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RECElf'T

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Receipt is hereby acknovledgecl_-=-~f-the-f<?tloWing ~ , check: Official

}3eii

$6,056.66,

Check l'T~

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1010RANDUM FOR: THERECORD---------

..-

SUBJECT: 1. the

.~

;' in the reg\.lJ.=ac;;-~~~-

manner.

Accountingfor-tne

roJ5:ds e~ndedlffl1-De

accordirig-toc_the~.~

establisbed

p~<;:_tt~e_-'cQt

4. 'Ihe~t6talccwt_of'_tbe __ ptojeet fora. period. ~6fotieyea.r__ is_·~~~~~~

estim.3,ted to .;be=$6, 056-;66as~indicated in cthe - a ttached-:.budget __ ..c---_._
·..

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Charges should be madecag~itl$'bAll~t~nt=~.iee,~~~5--lQ()9-"':L902.-=---'--

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~ '. APPROVED FCR-OBLIGATION-OF ~

FUNDS

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Date:

Attached:

Proposala.nd~]3u~~t~c~- ~~~

Distrlbut1Qn:~.-~ .•.. •. =: ~~~~~

Original

onlY~~="=

Name:

Study Title Obje~tives:

of young childrefi!.s.iunders ta.n<:I1ng ofo9@.pa ti_oM_t.]~ohs:_within-thei r-----~---~ society, and the-aT,olaren-ess-:-.mtch:-t.herhavL~ye1ol.ledot~the-way: in . which a pre~t.ig~~or~s -:.a_~l.Is_syS t~m i_5__ 3ssoci-ated wi th·piol'k .. c'Secc·n_di~----:C--~-~~c=c t it seeks to explorfr--_the~·degree--=:J9-wn'i.ch-personar=conract,--vica:d.oUS~~ __ contact (via tei.evi8ion)~and -nnu~-dcontact with occ';pa tlonai-rills~-::-=":-~_--~' are influences~on-the degree_Qr=learni_nga'ooutusychoccupaJ-ionalcQn .. cepcs , Third, it attempts toassesst-ne influence-of: the child's be ckground fa ctcrs , st: ch: as- a-g~~sex,-:- so-cl!l=-cJ.gs~-_-~n:i intell'-l=gi=n~c"e~-,~on his 1 aa rnl,n~a bout~-tlTe-I'e!_a~i211_~fQ.~P13_:_'o~t'tl'<l.etl nd; 8t.atll S. -.. ~!~=-a
u

This research

1s~fira_t o_f aU-intended

t(f

probe the develoPlIlent.

~=~:=~--.-

..

Methods

The resea rch=sd ll~inY.Ol~int.e!" ...i~Wil'lgand tes:tlng,wi thi r1stN---menta designedf'oX'" the iI·C======C-.C_=C~==== one th rou gh ......... L~"I_"~ The 3 ,801 .... .. . repres . children, as .wel1~ls_-a __ j(fde_ rang~ of soci_o~cO-:r\ol1dC levels. In-,-CfctftIonL a systematic .content.ccanalts1$=6rcnilclren' s televislon-prograll'is~_wil1-_---------C-----C-----'-----= be conducted ,to-establish the nature. Of9ccupa tion8r~portrsya1s.Qncthj~= mass medium.; Statistil'5}Lt_es_tLQf_OyPothases, quantitativ3_lfieasurement, . and nUJI',erlcal treatlflent.::of-·da~~will· pe-usedJlherever possible~~tnroUgh-;';:C:---_;-=-_--out the resp.drch.-=1n_8lCtended Research J>bn. _MJI_b~~Jl prepsN<L ...hicb-----outlines t.he methods inv-olVed in-each~Pira~s-e-=-mQr.Et-colJlpletely
v~ ....
u

cc_ ..-.-.-.

-_----

.=~~~~~~-

Completed Phases-al'ld

Project;~.1ri

Pro~ress=~=
/

~~~_ the developm~nt------

or and partialt-eating -6rthif Occupations Testtorl~ng-children.c.~-"cC.This test consists of -18cirds, each- portraying a ~OJ'l1F;On-Occupa __ tion in-=---:c-~ graphic or cartoon-likef6fu;= Tnesedrs'.rinssuver.E: prepared a Pl'O"_ [e6&iona1 artist, an·j ~they _'tI_1U b_e_Jl_§~d~_'t,~~_t~:9C:_~P!ltionalconcepts in the samples·studied.-----.

'!'he nlost slgnitleantp!,~r'to~datlCh-a-S-}:IEfen

0,

From the peint ofview-of-=-the::child,the Occupations-Test app~@_rJL to be a "game" lI'hichthey~plar_with"thELinlecri~"eJ'.,Each-of the-~-:__::_~_:_ eighteen cards -contains-a-carerul'lisele-c~ea_occu:~atlonal. role. The cards are divided into three sets oCsinard8"'eac~n thp basis of-the kind and degree of c<:;ntaet the_ol"dinary_chilrLhils:::-tiad with the occupatdons __

'-.

in the set. That is, each set represents-a-set.-of rol«ut with which_- ----------------the chf.Ld has had either El;tsonal, vicarious (viaT.~V.>:, or-l1l11ited ....·.·•· ...•... contact. 'Nithin each set ~he_occupation.s:_are _st.atus ..gra.::!ed~such~that-. -_ prestigious and hi. 1l10le -occupa tioOLare _repr~~~Qt.edwi th intenned!a te- --ca tegorles a rrar,gedcin--betwean-. ---------------------------c---'---~cc~cc_c
u

________

With t.he use of-this...:.:iD.strument i-=l._t__h_a_s __ Q_~_~nQ~siblet6 P obtdn __~ _ a Roles score (indicating=~the extent_tQ __ hiciLthe-subject w 1Lfamil1lt __ -:with the actual functions perlorir.ed byth~o~-,ip~tfolls)~-"nda~Stitui::_::~---score (indicatini_the..=_degr-ee ~_o~l(hich__the._subject_understands the_po~~~ sition occuppiedb1~bj!_:o_c~cupational categories_in the pl.'e,t1ge hierarchy) .-

This instrument_also:-,-fnclude-s___Rr¢t<fffi~L~ep_fes~n~at.ion$-or~co1rJOOn_=~ . status sj'lIlbols. ' For'e-xampU-;= fiOUsesCrangrng:::-trom~L-iri3!lsion-:_to____a __hlck) s . and cars (ranging-fNJlr __ a_:_liDlOusine_tona_j~lppy)_are showno_'1'he,child.. - _ =-subject is asked to_indicate~which-6ccupat~6rl,_wO\lld_~_s.uss~whichof_-_------------these st-at.u$ criteria. Moreabs_trac.t_cri_t'3riasuch as_authority.r~;----c education, dress a nd=wealth=-w ill ~also_be_explor-ec:1.=_==
c __ n

J..l though t.he menu ren:enLtechniques_ have been_pa_I'tiaUy~ i-'_p.!c're~ .. ~-=--=c-=~-=·-=-======= tested, they need further~refinement_ before_actual_ research .begins.=---~--~-";_:;---~;;;;;;_:_=;;;;=:= A. pilo t study i s nOlL---oei:n~~~s rUd f 0 r__ the_ P'Lr}JQ~e=~~ retining~ fns t til "'=====:::;::;;;;;;;;;;;;:::;;;=;:;_ ta Ilent$, improving interviev_::_techniql.les,snddeveloping .JI~~l!1pli_Dg. pr~e_Qu NlS ._ ••. Prelb.inal')' test$-or=-~reVEfNl_hypgthes~s wULQ~_aiailab18frolllthis study '------_c___::--''--~
n~ n _

when it is

compl~ted.------_----------- --- ------to: _COi£~ete,the--W6rtct_O

Tae Requ,ired (1) lid

r____1ih1c~ d.J.s Ai

Sought-·~==;;;---~-~---;;;--::;:-=====

It is antici~tlrdthat-_thesuppj)rt_~eo1.l1aoe=scheduled_as follows: would stirt __zLthe 8um-.er orl-9ro~-(2}ccntinueduring i the=_:~_ 1960-61 acadelUic .1ear,alfd--O}~tenn1na te at· tneend()t~ the-sUI'Jlrer=-ot 1961. Thesethr •• ~r1o~d:s_c w'Qvla-=provi,Q'; fClr:-(l)__turthe'r=phrUii_ng-- .. and pret4lsting, (2) &-lI'.ajor data~-gathering_period, and (J) an anal18i8 __.-..-=-----.-~--~--:and vr1 tin_g period, respec tiVely. -

-=~~

I varietyor~eo\.rrses_=a.t_all--:-leYels_frol"ll reshma__l'l_.._t.o graduate.-These include Mass=eommunicatic;tl--,-_R§seaNh-:-M~t.n~M,Sochl Psycholog:yJ--~~-----------Public Opi.nion and Propaganda.. GfidUate Seminars, Introductol"Y_Socio"--logy, e~c •. I ba'lce-publ1sh-ed-a:-number":of_research_srt'iclerand-mo-nographs---in such fields as attitu-de-J!'-;-enuremeht, hwr.an -ecolob'-, race reliftions, -JUss cOlllllru,.nica and -others .~~ (See~~ntac1ieavlt;i tim

I teach

r.~-~-.

The project wllLrequireone gradU._a_t.e~l,\l_:<lent.assjst,nt" will work eitJle.r ona_part_ti.lll9_MsiLor_forsnort--pfidods-ona-flIll pretesting,

tiae basis.

who

This person v:nl~assistwith techni.calwork such as sampling, interviewlng,-abstracting_of_previous research, etc. ~Alsc)';

r=.

dur1.ng the r.;ajor data".gathering=perlQdsl,lppleznentary hourly basd s , will be -reql;ired.=~= __

cc--

help.

paid-on anc_:c=

Previous

Suppor\

,~

-4------

EST oo.TED~BUOOET

===----:-_:---==~ --_

$ara.t7__3if'=~ipe.EIfins~1ia

196r~-(Itanin<:r~.-1A-OQ~

occ\1l'S, _this will-be of' -ifot.~~:_OO:s._pe.1 a.t.~t.het1ii.)---;

tor tor_the -$Ul1Der_ot~_______ ___ pa;rtrom ~N.nt -t6;§OO______~---adjust.e4_~~f'ntonn .t~_ ~9Uiac~ --- -------

associate ldlo_vill~~_-::::-:~=~_:_----="-~Sist,lf1th pl&rinin,g, 1rite"uw~J' Pre~st,kIg .. t,a.~\10D' -- --~ U,600.00::----itat.atic ..l_anaJ.Wis_.Ilg~~l.&~~~-~obltm'8.---(T1l1j-~-_'___ ~_ , be e1thei'.halt_time tor_1960.61 or full--:tiJriefor S\llllVlers,~~~~ ot-6O aM _6l_or~sOG1e_comb1nation _or ~-andtun::::_\IM---.----.

SJ.lir1-=-of'_-gl'adUite-stUdenrNsuren

tor=tb-.s.-~r1oas.)-- ---

------,

1,000.00 - -- Sal.il7'--toraadrtlonil----,;nt.rvrewer8dur1ngm.aj()_rd!-~ gath~r1.ng ~riod~

250.00-=SllarY__:_l'9_r_stuaentl_co~t-ent_analfits;-c:QOboti.rsat-$l.2S per_hour.

..

.J

;~_

m.oo --~emoon.s::_aIld_
Truel

leelJ I.OO_costa_irivolYea-1.J'ltoe-~e~tlon~orcJ.raY1.Dgjl----Cc--~Qt~~m1_o reprOductions fortne OCcupat.iOlle __• _ Te8La.M_r_.lat_ed_inattiuoo_nt.a~_____lhjse-J'U.'3t,-be-donELbT_'_prot.. 810Ml----::art1i~s_aM_N\t~togl"_l.rnic ,technie1il'\s~-_--------

75.00-

----- rra_ye!_o:r= Pi'inc ipa 1 !g_ve$t_1~ator -wI or assist.ant_ for_:____ _ p"gpoe-iAQC:littefflriersupery1.1ij)Ji and relAtiapr_:-_ol)l=- .._..eIl'\IJ=.~.~~~~ Th.~8QP1-'••• a.r"~~VQl.!_'JJ__ ~a\" ... IS'--c

-------------

790.00 --c~_-_=-__-_-_=- Inali'~t;_::_o_]'ernijj..(Lexpel'\3e8, ~Y\\lJ.~e.... for ..d:a1nlstrat16n:_0!-ru.oos, yorkspace,

----------~~-

I(Zf

Int.roduction The AmeI'iCAASociety is~one

chal'~cte:riu.~~Q, the 'Ilost par~ti~ tor

cultural up\o/ardmobility------~

by an open class-sy§teillcoupled_w1.thastrone:ly~entpl"laslzed , theme 01 urr.mrd=mobiUty CThe=prw!'~,f"enue-to-=~h

is through

~n-occupa.tJQl)81 care~r.l~F~-the__st:a-rlQPoint==or-::-the=individl""-'=··========= ·andcentI'ance~into~an~oo!cupQti,l)nd=speC1alty-=CiI1~~=~···~

001, the selection··of

..•.•••...••.

=~~=

be one of t~e-most~Signifjcat_processe$O¢~~l1.rrtng-U1

hls~l1fec=cycn~~=·~··~==:==

t.:::.~

must occupy. a position

ihtheweoof.:.work~-__:_T()_do_thishemustbe

~ __

motivations. end.ini'ormat.iJICabout::::'1is"_chosen-occupa. that

tiomu rble,so-~ ~

he can successfullLa.~U1.!~t:o~f.he~l@'y~9~.urU~ich a particulli __ t

occupationareFteiqr.r=~~n=~'lJ!\ply~~~~_ At the

llfver=ol' ::tne::cilidi'Yi.dual,_Jh~~<5\lpa.

t_i9r~ Lcareer_will___

_ __~~_

example

a rnanI s-worK-1san~il1'p6rtant-d:et;erffi1n~rQf. structure

his:_poSi tionili

.~=:~-:=-~-

the class tha tthe

of his lOca.leo!11;':I'.ihltY,~J1@,py~tudtes-ha.ve-=shOVtl~is

impa_qt.=9.~===tJi(~com.l\\urutYJaMc indeed the liI'ger~ society,

mediated byt,Mimividual!~_ p-?sition in this

to a. si7.able-extent~

LrhiS 1s l'I1ost-trueof_Amerlcan_'Mles,but~it 1s becorniliG 1ncreastIl€ly---:c._=~ true of women as-the status of·fem..'lles-:cin~o\U'soclety continues-to~ ~~~==.c..==· change.

---..,
r
I

material heritage, past

~olT\f'ort5,life_:an~._'_he_a_lth-:e~ectsc_ncYJ exposure ------_-------< and even V)li tical~-And_:_r_eligiou§__bel1efs

to the artletl0 b.en __ shQlfll~Y _

l1.a~

research

to be clos~lsr_c-oound~tothe-soc1alclass - h1erar_chy; _cQn"'~--------_

to-the prestige hierarchy of c:ccupationseIn ._.

sequently short,

to be related

perhaps~fe'W-other

d~cis ions have the

significal).ce=_tb.a_j;,~the
!

-..:_c_
-_

decision of occupationaJ.-ehoi~-has- for the individuala_t_t.~"Igting_to

relate hi;rlSeli' -to- an _ industrial-society.

The irnpcr_taoce~ of occupationa

can also be oiscussed at

l--=-cKOic(nmd -occup.ai ia.M_l_QresUge

~--~-~_

the- soci~~levelTThe
.._-----------_ ..

surv1val~ofan,y
_...

:-eoeiEttr----L
._
...

in the cO·lplex::;;;:_bal8.ii~~~of modern international -------------_ linked

tela:tiQos__~y _be-closeJ.y---: -__

__
,-

..

to tha tsociej,y_~~_~bjJJ~I-to-recru

'----·-------·-'-'='~_c~='_~·""_:;",==~~~

it- capable- i.ndividuals

__ ~

into_

a vuiety scientific

of keY-=-9c¢_cll~tions.---'l'he-wideIy-~SiscU$sed-inn.QYllt=i=o~ns,.___.i=n=_.

and

technical education which have eceurred:

• __ '

in.:..the_SovieL_
----~-.. .. ------_. ---'-------'---·C.'-'-

l'-uon rn.a.ypo,e=-a_problem.~orsurvi
techniques vital

val. for the A!TIerican sooi~ty. _Unless=~c~=~~

reer'li ts. _to enter

can-be~.diseoyered for- inducing potentld

job cetegortes, - the American society

may fJ,nd -1tseJr15p.dlyout-onl~'Cof_()ccu.pations--

---~.cc.

stripped in decad~s_t9~collle.--T~isCCtrue-Mt
which central
we not

have potent1ar-fi\.in~sttnificanceJ to the-continued existence

but of t~ose which.ar~_::.::.-_

of a peacefUl

$ociil!.~_.._. .l"'.pr._,e'"C's~e'.":n ·_--_,_.A._,.t.__... tLJ for~th_~e~~--'r._..o'_'c'-'-k'_"'e""t~. =====~~~

and other-pro-

only

!i_ok suffiCient

eneineers-and

scientists
nurses

race,

but we::clickenoUi:h=t'i~b~rs_,.:.::phy_s%_ci~!,

fessionals

~o-provl<!e-basrc .,ervices

to

a.lrlevels--qf our popula tion.

for boththe~i().91v1dis

G1Yen theisllp.Qrtance

ofoccupa t ional-choice

ua L and his. society_,~itJs _difficUlt

to under s tand \lh,y so-little

youngsters -, say-a t~the::-:@i:h-- s chool-leveli~

freQuently._

CQOOpW

ri_that __

-~·~-=-=~~==_=

to them.

'Wood and drawers-=-of=-water."

.. envisi~o-thei1iSel 'Ie:: in· profess ionaL_6r~~_~~_

at

al(f

minute.Il-----·--

---------:--

\lnderstanaings

... concerning~:the-require~'l1ehts;-duties-and::.:rewards~o£=''''--C---··--

__ ····_._._

vari -:,us cccupe tiona1=categories-oo~!'i3-Usl5rQblems-for

ooth
_

individuais- a rd, the iI"__s~iej,y~--=-:~=:_'::_

The General

::.P!.r::.cb~l~e~. ~=================== ii'rthepreviotis':::oafagra

,hsj--.the ..under-=====

For the_reaSOM---outliliM

forw.at:i.veyeU3

needs caref1.l1$t1idy.~=A cnild 's uj}derstandingof varlou$_v::cup;; tiofiS,·

the ---

k_inds of work-involved1n

their_relaHv~prestige,

( I"V~
-4-=================

miners of the occupatdona 1 choices ?dult. In ad itionj_his

wmclLhe-will_later

ffifJ<eau a yO\lng

knowlF.:dc,e=G-f-oocupat1onal_role5~and_::theirc-~_:-

The :najo_r~~purP0§c~~of=tnet,_tjd.Y~is=to~pfo~d the devcl-~·-·=_-=··-=s =- ======= opmsrrt oLchildren'-S~unaeis~nar'1~s-ot oCGu~ion;>1_::r61es=:in-- -~their society,_aN~cthe aW'ir~en~_ss~KhichhejLhav'e developed __ t of the -occu~t_i9D_a].--st.attiS__Qj'__~r_e_s_tigDYstem.: fhe or;$sent pcoblemt.henJ~is one-oi'--tracinr;the'

earlydevUopment

---, r

the t th:ts is to: be_::_::a=--"-basie"-studyoLchiMr_enls_ gr~cawa.reMSs=~

of the s1gnifie2nc(~oLwork,-a@~_J19U1L~_appUed"

.stud.~ofactual-

verification which first pres tige

mUGt

awaiEth:e __ oatcor:eor-studies

(sucn

as=the ~ozesent) s" .. rk and o

seekotoestabllsh_Uie_natur_e_ot'_childrenl

eoneept s;

prvblem.~ wiU-rf)ceiveC-atte-ntion. _-'!'-neseconctlrn·.

---

the -sources- oflearhiM"",- -======~======

-~~= ..

========~=======

while

bein.g_~iQt.E'-v1~~,<!,.J~'::.de~C'.r_j_~f>::Jin"detail-in

----_"---=-_=::=:-_.=====-==---=------~_

fLl,Qter-s~rctior..----

Briefly

~taterl-,~itc'consi$ts-of

sets:.f·

cards

'With, pictol'iP.1,-.:styl-ized

serve

as a~basi~fQr~<.tiscus_sgl.goccupations --She· device

and c:(,c'Jpational~stat\ls mll1'ler1cal=sc-6l'~-:--

wi t.i': the child.

is intt>:nded· to yield

ildicatin&=~hfFe){tent a selected

orlen0\l) edsewhic:h

a child- pcsst'Ss_es_cQ.o«_ernir.g ~d- -----

set _"of_oQc1J~H0!l~J ~cIl5.l.~~e=_<iegre_~~to: wbich::=b.,=-c.anco_r!~s:~!Y_

i--~~~--

rank th.cim ilca:pf_estii,e:hierarchy Anether

mea;l'-lrement-problem=lS=conctcrnect-vi

th refini

nli,;the· above .

1 XJ,uires

acon~n!..

a.nal.ys1Sof~televisicn

proera."II.s=whiC'h childten

of the

tel~ision~$creen-8s a learning-so-urce-U",roughwhichchildreJ:;
i

can acC)uire-\l1l.derstaftdlng~t!bout the ocsis content

occupational

ro~es and gtat1.l§ •. On ~r-'pears th~t tele.YisiQt. in that, it _

0.'£ prelimiMryJo'lestiJ;p,tionitpro ides ehildren~with-f-l'unique the level=Qf9r~5tit.:e-:Jf

perspective" certain

tends to distort

occu~tiOMX-

eatezories. Still

_ a ~(.hird measure.ment_ prot>:+em~invo~vesasses$ingthePackof soc tal-class

j-

--

ground or each child .Lrr terns

age, sexr intelliLence,

has been started.--Phase--Oril-is

-

a llriUteo
-

explor.?tory"_~t.udy
.. I --

---------

of appl'Q_}(.__
---------------

.. --- ... --------

~=-----.

----:--~---=---=-----=-=

iJr..ately lOO_childr~l1____2Lgrades 1 aoo basically. to_~rfect

L.

The purpose

of this

study_is

technique.

Th~ ihstrume-nts,-hypotMse~J

sampling

and intemerln.;=.procedureswUroe:-developed
Phase two wiTB)~uLmor_e_~~e children

-dtit~ng·this~l'ilorstudy.
300---

!1ded-s tu:~yotappro:dlTlat_di200T.-O

sde-cffd __ r~ndo~_r!"ot'l\

c<)ul' _ lis-to!

chnd.fen1n:-irades-l-th.rough-~---==--=-

8~t
In short, concept the-research would

orobe

D
and test

+"h_e_:_extent otchildtM=_:ts

formation_in~_t~

are.a-ofroleano
It;

~t.a_tus Jcnowledge~~<?o<!e_~~n!De~~~_~~~ seek tn:e--..al't~ble_s·Which -seem

u ----

oceupatioMl~eaj.~gQ_r_ies.
to increase=.ol"-llrot

voul-dalso

this

knowJeai$e.

ThlIs,~~-thei::U'lu_eo~JLof personal~ contact (via-=-mass=-me~U),

w1l1te-iovestig~~slaL~ that other:::varia bles- ~nd--c_-:=,_:=_

~~~~

contact .... iih.::_anoccupatioo~vicarioll$·

intellit;;ence,..:::cli\.ss,

cultural-theme.-sandage

a starting_Rot nt.
learning

He isf1:rm1y

believed

sources. vi__ li=Qe=discovered

of

whiell- influence

this.· important

(but lit~n~~t_ijdied)-asf'~ct
B.. clg~t:.·~~ Lit--m1Qr----e:=-:-: •••.
==_

the life

of the child~·=.~·=---=--==-=~-=---=------~--~--=-

-===~~~~~
__

In t he,"-cl1lld '_s_d~y.eJ9rn~QJ:. f_-tl1PU'g,htand res.soning,;iCCPJ'IUJ'I& __ Q

_ --------

.r'J
I

-1~=--=·=·===========

different

agesrW'ltll=-fiilaI.i.y

there· is an aopearanee

?f_l1Iore=non .. -----.._·

egocentric reason.i.ng~,,============~====
\o/itt. the

evelutionof_

increasi1\gJ.y-('o(llolexsign.-behanor

illte.

responding.

,Through::_the-tbillty

to cOIll:nuru.ca.te, the ~dvanCel'1tt:!llt_o._,_# J:>roi~§§~S_rl!lpJ_d_l,y!

.!

~_

the socializat:tor\--:ofthe=a1ild ~TM compositioo_of by Vinacke3

,::-c-once~t~ .1iish .. ~ Jtl~£h!:l.:a=~<:>!.mul.a tea

..is defined

as.l1cogidtive~=<>.rganj.zih6_slste~~wh~!,,:,,se:.rve~to_bring=======~ __ pre se·nt_s_timtLlus---~~-------- --~ th~L

pert1nent~eatur~e_s=-_or~ti~-s-_~~_~xpe-ri e:nce:t9_~~~'rP99~

object which'the~ch11Q_pereeiftsr therebyevo~prc:ces5esW'hete

their

th.inld.ng-::evoly.es::::from:~t_heegQ.c_€nWi_(:

•. ~Tnere. i$ no-expctagree"

2P1aget, Jeap..t The-Child's J..,rinacke,

~;'j-ucat1onJ

:;cnceptionof}~e_'tJorl(1, in Children

pp. 166-168.

c,

;vol-.~1bT~PP. -527--S3-I~.

L.,

nConcept ·'ormation

---------------

of School Age,h--c-. ~~-

acquisition numerous,

of=-rC'c1aLatt1tudes~and the_race_concept-have been_qut~e

One=of-'cthe:earUestby

91~nd_j;lar~ktlo\t'1d·tlin~=a=clil------·
__ was to.a ~large,~~=~~ skin -colol'.~ reference o! ~ _

1dent.ification extent

in -ehildrenof~-e~Ll_tQl1e.Uf1,

influencedC'cb~the

-concI'rl.e_::_fa-ct-:of their-own early__:age__the fra.meof

'I'his YOUl-l in(ii-cate-t-hat-=-at~a.n

children Horovitz devoted

interiorize~ad'Jlt_

nOl'lTI3_81ong ~nes-e-llne5_Vas=-studled_b,~y===~~~~ study vas establish The .;

arrl Horowitz.6_. Corisiderable __ri'or_t_ in this e

to examining th~__ dijlt a

COC\lllUllity~

1n_order~to

what norms existedrcfollOWiiigjih1d'ithe results indicated that

chlldren\N'l"'ctested.~-

the at.tUudes_oLchildr_en_vete

assimilat--e-d-

as a funct1on-::-of_J'IlentiLdeyelopment.

..

impact of d·:am1N.nt_eulturaI_valuu_thanfndlviaUir_wriatiol'l:f
envirollIMnt of recial then

in
ofundel'standing

and p~r~o_!\l.lUy.~ TMU:::W8LJU.gh_l!~~1 a~. religious]jius

IJnO~ Children--"i 1lges ".;.8~jearsC,~~to 00.

Ther-eforeI1t·lear-ningth~
t., ~~ __ •

were .&lso manyiiUioonceptfOilSa:na-dbt,ortiona.,'

was conclUded, prejudices devel()pea=T~tne-Kfoo-or

5Clark,

K. 3. aM Cla-rkiM.-P., "Racial IdentHicationand Pieference in Negro C~Idt&nJ" ..RiadlnnJnSoclalP8YcliOl~&lI-PPT81~8'_._=nn.n~~.-__~~_n

. .....--'_

6Horov1tz,E.~L.~8ndHorow1tz, R-;-E.~-nThe-DeTelo~nt of Socbl------Attitudes ifi-Ch.lldien,"~6tlomet,UJ __ v()X.1L_P2.!_1Q_!u)38-.

..·.·c-~~_~_.._· ~.~~._
n n

1Radke, M.,· Trjg-.:t·-i-H,,-alla~D8Vis, H., "Social

of Childre~," Genetic

PsY-cnoYQW-:-fOnograpni;-vol; 40,·

Perceptions

and Attltudes_· pp.~329~3l.LO;---- :

n._

.'

."

concept ·learni.ng~stlidHfs of money

and-tne-flag.-----.hese_studies

~_

__-s==~

nave-likewise.

_~______

Lnve s tiEUed

have dealt

the areas ..~~.~~~.~~~.

Yith ascend~_-~~.-~_

the concept to-a more=abst.ractiye, cept. Each stag~=QL:~fivancement

:feducHve ap9lic.~t1on_of. the-co~ presumes cer"..ain prerequisi

__ __ ~ ..

te~lear,ifl'\g

been c·jncerlled-~tnly_.wilh_~t:ti!~s_cflp ages know abouta.-certainconcep.t.~.1o~ of the childr~n-oCUrbana, social.

class

t ions _of~lihat chi ldl'en::.of~Vl:frioUS=-__ e~ple,

_:_______

...

SteIXiler±Qini-:-s-t1.1dY=--=~ the-knovledg~"-~o,..f,,,-. ~~~

Il_lin0.i~,_illustrs~fed--how

cgr~dual.l1 becomes lllQ_r_e_discriminatl ve. a'nd_:systeiT'A tic;-----diffe.r.ences vas-found_'to

The awreness=oLsociaLclass passing

develOp_slwIY,

thrQU(;h" four-=.:stages ':':__These_wer_e_a_pre ........ areness;': bfadult_ scctai. stereotyp_e$, e Ia ss , _ _._

begirfnirl€::;:·;;;:;:;:;;;:~~~~

of awareness;=accep~r(c~ iOdi vidlJa1 differences_in.

and recogniti9tL:.Of .:

Specific Hypotheses
In a tt@mpting_tO=~tud.>'=-thechnd.ls-c6ncept and awarenes,s of- Ure-=-occupationaLstatus learnin~ syst.em, of' oc cup~tion:al.::r~oles._c it is not_intlmde-d--------_

to illustrate~the-c-prerequisite formation. occupational definitions, The=-childierLwilLbe roles

stages-necessar'y~j.n for

c:.o_QQep_t::-:------

~=-.:.:-_--:

t.ested directly

Knowledge._of
the •.occupa tions,
Ih-------

e-c

Thl$_wl11

include_ recogni Honor

fWi¢tion~iJand

locations of_the

varlousoccupations.

"'Schuessler,
Analysis,"

K.-and Straus-s,A., "A Stvdy of Concept Learningc bySeBle American Sociological:~evie'tl.t vol. 156, pp.-752-762i~-·----..

....

9weinstein, i c..J i;evelopme-l'It~p[:theConceeCo{-F'iAgin.Jlhi1dreno{~cc ..._. Kindergart~..!ndvrade_S_choo1~"g~, M.A. Thesis 1951, fndiana~17ninrsity. lOStendler, C. B.j Childre]Fof=:Bras5tOiffl!:======

of "or~ or: act.-;'vit;,r, rsnkec ::\1o!li3. scale-c'presU::,;e

superiority

and-

to be as!';o~iatedc·"it~the-o'~c'.lp!iti,):1.!!l-cl'.te",ory-.

--.

occupationa1=-roles=itr~eea~~-:- the~evelopmentof
_

""-_-

....

--_._.

__

... _ .. __ ..... _ ...

a knowledge of . ti";e

the oecupati:>p,alstatus

syste:'1,' produ,::ir.i:. morE':~rl\l e;>rlier~~---"--' ~~~--

acute

aW'.reneS2

of the

(,)b.i~ct.

Conseq1.H'Tlt}:l,--=direct. p~rsc(l31-.

-----------------------------------------------~~~~-

contact

wi til specifi(LOccupa.tionaLr_oles_iiUl~

faeiUtAte:::tlie_~

acquisition of Jmowledge=co-ncernfrig-lnes-e- roles in~contra8t_to __

occupations of -slight-:-orvicari·:.·us contact.

as o:)::",o5ed~ others~which_are.....not vicariOUsly- ~ontacted. to~

necessltY=QfcchQQsin£;

QCcu~tionaLrQlesJ!!Iale

·childrenwi.ll_Qe,--·

More a~~re:-of ...tne~fe=r..oles~~ h~rerore~ccacdnrerence.~-in:.::cthe~k?ioWl...:_' ... T

edge

._

of the_tw'__se.xes.:::.:.wiU result

oecausec_oLthe2cultural-roles ~_~ ____

assigned_t6_eaeh. __~~~~~
G.

Intelligence~bei~

a::factor· ill. the len~rlrrit--p-roce8s-of~childre.n; .the

the intelligence=of the~children_wl~lnfluence their develo~eilt-------

tests
Hethod

there.!'ore_it i$po~fsibl"Lto_use---,,'\nd_tes t, thiS-h.;rpothe3is.) - _. ~

Stated

in overview;,-the

stud~'-will

Invo Ive a pretestillt;:-:,hase,

out these studies,

saaples

6fchUdren

",ilL be oseleoted, a test

of

-13-============== knowle:ige of oc·~upatiot~ll'oles-_and_st.a.t\ls wilLbe administered to__

tlJe sampes (alo.nc_cwith_Mt;kground I

will

questionnair~s),

and the parents

_these~de ta,

be interviewe:l-ior==a4dH:ional-in!c;-rlnatton.----:-With stated

the riyp0the.ses

earlier-:-wi1l8e_tested_vithqU!lntit~t1ve===-

The sdectiofi_of_sa!'iples_o.f

_children

for_stud.;'

has--:been:ereatly~_

:
',

.. ...
, .. , ~.

~. ~ .'.
• ~..

.'."
•

.:" -:,:. ~ .
':" _. I'.'

"

"

This

dis tr i ct i nc1udes '--iura La s_:::_w_e11:-as-to .... nchHdr

en j _ j_n~ i tiOrl-,add

9.-: ~ -

n\lll\ber of sociarrc1ass~levels_atLw-e1l-represenfed~in_th1~Lpopulation.

For each=-of::::_tI1eJ,801-childrenon
8ftUable

this master l1st"==iiataare

as=-to-=-age,~~ooJ;__=gra.d~~_(arrl:Q_r· cours_e,_.sex).-Io-a!iditicfn-,taken a group type-intellicence-------=--

each of these=chtldl'en_has-_recently

phases of the-study sane minor distortions indicates th8.tthe

are_unde~_kell.

--H~y_er,_it-is

anticipated tion

.·that.------

_ma1~b~=illtrQduc~;i-by-lIligl'a will

.---:Ifpielesting
up tnd.a.te,

list __ contdns_errors,it

be brought

and addi tlonal--=-1nteIIIgence tests

Discussion withschool.:_authorlties

wiU:::_oe-::-a:a:n.filrstered· vhereneeded. has tnd icat.ed that this shouldnot;--- ---

be too extensive a problem:;

For thepretest=or-=.!il'st
hundred. children-will-be the list.

phAse of the stu(iy,_approxi.Jl\ately-& _~_-~-_--

selected

from.:_on-e: ofthe

·la.rger~schools- orr.;
After the

Trds~rirst9'base

has already ., een ~sta.rted. b

')

.i

1 ,~.r1
-11.,-===

two measur esj . al-tolesSeore~and the ini'?IT'I9tionon:socbl also

a Status

S()ore.W~th

these-data

and

class,_intellig_ence,

~agej etc.j

whichwUl.=~

be glltheret'j-for -each_!;;ubJ~c:_t-,-::_the _I"1..ve?thes~s~Qutline-l~e~_I'lj.e-~r __

can be tested.

HO'tiever,_adp.tailed

-description

of the present

form

TheOccypatione_:_T~~~t-

-coMists

The Oecu~Ho~.::___T~~tC1.lrrentlY Each of these-:.thre_e sd&_has six

ortnr~R_ts_of

C?rdfr.~·~~---·--=_

C~l'dS,

u_p_o_n w_hich:siX part.1cuUr_~ ..

eccupat ions_::-are-:nprn~nted.

Thes~ oc('up~ti~nal-portraYRls~l:'~e-tn sOr.leth1l'1g1i~e~cartOQns '-::-Mch.(.')!

. he form o1'~scbernaJ.l~-drawing8.l t

whie h shows ~a.~man=-c19tb~(i in~the -garb~ typica.lof

a,

parti cu.Ur=o~C1.fpaHon .-~----in~ha.nd, w~ar_ing

For example-; a "tnil!{~rl'l-is shown on one card with pick

such as archite~j,_sJ bookkeepers, t.hree se~=or.~eaM!,-a

barbers,

min1ste~s,-etc.

In-tne
portra.,y~_.= ~ ~ _

total---Ofei6hteenoccupatiQnsare

111 are male~()CCU~U008, each p-:>rtrayal- is rather

styUzeQ and __ ~

The three likely

sets reprel;!~nt ()~cupa.t~,ons--wi th 'oIl'rlch t_hee.hil.(Lcl.s

!

to havechad cSifreient.~degr6.Is----Of contact. occupations .... ithwh1eh the ordinary

Onl!~set

includ_e_s_

six typical ccntact (i.e.

ch1ld

has hEd-personal----_--:.._-=:---~-bElrbel' and

J physiciBn,=

m1n1st~ftJ- teacher,postman,

..l$-=~ =~~='===~~ janitor) ordinary (i.e.,

.1~-Another~set~incluai's=tY'P1~Fo¢cupAtiOl1S
child scientbt, has-h.advicarlous~oll~~h~~pril1l9.sil.y airline

with wbich tM throUihT, V. _~c

__ ~_:~c::c~c :"_::~~~~:_ __

pno~sfhger,sherrf!~ba.rtender_arxLra.nch

hand).

The third_set

of-catds=-p~rtra.r~_:_~ccuPi ~iQii~with which tM

ordinary child~has .had very-limit~d~oLnQ

contact, elther ... perlonallY'-~~----

contractor;

beekeeper

tele~phOne lineman,

and miner).

ThusTtfie-

three

--

---

tiona1

roles,=================
is tMt each set of cads

Another, featur::e~of:::cthe OCcllpationsTest

prestibe

contifiutinLfor_£!t·son.aLContac-CoccuP<9:~~Qlli" The rema! nIng~

.c

four occll~ttons=withlrLthis_seth2ve-bee-n intervening within

e<'.

graded t'J repres-ent----c

- -~ ~_·

_ "-

increa-sing-=-leye~S_of::=-$~tu~.A

simihr, sltW!t1oripteij2Us,--·-~~

cr. of:;;'.th-e~ eCse tsoL card s;~T:til.ls-~-~iX-~- r a1-1 evels'=Of tnre gene

These cards, -or ra ther selected levels with the_use

th-e-occu~t..ions-whlch·

are =c:>or traye:<1, ~~ were

F'il'st, -th !-sixpres
tige c=--_=c~_ ~ __

oCa~ml.'1\13er~or,--crneria.

corr.esporxlcl'oughlj=t'Q='the~six
....

lev ..ls~of~sOci.a.l·. lassefiul1Iera ted c

by W. Lloyd "larnert~-itt:nis~1i~;i~~-S6~ial-ClJrs:rln:

Amarlca,---'T'hese-:--=~_~~=~-~=c_~_;

n~l1 occupat.ional

5Hect;iotis-afe~tJfiitati'ie__fi(LsubJect to revision.~::=~~c_~-icc a

12... rner , 'I'l. Lloyd, Meekerj' Harchia, and Eels,Kenneth, .a ~ci.aLGl.as_~ in .lmeri~J Chicago, 5cience Resee>.rch Ass~~~tes, 1949.c~~c=c

------~----------'""""""""'...........-----= ............
{Jppt>r-upper -Jl:~~ss- ---------~: Lower.... u·'_:er _~lAs,"--~~~~~_ iJpper-mi-Ale~c-lass_--_--~~~~~ Upper-:lower-clAss-LOWer_"lower~elass- ~~~

LOWe~~a1e~classE==========

represent reference

these-val"ck>u5=soc1al=e~lenl..i-;-~Ust

was reduc~d _ by

~~_ _ _
_

to the-North-Hatt.;.~-sc81e_Of_:OOC1.lpation.al-::-pi'-HtIge._.::_Th:1I
iorfWid_e_sl.lryey

1.3-:.___

.~.~..

~cC

device is ~sed:;;apon_a-nat

=and_rePorts

_the relative_

, _~__

occupational::':es. tegorles
"experts": social irr:-the_field

.~o-1Lpane].=9:~jll9g~s~~ t TMse-judg~~_:~re,_=====~_ of mass_cOO1llQ'"licatlon,

child behavior.

childr_enls_;;:teleHslon ..-

stratificati'Jrr,-and

Thefinal=list-6foccup2tions_

personal:-::-~ Sta tUB lov!_l

contact. -contI> ~t o<~c(JEat On$_:__:oocup~tiOM::_ i

=--~__

li.. ilited contactcccc- __:__-=_ _ -oe¢up:e.tl0Ps __.~_. __ ~=~=~ ~

=-

minister

- air 1 we p_ilot________.::__ar chi t.ec t

teacheL.c.c--======,singer -

3
2

postman=c::

1 (lowest)_

janitor

ra neh-J~ l'j

__ ~

_--mirier

13sceOpinlon
Maethe-r~

IX (Sep~~rnP~J· __ l,_191~7) ._See-a~so,-Deet, Co, "Changes in Social-status_of Occupations,lIoecuetio~, 25, No.4, 12!!7.

MeTe

N;aS.l_701~

terson,

DOMld

-17To test the-chndi:O-ne~ottne=threeset,S_of cards .Ls presented fiiSt~-_:-----

In random order,-the

card8--8re-g1:yent2"M~ohild

-onoat. a tilDe.
_

Thi----~---

"what kind of "'ork" --therolfLlnyol'.res.:_____)ii_thprQblng a n·:Lque~ tioning_1_~ extent of the child's_undentaridlngot_6ach_of the sJ.x_rolu-lI-d$temined.

<loW

·_._

Later,

his "esponses_:arecompal'ed_:_f,?5~iJl::offrci81 roledeacr1pt1onobta1ned 18

troM the D1etlonary~Q.r.:...Occuj)a-ti()nal itl!ls,~_ndanaGcurlcys_col'e T obtained.

Tne next step:;:1_8==t&~b~YlLthe-ch:11d arrange

such a way- that prestigiou3 instlVctions the-le.ast_pieitigiol.ls

the aixoceupat1on.Llnl·~ ~~-~~--most Simple=~_~_~

is

onth_e_l_eLLandthe

is on:-tha ·right,"lth-the-ot.ners

arrJ_nged in· between.

idea
U, fi_r~_1

ar-e c3l'fblTlIT .convertl!g this

graders_,

Tfie .~--

-----------

tester

then art'"aITg~~'!\ jdent.i:tnset-of'-dJcc-a-l:ds-(!'ae8

dovn). next_to f.c~~do\ll"fi._:_:___

the child's

8rrang~~J_ll.\.-'l'l.1ichl~~~riJh:el1-:'_turn_up~tM·

carda to a ee if ~ hlJ~~-arrtnge-llerf~-~~~:C_9h~--c-'tll~~~~_rn:c:t'~ enee ._-The _enlldl s-eQt

get.s a reward {pi:l.nn,y_:_or~ndi)-!orelch

-_----_-

m.atchinge~l'd.

'I1UlLindicates----

I statud

hlerarc~.:::=.L_.t4tusscoN

iaderived,

ba$~d_~Pon- the degree

to whioh his

ca rd -plicUleQ~-dep~ rt~Ltl'9l11.~ha_n~_e_.,

_ ~~-------

1------------------------

Each of

tM-set.1 la-trut.ed_lILthls_manner_.f'or,--a_g~ven~chlldo-=At~

the concludoD he. b,::shOVll_' t.a tus;:graCdiid·· p}..¢t;1.!r-ei__c~r~n®seLand-casand_ r

asked ·which man !ivis--hUd!

or-,-II-wblebmancaaies

_this' ear,-

~~ Tbus,ph

m.atch1nc of occupational roleL'nd on

8 t.a

st.w:Lsymbols_provides.::!'frtherdat4~·

tus conceptions. data-has indicated -that sO!1e-oftheseocCupitions_need to

PNt~st be changed. telephone

For e.xample,-~childrefi have in flet-frequent11~een.:::.!.h-EC_:-':::'-_~-:_=--: ~~His dralUtic-position

linuan.

_upc~_po1e catches-thdr_attention

-lcS-

======

Of',,"

is more l-lork, toth- in scormg

"Lo('e!~\U"e~-

<'nd

in'

~I~

sel<::tioD _ _j;)i'

represent_".06

v ;.cI'rious-contact

needs revisi')n.

The! t,r1.oriselectiQo
analysis of

should be revised locally task.

on- the __asis-of b

a syst.ematd,c content ._'rhi~,,-t.hetl,

viewed televisi;;lLC_9n~ent

wii:l beone::-re&earch

As w~sexpl?.:iI1~Qct_bov~'_the-selectio?rof~occupa.t,ioMl be included priori select in the=:OCcu~ti9ns

roles -to

T6Strl-:r£_t::r1\l_~_f_~~lJ,eenc-.-rnact~-o-o an

!==-:=--===::-~::-~==-"::-~-=

oo$is .-----4'he-=collective judg:llents of- II expert,s" 'Wer~~_u~~d-:_tQ a set-of _grade<t;Q_~£~~~i~('l__~-_~tlic-in~re-ffeq1;ent1Y-=-Ptesel}£~onm--the "Vicuious

-----

===_
_

Vlevisio_1for first of allJ

cont<l-ct"~Thes~
-----------

"exper_ts_ll___iQ_G_l1.ide<1
--'

a~~p~~1~'ti$t._ ili~chEdren'

s televisic,n,
-----

(an-i ndi vidual=-==-=___

~--.----_

who for

several~cy-e~r§

wt:\s:=r~por'-.s_ible for""1it;hly' ~ucces8f~1-cbllgre1i'_I! . --.-.-~-----.--,".~--.----.__. •.

children

Is-progra~~

,--ap0~re(,l_:_~on-~~~em,ano!-asaessed

-their-impact

~on

the child. audience.)

__·l:'h~_:__~_co-n::a:::::e_~p~r1_was __ p_rofessiO-Ml-sociologist==~:::~~~~ ~ stratifica tion an~_~h_e_st~drof 5Q_G_id-"-cE,ss.ccc-:_:-=:-... ~_::~---:-~~_~~ ... _

specializ.ing~i~$_9ciFl

The trd.rq. ..•os_8.=pr_Qfessiboal·· sociologistwidelyckpown~iol'=hi~contri. butL'ns to thefieldQf Final:i.y"

the fourth

juvenile delinquency was a sociologistspecialinn.g

and ~he studyof-.children.:--~in :Mss-cOI1Illunications

in the testilas_co:npU~_bythese

persons,

It should be reeognizedj-hQ'Wever,

that the-judgments

of eX'"~rts

~1-9.--c---to include for

the-pur-pose-ofassessin;,;

children's

concept-ionscc.of-c tic) M l.re lesL=-~~·OC~,~;~__ ..

oc cupa tbMl

r.ole3-;~andthe_1'.eUJ,j._\f~~f[r~-5t±ge'~L()?cupa -

It is 1.r. facta.n

em::,irica 1-q-:'-(s tion·~ ~-to--_whi~h-.occ1Jp.at ions ar~H1\Ost-~=-c.cc

The select

ion

OL~I 'lic~r

i.ous"

contact

occupations

.too·be_c_iJ'Iclud~_d=--c--

The detet'mi_oatton-=-o_f~t be~ way - in presented on televis1.;)_D_:__~r\t;.estbe __

..
--

\'1 hich.

occupa t ion:i!-L_r_l)l~e~s,-_..,a"",r-,,,e'-c_ ==-'-"-'~~~~--'--'-

-------------

m.;.cie-o~·~~-sy s-tem.atic~a

udit -of~
-

television with childrer"

br{)adeasting::_d~irlg-=-j.hose~h:)'. ...- whtch n are mosLpopll_l.;lt=~:----- -_ --.- -~--- --.~~"

iCL.c_the-age-group

----------~---

.under

study .--Toaccr.-om?lf!>rFthis .

?ur--~-----::=-,-----

taken. To deter!l1ineccwhichchours-are most popular a.nd-sic;nif~an~t, a_ -------==--=-=---~

~=~ ~

reports

of children!s-:::.yieyiDJi; _~l:>_i_~s coamerrts

of SMlple

childr~n

Jr_Qm

the pilot studYi-thecreports·of-teleV1sionbroadcast'7rswhodp.sign

pr0ii;:ra:ns for ch11drenj-andthe.-re?_'?rts-of eorrtnerciP-r polling agencies

a &000 ?ieture.::.of~_"hf;

prQgra.msao_\;!-

!iVurs:1!l~?~ethen-De

~~~~~.' viewed

__ by .t,h~

-~c__--'~---

samp.Le universe.-'I·he-se-~proc:rarlSt~i.ll

viewed as potenti:.l

lear~

sources frQll'.Jthtch chl.Lcren ~nobE in -in!orna tion.~pol,tt and _occupational ;.>restige.----

:,cC':.!~\atiorl2J.roles

..- ..........
_~I~=====

A random. samp.Le of tL'n.e_se~ments_wilL then_ be--<1evised. will

These

be audit.;:d-i-n-ter:1\S~ot-fl):~:tr~e~6,,~Eupa_UQnUcategories. portrayed,

(2) the roi:e=pEir!'ol'.Jl3ftces~oi~the_present~tion~(That

iSiwhat

kinds of

Stiltist ica:r-T_eSJ;w-ot - Hjifoth-eses-=--

This se-cttorr-ltstICtM_:_sta_Us1_i.~U-=pl'ocedutes-pla-rrne-d~for the

hypothe~,e-Qen'i1l1erate-d=-earliet. are hypotheses derived

~U_s_59J.dg__he cernp"lasized~tM

t-':::these~~==_=--==-cc

fortMeXploratorv-:=PMSe;

of the research._

it is not possible

at this

time- to spell~O\lt

the pr ecfse

rel~tionships_~c~

that wi~b_~es_t~d

incthe

larger

Rnase of the r:esearch._In_:gen~l'Jl'--~~----"::~~_ study; will_follQ"llth_e_~~~ __

howeve.r" it is anticipated

that the larger

general. litle -of'__j"oquiIY im~liedin earlier,plJ.!~~anyc-new le:ds

the oreli.l1Ii£:Jll''y- hypOth~~e~~$t.a~teclc emerge from pr;etest.

wmcn

Uridings'~---~~~--c~----~~,:::=-::-=

Ea eh -hy?9tche$is~l.[I_[Q)S:el-=!-~]t,!r&j.l'l~ •• s;!_gni,lca nc_e_::_of fer ences dif

,

a factorial~_tyP§l_-:_~pa.ly!~s~f-:'l!t!,_i~n~-~(j~sign.

_._oWever,f~"~sirnp}-_~i_tl_ ~

of discussiOll)·the a-uthor has chosen-to descr ibe the statistic~

testi~' oreachhypotMsis"SE!paratel.Y~Inpract1c_eJ these-same tests

=---~~=

f.ypothesis~A=.-:-::c1kt~ti_~TIl_ejiltial'lage of_cllildren~achtertnc-_Q[qJ1W"~~()M-. Tesfl3i}~r::es above the mean -of~nth-e-Occupa ticn s 'l'est=dl$tribUtion~

X~iTM~~l'I-

TestAlcoresoel-ow
Te"St:'distd'bution.

ageof~thechildJ'en-acbievihg O_ccuF:at1o~ns"tl1e-l1'an=oftoe Occ-uruttioos~__ --

HiP§tMsiS1='f?-=~Zl~oI__~~:'h~oleSScoreS __ ;:l.nd1)_ta~U_IS~C9.r~~) Sta.!is_ttca.l

Hypoth~sts=B.tet-X

test:

C.R,o-ort.Jor.etaHedt;est-.

• Mean score on Hie

Role-sTe-s:t~=-=--_:_-:==:::_-=--:=~-:-=:-~--_-~Te~s . t
!

y----..;;l!ie)lS~?r__e=~Q_th3!:S!-atJls
dl.. X~-_:Y-f~J~l'~e~lZ-r~~e
Q2~I"_ f._for fou-£!-!l gI'~ae HypQ1-hi!sis: Statisi.icalHypotr.esis
~!

ai~]2~-~~=---=-:
test: signifieAl'lce- of- difference-between means-=(t-J_est, one eta Hed - te s t)
s.._--~--_- "-_' -~-

c. _~

It4~:*c--Mean5CO~on -~~e~_ta _Te.SLfor .middle=cU=s tus

ch1-ldi':ePol------'-'

!L~ Mean s.:ote_Q{l_~J.ne ~t<'1t.'.lS_:_Tesl_f_or_1Mr ~lin

-childrl'ln

r
I

-vL ..-----.--."'.,.~".,:>.--o"---~-c.-l--.'" -'"'",st-·J."o· -_ ..... ·-1(..._,er • '~.'.'.---'.' a'" -.scor .. ,"=" .. • e~ -'" cla= 3...o_Chi11t'f'Il~_~_
~~~c-

SUi. tiSliCal.c:-les :1:!' ot :V: 5 is D.

t-:~::G.~ .--_:,,:,rt,--one

t4il ed_:_tes k=.-

_e:_-

~~=========
• 5 US'j e cts--- -_

Let:'-'S;.~1'fi~e=-_me~M~I':o-tj:/s~'l'J?st~ti'6scor ll-=the e=€ f-or.=:_a

AI

olr__Cth@~~-=]:; __ o:n:t:acLIJcC1jpA. t.:'ons

11

'S?

.~I~a___mec<£r.:r~pl~$.~'est:~$u'b~core_=ifor=alt=$lA'b-j~ct$r_On·-·,=.==~-:-·~-

the~Hig?l'Pei'~0na~Gnt.ac-t..-OcCup8tions
~_SO,;:

•.•. _-.-

iiypothes is :-=.:~S-~)__~ r..(l'r.i~_S'~~1 ch--.:th~~SlitLS~testJ

becc_tested=-withscores ,.,.~,, .. ,

Hypothesis

E.

Let'SV -The

meM_I.oles_Test

Suos~()ie-(foFa-li

subJectsJ---'-~-

o!'L_the ...'Jicf',rr-()D"s=C-Cl!1t-a-ct-;-:::::,

!t7>-Sp~(Siln1.1a:_1'~~'L-t__~~__te_d_}_ .Hyp thesis

Ana d'~;j t,tg-n.al:-r:y;IQ..t:--.e$

~~s-i.$:=:Jos ibl:_e, l'.@':le1y-tha t s

.._.....

F.--l..e't-Xx

• The :ll.ea.nscore on

male::siibjects.c=c=-

the nole:: Test.~forthe

Ecoles

t.~Themean r Hy?f,)tresis:~~r,;;>

scoteorCthe
~'CO-

Test for

the=-- ~~ --~--withscote$ ~

Qn Status ~'Iest) .-----

('l'his can also te tested

-~-~~~~----~-------

::-.

r\
CL'lrk, K. Sa. and Clark,c'1.P.,"Radal

Identification

~nd

Preference
. _ _._
~

19~7•

in j~e6r;) Chil<iren, .11 ltl'!t.!linqS_Ciri ..§.~£~~.lLSJ:~loQ:J-r2:~ 81-8_8,_ edited t~.Y Newco;nb-aOoi::;rartle,ll, :renry Y91t_anrlCo.,-Ne,f Yorki .' ~

Deeg, ~uethel, 'l.nd-Pater.sQ.!"lI;;;onald_o.,Occupa tbns, IIOCcti£!tio~~,_ll_o.4J

"Changes in Soc~al Status_of_~

1947.
Develo~ nt-nor Social__ ..."-lifi'uarY'-1938.'_ _~

~_

Horowi tz '~'.lbene •Li,-~aJ1J:HoiJ:lJUz" _:tutt .. ::.. J _~~e Attit1Jde~=i:n"Ghildren;li~~rk-l:3()_1"'::lJ§,

~.; Tra;;;er,~~1;-rana~-J:javis,~'J "Social Perceptions and AttitUde_S_=~_~=_~~CCCI-._' of :;hi.ldre-n'!!.~net1~ _P£s.e.o1og"V Mono~r!2~' 40: 3:9 ..)J~O'-OCtObeZ"1 19L9.
Schuessler,

ArJ..~l\'sis,'j .•mer!:CahSoci')1~1l1-ReV-ie''''J 1950: '" -~-_~

~:., anctStra-lJ.s~;~':}.• ,

_IIA

3t-.riy of Concept

15:7)'2-762, September,
of

Learn!!1':;: bySC!11e~~~~~~~~. _ _

Stendler,

t'rbana,

C.

B.,

Illlnois, Ii119. _ .. ---

Chlld~.Qr"c3Fassto.,m,

University

IllinoiS-Eresst

Wa.rner, L. H. ~~,

Meeke-rj~Marchia;

and Eells, Kenneth" §S.20~C!i!al1~:±l.8~-~sS1!;'inYI ...;. Peter- 3m.Hh,::Jlcticester, ~Iass.,1957 • _ Chi1di'en~f~i~i~ Unl vers it11. 13100mint.on,

;;~========

Weinstein, E., p"'e1feloml\~~'nLofthe_Conce_pt of~_!_n. am Grade Soh~&ei . M. A. Thesis, Indiana 1951.

c-.
.
~~

:-."

PRCPOSAl FRCM:

------------------c.

Comments of the revlewen and_the Ir.dlvlduol scientists are

............... - ...... ---------,_===----=--~-_~

05

'ollows:

Thfireare~rnanytJOOd Ideas frdhb pto(Xlsol. The test Is a clever ~one_and shovldbi-Userut.th~ t(!le'lhloniuMY wcutdbec~rthYlhll~ oncIts own merIts lfweUeJOne. I cniLwonderlng-;-howtvir Iwhet.~'fl!'II.6 · haJ-workodmueh_wlth_chtldren_anrJJsfully awor!! some po$Slbi. dlrncullles._Lwondar_lU$t_~hotb._m_e<1ns by ':Wlth probing and -q,*tlon... Irig the-extent 60ho child's undentonding of eoch-oLthe six-roles- JI~~~~_-~ 'defermlruKf. u (p. ln~AHh0V9h -the tcle-ifstOn $urvoy Is of volue in Itt ·own::rlghI,-nls not cleerlY_(;In.c~sQ_ry port_g_f the ftlOin studyond one wonders why other Influoncea (textbook$~ ffiOVlfl) -aranot to taconsJdored. Finally, the statlstJcolmethOds pfOposedore riot of th~1fi¢it=em(;loot_ (but

!!

0'

~~
m

wec:an-help him tHer some ofthe rougfup<)hthrougJ'~~l.lltatJ~.

,

thr, r'_Q_ll1ioor__mcdtar). On the whole, this f'roic~t--des-&~~~OPF.ort 1 ond

--=~ ~ -<

~_ o

< VI

. ~... . c:
'-

.'

."
".",:",'

_-

""

~ ~

Thrntudy,_'nmy oprnron~de11nit0Iy clasetyes suppott._1t Is In :Qn-extremelyirnpOftQotoreO,thegro\~ihofoceupotiOMLcon~eptlons, ondtherH«Ir_ch ptQn is sound and promisingL: ThLautnor stlOwscQl'lSider.. ·obi. creative skill inhbdevelopment_of an "CccupotlonST()$tflarid the---·desfgtBind pions rOC'statJiHc:<i1 treotment are all soVnd.The-quonflcQtfOnS_~or thiautnororo excellint.-- ~ ~~ .~ ..... 1l1e-st\!dydinnltelyfalls \'!ithTntheurnbrella of studles-whieh - should be supported bYthe~ThI;) distribUtion of attitUdes OM (:onceptt~ c?iic:ernlng <xeu~tl a key ptoblemCCOf_the cl:olOgy of a tt I es, fi.-d . I have_nOt6$etvatlons of any kInd Q~t this proposal; 'are very good.__ldo f~nh<it ~ prop('4Qlh ~ resF~ct$or19tnol, ancIlamlncline<Jto]avoiJllogront.---Yhe-ffnal vaJut' of the study, how: .vtlr,_'f(tU~~t(':lnly-depend more tlKln Is sometimes the cese upon the sklllofln<ie_wM ClOTheacNoCwork. ~
:I

_-=~=-

both of which

11Z--1/0
OfF

CEO

H'

T RFA$

l' k

t~

Att
.
• • ';to

-c
...
• ~ •

"-~
"
y ..

~ .~
•

---.-J_-_.. .-_ ...-C

"!., .~-------- -

r.
c

------

'r:'~ -1SSuro,
. Orb("~~

y-cl;--thatthis-ap;:licahon-has

the.:.J::');whteaplroYal1;.0

__

th'J-aCademiC-c1.!1?-bUSiCneS~ad!1'.:inc~t~~t+OTlS

and we hope you rind-ltocsSlb."

support

of-L ....

l.t*~~~--

J!It _ _'..._:-=IT_:-=-=~~
_

... -...

.-----

__

Very trnl~o:urs,-

.. __

112 ..~/b .....

"'~ = - -:', :.'

. ..

..

,"'

Dear

Since that 'time, I have~contiB'jed pr~li.:r.in.ai-y wotk6n the-.probt"eJrhil'ld-·· -,--~~=~, have de'liJea an in$:tNlIleJ)_t__j'~r'm~a).-£tH'i}r.ocl\jcch~ctinCept fQrI!'.Hl0I'Ll!l_~_:_ . - .young children. In=-Liid1tiorf,..:l"'ht.ve fonwlatedtheooJ~G't.ive$-oJ the~ study, some prelild,hL'7 __ ~ypotheses-;-sall,~irr*.:proce·(fures) related measurement problems, anuc.a=pr9PQ$ed budget. Having=cor.:pleted IllUch=-ortffis early pla:-;:1ing, I "jotldOliketorequ~s_! fir;ancialsupportfoLt.he project. Enclosed=--are=-de~~dpt1ons andexp"i:a-i1a-ffonsof the -nature---:9f =::-~--::==-:.::-:~~

w.' ' ." conc.~·c~~~~Ji~~~.f~~~!!~i~~~ ::~~~1~~:~die._=,-_. ~~e:

the study. Brien,. 'sy_te.d,-the study seeks to-trace- r.,he-develop~ent of cMldren IS conceptaone .ot occupatlonalrolesc--aIIQ-occl.lpational:sY t~~::-::-_:-_' _ or prestige. The=,gro"pc1.lna~r_::§t~~dYw1il~oe~~younger7Cchildre_nrJteginning---at the first grade~l6Hl and -goi~ng-::::_mr~u-I?h=-aoout~g--rid-e~etght.lt"----::is======== my belie! that in!_O_l"Il:;ation acquireO--durifig:_~~~ese~~fc)nr~Hye~y.ea.r$.:::~t play an iJllporta.nt pu·t_in lateroecupationaIcserecti-on-·~n(t:-adju$tment, The occupational~onceptions _QE~htt-dren haS~receIved-:C~v:ery-l1tIe res'earcn " at.tention, a situatiQQ Whlchis-not--cor.Jrensurate-,n.n-the1r:;:p¢~silib-~-iIr,portance in t.ermsofla,ter adjUstment.s requ-ireo"::oYan industr_ial~== __ ~::__~_:-~-:::society. I vo~1<r_11ke:tQ__~lIIphasize, howev~r, that my intent_is_i.o_:: IItu~y -__=--~~ children 1 s earl1--~QlKept1ons of'lork"7oles-alvithe--sta ~us-hiererchYi~~__ ----- ---and not their OCC\.lpa1:.i_Q_Q_al-p~t_eren~e_s-orl-a~!r chOIc~~:.
I have epelledout jn t'tlodocuments - the purposes J . methods . and --.-. --------.----procedures which_LyQdd..:.UlCeto tollow.'1'he smaller document_~--_--_- --ri'l.e8 the rese.l~h-in~a_t()nr.at-wnich Ib-6Heve-C;_:;-iou-rc.:_co~t_tee r~\.l_j,_~~s. ~ ... The larger doc-ument_diS~Jluea_the pu_rposes-anci plsrujco( the investigatlQnin scm6"hat gruter_detall. 1 hope tnafCt~1es~ti~tern~s-:_'Wilr-be---lfe_lpi'ul tor your colf3!li tee.t -7 ~07

very grateful

I would appreciate-hearing-from youJsnd -Ivould,of course,c be--' for anycol!".m~ll~)'Q!,l m1ght~are_!.o_ make-concerning the objecti'les and methods of lnestudy;---

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