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MC LC
Bi 1.GII THIU LINH KIN C BN...................................................................................................3
1.in tr:....................................................................................................................................................3
1.1.M t:................................................................................................................................................3
1.2.Cch c gi tr ca in tr:............................................................................................................3
1.3. Bin tr:...........................................................................................................................................6
2.T in:.....................................................................................................................................................7
2.2.Cch oc gi tr t in:....................................................................................................................8
2.3.T xoay:............................................................................................................................................8
3. Diode: ......................................................................................................................................................8
3.1. M t:...............................................................................................................................................8
3.2.Phn loi: ..........................................................................................................................................9
4.Transitor: ................................................................................................................................................11
4.1. M t:.............................................................................................................................................11
4.2. Phn loi: .......................................................................................................................................11
4.3. Tc dng ca transitor: ..................................................................................................................12
5.Cch ly quang: ........................................................................................................................................13
5.1. M t:.............................................................................................................................................13
5.2.Nguyn l cu to chung ca cc b cch ly:.................................................................................13
5.3.Phn loi: ........................................................................................................................................13
5.4.Cch ly quang thng dng:.............................................................................................................14
6. R le: .....................................................................................................................................................16
6.1.M t:..............................................................................................................................................16
6.2.Cu to v k hiu ca rle: ............................................................................................................16
6.3.Phn loi: ........................................................................................................................................16
6.4.ng m R le: ..............................................................................................................................16
7.Thc hnh :.............................................................................................................................................17
Bi Thc hnh 1:Lp mch iu khin bt tt mt LED s dng transistor.......................................18
Bi Thc hnh 2: Lp mch iu khin bt tt mt LED s dng B cch ly quang v Rle. ............20
Bi 2: Mt s loi IC tch hp thng dng............................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
2.1.Mch ngun .........................................................................................................................................22
2.2.Cc vi mch s logic............................................................................................................................25
2.3.Cc IC lp trnh c...........................................................................................................................29
Bi Thc hnh: ..........................................................................................................................................31
Bi thc hnh 1: ...................................................................................................................................31
Lp mch iu khin dng cc loi IC Logic hc nhy Led.......................................................31
Bi thc hnh s 2:...............................................................................................................................31
Lp mch n p ngun dng LM78xx mch a hi nhy led ............................................................31
Bi 3: My Hin Sng OSCILLOSCOPE .................................................. Error! Bookmark not defined.
3.1 Gii thiu .............................................................................................................................................32
3.2. Cch la chn my .............................................................................................................................33
3.3. Cch Th : ..........................................................................................................................................34
3.4. Cch o tn hiu :................................................................................................................................35
3.5: c tnh ca linh kin:........................................................................................................................37
Bi 4: Hng dn v mch bng ORCAD................................................. Error! Bookmark not defined.
4.1.Cch to 1 project mi :.......................................................................................................................42
4.2. Cch ly th vin linh kin .................................................................................................................46

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4.3. Cch v ..............................................................................................................................................61

4.4. Hon Thnh ........................................................................................................................................65
Bi 5: V mch in trong layout....................................................................................................................66
1. M file nguyn l ..................................................................................................................................66
2.To file netlist.........................................................................................................................................67
3. M phn mm layout plus .....................................................................................................................69
4.Chn n v ............................................................................................................................................72
5.Sp xp linh kin ....................................................................................................................................73
6.i dy .....................................................................................................................................................74
7.Chnh chn linh kin:..............................................................................................................................77
8.V ng bao ca mch .........................................................................................................................78
BI 6. PHNG PHP LM MCH IN ................................................. Error! Bookmark not defined.
1.Chun b..................................................................................................................................................81
2.Hng dn ..............................................................................................................................................83
3.Hng dn lm sch mch......................................................................................................................84
4.Qu trnh n mn ....................................................................................................................................87
5. Tng kt.................................................................................................................................................90
6. Hng dn khoan mch:........................................................................................................................91

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BI 1
GII THIU LINH KIN IN T
C BN
Ni dung chnh
Gii thiu nguyn l, cch c v s dng mt s linh kin in t

1.in tr
1.1.M t
in tr l linh kin c s dng nhiu nht trong cc mch in t. in tr c tc
dng hn ch dng in. Mc ch ca vic s dng in tr l to ra mt dng in hoc
mt in p xc nh. V cng sut c th chia in tr lm hai loi, in tr cng sut nh
v in tr cng sut ln.
K hiu ca in tr trong mch in t nh sau:

1.2.Cch c gi tr ca in tr
Gi tr ca in tr c v trn thn in tr. i vi in tr 4 vch mu th 3 vch
u tin biu th gi tr ca in tr, vch th 4 l sai s ca in tr. Mu biu th gi tr
ca in tr v sai s ca in tr th hin trong bng sau:

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Mu

Tr s

Sai s

Bc

10%

Vng

5%

en

Nu

1%

2%

Cam

Vng

Xanh

0.5%

Lc

0.25%

Tm

0.1 %

Xm

Trng

* Cch c gi tr in tr :

+ i vi in tr 4 mu: 3 vch gi tr th 2 vch u c l 2 s, vch th 3 l vch

m. Gi tr ca in tr bng: 2 vch . 10 m vch 3. Vch th 4 l sai s.
+ i vi in tr 5 vch v 6 vch: 3 vch u c lin nhau l gi tr in tr, vch
th 4 l m, vch th 5 l sai s. Gi tr ca in tr bng: 3 vch . 10 m vch 4. Vch
th 5 l sai s.

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+ i vi in tr dn(chip-resistor): Gi tr ca in tr bng: 2 s u. 10 m s th
3.

V d:

+ i vi in tr nh hn 10 m(Ohm):
Gi tr ca in tr bng : vch 1+ vch 2 chia cho 10 m vch 3.
Vch 3: en =0 ;vng = 1; bc 2;
V d:

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1.3. Bin tr
Ngoi cc in tr c gi tr khng thay i nh trn cn c mt s loi in tr c gi
tr c th thay i c theo mt iu kin no .
+ Quang tr l in tr c gi tr thay i theo cng sng chiu vo in tr.

+ Bin tr nhit: c gi tr thay i theo nhit .

+ Loi bin tr chng ta hay gp nht l loi bin tr chng ta c th thay i bng cch
xoay vt.

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2.T in
2.1. M t T in l linh kin cng c dng ph bin nh in tr. S khc nhau gia
t in v in tr l s cn tr ca t in ph thuc vo tn s in p. c trng cho
tnh cn tr ca t l dung khng. Tnh theo cng thc sau:

f: tn s in p- Hz.
C: gi tr ca t in- Fara.
K hiu ca t in:

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T in phn cc T in khng phn cc.

S khc nhau gia t phn cc v khng phn cc: T khng phn cc th 2 cc ca t

c vai tr nh nhau, gi tr ca t khng phn cc thng nh( picro Fara. T phn cc th
c 2 cc tnh dng v m khng th dng ln ln. Gi tr ca t phn cc thng ln 1
n hng ngn uF(Micro Fara).
2.2.Cch c gi tr t in
T khng phn cc, ph bin l t gm( t t), c ging c tr dn. n v l
pF.
T phn cc( t ha) gi tr v cc tnh ghi trn t.
2.3.T xoay
Ngoi loi t c gi tr thay i bng cch vn vt nh bin tr.

3. Diode
3.1. M t
Diode c cu to t 2 lp bn dn tip xc vi nhau. Diode c 2 cc Ant v Katt.
N ch cho dng in i theo 1 chiu t Ant sang Katt (Chnh xc l kh nng cn tr

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dng in theo chiu AK l rt nh, cn KA l rt ln). N c dng nh van 1 chiu

trong mch in.
K hiu ca diode:

3.2.Phn loi
Theo chc nng c mt s loi diode ngoi diode chun. Mt s loi diode thng gp:

+ Diode chun ph bin: 4001,4002,4007

+ Led: Diode c kh nng pht sng. C : led n 1 mu , 2 mu , nhiu mu. Led 7
thanh hin th s, led ma trn hin th k t bt k.

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+ Diode zener: dng n nh in p. Hot ng ch phn cc ngc(KA).

+ Photo diode: diode thng khi c cng nh sng chiu vo.

* Khi diode thng th UAK=1,4V.

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4.Transitor
4.1. M t
Transitor c cu to t 3 lp bn dn tip xc nhau. N c s dng kh ph bin
trong mch in t vi vai tr l mt kha in t hoc l linh kin khuych i. Transitor
chia lm cc loi hot ng trong cng sut thp va v trung bnh, vi kh nng chu dng
in khc nhau mA n hng trm vi tn s lm vic thp hoc cao.
4.2. Phn loi
Theo nguyn l hot ng c th chia transitor lm cc loi sau:
+ Transitor lng cc: gm 2 loi PNP(thun) v NPN (ngc). C 3 cc l B(Baz),
C(Colect), E(Emit). Trong cc iu khin m tran l B, coi transitor l 1 cu dao th
khi m tran tng ng vi ng cu dao. m ca tran lng cc ph thuc vo dng
in a vo cc B.

Tn 1 s tran: C828, C1815, A1015, A1013, 2N2222,

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+ Transitor trng(FET): gm 2 loi knh P v knh N. C 3 cc l S(Source),

D(Drain), G(Gate). Trong cc iu khin l cc G. m ca FET ph thuc vo in
p a vo cc G.
Chng loi transitor rt a dng.
K hiu ca transitor:

+ Photo transitor:
C 1 loi transitor c bit, khi c nh sng chiu vo transitor th transitor m nn
gi l photo transitor.
* Khi transitor m th UBE = 0,6V UCE=0,2V

4.3. Tc dng ca transitor

Trong cc mch in t transistor c s dng rt nhiu vi nhiu chc nng khc nhau
c th ngi ta s dng tran nh mt b m vi chc nng khuch i, v c bit trong
in t s v cc IC s transistor c s dng trong ch kha. Trong ch kha cc
tran lm vic nh nhng cng tc hay thng gi l cc Van in t, van ny hot ng
ta cn t vo B mt in p > Ube trong ch bo ha.
Transistor c hai dng l dng TTL v dng CMOS
Cc tran CMOS l cc bng hot ng s dng nguyn l in t , nn cng sut tn
hao nh, c s dng nh cc van c tn s ng ct ln

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iu lu khi s dng cc tran CMOS khi lp cc tran ny vo mch v vn

hnh vi ngun y th khng c h cc GATE. V khi bng s so lun .
cng l l do m ti sao lm mch v hn mch cn tht tt khng h cc
chn linh kin nu khng h G thi tran s chy ngay.
5.Cch ly quang
5.1. M t
L linh kin tch hp c cu to gm 1 led v 1 photo diode hoc transitor. c s dng
tch(v in) gia cc khi chnh lch nhau v cng sut nh khi s( dng nh, in
p 0-5V) vi khi cng sut( dng ln vi A,chc A, p hng chc, hng trm V).
5.2.Nguyn l cu to chung ca cc b cch ly
Bao gm mt bn pht nh sng ( thng l LED ) v mt bn thu ( thng l
photodiot, phototransistor, phototiristor,..)
5.3.Phn loi
B cch ly c phn loi theo nhiu cch khc nhau, nh: b cch ly n, kp,
C nhiu b cch ly c th ghp cng nhau to thnh cc IC nhiu chn.
V cch phn bit ph bin nht l theo dng in ng ct: Cch ly mt chiu, Cch ly
xoay chiu.
VD:
Cch ly mt chiu nh:
4N35, PS205-1, PS205-2, PS205-3,.
Cch ly xoay chiu nh:
MOC3020, MOC3021, MOC3022, vv

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Cc b cch ly mt chiu thng s dng vi cc ng dng ng m dng in mt

chiu, cn cc b cch ly xoay chiu thng s dng ng m dng xoay chiu c phi kt
hp s dng cc van cng sut hay rle.
Ta s i xem xt s lc mt vi b cch ly thng c s dng trong thc t.
5.4.Cch ly quang thng dng
+ Opto PLT521:
K hiu:

+ 4N35:
K hiu:

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-B cch ly :

C th chng ta c th tm hiu v i vo cc ng dng vi vic tham kho datasheet

ca linh kin.
-- B cch ly :

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y l b cch ly xoay chiu c dng kh ph bin, trong cc mch iu khin phi

kt hp vi cc rle v c bit l vi cc van cng sut nh: Tiristor, Triac,
Bn pht ca n vn l mt LED thng v bn thu l mt Phototriac.

6. R le
6.1.M t
R le cng l 1 thit b in dng ng ct nh mt cng tc.
6.2.Cu to v k hiu ca rle

6.3.Phn loi
C 1 s loi r le nh sau:
+ R le in: ng ct bng in.
+ R le t : ng ct bng t.
+ R le nhit: ng ct bng nhit.
+ R le thi gian: sau 1 thi gian th rle ng ,ct.
6.4.ng m R le
ng r le bng cch cho in vo hai cc ca nam chm in.
Ty loi r le 5V , 12V, hay 24V m ta a p vo 2 cc nam chm in.

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7.Thc hnh
Dng c :
+ ng h o: in p, dng in.
+ Ngun in 5V, 12V.
+ Board th nghim.
+ M hn, thic , km ct, dy in.
+ Linh kin.
a im mua: 17 A Hn Thuyn, 169 i Cn, Ch tri Thnh Yn-Trn Cao
Vn(u Ph Hu).

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Bi Thc hnh 1:Lp mch iu khin bt tt mt LED s dng transistor.

+ Tnh ton:
* Khi tran thng.
Dng in i qua tr 100K : IB= (5 - 0.6) / 10 000 = 0.00034 A
B

= 34 mA.
Dng in i qua led = qua tr 200 : IC= (3.6 - 0.2) / 200 = 0.017 A = 17 mA.
* Khi tran khng thng:
IB=0 IC=0
+ Lp mch:
Cu to board trng:

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Cc phn t vng (trong ti liu in en trng th l phn mu xm) thng vi nhau,

tng ng dy ni trong mch in.
Bc 1:
Ni dy in cc phn trn 4 ng dc thng nhau:

Bc 2:
Lp mch nh sau:

* Mc ch th nghim:
Thng qua vic thc hnh lp mch trn, thng qua vic quan st hin tng ta thy
c ch hot ng ON/ OFF ( kha ) ca transistor, hiu c vic s dng tran thun

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npn hay tran ngc pnp, thu c thc t lp mch quan st kt qu so vi mch ch ca
thit k. T mch trn ta c th pht trin thnh nhiu mch c ng dng c th hn.
Bi Thc hnh 2: Lp mch iu khin bt tt mt LED s dng B cch ly quang v
Rle.

* Mc ch th nghim:
Thng qua vic thc hnh lp mch trn ta phi kt hp b cch ly, Transitor npn, v
Rle.
Trong gii hn ca bi thc hnh ch iu khin bt tt mt LED v trong thc t mch
ny c th pht trin thnh cc mch iu khin n hay cc thit b dn dng, vv.. s dng
dng mt chiu hay c dng xoay chiu.
M t hot ng ca mch:
Rle ta s dng l mt rle k bng ngun p +12V

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V c s dng b cch ly quang, l do s dng b cch ly trong hu ht cc ng dng

iu khin l h thng iu khin s rt an ton, trnh c nh hng ca nhiu, v cc
hin tng qu p, qu dng.
Khi ta cp ngun Vk vo chn ca b cch ly th lm thng phototransistor v cp
ngun ng tran thun C828 v khi C828 thng th cp p 12v cho rle lm rle ng v
cp ngun cho led, led sng.

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BI 2
MT S LOI IC TCH HP
THNG DNG
Ni dung chnh
Gii thiu mch ngun
Cc vi mch s logic
Cc IC lp trnh c

2.1.Mch ngun
Trong mc ny chng ta s tm hiu v thc hnh to ra cc ngun in p vi cc
mc in p nh mun thng qua vic s dng cc IC chuyn dng.
Trong thc t to ra cc mch ngun phc tp th cn phi tnh ton rt nhiu yu t
khc nh: ch ti , cng sut mch cn cung ng.
Trn y ta s thc hnh vi nhng mch ngun n gin v cc k d lm p ng
y cc ng dng va v nh.
Vi vic s dng cc ic chuyn dng ta c th to ra cc ngun chun nh +/- 5 V, +/- 9
V, +/- 12 V. Hay bt k in p no.
Ta s i tm hiu ln lt
c th to ra cc ngun cng tr 5,9,12 V th ta s c cc ic sau
To ra ngun in p (+) ta s dng cc IC 78XX ( 7805, 7809, 7812 )
To ra ngun in p (-) ta s dng cc IC 79XX (7905, 7909, 7912 )

Di y l hnh nh v s to ra ngun chun +5V t ngun xoay chiu

220V

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Mch to in p :

Trong s trn c s dng mt bin p ( h p) vo 220VAC v ra l 12VDC

pha sau bin p l mt mch chnh lu cu. Tip l mch ca IC chuyn dng
78XX. Cc t in trn ty theo cng sut ngun yu cu m ta s dng. c bit ta
s dng t C c in dung ln 1000uf hay ln hn mc song song vi C11 to
nn s n nh ca ngun.

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Thc t mch chnh lu cu c th thit k t 4 con diot. Ngoi ra cn c nhiu

IC chnh lu cu tch hp sn c b cu diot v t ha trong n. C nhiu loi b
chnh lu cu ny nh:
Loi hnh trn c 4 chn

Loi 3 chn phng:

Vic to ra cc ngun nu trn s c l tng t .
to ra mt ngun in p c th iu chnh c c in p tng ng vi
vic s dng IC chuyn dng LM 317

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Hnh dng ca LM317 ging cc IC trn . Thng qua vc iu chnh VR2 ta s c c

in p Vout tng ng.
thc hin tt cc bn nn tm hiu k cc datasheet ca cc linh kin.

2.2.Cc vi mch s logic

+ IC khuych i thut ton: V d: LM324 , LM393, LM386, TL082, TL 084, .
K hiu:

+ IC logic: thc hin cc php ton logic

Khi ni n IC logic iu quan tm l bng s tht (bng biu din quan h gia u
vo v u ra)
Cng NAND: 7400
NAND ( NOT AND )

u vo A

u vo B

u ra Q

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Cng NOT: 7404

u vo
A

u ra
Y

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Cng AND: 7408

AND :

u vo A

u vo B

u ra Y

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Cng OR:
u vo A

u vo B

u ra Y

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Cng NOR : 7402

2.3.Cc IC lp trnh c
Trong thc t hin nay cng vi s pht trin ca cng ngh c bit l vic tch hp
ln cc IC chuyn dng. V c nhiu th h cc IC m c kh nng lp trnh c. Trong
v in t tng t th cng cc IC FPAA, V in t s c cc IC s lp trnh c
nh FPGA, v cao hn na l cc th h, cc dng vi iu khin nh : 8051, AVR, PIC,
PSoC, vv
VK 8051: AT89C2051 ; AT89C51/52 ; P89V51RD
PIC: 16F84 ; 16F628 ; 16F87x
AVR: AT8515; ATMEGA16

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PsoC : H CY8C29xxx CY28C27xxx (h tr rt nhiu cc ngoi vi, c th to cu hnh

theo mun)
Trong y chng ta s khng cp su v chng m ch c tnh cht gii thiu v
hng dn cch ng dng chng.
- u tin ta s i xem xt cc dng vi iu khin vi cc ng dng ca chng.
Cc dng vi iu khin k trn chng ra i v ngy cng pht trin mnh m . L do
chng chnh l nhng trung tm m c kh nng thu thp thng tin ri x l thng tin, a
ra cc lnh iu khin cc mch iu khin iu khin cc i tng, chng c kh nng
v truyn thng , a thng tin cn thit ln my tnh qua cng COM chun RS232 hay
tham gia vo mt mng no
Kh nng tch hp ca cc dng vi iu khin khng ngng pht trin. Nhiu dng vi
iu khin tch hp trong n rt nhiu cc vi mch nh cc b chuyn i ADC, DAC,
comparator ,v.v.. V tc x l thng tin ca chng ngy cng cao, kh nng lu tr
thng tin li cng ln vi cc b nh dng EEPROM, FLASH, v.v..ngay c cc h thng
cc b nh ngai, cc h thng thanh ghi v nhiu vi mch s.
Tt c chng nu bit thit k v tng hp th s l mt sc mnh c kh nng gii
quyt c rt nhiu bi ton thc t mang gi tr ng dng cao v thu c kinh t ln.
Cc dng vi mch lp trnh c
C nhiu dng vi mch c kh nng lp trnh c c v in t tng t ln in t s.
Cc Vi mch lp trnh c tng t l FPAA.
Cc vi mch ny c kh nng tch hp rt ln , thng qua mt phn mm lp trnh ngn
ng ca cc vi mch do nh thit k a ra chng ta c th thit lp FPAA thnh rt nhiu
khi tng t lm c cc chc nng nh mt mch in hay mt phn t ic ri lm
nhng nhim v ca mt mch in tng t .
V d nh cc mch khuch i ( nhiu loi nh o, khng o, vi sai ,,,), cc mch vi
phn, tch phn, cc mch lc thng ,. V c cc b bin i tn hiu nh ADC,.
Qu l tht tin li, sau khi thit k trn phn mm ta hp dch ra cc file dng .hex
hay bin v c th np vo cc b nh hay cc dng vi iu khin khi ghp ni chng vi

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cc vi mch FPAA chng s np chng trnh vo FPAA v FPAA s thc hin chc nng
nh sn .

Cc Vi mch lp trnh c s l FPGA.

Trc y khi thc hin mt mch in t s ta thng s dng cc ic logic v ghp
chng li vi nhau nh cc mch AND , NOT, NOR, hay cc mch m vi cc ic m,
mch giI m , to m ,v.
Ngy nay tt c cc cng vic u c th thc hin mt cch d dng vi cc chip
FPGA, cng nh vic tin hnh vi cc chip FPGA chng ta cng s c c mt mch
chuyn dng c th thc hin c rt nhiu nhim v v giI quyt nhiu bi ton

Bi Thc hnh:
Bi thc hnh 1:
Lp mch iu khin dng cc loi IC Logic hc nhy Led
Bi thc hnh s 2:
Lp mch n p ngun dng LM78xx mch a hi nhy led

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BI 3
MY HIN SNG OSCILLOSCOPE
Ni dung chnh
Gii thiu my hin th sng
Cch la chn my
Cch th
Cch o tn hiu
c tnh ca linh kin

3.1 Gii thiu

Hin nay trn th trng c rt nhiu cc my hin sng gm kh nhiu chng loi
nhng chung quy li cc ntt chnh c bn vn c thc hin a s nh nhau. Do
y chng ti chn my DF4324 20MHZ gii thiu cho cc bn

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 y ti xin trnh by 4 vn c bn sau :

- Cch la chn mua my.
- Cch s dng v cn chnh o chnh xc dng sng , bin v tn s.
- Cch o tn hiu.
- c tnh ca linh kin.

3.2. Cch la chn my

- Nu bn c iu kin bn chn loi 2 tia (2 channel A, B hoc X, Y), nu iu kin
kinh t hn hp bn c th chn loi 1 tia cng o ri.
- Nhn vo pha trc mt my hin sng Lm th no bn c th xc nh nhanh ng
tn s qut ti a ca my ? Cch n gin nht l bn tm CONTACT TIME DIV xem
mc chnh thi gian (chu k) nh nht l bao nhiu?
Th d :
Nh my PINTEKPS 251 ta c thang nh nht l : 1us = 10-7 s . Tn s qut ln
nht : F = 1/T = 1/10-7 = 10-7 c/s =Mc/s
Nhng nt POSITION c tc dng nhn 10 tn s qut khi ta ko (Pull x 10) nt ny
ra, nh vy my PINTEKPS ca ta c tn s qut cao nht l : 1Mc/s x10 = 10Mc/s
Chc nng cc nt:
* Chnh sng ti

INTENSITY

* Chnh nt

FOCUS

* Chnh dc

VERTPOSITION

* Chnh ngang

HORPOSITION- POSSITION

* Chnh tri

HORPOSITION - LEVEL

*Chnh xoay

TRACE ROTATION

* Chnh Bin

VOLTS DIV

* Chnh Tn S

VARIABLE SEC/DIV

* Chnh n nh

TRUG.LEVEL, TIME.

- 33 -

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* Chn 1 tia

CH1 hoc CH2

* Chn 2 tia

ALT

* Cng hai tn hiu

ADD

* Ly nh chp

CHOP

3.3. Cch Th
u tin ta chn mt trong 2 tia hoc c 2 tia CH1 , CH2 . Chn ch xem mt hay
hai tia MODE .
-

t v gia nt chnh : VOLTS/DIV, VARIABLE

Sau khi hon thnh xong chng ta m my s phi thy xut hin ln sng nm

ngang. Ta tip tc lm cc bc sau:

+ Chnh INTEN quan st xem sng ca ng qut c sc nt khng.
+Chnh FOCUS nh sng c tp chung.
+ Chnh VERTIVAL xem vt sng c dch chuyn theo chiu dc c khng.
+ Chnh HORIZONTAL POSITION xem c dch chuyn theo chiu ngang c
khng.
+ Gn que o vo u to xung Vp-p 500mV - 1 khz, chnh que o (probe) v tr x 10
lc ny ta thy trn mn hnh xut hin xung vung mu.
-

Nu sng vung mu b nhiu bn ni l chn GND xung t.

Nu sng b mo gc, l do in dung ca u o b lch, bn chnh li

TRIMER u cm que o li.

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+ Chnh th VOLT/DIV xem c nh hng n bin sng vung khng ?

+ Chnh th VARIABLE xem c nh hng tn s sng vung khng?

3.4. Cch o tn hiu

-

Bn nn kp masse que o gn khu vc cn o c dng sng trung thc,

khng nhiu. Ring cc khu vc quan trng ca my thng th ngi ta thit k c sn cc

cc Test GND b kp masse que o vo cho ng. Nh my o ca chng ta chng
hn.
-

Nu cc khu vc nghi ng p cao bn nn t que o thang x 10 v chnh

VOLTS / DIV v tr ti thiu nht o.

-

Trc khi o bn nn chnh VERTICAL v HORIZONTAL cho ng vch gia

tm hin th :
Bn chn tn hiu o AC hay DC cho ng vi li mc ch ca bn.
Ch :
Nu khi bn dng c 2 CH cng mt lc tn s ln hn 1Mc /s . Nu b nhp nhy
bn c th ko nt PULL CHOP ra.
Mun tnh ra bin nh nh (Vpp : volt peak to peak), c tnh ra tn s ca tn hiu
o c bn vn VAR VOLTS/DIV v VARIBLE v v tr CAL. Gi s ta o c tn
hiu nh hnh sau:

- 35 -

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3,5

(Hnh 1)

(Hnh 2)

Bin nh nh :

Chim 3 ri dc, gi s lc ny VOLTS /DIV v tr .1v v VARIBLE ko ra v

VAR vn v v tr CAL v que o (probe) nc x 10:
Bin thc : 0,1x5x10x3 = 15Vpp.
Lu :
-

Bin nh nh (Peak to peak ) xc nh my hin sng, quy c l Vpp, tnh

khong t 2 nh trn v di ca tn hiu o c.

-

i vi sng Sin, s Volt o c bng VOM chnh l s Volt hiu dng

VMRS = V0/ 1,44= Vpp/2x1,44

Th d :

+Vo

-Vo

Vp
p

Vpp = 2Vo =
2x1,44Vrms

- 36 -

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i vi cc tn hiu khng Sin nh : xung nhn, vung, tam gic .. gi tr o c

bng VOM rt kh lng c quan h nht nh vi Vpp, bi v n cn ty thuc vo :

gai xung, tn s gy nh hng nhiu t vo cun cm ca VOM.
Tm li : y my hin sng ta ch quan tm Vpp l phn nh chnh xc nht i vi
bt k tn hiu no k c tn hiu khng phi l hnh Sin (xung nhn, rng ca, vung)
khng i xng (lc |+Vo| khc |-Vo| cng c

Tn s:
Chim 2 ngang , gi s lc ny nt VARIBLE t v tr 0.5ms
Chu k thc : 0,5ms x 2 =1ms =10-3s
Tn s : F = 1/T = 1/10-3 = 103 c/s= 1Kc/s
Hnh (2):
Bin nh :
Tn hiu chim 4 dc , gi s lc ny VOLTS/DIV v tr 10mV v VARIABLE
v tr CAL
Tn s :
Tn hiu chim 4 ngang , gi s lc ny VARIABLE v tr 0,1uS
Chu k : 0,1us x 4 = 0,4us = 4.10-7s
Tn s thc : F = x 10 = . 10-7.10= 0,25.108 c/s = 25 Mc/s

3.5: c tnh ca linh kin

-

n nt X- Y loi b tc dng to gc thi gian ca b qut, Lc ny ng vo

CH1 s c tc dng nh hng n phng v ngang (X), ng vo CH2 s c tc dng nh

hng n phng v dc (Y).

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Da vo c im trn ta chn CH1 lm ta ngang (X) ca c tuyn, CH2 l ta

dc (Y) ca c tuyn.
Th d 1:
o c tuyn ca diode:
-

Mc R= 1k ni tip vi Diode nh hnh v:

Tc ng vo mch xung rng ca mt tnh dng vi tn s khong 100c/s -1Kc/s

bin < 7v. To ra xung ny bn c th rp mch 555 nh sau:

- 38 -

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in p trn R c a vo CH1 v p trn D c a vo CH1 Lu u chung

ca D v R l u tip Masse chung ca CH1 v CH2

-

Vi R= 1K p ri trn n ng vi 1mA ca D l 1mA x 1k = 1V . Nu bn t

trc nm VOLS/DIV ca CH2 1V/DIV th mi Volt n v (1V) ca trc Y biu th

0,1V ca dng thun IF ca D. hnh v trn , nm VOLS/DIV ca CH1 c t trc
(Preset) 0.1V /DIV Nh vy mi vch ca mt ch th 0,1V ca dng thun Diode .
Trong mi chu k ca xung rng ca, in p a vo bt u t khng, khin cho IF v
VF tng t khng v v c tuyn linh kin trn mt ch th. Khi xung rng ca gim xung
mc GND th IF v VF tr v khng c tuyn ca D c v ra lp i lp li theo tn s
ca dng sng rng ca.
V c tuyn ca Transistor :

i
VR

Mc s mch vi Trans cn kho st nh hnh v. Xung rng ca tc ng c tn

s khong 100c/s -1Kc/s bin bng VCEmax + ICmax x RC

- 39 -

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t CH2 vo u Rc = 1K ta Y biu th dng Ic.

t CH1 vo cc E to X biu th Vce.

Khi dng iu chnh = 10uA xung rng ca lm cho c tuyn iC (UCE) i vi iB

B

=10uA c vch ra trn mt ch th, ch c duy nht c tuyn ny c hin th v cng

nh trong trng hp diode , n c cch ra lp li theo tn s ca xung rng ca.

- 40 -

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BI 4
HNG DN V MCH BNG
ORCAD
Ni dung chnh
Cch to mt project
Cch ly th vin linh kin
Cch v
Hon thnh thit k
Khi ng ORCAD:
Chn Start All programs Orcad 9.2 Capture.

Hin ra ca s nh sau:

- 41 -

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4.1.Cch to 1 project mi :
Gc trn tri: File New Project.

c ca s nh sau:

- 42 -

www.dks.com.vn

nh tn mch vo Name Chn ng dn lu mch Browse Nhp OK.

c ca s nh sau:

- 43 -

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Chn Option Schematic page properties. chn kh bn v t A0 n A4. Phi

chnh n v Unit sang minimet th mi hin ra A0 n A4.

- 44 -

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Nhp OK. Trang v to ra chng ta bt u ly linh kin. Thanh cng c ca ORCAD

thng pha tay phi st mn hnh ( c trng hp cc bn di no ln pha trn). Nhn
thanh cng c bt u bng icon mi tn. Cc bn chn Place Part biu tng ngay di
biu tng mi tn hoc n phm tt P.

- 45 -

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4.2. Cch ly th vin linh kin

Ta c ca s mi. Ta chn Add library ly nhng linh kin cn thit.

- 46 -

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Sau ta c 1 ca s mi.

- 47 -

www.dks.com.vn

Chng ta bi en cc th vin v nhn OPEN. V c nhiu th vin cc bn nn chia

lm 3 ln ly ht cc th vin. Khng ly cc th vin trong cc th mc su hn ( v
chng ta cha cn n). Sau khi ly cc bn c ca s sau:

- 48 -

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Nhn trong list Libraries thy xut hin cc th vin. Cc bn gi chut tri v bi
en ton b th vin nh hnh. ly linh kin ta ch cn nh tn linh kin vo Part. V
d ly in tr cc bn nh ch R.

- 49 -

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nh ch R th cc bn nhn thy k hiu ca con tr gc phi di. Nhn OK, con

tr s dnh u con tr. Bn nhn chut tri 1 ln_ly c 1 con tr, di con tr sang phi

- 50 -

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1 cht nhn chut tri 1 ln na c con tr th 2, ly ra 4 con tr th n chut phi chn

endmode thi khng ly na hay n gin ch cn n ESC nh hnh:

- 51 -

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Tng t cc bn nhn phm P, nh vo Part: Cap NP ly 2 con t nh hnh.

xoay linh kin i 90 cc bn chn linh kin bng cch ch chut tri vo n. N
s sng ln nh con t trn hnh. Ri cc bn nhn phm R(Rotate).
Hoc sau khi chn linh kin cc bn nhn chut phi s c cc la chn v cc bn
chn Rotate nh hnh di y.

- 52 -

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Nu cc bn c nh b hnh nh sau:

- 53 -

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Th ch vic tt n i bng cch nhp chut tri vo du X pha di.

Tip tc nhn P, ly ra 2 con transitor bng cch nh vo Part : npn BCE. Nhn
OK ly ra 2 con transitor.

c hnh nh sau:

- 54 -

www.dks.com.vn

Chn con transitor bn tri bng cch ch chut tri v, sau nhn chut phi chn
Mirror Horizontally. c cc linh kin i xng nh sau.

- 55 -

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Tip tc nhn P, nh vo Part : LED ly 2 con led. Xoay 2 con led bng phm R
c hnh sau:

- 56 -

www.dks.com.vn

Tip theo cc bn nhn phm tt G( khng chn linh kin no trc n ESC). c
hnh nh sau:

- 57 -

www.dks.com.vn

Chn GND, nhp OK. y l k hiu cho im c in th 0V(Mass). Ly 2 ci nh

hnh v.

- 58 -

www.dks.com.vn

B chn cc linh kin bng ESC ri li n G ri chn ACC/CAPSYM ly ngun.

- 59 -

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t nh sau:

- 60 -

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4.3. Cch v
Tip theo ta ni dy. Khng chn linh kin no ch vo thanh cng c ngay di icon
Place Part dng ly linh kin l icon Wire (dy ni). Nhp vo (hoc dng phm tt
W). Con tr mt hnh mi tn bin thnh hnh du +.

- 61 -

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Ch con tr vo 1 u con tr v u con in tr ngoi cng tri thy n sng ln th

nhn chut tri. Ko con tr sang con tr bn cnh thy sng ln th nhy chut tri 1 ln
na nh vy l ta ni c 2 con tr.

Tng t ni thnh hnh nh sau:

- 62 -

www.dks.com.vn

Ch trong qu trnh ni dy mun di chuyn linh kin ch cn nhp chut tri chn
chng ri gi nguyn chut di n u bn mun.

- 63 -

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Ch hai dy ni ct qua nhau trn hnh l khng ni vi nhau. Nhng ch ni c 1

chm nh mu , phn bit vi ch khng ni.
Cc in tr, t in transitor t ng c nh s th t, nu trong mch c 2
phn t tn ging nhau mch s b li khng chuyn thnh mch in c. V d : c 2 con
in tr cng tn R1.
ghi gi tr cho in tr. V d : in tr R4 cc bn nhy p tri chut vo ch R
ngay di ch R4 v c ca s sau:

- 64 -

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in vo value gi tr ca in tr . n v mc nh l Ohm , khng ghi, ch ghi cc

ga tr l bi ca Ohm nh K, Mohm.
Ghi t v transitor tng t.

4.4. Hon Thnh

Cc bn ghi gi tr hon thnh nh sau.

- 65 -

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Bi 5: V MCH TRONG LAYOUT

Bi ging hm nay chng ta s thc hnh v mt mch in n gin dng phn mm
layout plus . l mch nguyn l ca mch np chip 89S52
Cc bc thc hin khi v mch nguyn l

1. M file nguyn l
Cc bn m li Capture. Nu mch t ng load li th tt. Cn nu khng
t ng load li th chn. File / Open/ Project.. .

- 66 -

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2.To file netlist

Bm vo thang ngang minimize pha di thanh ngang minimize ca s
chnh ca CAPTURE cho ca s mch in xung di.c ca s nh
sau:
Trong ca s bn tri nh trong hnh, kch vo du + m rng cy th

- 67 -

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mc v nh du vo PAGE1.

Trn thanh cng c ngang, pha di menu, chn icon Creatnetlist, icon c
ch N, cnh icon DRC ch V mu c ca s sau.
Kim tra xem check RUN ECO to Layout c du tch cha, cha th tch
vo. Nhp OK. Ra 1 ca s mi nhp tip OK.
Nu thnh cng trong cy th mc c thm file: .mnl nh hnh. Nhn
SAVE. Ri c th tt Capture hoc khng. M Layout ra tng t nh m

- 68 -

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Capture.

3. M phn mm layout plus

Trong Browse th nht cc bn tm ng dn ri chn file defaut.tch .
y l file c sn trong ORCAD.
Trong Browse th 2 cc bn chuyn n th mc cc bn lu mch in,
trong c file .mnl chn file v c nh sau, nhn vo Apply ECO.

- 69 -

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By gi cc bn chn chn cho cc linh kin. Mi linh kin khc nhau c

chn khc nhau.Sau khi n chn apply echo th chng trnh yu cu nhp
footprint ca linh kin. y c hiu l cch chn chn ca linh kin ,
ta c th s dng th vin linh kin c sn hay c th t to .

- 70 -

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Tng t nh vy bn c th tip tc chn cc loi chn linh kin cho ph hp vi linh

kin ca mnh
Nhp Accept this ECO c ca s sau.

- 71 -

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4.Chn n v
Trc ht cc bn vo menu Option / System setting.
Chuyn Display Units sang millimeterc v chnh thng s ca Grids nh
trn hnh v nhp OK. Chnh nh vy cc bn c th di chuyn linh kin
d dng hn.
cho ri mt v lt na v ng mch in chng ta tt cc ch mu
xanh trn hnh( ca bn c th l mu khc).
Trn thanh cng c hin ti cc bn ang DRC, cc bn chn icon Color
setting c 4 hnh vung nh xanh vng bic ngay st icon DRC, hin ra
bng sau:

- 72 -

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5. Sp xp linh kin
Sau bn cn sp xp linh kin cho hp l :
di chuyn linh kin cc bn ch vic chn linh kin bng cch ch chut
tri vo chng v di chuyn n ni bn mun.
Khi v tay tri bm cc phm tt , tay phi s dng chut.
Phm tt nh sau:
Phng to: O Thu nh : I Quay linh kin : R
Thm l chuyn lp: V
n C kt hp vi chut di chuyn bn v
Sp xp linh kin nh sau. Nn xp cc linh kin cng hng v i xng.

- 73 -

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6. i dy
v ng mch cc bn trn thanh toolbar icon Add/Edit Route Mode,
icon c hnh 1 mi tn ch vo 1 ng mch, icon th 3 t bn phi trn
thanh toolbar.
v cc bn ch cn nhp tri chut vo dy cn v, dy chuyn mu, t
vng sang xanh, sau di chut n v tr cn v ri nhn tri chut l xong.
Nu khng va vi ng mch no cc bn ch cn chn chng ri nhn
phm Delete.
Khi v bn c chn 1 dy th nhng im ni cng vi dy s sng ln
nh trn hnh.
Cn 2 dy cc bn ht ng i trong lp 1, lp TOP, lp mu xanh.Nu

- 74 -

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v na cc dy s chp nhau. Cc bn nhn s 2 trn bn phm chuyn

qua lp BOTTOM v nt 2 dy cn li. V chng ta lm mch bng tay nn
hai lp nh vy. Nu mch mang i t th cc bn nn v chnh trn lp
BOTTOM.
n s 2 xong cc bn s v ra ng mch mu v n lp khc, cc
chn linh kin cng thnh mu , chuyn v lp TOP cc bn ch vic
nhn phm 1. Do chng ta lm mch 1 mt nn nu c mt th 2 th chng ta
fi thay vo l dy ng ch khng fi l ng mch_cu dy.
cu dy d dng cc bn v li nh sau:
nh du ng di, n phm 1 chuyn li lp TOP v 1 ngmch ngn, n V
thm l chuyn qua lp BOTTOM
n phm 2, v 1 ng mch ngn trong lp BOTTOM ri li n V
, n phm 1 quay li lp TOP hon thin c mch nh sau:

- 75 -

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Ch chnh c 2 ng trong lp BOTTOM, cc bn phi n phm V 4

ln tt c.
Tip theo chng chnh ng mch. Mch khng phi ng u cng
bng nhau.
chnh rng ng cc bn gi phm Ctrl, ch chut tri vo 1 ng
mch chn ng mch, sau nhn chut phi c 1 ca s chn ,
Change Width, (hoc n phm tt W nh cc bn thy).
G vo phn new width:1 tc l 1mm, nu chn segment th rng ng
ch thay i 1 on, nu chn Connection th rng ng thay i gia 2
chn linh kin, con nu chn net th ton b dy s thay i rng. Ta chn
Segment. Nhp OK. Nhp thm 1 ln OK na .V lm mch in bng tay nn
ng nh nht chng ta lm c an ton l 0,5 mm. Thng th ng l

- 76 -

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0,8 mm.
Cc bn chnh rng cc ng hon thin mch. Do mch n gin nn
ty cc bn chnh mch, ng cng to cng d lm khong 1 n 1,5 cng
c. Nu thy chnh kh chu th chuyn SEGMENT thnh Connection.
OK.

7.Chnh chn linh kin:

Chn linh kin mc nh l hnh trn cho nn lm mch hi kh hn 1
cht. Chng ta c th chnh dng chn linh kin v kch thc ca chng.
Trn thanh Tool bar cc bn chn icon View spreadsheet Padstacks nh
hnh.
Ko cun chut xung di cng v thu nh ca s c nh sau:

- 77 -

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8. V ng bao ca mch
Trn thanh cng c chn Obstacle tool:
Ch chut vo trong ca s v mch chn New
Nhp chut tri v ln 1 hnh ch nht bao quanh mch

- 78 -

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Obstache ang c nh du v va v nu khng th ch tri nh du chng.Nhp

chut phi chn Properties c ca s.
in cc thng s nh sau vo ca s:
Copper Pour l 1 dng bi, c th chn dng khc nhng dng ny l hay
nht.
TOP l bi t trong lp TOP.1,1 l khong cch
Net Attachment : l phn bi s ni vi g, thng chn l GND hoc khng
chn g.
Chn OK.
Ra li ca s layout n ESC hoc chut phi chn END COMMAND.c th ny.
Cui cng ta c mt mch in hon thin nh hnh di

- 79 -

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- 80 -

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BI 6
PHNG PHP LM MCH IN
Ni dung chnh
Chun b
Hng dn
Hng dn lm sch mch
Qu trnh n mn
Tng kt
Hng dn khoan mch

1.Chun b
in ra file PDF cc bn ci phn mm: FinePrint pdfFactory Pro Enterprise v2.20
hoc l dng Acrobat bn Pro ca n. Nh Crack.
Bi t xong.
in trc ht phi tt ht cc lp ch mi lp no cn in. Do lm
mch 1 lp nn ch in lp TOP.
Chn trn thanh Toolbar cc bn nhn vo icon Color settng(C 4 hnh
vung nh xanh vng bic) . c ca s sau:
Dng chut bi nh du tt c cc lp mu nhp chut phi chn
Visible <> Invisible

c hnh nh sau:

- 81 -

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Hin ti ch c 1 lp hin l lp ASYTOP do mnh tt n i lc v mch,

Mnh nh du tt nn n bt ln. nh du mi n v tt n i.
By gi bt lp TOP ln.
c nh sau:
Tt ca s Color setting i:
c nh sau: Ch cn mi mu xanh thi.
Cc bn chn File / Print/Plot nh sau:
c ca s sau:

nh du vo : Keep Dill Holes Open . in nhng cha l chn linh

kin. ( Ci ny sau khi n mn khoan d dng).
Fore Black & White cht lng in tt hn. Nhp OK. c ca s :

- 82 -

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Chn Properties
Nhp OK .
Cn mua: a ch Gi
Giy can Vn phng phm 600/1 t
St 3 clorua (FeCl3) , Xylen Hng Mnh 18000/1kg
Giy gip,X phng OMO
Php (Thy tinh)ng Hng Bng Theo Kg
Mi Khoan mch in Ch gii 600/ci
My khoan
Hng dn in:
Bc t giy can ra, vt b phn trng dnh c, in ln t
giy vng, in ln mt bng khi in cc bn ghp mp giy li kp cng 1 t
giy A4 thng khi b kt. Ch in ln my in laze phn gii thp
nht 600 dpi, v phi chnh sao cho in ng t l 100%.

2.Hng dn
Trc cn lau sch bn l khng dnh ct bn nu khng s rch giy 1 s
im. Cm bn l ln trong thi gian i n nng cc bn ly,

t giy t mt c mch in vo mt php c ng, gp t giy li c th

c nh c t giy vi ming php. Khi l ch cn y v t nh.

- 83 -

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L khi no s tay thy ming php nng bng hay giy can dnh
cht vo ming php th ngui.

3.Hng dn lm sch mch

Sau cc bn ly nc ra mch cho sch:

- 84 -

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Cc bn ch trong cng on ny phi lm tht cn thn. V nu khng s

lm hng bo mch ca mnh mt. Lm tht t t, nh nhng!

- 85 -

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Cn thn lm tng t mt:

Sau cc bn ly vi lau nh:

- 86 -

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Ri sa li mch bng vt c u nhn :

4.Qu trnh n mn
Cho vo 1 ci chu hay ci g , nc vo trc ri mi ho
cht khng c lm ngc li v c th nguy him cho bn. Ho tan ho cht
1 lng tu mch ca bn to hay nh, nhng cng nhiu th cng nhanh.

- 87 -

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Cho php vo khuy ln v 5 pht bn kim tra 1 ln ng b qun khng

th s t ht ng mch,

- 88 -

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Nu lm ln u tin th bn nn ngi lt mch lin tc thy ng b n

mn th no. Khi ly que gy mch ln m bn thy l ng mch th b
ra ra ri ri ln nh sng xem mch c cha. Nu cha c th tip tc n
mn. n mn xong cc bn c th ly giy gip nh sch mc i hoc ch
cn dng gi thm xylen hoc axeton ri lau l mc s tan, nh phi dng gi
khng cc bn s b bn tay. Xong ra lau kh mang i khoan.

- 89 -

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5. Tng kt

- 90 -

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6. Hng dn khoan mch:

Khi lp mi khoan k mi khoan b loe, khoan mi khoan phi thng
ng khng s gy mi. Khoan xong th tin hnh lp linh kin ri hn
mch.
Hng dn test mch:
a mch ln nh sng nhn xem ng ng c ch no t khng nu
t th dng bt k ci g m bn c th nh du ch t li nh: bt ph,
bt nh, bt d khi hn mch nu t t th qut thic vo, t nhiu th ni
dy in trn vo .
Hng dn hn mch:
Hn th lm nhiu s quen, theo ti cc bn nn u t loi thic tt mua
Hn Thuyn 100K 1 cun, thic xn mi hn s bng, thic t chy nn mi
hn p hn, khi hn cn ch duy nht cho t thic vo mi hn thi thic
ph y chn linh kin th nhn mch s p. Hn mch th m s
nguyn l ln xem hoc m layout ri bt mi lp TOP v lp STOP ln
nhn s thy r linh kin

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