Tunnels construction

Prepared by
Haytham Baraka
2011
zagazig university
Click to edit Master subtitle style

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Tunnels
Every day contractors construct
tunnels as its providing us with
solution to many problems we faced
such as traffic problems , passing
water under ground surface and so.

Tunnel Projects ask for well prepared

and trained personnel in a great
range of technologies:

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1.

Geotechnics and soil engineering

Why more tunnels are being

built
Cost

% 4

Safety

Environment
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An example to see the different

between Boston Downtown , USA
.before & after

Before construct the tunnel

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The downside of tunnels:

higher building cost and difficulties of cost
control during construction
cut and cover tunnels can be disruptive
during construction
good standards of daily operations required
ongoing operational costs
underground junctions difficult and potentially
expensive
siting of portals and ventilation shafts needs
to be carefully selected
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Know about tunnel in brief

outline

Organizations working in the

same place in tunnels :

1.

Transport

2.

Traffic management & Control

3.

Security and Fire incidents management

4.

Maintenance of the facilities

Communications are requested in

the
following fields:
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*
*
*
*
*
*
*

Logistics and site factories

Relationship with all stakeholders.
Ventilation, fire detection and prevention systems
Traffic control and monitoring.
Facilities maintenance and operation.
Project performance monitoring and assessment
Hazards management and legal issues

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unique
case

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,
: ,
Drilling

)(1

(2) Grouting

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(3) Excavation

4)) Supporting

4)) Transportation of muck
(6) Lining or coating/sealing
(7) Draining
(8) Ventilation
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The English method

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The Austrian (cross-bar)

method

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The German method

The Belgian system (underpinning

or flying arch method)

NOTE : Now this methods are not being

used because of its obstacles during
construction process
And the modern methods are :

Cut and Cover System.

Pipe Jacking System (Micro
Tunneling).
Shield Tunneling (TBM).

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Forming tunnel is similar to

form a bore pile, but in a
horizontal manner and in
most cases in a much larger
diameter .
Remember how to find a bore pile?
Three basic consideration:
how to cut the soil/rock
how to remove the spoil
how to protect the bore hole from
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collapsing

Construction of tunnel using

the New Austrian Tunnel
Method (NATM) for soft
ground

FINALI
ZATIO
N
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Stage
3

Stage
2`

Stage
1


, ,

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Machine use for the

drilling of the blast hole
known as Jumbo tunneling machine

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Construction sequence for

tunnel
waterproofing and
permanent lining

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After the tunnel formed by drill and blast process, the

newly
formed tunnel surface is to be lined with an in-situ
concrete lining to stabilize the exposed soil or rock
faces. The photo shows the gantry-type formwork
used to form the in-situ concrete lining.

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Tunnel Construction
using Tunnel Boring Machine
)(TBM

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Aphoto of tunnel boring

machine

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T.B.M=Tuneel boring machine
Note this figure very well to do

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 )

formwork gantry

) : )
,

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) 4.4 ( _ _

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Tunnel Construction
using Cut-and-Cover Method

sheet piles
walls

steel struts OR
soldiers pile
supported
using ground
anchors
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Diaphragm wall supported with steel

struts

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Construction Stages for

cover and cut method

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c&c

3232

Cut & cover Vs cover & cut

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c&c

3333

Hint
The main difference betweets
these methods is the excavation
and thus soil supporting system
So,
There are two methods of
excavation related to each c&c
method
The first is called Bottom-Up
Construction
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c&c

3434

------------------------------------------------------------And the second is called Top-Down

construction

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c&c

3535

Conditions Favorable to Bottom-Up

Construction:
No right-of way restrictions
No requirement to limit sidewall deflections
No requirement for permanent restoration of surface

Conditions Favorable to Top-Down

Construction
Limited width of right-of-way
Sidewall deflections must be limited to protect
adjacent features
Surface must be restored to permanent usable
condition as soon as possible
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c&c

3636

How to choose asuitable

C&C
.
Cover & cut
Cut & cover
Conditions
L < 150 m

H < 15 m

L < 300 m

H < 50 m

Sensitive area

Fairly sesitive area

Loose sand (( any

unstable soil ))

Gravel , soils, soft rock

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c&c

Tunnel length / cutting

Depth of grade line

Environment

Geology

3737

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c&c

3838

Excavation support systems

permenant
3939

c&c

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To see more clearly sheet pile

its peform asupport to soil and groung
water proof

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soldier pile wall supported

by anchors

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Cut-and-cover tunnel
constructed in difficult
environment

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Tunnel excavation and construction crossing under an existing highway bridge

with limited headroom and congested
working environment

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crossing under busy surface

roadway

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Tunnel Construction
using Immersed Tubes

:
,


,

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Cross section of atunnel

shows all its component

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Finishing tunnel process

tunnel interior andservices installation

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Installation of the tunnel

wall panel

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Laying of rail track in

railway tunnel

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COST



,

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Actual example for Cost

Distribution

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Span and cost

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safety



,
,



Safety

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SHO = Safety and Health Officer


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 ,
:

sho
44

4

44
4

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444
lux

44
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SHO
,

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End
You can send any question or comment
To me at this E-mail
haytham.baraka@eng.zu.edu.eg
Thank you
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