elevated from y
1
to y
2
; the work done by the force to
move the particle from point y
1
to point y
2
is
2 2 2 2 2
1 1 1 1 1
2
1 2
1
. . .
x y x y y
x y x
x y x y y
U d F dx F dy F dx fdy mgdy

= = + = + +
} } } } } }
F r
2 2 2 2 2 2
1 1 1 1 1 1
1 2
x y y x y y
x y x x y y
x y y x y y
U ma dx mgdy ma dy mv dv mgdy mv dv

= + + = + +
} } } } } }
mg
1
y
2
y
x
y
y
F mg f = +
x
F
F
g
2 1 2 1
x y
2 2 2 2
1 2 2 1
Work done
Work done Work done
by gravity
to change v to change v
1 1
( ) ( ) ( )
2 2
x x y y
U m v v m v v mg y y

= + +
2 2 2 2
2 2 2 2
1 2 2 1
1 1
; ( ) ( ) ( )
2 2
x y x y
U m v v m v v mg y y

= + + +
,2 ,1
2 1
2 2
1 2 2 1 2 1
change of potential
change of kinetic
energy due to gravity
energy
1 1
( ) ( ) ( )
2 2
g g
V V
T T
U m v m v mgy mgy

= +
1 2 2 1 ,2 ,1
( )
g g
T
Vg
U T T V V

A
A
= +
1 2
1 ,1 1 2 2 ,2 g g
E E
T V U T V

+ + = +
1 1 2 2
E U E

+ =
2
1
( )
2
T m v =
: is called kinetic energy.
g
V mgy =
: Work of the external force
g
E T V = + E: Total Energy
b) If the force F is directed in the y-direction and equals
the weight , then
1 2 g
U V

= A
mg
1
y
2
y
x
y
y
F mg f = +
x
F
F
c) If we changed path of motion of the particle, but still it starts
at point 1 and reaches point 2, the work done by the gravity will
not change, since it depends on the elevations only
,2 ,1 g g
Vg V V A =
d) Forces whose work depends on the initial and final points not the followed path are
call conservative forces, thus gravity force is conservative force. On the other hand
forces whose work depends on the path followed by the particle are called non
conservative forces, such as the friction forces. The work of friction force dissipates as
energy lost.
e) If , then , this the case of free fall

1 2
0 U

=
0 T V A +A =
mg
2
y
1
y
x
y
1
v
2
v
1 1 2 2 1 2 2 1
1
, ,
2
g g g g
T V T V T T V V m + = + =
2
1
1
2
v m
2
2
v m =
2 1
( ), g y y
2 2
1 2
2 v v g y = A
compare with from ch. 2.
2 2
1 2
2 v v a s = A
f) if the particle were attached with spring as shown, then
2
y
x
y
y
F mg f = +
x
F
F
1
l
2
l
1
y
1 2 2 1 ,2 ,2 ,1 ,1
(( ) ( ));
g s g s
T
V V
V
U T T V V V V

A
A
= + + +
1
2
1 1 1 2 2 2
E
E
T V U T V

+ + = +
1 1 2 2
E U E

+ =
E V T = +
. . , [ ],
dU dr J
P F F v W Watt
dt dt s
= = = = =
746 .746 hp W kW = =
550 . / 33, 000 . / minute hp ft lb s ft lb = =
Power
Efficiency:
, .
out
m overall m e
in
P
e e e e
P
= =
1 1 2
E U

+
2
E =
2
1 1
1
( )
2
s g
V V mV + +
1 2
U

+
2
2 2
1
( )
2
s g
V V mV = + +
Example 12: The spring has an unstretched
length of 0.4 m and a stiffness of 200N/m. The
3-kg slider and attached spring are released
from rest at A and moves in the vertical plane.
Calculate the velocity v of the slider as it
reaches B in the absence of friction.
Datum
y +
h
A
B
0.8m
0.6m
2 2 2
2
2
1 1 1
(200)(0.4) 3(9.81)(0) 0 0 (200)(0.6) 3(9.81)( 0.6) (3)
2 2 2
1.53 /
V
V m s
+ + + = + +
=
2 2 2
1 2 2
1 1 1
( ) (0) 0 0 ( ) ( )
2 2 2
k l mg k l mg h mV A + + + = A + +
2 2 0.5
1 2
0.8 0.4 0.4 , [0.8 0.6 ] 0.4] 0.6 l m l m A = = A = + =
Example 13:
The 2-kg plunger is released from rest in the
position shown where the spring of stiffness k=500
N/m has been compressed to one half its
uncompressed length of 200 mm. Calculate the
maximum height h above the starting position
reached by the plunger.
1 2
0, ? v v = =
2
1
1
2
mv (
g
V +
1 1 2
)
s
V U

+ +
2
2
1
2
mv =
2
( )
g s
V V + +
1 2
( ) ( )
s g s
V V V = +
2
2
2
2
1
= (500)( 0.05)
2
Assume the plunger
leaves the spring,
50
1
( ) 0 ( )
2
s
h
h mm
k x V mgh
=
>
A + = +
2 2
1 1
(500)(.10) (500)(0.05) 2(9.81)( ), 0.0956 95.6
2 2
h h m mm = + = =
Since h > 50mm , your assumption is correct.
Example 13: The system is released from rest from
the shown position
60 , 0
180 , ??
o
sphere
v
v
u
u
= =
= =
1 2 2
[( ) ] [( ) ]
s g s g
V V V V T + = + +

2
2 2
2
( ) 6 (0.3) 4 (2)(0.3) -5.886 J
1 1
2 2
spher cyl
spher spher cyl cyl
V V g g
T m v m v
+ = =
= +

Top dead center

2
1
-2.943+0=-5.886+ (6) , 0.99 /
2
sphere sphere
v v m s =
1
( )
6 (0.3)sin(30) 4 (2)( 0.3)sin(30) -2.943 J
sphere cyl
V V
g g
+ =
+ =

2 2
2
1 1
2 2
spher spher cyl cyl
T m v m v = +

Bottom dead center

2
1
-2.943=-5.886+ (6) , 0.99 /
2
sphere sphere
v v m s =
Datum
u
0.3 m
0.3 m
6 kg
4 kg
0.3 m
1
0.3 m
0.3 m
0.3 m
0.3 m
2
y
1 1
[V T +
1 2
] U

+
2 2
[ ] V T = +

0.99 /
sphere
v m s =
1 1 2
E U

+
2
E =

Example 14:The 0.6-kg collar slides on

the curved rod in the vertical plane with
negligible friction under the action of
constant force F in the cord guided by
the small pulleys at D. If the collar is
released from rest at A, determine the
force F which will result in the collar
striking the stop at B with a velocity of
4m/s.
1
[ ( )
g
V
1
T +
1 2 2 2
] [( ) ]
g
U V T

+ = +
2 2 2 2
1 2 1 2
. ( ) ([ 800 200 /1000] [ 200 200 /1000]) U F L F L L F

= A = = + +
0.54178 . 4.8 2.3544, F = +
1 2
0.54178 . U F

=
2
2 2
1
(0.6)( ) 0.3(16) 4.8
2
T v J = = =
2
0.6(9.81)(0.4) 2.3544 V mgh J = = =
13.21 F N =
C 12 13 Solved problems
,
Problem 13.11
The 7-kg block A is released from rest in
the position shown. Neglecting the effect of
friction and the masses of the pulleys,
determine the velocity of the block after it
has moved 0.6 m up the incline.
d
2
=(1.2)
2
+(0.6)
2
2(1.2) (0.6) cos 15

d
2
= 0.63958 m2
U
C
=F
C
(Distance pulley C lowered)
=(140 )(1/ 2)(1.2 -0.63958) =39.229 N m
U
A
= 68.67 (sin15) (0.6) = 10.6639 Nm
U=T
2
T
1
=U
C
U
A
1/2 m
A
v
2
=U
C
U
A
(1 /2) (7) v
2
=(39.229 -10.6639) N m, v
2
= 8.1615,
v = 2.857 m/s
WA = 7(9.81) = 68.67 N
C 12 13 Solved problems
Problem 13.27
A 0.7-lb block rests on top of a 0.5-lb block supported
by but not attached to a spring of constant 9 lb/ft. The
upper block is suddenly removed. Determine (a) the
maximum velocity reached by the 0.5-lb block, (b) the
maximum height reached by the 0.5-lb block.
At the initial position (1), the force in the spring equals the weight of
both blocks, i.e., 1.2 lb.
Thus at a distance x, the force in the spring is,
Fs=1.2kx
Fs=1.29x
Max velocity of the 0.5 lb block occurs while the spring is still
in contact with the block.
T
1
=0, T
2
=(1/2)mv
2
=(1/2)(0.5/g) v
2
2
0
2 1
2
9
7 . 0 5 . 0 ) 9 2 . 1 ( x x x dx x U
x
= =
}

2 2
9
4 [0.7 ]
2
v g x x =
C 12 13 Solved problems
2 2
9
4 [0.7 ]
2
v g x x =
2
max
9
0 0.7 0.077778
2
dv
v x x x ft
dx
= = =
2 2
max
9
4 [0.7(0.077778) (0.077778) ] 3.5
2
v g = =
max
1.872 / v m s =
C 12 13 Solved problems
Problem 13-29
A 7.5-lb collar is released from rest in the position
shown, slides down the inclined rod, and
compresses the spring. The direction of motion is
reversed and the collar slides up the rod. Knowing
that the maximum deflection of the spring is 5 in.,
determine
(a) the coefficient of kinetic friction between the
collar and the rod,
(b) the maximum speed of the collar.
Position 1, initial condition
Position 2, spring deflected 5 inches
Position 3, initial contact of spring with collar
C 12 13 Solved problems
C 12 13 Solved problems
Problem 13. 30:
A 10-kg block is attached to spring A and connected to spring B by a cord
and pulley. The block is held in the position shown with both springs un-
stretched when the support is removed and the block is released with no
initial velocity. Knowing that the constant of each spring is 2 kN/m,
determine (a) the velocity of the block after it has moved down 50 mm, (b)
the maximum velocity achieved by the block.
(a) W = Weight of the block =10(9.81)=98.1 N
B c
x x d + =
B c
x x A = A ( )
c c A
x x x l + = 2
c A
x x A = A
2 2
1 2 2 1
0.5 0.5
A A B B
A
U Wx k x k x T T

= =
2
2 2 2
0.5
98.1(0.05) 0.5(2000)(0.05) 0.5(2000)(0.025) 0.5(10) ,
0.597 /
A
m v
v
v m s
=
= =
=
2 2 2
2
(0.5 0) (0.5 0) 0.5 ( 0) 0
A B B A A A
A
k x k x W x m v + + + =
1 2
0, 0
g
E E E Vs T V = A = +A +A =
2 2 2
0.5(2000)(0.05) 0.5(2000)(0.025) 98.1(0.05) 0.5(10)
0.597 /
v
v m s
+ + =
=
Rename , ,
A A B B c c
x x x x x x = A = A = A
Another method:
A
x
B
x
c
x
Datum
C 12 13 Solved problems
(b) Let x = Distance moved down by the 10 kg block
C 12 13 Solved problems
Problem 13, 41:The sphere at A is given a downward
velocity v
0
and swings in a vertical circle of radius l
and center O. Determine the smallest velocity v
0
for
which the sphere will reach point B as it swings about
point O (a) if AO is a rope, (b) if AO is a slender rod of
negligible mass.
l
v
m T mg
2
= +
C 12 13 Solved problems
Problem 13, 44: A section of track for a roller coaster
consists of two circular arcs AB and CD joined by a
straight portion BC. The radius of AB is 27 m and the
radius of CD is 72 m. The car and its occupants, of total
mass 250 kg, reach point A with practically no velocity
and then drop freely along the track. Determine the
normal force exerted by the track on the car as the car
reaches point B. Ignore air resistance and rolling
resistance.
C 12 13 Solved problems
A 6 kg collar is attached to a spring anchored at point C
and can slide on a frictionless rod forming an angle of
30 degrees with the vertical. The spring is of constant k
and is unstretched when the collar is at A. Knowing that
the collar is released from rest at A, calculate the speed
of the collar at point B for values of k from 20N/m to
400N/m.