MINI PROJECT ON

DRINKING WATER ALARM

ABSTRACT

Batch 4 Group Members: Saran. S. G (13) Sarath Krishnan (14) B. Sivaneeth Chandran (16)

ABSTRACT

ABSTRACT

This Alarm is for those where there is scarcity of water and government supply water at any time with out any certain management. The State water Boards supply water for limited duration in a day. Time of water supply is decided by the management and the public does not know the same. In such a situation, this water alarm circuit will save the people from long wait as it will inform them as soon as the water supply starts. At the heart of this circuit is a small water sensor. For fabricating this water sensor, you need two foilsan aluminium foil and a plastic foil. We can assemble the sensor by rolling aluminium and plastic foils in the shape of a concentric cylinder. Connect one end of the insulated flexible wire on the aluminium foil and the other end to resistor R2. Now mount this sensor inside the water tap such that water can flow through it uninterrupted. To complete the circuit, connect another wire from the junction of pins 2 and 6 of IC1 to the water pipeline or the water tap itself. The working of the circuit is simple. Timer 555 is wired as an astable multivibrator. The multivibrator will work only when water flows through the water tap and completes the circuit connection. It oscillates at about 1 kHz. The output of the timer at pin 3 is connected to loudspeaker LS1 via capacitor C3. As soon as water starts flowing through the tap, the speaker starts sounding, which indicates resumption of water supply. It remains on until you switch off the circuit with switch S1 or remove the sensor from the tap. The circuit works off a 9V battery supply. Assemble the circuit on any general- purpose PCB and house in a suitable cabinet. The water sensor is inserted into the water tap. Connect the lead coming out from the junction of 555 pins 2 and 6 to the body of the water tap. Use on/off switch S1 to power the circuit with the 9V PP3 battery.

Advantages:

i. ii. iii. iv.

Simple and hand efficient. Less expensive. Reduced man power. Low power consumption.

INTRODUCTION

INTRODUCTION

This Alarm is for those where there is scarcity of water and government supply water at any time with out any certain management. The State water Boards supply water for limited duration in a day. Time of water supply is decided by the management and the public does not know the same. In such a situation, this water alarm circuit will save the people from long wait as it will inform them as soon as the water supply starts. At the heart of this circuit is a small water sensor. For fabricating this water sensor, you need two foilsan aluminium foil and a plastic foil. You can assemble the sensor by rolling aluminium and plastic foils in the shape of a concentric cylinder. Connect one end of the insulated flexible wire on the aluminium foil and the other end to resistor R2. Now mount this sensor inside the water tap such that water can flow through it uninterrupted. To complete the circuit, connect another wire from the junction of pins 2 and 6 of IC1 to the water pipeline or the water tap itself. The working of the circuit is simple. Timer 555 is wired as an astable multivibrator. The multivibrator will work only when water flows through the water tap and completes the circuit connection. It oscillates at about 1 kHz. The output of the timer at pin 3 is connected to loudspeaker LS1 via capacitor C3. As soon as water starts flowing through the tap, the speaker starts sounding, which indicates resumption of water supply. It remains on until you switch off the circuit with switch S1 or remove the sensor from the tap. The circuit works off a 9V battery supply. Assemble the circuit on any general- purpose PCB and house in a suitable cabinet. The water sensor is inserted into the water tap. Connect the lead coming out from the junction of 555 pins 2 and 6 to the body of the water tap. Use on/off switch S1 to power the circuit with the 9V PP3 battery.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

CIRCUIT COMPONENTS

RESISTOR

A Resistor is a two-terminal passive electronic component which implements electrical resistance as a circuit element. When a voltage V is applied across the terminals of a resistor, a current I will flow through the resistor in direct proportion to that voltage. The reciprocal of the constant of proportionality is known as the resistance R, since, with a given voltage V, a larger value of R further "resists" the flow of current I as given by Ohm's law:

I=V/R
Resistors are common elements of electrical networks and electronic circuits and are ubiquitous in most electronic equipment. Practical resistors can be made of various compounds and films, as well as resistance wire (wire made of a high-resistivity alloy, such as nickel-chrome). Resistors are also implemented within integrated circuits, particularly analog devices, and can also be integrated into hybrid and printed circuits.

The electrical functionality of a resistor is specified by its resistance: common commercial resistors are manufactured over a range of more than 9 orders of magnitude. When specifying that resistance in an electronic design, the required precision of the resistance may require attention to the manufacturing tolerance of the chosen resistor, according to its specific application. The temperature coefficient of the resistance may also be of concern in some precision applications. Practical resistors are also specified as having a maximum power rating which must exceed the anticipated power dissipation of that resistor in a particular circuit: this is mainly of concern in power electronics applications. Resistors with higher power ratings are physically larger and may require heat sinking. In a high voltage circuit, attention must sometimes be paid to the rated maximum working voltage of the resistor. They are not normally specified individually for a particular family of resistors manufactured using a particular technology. A family of discrete resistors is also characterized according to its form factor, that is, the size of the device and position of its leads (or terminals) which is relevant in the practical manufacturing of circuits using them.

COLOUR CODING FOR RESISTOR:

CAPACITOR
A capacitor (formerly known as condenser) is a device for storing electric charge. The forms of practical capacitors vary widely, but all contain at least two conductors separated by a non-conductor. Capacitors used as parts of electrical systems, for example, consist of metal foils separated by a layer of insulating film.A capacitor is a passive electronic component consisting of a pair of conductors separated by a dielectric (insulator).

A capacitor is a passive electronic component consisting of a pair of conductors separated by a dielectric (insulator). When there is a potential difference (voltage) across the conductors, a static electric field develops across the dielectric, causing positive charge to collect on one plate and negative charge on the other plate. Energy is stored in the electrostatic field. An ideal capacitor is characterized by a single constant value, capacitance, measured in farads. This is the ratio of the electric charge on each conductor to the potential difference between them. Capacitors are widely used in electronic circuits for blocking direct current while allowing alternating current to pass, in filter networks, for smoothing the output of power supplies, in the resonant circuits that tune radios to particular frequencies and for many other purposes. The capacitance is greatest when there is a narrow separation between large areas of conductor, hence capacitor conductors are often called "plates", referring to an early means of construction. In practice the dielectric between the plates passes a small amount of leakage current and also has an electric field strength limit, resulting in a breakdown voltage, while the conductors and leads introduce an undesired inductance and resistance.

Capacitor Construction:
The method of construction of these electronic components is also important. In some capacitors the plates may be flat, and normally these capacitors will have rectangular, or more exactly cuboid shapes. The final stage in the construction of an electronic capacitor is to place it in a protective casing. In some instances it may be dipped in an insulating coating, in others it may be contained within a metal can.

In essence the construction of an electronic capacitor is very simple, although in practice a lot of research and development has been put into capacitor technology. The basic electronics components consist of two plates that are insulated from one another. In between them there is an insulating medium known as the dielectric.

TYPES OF CAPACITOR: Ceramic capacitor

Ceramic capacitors are normally used for radio frequency and some audio applications. Ceramic capacitors range in value from figures as low as a few pico farads to around 0.1 microfarads. In view of their wide range and suitability for RF applications they are used for coupling and decoupling applications in particular. Here these ceramic capacitors are by far the most commonly used type being cheap and reliable and their loss factor is particularly low although this is dependent on the exact dielectric in use.

Electrolytic capacitor Electrolytic capacitors are the most popular type for values greater than about 1 microfarad. Electrolytic capacitors are constructed using a thin film of oxide on an aluminium foil. An electrolyte is used to make contact with the other plate. The two plates are wound around on one another and then placed into a can that is often aluminium. Electrolytic capacitors have a wide tolerance. Typically the value of the component may be stated with a tolerance of 50% +100%. Tantalum capacitor Ordinary aluminium electrolytic capacitors are rather large for many uses. In applications where size is of importance tantalum capacitors may be used. These are much smaller than the aluminium electrolytic capacitors and instead of using a film of oxide on aluminium they us a film of oxide on tantalum. Tantalum capacitors do not normally have high working voltages, 35V is normally the maximum, and some even have values of only a volt or so. Silver Mica Capacitor Silver mica capacitorSilver mica capacitors are not as widely used these days as they used to be. In view of this one of their major uses is within the tuned elements of circuits like oscillators, or within filters. Values are normally in the range between a few picofarads up to two or possibly three thousand picofarads. For this type of capacitor the silver electrodes are plated directly on to the mica dielectric.

Polystyrene Film Capacitor Polystyrene capacitors are a relatively cheap form of capacitor. They are tubular in shape resulting from the fact that the plate / dielectric sandwich is rolled together. This adds some inductance and means that they are only suitable for relatively low frequency circuits, typically up to a few hundred kHz. In view of their relatively good tolerance levels they can be used in filter circuits, etc where values are of importance. They are generally only available as leaded electronics components.

Polyester Film Capacitor Polyester capacitorPolyester film capacitors are used where cost is a consideration as they do not offer a high tolerance. Many polyester film capacitors have a tolerance of 5% or 10%, which is adequate for many applications. They are generally only available as leaded electronics components.

Metallised Polyester Film Capacitor This type of capacitor is a essentially a form of polyester film capacitor where the polyester films themselves are metallised. The advantage of using this process is that because their electrodes are thin, the overall capacitor can be contained within a relatively small package. The metallised polyester film capacitors are generally only available as leaded electronics components. Polycarbonate capacitor Polycarbonate capacitors have earned a place as a reliable form of capacitor for use in a number of applications where performance is critical. The polycarbonate film is very stable and this enables high tolerance capacitors to be made which will hold their capacitance value over time. In addition they have a low dissipation factor, and they remain stable over a wide temperature range, many being specified from -55C to +125C. In 2000 the Bauer Corporation announced they would be ceasing manufacture of the raw dielectric. As a result many of the manufacturers of polycarbonate ceased production. Fortunately there are a few smaller manufacturers of these capacitors, so they can still be obtained. Read more about the polycarbonate capacitor Polypropylene Capacitor The polypropylene is sometimes used when a higher tolerance is necessary than polyester capacitors offer. As the name implies, this capacitor uses a polypropylene film for the dielectric. One of the advantages of the capacitor is that there is very little change of capacitance with time and voltage applied. They are also used for low frequencies, with 100 kHz or so being the upper limit. They are generally only available as leaded electronics component.

Summary of Capacitor Types:

Capacitor types

Capacitance Temperature Accuracy Leakage Comments & details range stability Polarised capacitor - widely used in power supplies for Electrolytic 0.1 F - ~1 F V poor V poor Poor smoothing, and bypass where accuracy, etc is not required. Exact performance of Ceramic 10 pF - 1 F Variable Variable Average capacitor depends to a large extent on the ceramic used. 0.1 F - 500 Polarised capacitor - very Tantalum Poor Poor Poor F high capacitance density. Rather expensive and large not widely used these days 1 pF - 3000 Silver mica Good Good Good except when small value pF accurate capacitors are needed. Polyester 0.001 F - 50 Inexpensive, and popular for Good Poor Good (Mylar) F non-demanding applications. High quality, often used in Polystyrene 10 pF - 1 F V good Good V good filters and the like where accuracy is needed. Used in many high tolerance 100 pF - 20 and hash environmental Polycarbonate V good V good Good F conditions. Supply now restricted. 100pF - 50 High performance and low Polypropylene V good Good V good F dielectric absorption. V v High performance - lowest Teflon 100 pF - 1 F V good V v good good dielectric absorption. Excellent for very harsh 10 pF - 1000 environments while offering Glass Good Good V good pF good stability. Very expensive. 100 pF - 0.1 Porcelain Good Good Good Good long term stability F

SWITCH

An electrical switch is any device used to interrupt the flow of electrons in a circuit. Switches are essentially binary devices. They are either completely on ("closed") or completely off ("open"). There are many different types of switches, and we will explore some of these types in this chapter. Though it may seem strange to cover this elementary electrical topic at such a late stage in this book series, I do so because the chapters that follow explore an older realm of digital technology based on mechanical switch contacts rather than solid-state gate circuits, and a thorough understanding of switch types is necessary for the undertaking. Learning the function of switch-based circuits at the same time that you learn about solid-state logic gates makes both topics easier to grasp, and sets the stage for an enhanced learning experience in Boolean algebra, the mathematics behind digital logic circuits. The simplest type of switch is one where two electrical conductors are brought in contact with each other by the motion of an actuating mechanism. Other switches are more complex, containing electronic circuits able to turn on or off depending on some physical stimulus (such as light or magnetic field) sensed. In any case, the final output of any switch will be (at least) a pair of wire-connection terminals that will either be connected together by the switch's internal contact mechanism ("closed"), or not connected together ("open").

TYPES:
Any switch designed to be operated by a person is generally called a hand switch, and they are manufactured in several varieties

Toggle switches are actuated by a lever angled in one of two or more positions. The common light switch used in household wiring is an example of a toggle switch. Most toggle switches will come to rest in any of their lever positions, while others have an internal spring mechanism returning the lever to a certain normal position, allowing for what is called "momentary" operation.

Pushbutton switches are two-position devices actuated with a button that is pressed and released. Most pushbutton switches have an internal spring mechanism returning the button to its "out," or "unpressed," position, for momentary operation. Some pushbutton switches will latch alternately on or off with every push of the button. Other pushbutton switches will stay in their "in," or "pressed," position until the button is pulled back out. This last type of pushbutton switches usually have a mushroom-shaped button for easy push-pull action.

Selector switches are actuated with a rotary knob or lever of some sort to select one of two or more positions. Like the toggle switch, selector switches can either rest in any of their positions or contain spring-return mechanisms for momentary operation.

A joystick switch is actuated by a lever free to move in more than one axis of motion. One or more of several switch contact mechanisms are actuated depending on which way the lever is pushed, and sometimes by how far it is pushed. The circle-and-dot notation on the switch symbol represents the direction of joystick lever motion required to actuate the contact. Joystick hand switches are commonly used for crane and robot control. Some switches are specifically designed to be operated by the motion of a machine rather than by the hand of a human operator. These motion-operated switches are commonly called limit switches, because they are often used to limit the motion of a machine by turning off the actuating power to a component if it moves too far. As with hand switches, limit switches come in several varieties:

These limit switches closely resemble rugged toggle or selector hand switches fitted with a lever pushed by the machine part. Often, the levers are tipped with a small roller bearing, preventing the lever from being worn off by repeated contact with the machine part.

Proximity switches sense the approach of a metallic machine part either by a magnetic or high-frequency electromagnetic field. Simple proximity switches use a permanent magnet to actuate a sealed switch mechanism whenever the machine part gets close (typically 1 inch or less). More complex proximity switches work like a metal detector, energizing a coil of wire with a high-frequency current, and electronically monitoring the magnitude of that current. If a metallic part (not necessarily magnetic) gets close enough to the coil, the current will increase, and trip the monitoring circuit. The symbol shown here for the proximity switch is of the electronic variety, as indicated by the diamond-shaped box surrounding the switch. A non-electronic proximity switch would use the same symbol as the lever-actuated limit switch. Another form of proximity switch is the optical switch, comprised of a light source and photocell. Machine position is detected by either the interruption or reflection of a light beam. Optical switches are also useful in safety applications, where beams of light can be used to detect personnel entry into a dangerous area.

In many industrial processes, it is necessary to monitor various physical quantities with switches. Such switches can be used to sound alarms, indicating that a process variable has exceeded normal parameters, or they can be used to shut down processes or equipment if those variables have reached dangerous or destructive levels. There are many different types of process switches:

These switches sense the rotary speed of a shaft either by a centrifugal weight mechanism mounted on the shaft, or by some kind of non-contact detection of shaft motion such as optical or magnetic.

Gas or liquid pressure can be used to actuate a switch mechanism if that pressure is applied to a piston, diaphragm, or bellows, which converts pressure to mechanical force.

An inexpensive temperature-sensing mechanism is the "bimetallic strip:" a thin strip of two metals, joined back-to-back, each metal having a different rate of thermal expansion. When the strip heats or cools, differing rates of thermal expansion between the two metals causes it to bend. The bending of the strip can then be used to actuate a switch contact mechanism. Other temperature switches use a brass bulb filled with either a liquid or gas, with a tiny tube connecting the bulb to a pressure-sensing switch. As the bulb is heated, the gas or liquid expands, generating a pressure increase which then actuates the switch mechanism.

A floating object can be used to actuate a switch mechanism when the liquid level in an tank rises past a certain point. If the liquid is electrically conductive, the liquid itself can be used as a conductor to bridge between two metal probes inserted into the tank at the required depth. The conductivity technique is usually implemented with a special design of relay triggered by a small amount of current through the conductive liquid. In most cases it is impractical and dangerous to switch the full load current of the circuit through a liquid. Level switches can also be designed to detect the level of solid materials such as wood chips, grain, coal, or animal feed in a storage silo, bin, or hopper. A common design for this application is a small paddle wheel, inserted into the bin at the desired height, which is slowly turned by a small electric motor. When the solid material fills the bin to that height, the material prevents the paddle wheel from turning. The torque response of the small motor than trips the switch mechanism. Another design uses a "tuning fork" shaped metal prong, inserted into the bin from the outside at the desired height. The fork is vibrated at its resonant frequency by an electronic circuit and magnet/electromagnet coil assembly. When the bin fills to that height, the solid material dampens the vibration of the fork, the change in vibration amplitude and/or frequency detected by the electronic circuit.

Inserted into a pipe, a flow switch will detect any gas or liquid flow rate in excess of a certain threshold, usually with a small paddle or vane which is pushed by the flow. Other flow switches are constructed as differential pressure switches, measuring the pressure drop across a restriction built into the pipe. Another type of level switch, suitable for liquid or solid material detection, is the nuclear switch. Composed of a radioactive source material and a radiation detector, the two are mounted across the diameter of a storage vessel for either solid or liquid material. Any height of material beyond the level of the source/detector arrangement will attenuate the strength of radiation reaching the detector. This decrease in radiation at the detector can be used to trigger a relay mechanism to provide a switch contact for measurement, alarm point, or even control of the vessel level.

BUZZER WORKING:
Buzzer is an electromagnetic type audio signaling device, which has a coil inside which oscillates a metal plate against another, which when given voltage difference produces sound of a predefined frequency. You must be aware of such sounds of buzzer like BEEP sound in many appliances.

A piezoelectric element may be driven by an oscillating electronic circuit or other audio signal source, driven with a piezoelectric audio amplifier. Sounds commonly used to indicate that a button has been pressed are a click, a ring or a beep.

FEATURES:
These high reliability electromagnetic buzzers are applicable to general electronics equipment. Compact, pin terminal type electromagnetic buzzer with 2048 Hz output. Pin type terminal construction enables direct mounting onto printed circuit boards.

APPLICATIONS:
Security Alerts, Clocks, travel watches, keyboards, toys, various alarms of equipments.

SPECIFICATION:

OPERATING CIRCUIT:
As the buzzer uses a coil, it has an inductive load. Protect the drive circuit by putting the diodes in parallel into the buzzer.

Piezo Buzzer mainly consists of a multi-vibrator circuit, piezoelectric buzzer films, and the resonance box, shell etc. Multivibrator constits of transistors or integrated circuits. When switched on, after (1.5 ~ 15V DC working voltage), multi-harmonic oscillator start-up, output 1.5 ~ 2.5kHZ of audio signals, which results in audible sound. Piezoelectric Buzzer contains zirconate titanate films from lead or lead magnesium niobate piezoelectric ceramic materials. On both sides of the ceramic coating on the silver electrode by polarization and aging treatment, and then with the brass plates or stainless steel sheets stick together.

DIMENSION:

Electromagnetic Buzzer works from the oscillator, the electromagnetic coil, magnet, diaphragm and shell so on. After power on, the audio oscillator signal current through the electromagnetic coil, so that the electromagnetic coil produces a magnetic field. Diaphragm in the electromagnetic coil and magnet interaction, periodically vibrating voice and thus the audible note. There are too Electromagnetic Buzzers which works without any oscillator. These work by the frequency produced by the make and break contacts to the coil in relation to the moving diaphragm.

FREQUENCY CHARACTERISTICS:

WATER SENSOR

For fabricating this water sensor, we need two foil an aluminium foil and a plastic foil. We can assemble the sensor by rolling aluminum and plastic foils in the shape of a concentric cylinder. Connect one end of the insulated flexible wire on the aluminium foil and the other end to resistor R2. Now mount this sensor inside the water tap such that water can flow through uninterrupted. To complete the circuit, connect another wire from the junction of pins 2 and 6 of IC1 to the water pipeline or the water tap itself.

Water sensor for detecting the presence of conductive solutions, such as water spills, water tank levels, and drainage ponds. The water alarm sensor features two stainless steel electrodes that are positioned at a desired point for liquid detection. When fluid is detected, a relay closes in the water level alarm and the signal can be used to sound an audible alarm or close a switch inside a piece of remote monitoring equipment. The relay output is fully isolated and can handle 2 amps of current. After the water level alarm sensor is in dry conditions, the detection sensor will automatically reset without requiring additional service. The water level alarm is rugged and durable and requires minimal maintenance.The Water Level Alarm has many uses, including: surface water monitoring, precision level detection, water level control, high water indication, and submersible marine low level indication. The water alarm sensor can be purchased to trigger an alarm upon contact with water or air (please specify when ordering).

IC 555 TIMER
The 555 timer IC was first introduced around 1971 by the Signetics Corporation as the SE555/NE555 and was called "The IC Time Machine" and was also the very first and only commercial timer ic available. It provided circuit designers and hobby tinkerers with a relatively cheap, stable and user-friendly integrated circuit for both monostable and astable applications. The 555, come in two packages, either the round metal-can called the 'T' package or the more familiar 8-pin DIP 'V' package. About 20-years ago the metal-can type was pretty much the standard (SE/NE types). The 556 timer is a dual 555 version and comes in a 14-pin DIP package, the 558 is a quad version with four 555's also in a 14 pin DIP case. Inside the 555 timer, are the equivalent of over 20 transistors, 15 resistors, and 2 diodes, depending of the manufacturer. The equivalent circuit, in block diagram, providing the functions of control, triggering, level sensing or comparison, discharge, and power output. Some of the more attractive features of the 555 timer are: Supply voltage between 4.5 and 18 volt, supply current 3 to 6 mA, and a Rise/Fall time of 100 nSec. General Description: The LM555 is a highly stable device for generating accurate time delays or oscillation. Additional terminals are provided for triggering or resetting if desired. In the time delay mode of operation, the time is precisely controlled by one external resistor and capacitor. For astable operation as an oscillator, the free running frequency and duty cycle are accurately controlled with two external resistors and one capacitor. The circuit may be triggered and reset on falling waveforms, and the output circuit can source or sink up to 200mA or drive TTL circuits. Features: Direct replacement for SE555/NE555 Timing from microseconds through hours Operates in both astable and monostable modes Adjustable duty cycle Output can source or sink 200 mA Output and supply TTL compatible Temperature stability better than 0.005% per C

Pin Diagram:

Pin 1 (Ground):The ground (or common) pin is the most-negative supply potential of the device, which is normally connected to circuit common (ground) when operated from positive supply voltages. Pin 2 (Trigger):This pin is the input to the lower comparator and is used to set the latch, which in turn causes the output to go high. This is the beginning of the timing sequence in monostable operation. Triggering is accomplished by taking the pin from above to below a voltage level of 1/3V+(or,in general,one-half the voltage appearing at pin 5). Pin 3 (Output):The output of the 555 comes from a high-current totem-pole stage made up of transistors Q20 - Q24. Transistors Q21 and Q22 provide drive for source-type loads, and their Darlington connection provides a high-state output voltage about 1.7 volts less than the V+ supply level used. Pin 4 (Reset): This pin is also used to reset the latch and return the output to a low state. The reset voltage threshold level is 0.7 volt, and a sink current of 0.1mA from this pin is required to reset the device. These levels are relatively independent of operating V+ level;Thus the reset input is TTL compatible for any supply voltage. The reset input is an overriding function; that is, it will force the output to a low state regardless of the state of either of the other inputs.

Pin 5 (Control Voltage):This pin allows direct access to the 2/3 V+ voltage-divider point, the reference level for the upper comparator. It also allows indirect access to the lower comparator, as there is a 2:1 divider (R8 - R9) from this point to the lower-comparator reference input, Q13. Use of this terminal is the option of the user, but it does allow extreme flexibility by permitting modification of the timing period, resetting of the comparator, etc. Pin 6 (Threshold):Pin 6 is one input to the upper comparator (the other being pin 5) and is used to reset the latch, which causes the output to go low. Resetting via this terminal is accomplished by taking the terminal from below to above a voltage level of 2/3 V+ (the normal voltage on pin 5). The action of the threshold pin is level sensitive, allowing slow rate-of-change waveforms. The voltage range that can safely be applied to the threshold pin is between V+ and ground. Pin 7 (Discharge):This pin is connected to the open collector of a npn transistor (Q14), the emitter of which goes to ground, so that when the transistor is turned "on", pin 7 is effectively shorted to ground. Usually the timing capacitor is connected between pin 7 and ground and is discharged when the transistor turns "on". The conduction state of this transistor is identical in timing to that of the output stage Pin 8 (V +):The V+ pin (also referred to as Vcc) is the positive supply voltage terminal of the 555 timer IC. Supply-voltage operating range for the 555 is +4.5 volts (minimum) to +16 volts (maximum), and it is specified for operation between +5 volts and +15 volts. The device will operate essentially the same over this range of voltages without change in timing period.

WORKING OF ASTABLE MULTIVIBRATOR:

The circuit diagram for the astable multivibrator using IC 555 is shown here. The astable multivibrator generates a square wave, the period of which is determined by the circuit external to IC 555. The astable multivibrator does not require any external trigger to change the state of the output. Hence the name free running oscillator. The time during which the output is either high or low is determined by the two resistors and a capacitor which are externally connected to the 555 timer. The above figure shows the 555 timer connected as an astable multivibrator. Initially when the output is high capacitor C starts charging towards Vcc through RA and RB. However as soon as the voltage across the capacitor equals 2/3 Vcc , comparator1 triggers the flip-flop and the output switches to low state. Now capacitor C discharges through RB and the transistor Q1. When voltage across C equals 1/3 Vcc, comparator 2s output triggers the flip- flop and the output goes high. Then the cycle repeats.

The capacitor is periodically charged and discharged between 2/3 Vcc and 1/3 Vcc respectively. The time during which the capacitor charges from 1/3 Vcc to 2/3 Vcc is equal to the time the output remains high and is given by where RA and RB are in ohms and C is in Farads. Similarly the time during which the capacitor discharges from 2/3 Vcc to 1/3 Vcc is equal to the time the output is low.

MONOSTABLE MULTIVIBRATOR:
In the monostable multivibrator, the one resistive-capacitive network (C2-R3 in figure 1) is replaced by a resistive network (just a resistor). The circuit can be thought as a 1/2 Q2 collector voltage is the output of the circuit (in contrast it has a perfect square waveform since the output is not loaded by the capacitor).

In this figure Basic bistable multivibrator (suggested values: R1, R2= 1 k R3, R4 = 10 K

When triggered by an input pulse, a monostable multivibrator will switch to its unstable position for a period of time, and then return to its stable state. The time period monostable multivibrator remains in unstable state is given by t = ln(2)R2C1. If repeated application of the input pulse maintains the circuit in the unstable state, it is called a retriggerable monostable. If further trigger pulses do not affect the period, the circuit is a nonretriggerable multivibrator.

For the circuit in Figure in the stable state Q1 is turned off and Q2 is turned on. It is triggered by zero or negative input signal applied to Q2 base (with the same success it can be triggered by applying a positive input signal through a resistor to Q1 base). As a result, the circuit goes in described above. After elapsing the time, it returns to its stable initial state.

BISTABLE MULTIVIBRATOR:

As the name implies, the bistable multivibrator has two stable states. If a trigger of the correct polarity and amplitude is applied to the circuit, it will change states and remain there until triggered again. The trigger need not have a fixed prf; in fact, triggers from different sources, occurring at different times, can be used to switch this circuit.

The bistable multi vibrator circuit and the associated waveforms are shown in figure 3-17, views (A) and (B), respectively. In this circuit, R1 and R7 are the collector load resistors. Voltage dividers R1, R2,and R5 provide forward bias for Q2; R7, R6, and R3 provide forward bias for Q1. These resistors also couple the collector signal from one transistor to the base of the other. Observe that this is direct coupling of feedback. This type of coupling is required because the circuit depends on input triggers for operation , not on RC time constants inside the circuit. Both transistors use common emitter resistor R4 which provides emitter coupling. C1 and C2 couple the input triggers to the transistor bases In the bistable multi vibrator, both the resistive-capacitive network are replaced by resistive networks (just resistors or direct coupling).This circuit is similar to an astable multi vibrator, except that there is no charge or discharge time, due to the absence of capacitors.

Hence, when the circuit is switched on, if Q1 is on, its collector is at 0 V. As a result, Q2 gets switched off. The results in more than half +V volts being applied to R4 causing current into the base of Q1, thus keeping it on. Thus, the circuit remains stable in a single state continuously. Similarly, Q2 remains on continuously, if it happens to get switched on first. Switching of state can be done via Set and Reset terminals connected to the bases. For example, if Q2 is on and Set is grounded momentarily, this switches Q2 off, and makes Q1 on. Thus, Set is used to "set" Q1 on, and Reset is used to "reset" it to off state.

WORKING OPERATION

WORKING OPERATION

The working of the circuit is simple. Timer 555 is wired as an astable multivibrator. The multivibrator will work only when water flows through the water tap and completes the circuit connection. It oscillates at about 1 kHz. The output of the timer at pin 3 is connected to loudspeaker LS1 via capacitor C3. As soon as water starts flowing through the tap, the speaker starts sounding, which indicates resumption of water supply.

It remains on until you switch off the circuit with switch S1 or remove the sensor from the tap. The circuit works off a 9V battery supply. Assemble the circuit on any general-purpose PCB and house in a suitable cabinet. The water sensor is inserted into the water tap. Connect the lead coming out from the junction of 555 pins 2 and 6 to the body of the water tap. Use on/off switch S1 to power the circuit with the 9V PP3 battery.

CONCLUSION

CONCLUSION
After you install an alarm system of water in your home can save you thousands of dollars in repairs. Water warnings have many benefits. Because it is relatively inexpensive, it's a good idea for any homeowner to install one, even if it's just a simple negative. Here are some of the advantages of a water alarm in your home. 1. Mold and mildew It's not uncommon to find mold and mildew and minor problems in the areas of high humidity. Bathrooms, kitchens and laundry rooms are all vulnerable. Mold can lead to health problems, and mold can cause odors that are difficult to control. Most of these problems often go unnoticed for some time. By the time mold, if any, control of this problem can cost a lot of money, including the re-view. The water can be a simple warning to alert you to the top of natural moisture. This can lead to increased humidity, mold, mold-building in areas that are not easy to see. Can be used to water the negative warning system to detect this, and alert you to higher levels of moisture before it turns into a big problem. A passive system is simple to use. They require only a 9-volt battery, and can be placed directly on the ground. 2. Hardware After the devices that use water, such as heaters, hot water and deep-freeze, can cause damage to the water if the failure of hardware. Often slow leak will be detected until a major problem presents itself. Such leaks slowly causing rotting floors and crumbling walls and other damage is extensive. It can also be in the face of the need to replace the device if the damage was water leakage in the internal functioning. It can instead of spending thousands in these reforms are expensive, and a warning of water to be installed on the device. If the leak occurs, water and alarm make audible noise to alert you, and can shut down water supplies to be able to attend for reform. These types of alarms and water are usually less than 200 dollars to install. You can find the water alarms active for your system water whole, or individual devices such as dishwashers, ice makers, refrigerators, washing machines and water heaters. 3. Pipes freeze Can be a nightmare for any pipe bomb the house. There are warnings of water available that will not only alert you to excessive moisture, but can in fact be automatically converted to the tube heaters when the temperature drops below a certain level. This is a huge asset to any home not occupied constantly. You also do not have to break the bank to install a simple system. The Committee heard that the alarm systems in a negative simple and are usually high enough so that when placed in basements or under the cabinets. The high end can be set up on the latest communications systems on your cell phone, and alerts you of problems if you're away.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

BIBLIOGRAPHY

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