Susruthasamhitha The first surgical pathology text of the world -Part 3

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I have written Susruthasamhitha , for the sake of Allopathy practitioners ( My colleagues in Modern Medicine ) to understand the roots of science which they are teaching and learning and practicing. For those who do research in both Ayurveda and Allopathy this can be a reference book for integration of indigenous medicine with modern medicine . For students and teachers of history this will open up new horizons. For example to remove a arrow in bone , Susrutha mentions stone instruments, wooden instruments , bone implements , and metals .That means whatever is available at teh site of injury was made use of by ancient people before the proper surgical instrument was devised specifically for the purpose. For making ligature after snakebite tendrils,cloths,tied up threads, valkala ( made of bark of tree) are used . The use of these indicate the practice started when man was wearing leaves, tendrils and barks of trees and continued to cloth , and then only to a specifically devised tourniquet .By the time Susrutha wrote , these stages had already passed through, showing the age of the science practiced by him. It is a science practiced by earliest inhabitants of this geographic area and continued through generations .The classification of diseases, and treatment of each and care taken to explain the special procedures to the students are all noteworthy. Cancers are classified just as we classify now in Pathology according to aetiology according to systems involved (Systemic pathology) and also by the appearance , its properties ( gross) , etc and also by the response to treatment . Whatever Susrutha describe show that he knew Pathology , disease processes and treatment before invention of Microscope . Modern Medicine had started from where Susrutha stopped his observations and proceeded to technological developments . But when it comes to effects of treatment of cancers etc we are still using what Susrutha advocated , sometimes cautery ( which has become radiation now ) and medical treatment ( Chemotherapy) and surgery in some cases and palliation in many . I have done this work in 1990. If we do not forget our roots our history will be more clear . I do not think that my work is complete or perfect .But I feel a deep sense of satisfaction when I find out my own heritage of medicine and pathology in Susrutha, the son of Viswamithra and the disciple of Dhanwanthari. This is my Yajna in the altar of my professional education . Susrutha has used the panchavarsheeyapaithamahayuga and calculation of Paithamaha which Europeans like Thibout has ertified to be untouched by Greek knowledge . This also is an important point which historians should take note of.

For a Re-discovery of India through Susruthasamhitha , let this yajna be of use to coming generations of scholars !!!!!

Name 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

Anatomical and Physiological Terms : Ref: Sa:6;79 Soo:15;4 Sa:5-19 Sa:5;39 Sa:3;11 Soo:21-13 Sa:5:4;7 Sa:5;3 Sa:5;10 Sa:5;2 Sa:2;3 Sa:5;4 U:1;8 Sa:4;24 Sa:6;11 Soo:15;8 Sa:5;7 English equivalent Vertical groove-frontal bone Fire-body heat,digestive fire Collar bone Shoulder blades Eyelashes Humour that cause perception of external heat,light,energy Stomach Shoulder Shoulder cap 2 arms,2 legs,trunk,head and neck Fingers/toes Intestines Outer canthus of eye Placenta Bronchial branches Menstruation Internal receptacles -3 for humours,1 each for blood,digestion,excreta ,foetus Lacrimal duct Bones

Adhipathi Agni Akshaka (2 No:) Akshakaamsam (2 No:) Akshipaksham Alochakapitham

7. Aamaasayam 8. Amsam (2 No:) 9. Amsapindam 10. Amga (6 No) 11. Anguli (20 NO:) 12. Aanthram 13. Apaaangam 14. Aparaa 15. Aapasthambha 16. Aarthavam 17. Aasayam (7 No: )

18 Asrumargam 19 Asthi In other Ayurveda texts bones are 360.But for Susrutha it is 300.He classifies bones to 5 types Kapaalam Ruchakam

U:1;5 Sa: 5;17-21

Flat bones Small cubical bones

Tharunam Valayam Nalakam 20 Asthimarmam Sa:6;2

Cartilages Thin,curved,medullary With medullary cavity,tubular Vital plexus bone predominant Localised collectin of minor bones Bony joints Movable( diarthrosis) Immovable(synarthrosis)

21. Asthisamghaatham ( 14 No:) Sa:6;2 22.Asthisandhi (210No:) Sa:5;23-28 Classified as 2 types Cheshtaavantham Sthiram Among 210 joints 68 in limbs,57 in trunk,83 in head and neck . Another classification of joints : Kora Udookhala Saamudhgha Prathara Thunnasevani Vaayasathunda Mandala Samkhaavartha These classifications are comparable to Modern. 23 Vadanam 24.Baahu (2 No:) 25 Bhagam 26 Broo ( 2 No:) 27. chibukam 28 Danthamoolam 29.Dasana ( 32 No:s) 30.dhamani 31.Drishti 32 Drishtipatalam 33 Gandam 34 Garbaasayam 35.Greevam 36 Gudam 37 Gudoushtam 38 garbam 39 Gulpham (2 No:) 40. Hanu (2 No:) 41. Hridayam 42. Indravasthi 43. Indriyam (5 No:) Nethra Karna Naasa Jihua Ni:2;8 Sa:5;3 Sa:5;19 Sa:5;3 Ibid Ni: 16;12 Ni:2;8 ; 16;2 Sa:5;4 U:1;5-6 U:1;10 Sa:5;4 Sa:5;5 Sa: 5;4 Ni :1;3 Ni:2;3 Soo:15;1 Sa :5-18 Sa:5;20 Sa: 5;3 Sa: 6;10

Hinged Ball & socket (Enarthrosis) Branching Irregular (Arthrodia) Serrated ( sutured) Crawbeak shaped Circular(mugshaped) Involuted (Helical)

Face Arms Pudentum mulibre Eyebrows Chin Root of teeth ;gum Teeth Arteries Pupil of eye for eyesight Retina Cheeks Uterus Neck Rectum Anal orifice Foetus, pregnancy Back portion of ankles Jaws Heart Calf muscle Eye Ears Nose Tongue

Thwak 44. Jaalam (16 No) Maamsajaalam Siraajaalam Snaayujaalam Asthijaalam 45 Jalapatalam 46 Jamgha 47 Jaanu 48.Jihua 49 Kala (7 types) Maamsadhara Rakthadhara Medadhara Sleshmadhara Pureeshadhara

Sa:5;4-11 In each ankle and wrist joint one each of these 4 types seen

U:1;9 Sa:5;18 Sa:5;3 Sa:5-2 Sa:4;2-20

Pithadhara

Sukradhara 50 Kaksham (2) 51 kakshaadhaara (2) 52 Kaalaka (2) 53 Kaandara (16 ) 54 Kaneenakam 55 Kandam 56 Kandanaadi 57 Kapaalam 58. Karnam (2) 59. Kati 60. Kateekapaalam 61 Kateekatharunam (2) 62 Kesam 63 Kloma (2) 64 Koshtam 65 Kakaathika 66 Krishnamandalam (2) 67 Kukshi 68. kukundaram 69.Koorcham (6) Sa:5;3 Sa:6;12 U;1-10 Sa:5;10 U;17-8 Ni:16;2 Sa:5;20 Sa:5;21 Sa:6;4 Sa:5;23 Sa:5;26 Sa:6;13 Ch:9;4 Ni:9;4 Sa 4:16 Sa 6.14 U:1;5 U:42;63 Sa 6;14 Sa:5;12

70 Koorpparam (2)

Sa:6;14

Skin Plexuses Musclepredominent Capillary predominant Ligament predominant Bone predominant Aquous humour of eye Shanks Knees Tongue Tissues carrying fundamental elements of body Superficial fascia and muscles Vascular tissue Fatty (Adipose )tissue Lymphatic Tissue Tissues that separate wastes (Excretory) from other contents =excretory system including Intestines That separate chyle, rasa (essence as energy) from solid/liquid food(Stomach, gall bladder,liver) Genital system that carry semen and ovum Armpit Shoulder joint Choroid eye Ganglion of muscle and nerve plexuses Inner canthus of eye Eye Trachea Flat bone of head Ears Waist(lumbar region) Flat pelvic bone Sacroiliac cartilage Hair Bronchopnemonal tract ( bronchi and lungs) Viscera Pelvic arch Iris Inguinal region Sacrosciatic hollow Clusters of muscles,bones,capillaries and ligaments Elbows

71 Majja 72 Malam 5 types Pureesha,moothram, swedam,aarthavam ,sthanyam 73 Malaadhaaram

Soo:14;10 Soo:15;7-8;10;5,4

Bone marrow Excreta from body

Ni:3;14

Receptacles before evacuation of contents (lower part of Rectum etc) Flesh /muscles Muscle cord shaped like rope , 2 from each side of spinal column Wrists Major nerve leading to supraclavicular region Vulnerable points on plexus formations

74.maamsam 75 Maamsarajju (4 )

Soo;14-10 Sa:5;13

76 manibandham (2) 77 Manya 78. Marmam (107 No:) 5 types Maamsamarmam 11 Siraamarmmam 41 Snaayumarmmam 27 Asthimarmam 8 Sandhimarmam 20 79 Masthakam 80 Masthalumgam 81 meda 82 Medapatalam 83 Medram 84 Mukham 85 Moordhaa 86 Muskam 87 moothram 88 Moothraasayam 89 Moothravaahanaadi 90 Nabhi 91 nakham 92 Naaasa 93 Nayanam 94 nayanabudbudam 95 Nithambam 96 Ojas 97 Oshtam 98 Paadam 99 Padathalam 100 Pakkaadhaanam 101 pakkaasayam 102 pakshmamandalam 103 Parswam 104 Parswani

Sa:6;10 Sa:6;66-67 Sa:6-23

Sa:5;9 Ch:2;51 Soo:4;10 U:1;10 Ni:2;8 Ni:16;2 Sa:5;10 Ni:3;14 Soo:15;8 Sa:5-7 Ni:3;14 Sa:5;3 Ni:2;8 Sa:5;3 Ni:2;8;sa:5;3 U:1;4 Sa:5;19 Soo:15;22 Ni16.2 Sa:5-10 Sa:5;18 Ni1;3 Sa:5;7 U:1;6 Sa:5;18 Sa:5;18

Forehead Brain Fat Fatty layer just beneath skin Male genitals Oral cavity Head Scrotum Urine Urinary bladder Ureters,urethra Umbilicus Nails Nose Eyes Eyeball Hip Vitality that permeates whole organism Lips Foot Sole of foot Intestinal tract Lumen of intestine Eyelashes Lateral sides of body Heels

105 Patalam 106 Paayu 107 Pesi (500 for men; 520 for women) 108 Pesisandhi 109 Phana 110.Phuppusam 111 Pitham 112 pithasayam 113 Pleeha 114 Pratyamgam 115 Pravaahineepesi

U:1;7-8 Sa:5;39 Sa:5;37-42 Sa:5;89 Sa:5;4 Sa:5;4 Soo:15;4 Sa:5;7 Sa:5;4 Sa:5;3 Ni 2;4

Layers of eye Anal sphincter Muscles Muscle joints A channel leading from nasal to oral cavity Alveoli of lungs Bile Gall bladder Spleen The visible parts of Human Anatomy Rectalmuscles that open the Anal sphincture Back Faeces Blood vessels containing blood Chyle,hormones ,essences Seminal fluid/sperms Hairs Power,bioenergy,energy of body,mind,intellect Rectal muscle that close anal sphincter Temples of forehead Feet,Hoof Suture on Perineum Junction of muscle tissue having appearance of sutures ,Perineum is one among them . Terminal formations Cranial vault Blood vessels ,lymph vessels and nerves 10 Major Nerves branched into 175 minor. Subbranches innumerable Bile Capillaries and ducts conveying bile and heat (sweat ducts) 10 major tubes branch into 175 Minor tubes Lymphatic vessels and Mucous ducts .10 Major tubes 175 minor ones Arteries,veins .10 Major branch to 175 Minor .

116 Prishtam 117 Pureesham 118 Rakthaasayam 119 Rasam 120 Rethas (sukram) 121 Romam 122 Sakthi 123 Samvaraneepesi 124 samkham 125 Sepham 126 Sevani 127 sevani ( 7 types of junctions also called sevani ) 128 Seemantham ( other ayurveda texts 14 Numbers.Susrutha 18 types) 129 Shira 130 sira There are 700 sira in 4 types . Vaathavaahini

Sa:5;3 Soo:15;7 Sa:5;7 Soo:14;10 Soo:14;10; ni:4;5 Sa:7;17-18 Sa:6;41 Ni:2;4 Sa:5;3 Ni:3-14 Sa:5;39 Sa:5;14

Sa:5;16 Sa:5;20 Sa:7;2

Sa:7;5-6

Pithavahini

Sa:7;5

Kaphavahini

Sa:7;5

Rakthavahini

Sa:7;5

131 Siraasandhi 132 shleshmam 133.Shleshmaasayam 134.Snayu There are 904 numbers divided into 4 classes Prathanuathi Vritha Prithu Sushira 135 Sonitham 136 sphik 137 Sroni 138 Srothas 139 Sthanam 140 Sthanamoolam 141 Sthanavrindam 142 Sthanyam 143 Sthoolaanthram 144 Sookshmamoothravaahanaadi They are innumerable,unseen 145 swedam 146 Swethamandalam 147 Thalam 148 Thaalu 149 Thrika 150 Thwak (7 layers) Avabhasini

Sa:5 -29 Soo:15;5 Sa:5;7 Sa:5;30,34-35

Joiing places of vessels and other circulating tubes Phlegm and mucous Receptacles for phlegm and mucous in body(glands) Ligaments,connective tissue

Soo:21;3;sa:3-8 Sa:5;4 Sa:5;10 Sa:5;9 Sa:5;3 Sa:6;6 Sa:5;9 Soo:15;8 Ni:2;4 Ni:3;14 Soo: 15;7 U:1;7-8 Soo:5;18 Ni:16;2 Sa:5;15 Sa:4;3

Lohitha

Branching Round/ringlike Thick and broad Perforated Blood Buttocks Pelvis Internal ducts Breasts Pectoral muscles Nipples Breastmilk Large bowel Extremely small ducts invisible to naked eye carrying urine (Renal tubules) Sweat Sclera of eye Sole foot Palate Sternum Skin Innermost layer of dermis with red hue due to blood vessels Second from innermost layer of dermis with red hue(blood vessels) 3rd layer of dermis white in colour .lack vessels 4th layer .Coppery hue(pigment macrophages give this) 5th layer whic we split open while dissecting 6th layer .Just below epidermis The layer of muscles below dermis Abdomen Blind gut where intestine open to colon(caecum) Thighs Chest Groins

Swetha Thamra ,and epidermis Vedini Rohini Maamsadhara 151 Udaram 152 Undukam 153 Ooru 154 Vaksha 155 Vangsna Sa:5;3 Sa:5;4 Sa:5;3 Sa:5;10 Sa:5;15

156 Varlmamandalam 157 Vasthi 158 Vasthimukham 159 Vidhura 160 Vimba 161 Visarjinipesi 162 Vithapa 163 Vrikka 164 Vrishnam 165 Yakrith 166 Yogavahini 167 Yoni 168 Yonimukham

U:1;7 Sa:5;3 Ni:9;14 Sa:6;12 Sa:10 Ni:2;4 Sa:6:43-44 Sa:5;4 Sa:5;3 Sa:5;5 Sa:5;5 Sa:5;5 Sa:3;7

Eyelids Urinary bladder Mouth of bladder,urethral orifice Posterior ligament of outer ear Buttocks Rectal muscles Groin muscles Kidney Testis Liver Capillaries Vagina Vulva, cervix-opening of uterus to outside

Medical and Surgical Terms in Susruthasamhitha :Corresponding English word Anointing Observing hygienic rules/prescribed regimes Suction Medicine taken just after a meal Cautery Surface cautery,Internal cautery Fomenting Food Extraction Eye-lotion Pastes ,plasters Raw unmedicated oil Lifting to surface during surgery Medicine in between 2 major meals Pushing forein body/splinter in body and remove through new exit Rubbing fractured tissue to each other before bandaging An oil enema Incision in shape of half moon in case of anal fistula An acute angle incision with unequal arms Medicated liquor Distilled wine/liquor Dropping medicated liquids into eyes Nonoily enema

Susruthasamhitha Sanskrit word 1 Abhyanjanam 2 Aachaaram 3.Aachooshanam 4.Adhobhaktham 5.Agnikarmam 2 types : Thwgdaghdam &mamsadagdham 6. Agniprathamanam 7 Aahaaram 8 Aaharanam 9 Akshitharpanam 10 Aalepanam 11 Aamathailam 12 Aanjanam 13 Antharbhaktham 14.Anulomam 15.Anumarjanam 16 anuvasanam 17 Ardhachandram 18 Ardhalangalakam 19 Arishtam 20 Aasavam 21. Aschodanam 22. Aasthaapanam

23 Oupasargikam 24 Avacharanam 25 Avaanmukham 26 Avalekhi 27 Avasaadanam 28 Bhanjanam 29 Chaalanam 30 Chandrachakram 31 Bhedanam 32 Dahanam 33 Daaranam 34 Daaruneekaranam 35 Paavanam 36 Dhoomapaanam 37 Dhoopanam 38 Deepanam 39 Dushtasonitham There are 4 types : Avagaaatham Pinditham Siraangavyaapakam Thwaksthitham 40 Eshanam 41 Gandhathailam 42 Gotheerthakam 43 Grasantharam 44 Gudika 45 Kalkam 46 karnavyadhanam 47 Karsu 48 Kashayam 49 Kavala (Gandusha ) 50 Kavalika 51 khajurapathram 52 Ksharakarmam 53 Kuti 54 Langalakam 55 Lavanam 56 Lekhanam 57 mardanam, unmardanam,udvarthanam 58 Margavisodhanam 59 Mridvikriya 60 Muhurmuhu 61 Nadeesweda

Sympathetic disease Application Deep excision ? Destruction of overgrowths Rubbinghead/ear /contusing a part all around before it is operated on Transferring one part to another Incision in shape of moon(circular)all around in a fistula Incision Blistering,Burning,Cautery Bursting an abscess Measures taken to harden tissues Brushing teeth Inhalation of steam,vapour,smoke of medicines Fumigation Appetizing Vitiated Blood Confined deep in body Clotted blood in vessel (Thrombus including) From head to foot in all organs (disseminated Intravascular coagulation) Hematomas in skin Probing (Exploring) Medicated oil Longitudinal incision Subdivided medicical potion, taken with alternate morsels of food A pill/tablet A paste Piercing external ear and plastic surgery on ear Hot foment producing sweating ( by hot coal in a receptacle under bed of sick person) Decoction Gargling Strip of cottonpad for bandaging fracture limb Incision in shape of datepalm leaf (for fistula) Alkaline cauterisation Vapour bath in a closed chamber Acute angle incision, arms of equal length Meditated salt with vegetable products like leaf,bark,twig,plantroots Scarification/scraping or dissection of a skin flap Massage Cleansing/draining of body channel Softening measures Medicines at repeated intervals irrespective of food (STAT) Fermentation through a pipe

62 Nasyam 63 Sirovirochanam 64 Snehanam Snehanam is of 5 types Nasyam,Sirovirochanam, avapeedam,prathimarsham ,prathamanam. In avapeeda medicine is held in hand and crushed and immeadiately do nasya. In prathimarsha oil is sucked in through nose. In prathamana it is sucked through a tube/pipe 65 Nibandhani 66 Nirbaktham 67 Nirdhmaapanam 68 Nirghathanam 69 Paakanam 70 Panchakarmam : Vamanam Virechanam Nasyam Aasthaapanam Anuvaasanam 71 Parisechanam(sekam) 72 Paschathkarmam 73 Pathradaanam 74 Paayanam 75 Phalavarthy 76 Phenakam 77 Pischitham 78 Peedanam 79 Prabhaavam 80 Pradhaanakarmam 81 Prathamanam 82 Pragbhaktham 83 Praakkevalam 84 Praakkshaalanam 85 Pramajjanam 86 Prathilomam 87 Prathimarsam 88 Prathisaaranam 89 Pravaahanam 90 Pravishtam 91 Pooranam 92 Poorvaroopam 93 Rasam 94 Rasakriya 95 Ropanam 96 Rijukaranam 97 Sabhaktham

Snuff with powdered drugs or with oil Errhines Errhines with oleaginous substances

A ligature Medicines in empty stomach Blowing in air/spray of cold water into affected part Withdrawal of probe after probing to & fro Drying up of a suppurating wound Application of 5 medical measures Emesis Purgation Medication through nostril Nonoily enema Oily enema Spraying cold water/liquid Postoperative care Application of leaves on ulcers Tempering & cleaning of iron instruments in alkaline solution,oil or water Suppository Friction of body with small wooden rollers Partial splintering of bone Squeezing(pressing) Inherent nature (power of medicine) Operative surgery Blowing fumes or fume powder in a cavity Medicines just before a meal Primary or original disease Flushing with water Scrubbing,cleansing Direct extraction of FB in direction contrary to mode of entry Digital friction and manipulation External application of alkali(dusting)in wound Forcible extraction by muscular straining Downward displacement of neck due to fracture Injecting into or filling up a cavity Premonitory stage indicating a disease Taste, dense liquid,hormone,one which excites,essence Preparation of medicines Healing Straightening Medicines taken along with food

98 sambookaavartham 99 Samkshepanam 100 Saamugdham 101 Samsamanam 102 Samsodhanam 103 Samvaahanam 104 Sandhaanam 105 Sarvathobhadrakam 106 Siravyadham,siramokshanam 107 Sirovasthi

108 Seevanam There are 4 types Vellitham Gopanikam Thunnasevani Rijugranthi 109 Skandanam 110 Snaihikadhoomam 111. Snehapaakam 112 Sodhana 113 Sonithasthaapanam 114 Sonithaavasechanam 115 Soshanam 116 Sphutitham 117 Sthambanam 118 Soocheemukham 119 Supthivaatham 120 Sura 121 Swabhavam 122 Swasanam 123 Swedanam (4 types) Thaapaswedam Usmaswedam Upanaahaswedam Dravaswedam 124 Syandanathailam 125 Tharppanam 126 Udgharshanam 127 Unmanthanam 128 Unnamanam 129 Upanaham 130 Utkarika 131 Utkaasanam 132 Utpishtam 133 Utharavasthi 134 Vamanam

Conical or serrated opening or ulceration Shortening Medicines taken immeadiately before and after a meal Pacification of humours Cleansing Shampooing hair Adhesion,contraction of wound A cross shaped opening or incision Venesection Apply medicated oil on head.A leather tied round head and its margins tied to skin pasted with pulses.Then the cavity filled with medicated oil Suturing A winding suture Slinglike suture Continued suture Interrupted suture Blood clotting Emulsive fumes Preparation of oily emulsifying substance Purification,disinfection Arrest of bleeding Blood letting Absorption Cracked bone Stiffening Incision in shape of a needle mouth A gas that induce sleep (Anaesthesia) Liquor to reduce pain and anxiety during surgery Nature,character ,function Respiration Diaphoresis Direct heating Fomentation Poultice Apply heated fluids Medicated oil Soothing measures Friction Stirring/churning up track formed by impacted FB using probe Bending upwards Poultice Massive poultice Breathing forcibly up through nose Crushed bone A urethral or vaginal wash Emesis

135 Vandanam (14 types) Kosam Daamam Swasthikam Anuvellitham Pratholi Mandala Sphageeka Yamaka Ghatwam Cheenam Vibandham Vithaanam Gophanam Panchaamghi 136 Varthanam 137 Varthi 138 Vasthikarmam 139 Vikarshanam 140 Vislishtam 141 Vivritham 142 Vikesitham 143 Vilayanam 144 Vimlapanam 145 Vinamanam 146 Vipaakam 147 Visravanam 148 Virechanam 149 Veeryam 150 Vivaranam 151 Vranadhoopanam 152 Vramanam 153 Vyadhanam 154 Vyoohanam 155 Yanthrasathakam 156 Yaapanam

Bandaging Sheath9scabbardlike) Cord(chaplet) Crosslike Twisted Winding Ringshaped Like a betel box Double or twin Four-tailed T-shaped Nooselike Cephaline Slinglike Five limbed Rotation(swirling motion) Plugstick to make into a ball Enemata Pulling out Fractured dislocated part Twisting of neck due to dislocated bone A compress- Lint Corrosive/liquefaction Resolution of massage Bend downwards Transformation or Reactionary effect Letting out pus from deepseated abscess Inducing loose motion Energy,power Exposing an organ or part during surgery Fumigating an ulcer Strengthening Puncturing Raising up and incising a part for removing thorn,bringing together lips of a wound Lithotomic strap Palliative care

PATHOLOGY :

Diseases :1.Abhisyandam : Ophthalmitis There are 4 types of ophthalmitis. Vaathajam,Pithajam,Kaphajam, Rakthajam 2. Adhikadantham : Extra teeth and impacted teeth 3.Abhimantham :Migraine caused by eye troubles .This is a type of chronic ophthalmitis according to Susrutha This is of 4 types.For vaathaja give enema. For pithaja and kaphaja give bloodletting . Pithaja and Kaphaja Abhimantha are producing enlarged blood vessels in eyes due to Polycythemia

and venesection is treatment. Rakthaja abhimantham is due to high Blood Pressure causing headache and eye disease . 4.Agnirohini:- The symptoms are fever, painful red carbuncles in the waist, and all three dosha are imbalanced (Thridoshakopa) .Death within 2 to 3 weeks. The Yaapana (palliative) care for Visarpa is given for this also. 5 Ahipoothana: Happens in children due to uncleanliness. Itching and ulcers in and around anus and later on chronic eczema . 6.Ajagallika:- A type of pimple in children which is painless and soft.Bloodletting with leech, cautery with burned shell of molluscs + barley and salt .This is Molluscum contagiosum 7.Alasa : Seen between the toes especially in people who walk through and work in dirty water . Bloodletting is treatment. (Chilblain ) 8.Alasaka : (Peptic ulcers and subacute obstruction of intestine) Pain,increased acidity, and lack of movement in abdomen ,and borborygmi from intestines .Constipation, dyspepsia and hiccups accompany 9. Amaanushadosham (Psychiatric Illness):- swollen eyes,fast and staggering gait,foams from moth,unconsciousness,licking lips with tongue,shameless behaviour,excessive cruelty,unnatural and increased body power, lack of cleanliness,bad smell from body, and dislike for human contact . Treatment is: Homam,Pooja and religious rites, Manthra, smoke of burned skin and hair , applying medicines and animal products 10. Amlaadyusithadrishti:- Discolouration and swelling around eyes . Happens when lot of acids get in .A type of acidosis 11.Anaaha: Due to vaayukopa total anurea and obstipation . Patients have excess thirst, running nose,heaviness,abdominal cramps,nausea,sudden pain and obstruction to breathing . All of these are symptoms of uremia . 12. Andhaalaji : Heavy and sharp round swellings in body and occasional flow of pus from them 13 Annapaanavisham : Gastroenteritis and Food poisoning 14. Antharavidrathi: Throat,urinary bladder,kidney,liver,spleen,large bowels,lungs and heart show putryfication,abscess and growths (Internal abscess, suppuration due to different causes ) Treatment: Except in Heart and urinary tract , all other organs can be treated surgically by letting out pus. By Incision drainage 15 Anusaayi : Skincolourd , pusless ,nonsuppurative swellings (Like Dermatofibromas, Granular cell Myoblastoma etc) 16. Anyathovaara: Pain in eye and eyebrow

17.Apachi:- Swellings in jaw, waist, joints ,neck and armpits .They are hard, sometimes soft, painless, skincoloured and multiple all over the body . They are usually elongated or oval .Treatment is bloodletting and surgery +Cauterisation depending upon site, number and size. From the description it seems to be Multiple Neurofibromatosis. 18. Apasmaaram: Hysteria and Epilepsy. Bloodletting from the middle vessel seen near the bend of the jaw or from the side of forehead (Temple) is treatment. 19: Apavruthaphalam:- Uterus coming down.Prolapse uterus 20. Apavruthayoni: Prolapse Vagina 21: ARBUDHAM ( CANCER/ NEOPLASIA):Nidanasthaanam 11;14-21; chikitsaasthaanam 18;22-23 Growths without suppuration and pain , and immobile (fixity) with the roots spreading deep down into tissues are called Arbudha by Susrutha. He classifies them into 4 major types .Rakthaarbudham,Maamsaarbudham ,Adyaarbudham and Dwi-Arbudham. A .Rakthaarbudham: This is a rapidly growing type and around one growth several smaller growths (nodules ) appear .In some of them something which is similar to pus is seen ( Degeneration and necrosis). If broken lot of bad blood will come out due to high vascularity and bleeding is uncontrollable. Susrutha says there is no permanent cure for this. Yaapanam (Palliative care) is done by Upanaaham, Agniprathamanam with boiled flesh, dhoopanam in a closed room,mardhanam,vamanam,virechanam,lekhanam after aalepanam,Kshaarakarmam,if the growth is external ( that means he knew about the internal growths /lymph nodes too) cover with a metallic plate and apply cautery to create a ulcer and then the ulcer is healed by appropriate measures .All these are palliative measures only.

Angiosarcomas and Multiple lymphadenopathy due to Blood cancer may be included in this. B. Maamsaarbudham:- Stony hard, sometimes soft translucent ,painless,nonsuppurating skincoloured swellings. These are more in people who take nonvegetarian foods. If untreated ends in death. Both carcinomas and sarcomas are included in this category. C: Adhyaarbudham: - First cancerous growth happen in one place. Then the same type appears in another rplace.This has no treatment. Only Yaapana ( Palliative measures) as said above . Secondaries and Metastatic neoplasms are thus described. D. Dwi-arbudham:- Two swellings nearby to each other, hard, nonsuppurative,painless is dwiarbudham .

Apart from this Vaathaarbudham ( Ch:18;30-31) Pitharbudham(ch:18;32-34)kaphajaarbuudham (ch:18:35) are also mentioned depending upon the cause (Aetiological Classification). 22 Armadosham :- Growths in the eye , both neoplastic and nonneoplastic. Some have colours . Sharp edged instruments for removal of growth is recommended . Tumours , polyps of eye, including Naevi , Malignant Melanomas .

23. Arochakam:- Anorexia. 5 types .Vaathajam,Pithajam,Kaphajam,Thridoshajam, Maanasam (Mental/psychological). 24: Arsas:- Bleeding Haemorroids/piles and Condylomas etc causing severe uncontrolled bleeding 25.Aarthavadosham (sonithadosham):- Menstrual disorders 26. Arumsika:- Growths on head and face. Waterfilled ,painful and broken down. Sometimes water oozes out through small openings on them. Blood letting was done as treatment. Solutions of Margossa leaves and other medicines applied and then covered with a wet clean cloth. Eczemas of face, and scalp, Basal cell carcinomas on face, seborrheic keratosis are included. 27.:- Asmari or stones (Lithiasis ) is of 4 types; Vaathaasmari,pithaasmari,sleshmaasmari,a nd sukraasmari. 28:- Asrugdhara: Menorrhagia 29: Asthigathavidrathi: Suppuration and abscess in bones 30. Athisaaram: 6 types : vaathajam,pithajam,kaphajam,thridoshajam,sokajam,aamaathisaaram 31: Avapaathikam: Paraphimosis 32: Bhagandaram is of 5 types Sathaponakam,Ushtagreevam, Parisraavi, sambookaavritham, Unmarghi . (Anal, Rectal, and genital diseases including fistulas ) Treatment is cauterisation and surgery. Sathaponakam: Many openings, and red carbuncles and pustules like a sieve. Through openings of sieve faeces,urine ,gas and semen leaks out. The treatment is for a prolonged period. Surgical removal is done part by part, and then cleaning. Ushtagreeva: The red pustules are at the end of rectum. Parisravi:- White hard itchy painful swellings and pustules/carbuncles with lot of mucous is seen in rectum Sambukaavrutham: In rectum carbuncles with burning pain Unmaarghi: are salyaja and aaganthuka .Ulcers near anus due to excess itching , ulcers formed due to severe constipation, openings made accidentally or during surgery . 33: Bhagnaarsass:- Papillae and warts on penis and vagina 34 Bhagnam: Fracture and dislocation. Two types. Sandhimuktham is dislocated joint and Kaandabhagnam is dislocation of a fractured piece of bone. Treatment is Aanjanam,Peedanam,samkshepanam,bndhanam. Sandhimuktham are of 6 types :

Uthpishtam: Fracture dislocation Vislishtam:- Incomplete dislocation Vivarthikam: Lateral displacement Adhakshiptham :downward displacement Athikshiptham: complicated displacement Thirygkshiptham: complete dislocation Kaandabhagnam is of 12 types: Karkkatakam : simple fracture Aswakarnam :oblique fracture Choornitham: simple communited Pischitham:complicated Asthichallitham: splintered Kaandadagdham:fracture dislocation Majjanugatham: Impacted Athipaatitham:complete Vakram:Greenstick Chinnam:Incomplete Paatitham:Fissured fracture splintering with fissuring in nearby bone Sphutitham: cracking of bone (a type of fissured fracture) 35 Chardhi: Emesis 36: Chalithadantham: Loose tooth 37.chippa or Chippya ( Upanakham,Kshathranakham): Onychia 38:Danthamoolarogam: diseases affecting gum and root of teeth are of 11 types. Seethadam: scorbutic Danthapupputhakam: gum boils Danthaveshtakam:suppurated gingivitis ,caries Sousira:alveolar abscess

Mahasousira:Gangrenous stomatitis Paridaara:retraction of gums Upakusa:pyorrohoea Danthavaidharbha: special type of gingivitis Vardhana:wisdom tooth Adhimaamsam: epulis Danthanaaadi:sinus at root of teeth .There are 5 types of danthanaadi vaathajam,pithajam,kaphajam,sannipathajam, and abhighaathajam 39 Dantharoga: 8 types; Daalanam ( odontodynia,toothache) Krimidanthakam (caries) Danthaharsham( odontitis, loss of enamel) Danthabanjakam ( gradual disintegration ,breaking of teeth with severe pain) Danthasarkkara: Tartar at root of teeth Danthakapaalika : Erosion teeth with receding gums Syaavadanthakam: Blackening of teeth Hanumoksham: Dislocation of jaw bone 40.Daarunakam : seborrhoea capitis 41 Digdhavidhaakalpam ( salyavishakalpam). Wounds caused by poisoned darts,arrows,and other instruments 42 Drishtigatharogam: Diseases of pupil of eye.These are of 12 types. Linganaasam or corneal opacity is of 6 types . Vaathajam is red coloured pupil,pithajam is blue or yellow, kaphajam is milky white (cataract and responds to surgery) rakthaja is a red filmy thing above the pupil and sannipathaja is multicoloured .Parimlayi is a linganaasa where sky and atmosphere (anthariksha) are seen lighted up, orangish yellow . Trees are bright and moving light particles seen, and on examination a blueish yellow film is seen over cornea. Pithavithagadrishti is seeing yellow at night Dhoomadarshi is a smoky vision occurring in trauma to head and when the muscles of eye become weak Hraswajaathya is long sight

Nakulaandhyam is seeing different lights only at daytime.It is a type of colour blindness and defective colour vision Gambheera : eye is contracted and descends . Phthysis bulbi Sleshmavithagadrishti is night blindness 43 Doosheevishakalpam:- There is sthavaravishakalpam and jangamavishakalpam Sthavaravishakalpam: roots,fruits,flowers,barks,leaves,gums ,milk of plants and from minerals and salts ( all types of allergies included) Jangamavishakalpam from birds,animals 44: Dushtavranam : Due to prameham (diabetes)kushtam (Hansans)etc 45: Galakandam: Goiter .Three types described. Vaayugalakandam: Above swelling small vessels seen.Painful and grows suddenly .Hard to touch and warm with aslight brown colour . Hyperthyroidism both primary and secondary Kaphajagalakandam: Big swelling and very hard .Painless and no colour change .Cool to touch .No pain. Thyroid neoplasms /carcinoma Medajagalakandam: Soft , colourless with itching and bad smell. Sometimes hangs down. The face of patient will be always oily . Hypothyroidism and Thyroiditis. Bloodletting is a general mode of treatment for galakanda. For vayujagalakanda agniprathamanam,aalepanam. For kaphajagalakandam these + upanaahaswedam ,vairechanikadhoomam For medajagalakanda these + kshaarakarma and surgery 46 : Gandanaamni: Multiple boils 47 Garbhapaatham: Miscarriage in early months (first trimester ) 48 Garbhavichyuthi (Abortion inlater months) 49 Gardhabhi .small circular red raised painful pustules and vesicles ( containing water) .Small pox 50 Grahadosham : diseases of infants (Infantile . ) Paediatric diseases are of 9 types . Skandam : meningitis,meningoenchephalitis and convulsions Skandaapasmaaram: Basal meningitis,encephalitis,tetany Sakuni: chicken pox,erysipelas Revathi: Hemorragic jaundice with obstructive features .Yellow body.Face red. Fever , suppuration in mouth, yellow urine and faeces, or greenish, child itches its nose and ears . This includes neonatal jaundice as well as jaundice by sickle cell disease in endemic areas

Poothana: diarrhoea,vomiting,thirst,hairs on end, insomnia,tired limbs.Gastroenteritis +dehydration Andhapoothana: Measles,sarlet fever Seethapoothana: shivering,unconsciousness,bloodstained faeces .Cholera infantum Mukhamandika: (vakthramandika) Child becomes very thin. Oedema on face and limbs and heavy hunger. Urine is smelly . Around umbilicus vessels appear. Indian childhood cirrohosis with portal hypertension Naigamesa: Foam from mouth, vomiting,eyes turned up,high cry, bend spine and unconsciousness . Tetanus 51.Grahanirodham (Grahani) Kwoshiorkar 52 Granthi (Shishtam) Cysts .5 types depending upon the contents of the cyst. Vaathajam contains fluids sometimes with tinge of blood (Serous) Pithajam contains warm and hot blood sometimes brownish material (Chocolate cysts) Kaphajam contains pus (Inflammatory cysts) Medajam contains material like clarified ghee (sebaceous cysts, Epidermoid cysts, cystic terratomas and mucinous cysts) Siraagranthi contains lot of sira interwoven (Aneurysmal cysts) 53: Gudabramsam: Prolapsed rectum 54 Gunmam : Internal abdominal tumours and glandular swellings Rakthajagunmam are uterine tumours 55 Hathaadhimandam: Blinding ophthalmia 56 Hicca (Hicccup) are of 5 types Annajam,Yamalam,Kshudru,gambheeram and Mahathi 57 .Hridaha .Pain in heart region are of 4 types.Vaathaja,pithaja,kaphaja,krimija 59 Indraluptha ( rujyam or Alopecia and Khaalinya are described as two types) 60 Indravridham: Big carbuncles in any part of body 61 Irivella (Irivelli) Small carbuncles/pustules in a single raw . Herpes 62.Jalagardhabham .Small raised parts on skin which slowly enlarge , with burning and pain but no suppuration 63 Jalathraasam .Rabies 64 Jathumani (Janmani) Moles or birthmarks .Using a sharp scalpel or knife remove or do cautery

65 Jihuaroga: Diseases of tongue are 3 types Jihuakanthakam: Chronic superficial glossitis . Tungue is dried cracked and fissured in vaathaja, red glazed in pithaja and ichthyotic resembling a fishskin in kaphajam Alaasa is sublingual abscess Upajihuika is a ranula 66 Jwaram: Differnt types . Pithaja,vaathaja,kaphaja. Thridoshaja jwara are of 4 types called : Abhinyasam,hathoujasam,ojonidagdham,sanyasajam. Dwandajam is imbalance of two dosha. Vishamam is recurrent jwara Aaganthukam is due to accidental wounds, concussions,poisons, inhalation of certain smells, dusts (like hay fever) etc Gambheeram : burning,thirst,constipation,difficult breathing,cough,pallor , tired sense organs,mentally tired . These indicate a uremia in jwara Typhoid comes under thridoshaja jwara . Vishamajwara are of 6 types Santhatham (paratyphoid). Anedyu ( daily fever.But intermittent.Not always) Thritheeyakam ( every 3rd day fever) Tertian Malaria Chathurthakam .Every 4th day . Quartan malaria Pralepakam : only at night .Slight fever.Body thins . Tuberculosis starts like this Viparyaayam .Sudden high fever. No other signs or symptoms 67 Kachapika : In the shape of a turtle 4 or 6 high swellings in any part of body 68 Kachu : scabies ,eczema 69 kadaram: A triangular swelling on heel following a thorn,sand particle, or stone impacted (Foreign body granuloma). With heated oils do cautery .Or do surgical removal 70 Kaksha: Painful carbuncle in armpit 71 Kaalika: when the ear is pierced for wearing a gold ornaments, sometimes a painful swelling appear which later become permanent and coloured . A keloid 72 .Kandajavishakalpam .Poison from roots and tubers are of 12 types Kaalakootam,valsanabham,sarsapam,paalakam,kardamam,varaathakam,musthakam,sringivisham,p undareekam,moolakam,haalaahalam,mahaavisham,karkkatam

73 : Kantarogam .Diseases of throat and larynx are of 14 types. Rohini (diphtheria) Kandasalookam (adenoids) Athijihua (epiglottitis) Valayam ( carcinoma around trachea producing obstruction to breathing Balaasa .Nasopharyngeal carcinoma which is slow growing Ekavrinda is tonsillar abscess Vrinda is tonsillitis Sathagni is laryngeal carcinoma Gilayu is laryngeal nodules and polyps . Gilayu is cured by surgery. Sathagni, balasa,a nd valaya are incurable . Galougham is suppuration from throat descending to all branches and enters Kloma (bronchopulmonary /pneumonal tract) with fever and breathing difficulty Galavidrathi is abscess in throat and surgical drainage of pus to be done Swaragnam is lack of sound (aphasia) due to a growth in the larynx No treatment possible for complete cure .Laryngeal cancer Maamsathaanani is a fleshy growth from up, hanging to throat causing breathing problems Kandavidari has copper coloured swelling with severe pain, burning and ulceration sometimes with a type of puslike material (necrotic debris) and no special treatment for complete cure . Malignant melanoma with ulceration and necrosis is thus described 74 Karnaroga or diseases of ear are of 15 types. Karnasoolam is ear pain with no inflammation Pranaadam is tinnitus (sound of something vibrating) Baadiryam (deafness) Karnakshewdam .When exposed to cold a whistling sound Karnasravam: inflammatory exudates (otitis) Karnakandu (itching) Karnagoodam: wax impacted makes deafness Krimikarnam due to worms and organisms temporary deafness

Karnapratheenaham hard halwalike wax impaction followed by headache and heaviness of head Karnavidrathi .burning pain,obstruction, reddish and whitish blood mixed pus comes out (abscess ear) Karnapaakam ( boil) Poothikarnakam .smelly water comes out with pain Karnarsas polyps of 4 types Karnaarbudham (cancers of ear ) U20-15 There are 7 types of cancers in ear .But they are not named or described (U20;15,20,16) Karnasopham are swellings and cysts in ear (u 10-14)Karnarbudham are within ear and karnasopham are outside ear and a total of 28 diseases of ear are enumerated by him 75 Kaasam (chronic cough) Kshayajakaasam (tuberculosis) Kshathajakaasam (hemoptysis and cough) 76 Kilaasa : Circular dry raised marks on skin. When rubbed it will fal of like the fishskin, and a pink or white colour , rough skin surface , will spread all over body .Kilasa is classified as a type of psoriasis as well as Hansens 77.Keetakalpa : Poisoning by venomous bite of animals and other creatures 78 Krimigranthi: Cysts caused by parasites (parasitic cysts) They produce severe itching. If they appear in eyes between eyebrow and sclera remove by warmth and surgery . This shows he was aware of Loa Loa cysts in eye. 79 Krimiroga or parasitic diseases.20 types are described.7 of them are pureeshaja, 6 are kaphaja and 7 are rakthaja. Pureeshaja: ajava,vijava,kipya,chipya,gandupada,choorava, dwimukha are 7 pureeshaka parasites living in human intestines .They produce abdominal pain,dyspepsia,diarrohoea,pallor,abdominal swlling,loss of strength, heart disease , itching in anal orifice depending upon the type. Kaphaja parasites are darbhapushpa,mahaapushpa,praloonam,chipitham,pipeelikam,daarunam and they have white colour .They live in eye,palate,inside of ears, and marrow. Cause heart disease,vomiting,exudation of mucous. Rakthaja parasites are kesada,romada,nakhada,danthaka,kikkisha,kushtaja,parisarppa.They are invisible and very subtle .Have red or black colour and are seen in blood vessels with impure blood and skin. ( in gangrenous tissue ) 80 Krishnagatharoga (diseases of choroid and iris ); They are of 4 types. Savranasukram,avranasukram,akshipaatham and ajakam.

Savranasukram is ulcer iris. Avranasukra is described like this: A. The black part of eye is covered by a white membrane. Watery discharge from eye and pain occur. B: The membrane is fleshy and consists of numerous blood vessels and on sides there will be redness. Eyesight is lost. Glaucoma due to Uveitis is thus described Akshipaatha is ophthalmitis which if only suppuration is there , is called asopha and if both suppuration and swelling or cyst is seen is termed sasopham Ajakam is a swelling from inside of krishnamandala (choroid). It has to be surgically taken out by puncturing on both ends with a sharp needle . Naevus and melanoma .

81 Kukoonakam: Infantile gonorrohoea . Itching on eyes and lids , swelling .Child touch eye and face constantly and will not look at light (ophthalmia neonatorum) 82 Kunakham: onychogryphosis 83 Kushtam is described in Ni: 13-16; 20:6-7. 7 types of mahakushta and 11 types kshudrakushta makes 18 types of kushta . Mahaakushta: Arunam: red thin markings , do not feel sensation of touch . (Tuberculoid leprosy) Oudumbaram : big swellings .brown colour ,burning pain, ulcers and suppuration (Lepromatous) Risyajihua .Pink,rough curved sides , burning pain . can have suppuration and ulceration(Borderline) Kapaala: colour of burned clay or black .Quickly suppurate Kaakanaka: red to black colour. Burning pain , suppurate,ulcerate Pundareeka: raised white scars painless , slow growing .colour of lotus Dadru: raised circular scars .Copper or blue colour .slow growth, no pain .Sometimes pustules may happen over them Kshudrakushta :- sthoolaarushka: Rough skin on elbows and knees ( Lichnified dermatitis) Mahaakushtam . Skin is wrinkled and cracked. When cracking occur pain , tiredness,laziness and lack of touch sensation. Ekakushtam: Ichthyosis Charmadalam:Skin is rough and thick and itching .Usually on heel and palm (Keratinisation) Visarppam affects skin, blood and flesh , burning all over body , pain,restlessness,unconsciousness , sometimes suppuration also . (Skin disease with systemic symptoms akin to autoimmune disease) Parisarpam: fleshy swellings all over body . Histiod leprosy Ssidma : Pityriasis vesicolor

Vicharchika : psoriasis Kitima : keloids and other scars Paama : dry eczema Rakasa: dry erythema 84 : Lingarsas : Swellings on reproductive organs 85 : Lohithika : If ear is pierced by unclean metal, first ear pain, redness and then tiredness and weakness of neck muscles , headache followed by bowlike bending of body. Tetanic convulsions 86 .Loothaavishakalpam : poison from spiders 87: Madhumeham : Chronic diabetes mellitus 88: Majjaajaathavidradhi : abscess in bone marrow 89: Maarakam : a disease that destroys an entire community, or people . Epidemics . Treatment is to keep body and mind pure and do all rites for the particular geographic area , including purification rites . Have mental control and change to a healthy new surrounding . During epidemics and wars, entire population migrating to new place was practiced. 90 Marmarika : growth due to faulty puncturing of ear lobes 91 Masaka : lichen 92 : Masoorika : small pox 93: Moodagarbham :Stillbirth and pregnancy without a child .Stillbirth and pregnancy without a child. 8 types .One of them is Vesicular mole showing grapefruit like structures .The other types not described. 94.Moorcha: (Moham) Fainting,unconsciousness. 95: mooshikakalpam: Rat poisoning 96: Moothraaghaatham (Anurea):- 12 types Vaathakundalika: urine not formed as water is not taken in Vaathaastheela: A growth between bladder and rectum pressing causing lack of urine,faeces and gas expulsion ( Enlarged prostate and other growths in the area ) Vaathaavasthi: contraction of muscles on face of bladder, with severe pain and lack of urine passage Moothraatheetham: when strained a few drops may escape with pain , intermittently (In prostate swelling) Moothrajadaram: without conscious control urine flow obstruction, bladder expands

Moothrolsangam: slowly, with pain, and bloodstained urine (Painful haematurea) Moothragranthi: Pain,stones,and obstruction to flow, bladder is swollen and expanded Ushnavaatham: Due to excess body work, tiredness, walking long distance , and sunstrokes urine become yellow or bloody and passed with burning and pain Moothrasukram: When bladder is swollen and full, involving in sexual contact results in mixing of semen with urine and a white solid is formed , sometimes as fine particles Mouthrakshaadam (pithajam) with painful urination .If kept in a jar, urine show sediment in bottom. In pithajamouthrakshaadam urine is yellow and transparent and sediment is yellow Kaphajamouthrakshada has white urine tyrbid,or like a soapwater and sediment is white Moothrakricham : painful urination of 8 types. Vaathajam ,pithajam (acute nephritis with hematurea), kaphajam ( oily turbid urine .Nephrotic syndrome) sannipaathajam ( all humours)asmarijam ( stones)sarkkarajam ( gravels, diabetes) abhighathajam ( trauta) pureeshajam ( constipation,fecal fistula) 97 Nadeevranam: formation of ulcer,sinus withpus.5 types Vaathajam: Through small openings pus comes out .In night a foamy fluid .Painful. Pithajam: Yellow thick pus more in day .Fever,pain and tired feeling Kaphajam: Thick white pus more at night. Slight pain. Heavy feel when touched. Itching + Dwandwajam: 2 dosha imbalanced .openings full of pus Thridoshajam: 3 dosha imbalanced Salyajam: caused by dirt,sticks, bones and thorns etc .bloody foamy discharge 98 Nasarogam are 15 types Apinaasa : catarrhl congestion Poothinaasa: foetid smell, congestion throat,root of palate,nose (atrophic rhinitis) Naasaapaaka: small swellings in nose ,inflammation,discharge and foetid smell Sonithapitham: bleeding from nose Pooyaraktham: blood-streaked discharge from nose due to external injury Kshavathu: violent sneezing Brahmsaathu: chronic sneezing , liquefied mucous Diptha: warm breath , burning sensation in nose Naasaapratheenaham( naasaanaham) congestion and blocking of nostril by mucous

Naasaaparisraavam (naasasraavam) constant running nose Naasaaparisosham common cold Naasaarsas polyp nose Naasaasopham: swelling with inflammatory cyst Naasaaarbudham : (U 22:19-21) carcinomas of nose Prathisyaayam : heaviness head , sneezing,pain limbs. If left untreated deafness,loss of vision, loss of smell happen 99 Nashtaraktham : Amenorrohoea 100. Nayanaabhighaatham Injuries to eye 101 Nethradosham Eye diseases (U 1;15) 76 types .10 are due to vaayu, 10 due to pitha, 13 with kapha, 16 with raktha 2 with abhighata, 25 with thridoshakopa. Eye diseases are generally classified as 4 :krishnagatharogam,sandhigatharogam,suklagatharogam,varlmagatharogam. 102 : Nirasthamushkam : Due to external injuries testis come out of scrotum. Reduce them and keep in original place and suture is the only treatment 103: Nirudhagudam or sannirudhagudam: Stricture rectum with complete obstruction .cure by surgical intervention 104 Nirudhaprakaasam: Phimosis. Put naadeeyantthram ( catheter) and do bhedanam (incision) and make the foreskin pushed back (circumcision) 105 : Nyaacha (ni:13:36; ch:20-21) Naevi ,capillary angioma 106: Nishkanda aandhram: Due to accidents large bowel comes out (ch: 2:39-46). Keep in place and suture. If intestines are punctured and perforated use a special type black ants to bite on the end of perforation and thus lose them .After that the excess body of ants cut away and leave only the bitten head part insitu. After that place intestines in place and suture . The dust or dirt on exposed part of intestine has to be cleaned before the procedure ( first with water and then with milk) and apply clarified butter and only after this keep back. 107: Oshtarogam(oshtakopam) Diseases of lips: 8 types: vathajam,pithajam,kaphajam,sannipathajam,rakthajam,mamsajam,medajam,abhighathajam. 108: paadadaarikam: happens to people who walk barefooted. On sole of foot 109: padmineekandakam: rounded circular , with sharp needlelike surfaced skin diseases. Verrucous lesions , like chromoblastomycosis etc

110: Palirogam: Hematoma. 5 types. Painful swellings due to forceful striking on ears were very common type of hematoma. Paripotham,utpaanam,unmantham,dukhavardhanam,parilehi are 5 types 111:palitham: premature greying of hair 112 paanajeernam: Indigestion due to intoxicating drinks 113: paanaanyaayam: Alcoholic intoxication 114 : panasika: painful bulbshaped eruption on back of inner ear 115: paanavibramam: chronic alcoholism 116 Pandurogam: general symptoms of skin cracked , increased saliva,tiredness,swelling of eyelids, yellow urine,and feces , indigestion. There are 7 types panduroga. Vaathajam : eyes,skin,fecesa nd urine , face and nails are black. Black veins on body Pithajam: yellow colour of these parts Kaphajam: pallor of these parts Sannipathajam: mixture of the 3 dosha imbalance Kaamaala (kaamalaapanaaki) panduroga and allergy to acidic foods and drinks Kumbakaamaala: also called haleemaakam. Kaamaala+oedema all over body+jointpain Laagharaka(alasaka) :- kumbalaka+ oedema+jointpain+tiredness+fever+body become thin 117: Paramada : chronic alcoholism 118 Parivarthika (paraphimosos) 119 Parswavedan: pain in sides 120: paashaanagardabham: swellings in angles of jaws (Ni: 13;11; ch:20;4) 121: Prameham is of 3 types .Vathajam 4 types, pithajam 6 types , kaphajam 10 thus a total of 20 are named by Susrutha. Vaathajam: Sarpimeham( pyurea) Vasaameham(lipidurea) Kshoudrameham( glycosurea or diabetes mellitus) Hasthimeham (diabetes insipidus) Pithajam:

Neelameham (Indicanurea) Haridraameham yellow.( Hemoglobinurea, jaundice by excess urobilinogen) Amlameham ) lithuria) Kshaarameham( alkaline urine) Manjishtameham ( choluria colour of Alizarin deep red) Sonithameham: hematurea Kaphajam: Udakameham: polyurea Ikshumeham: Renal glycosurea Suraameham : acetonurea Sikathaameham: Passing gravels and fine crystals seen when kept for sometime, as sediment Sanairmeham: slimy to touch coming in intermittent jets Lavanameham: salty urine Pishtameham: Resemble water and a solution of paste of rice mixed .Chylurea Saandrameham: viscous,turbid urine .Albuminurea Sukrameham: Semen mixed in urine Phenameham: frothy urine ( Pneumaturea) 122: Pramehapeeda : diabetic abscess 10 types Saraavika: abscess with depressed center Sarsappika: pustules in various parts of body Kachapika: abscess with serrated uneven rough margin , burning sensation Jaalini: soft thin abscess Vinatha:carbuncle .Blue colour, usually on back or near umbilicus. Single big Puthrini: deep, with thin filamentlike surface ( due to granulation tissue) Masoorika: small pimple at same site on face , recurrent Alaji: red and white pus coming out (wet gangrene) Vidarika: dry gangrene

Vidradika: one or more small vinatha 123: Pravaahitha: mucous diarrohoea 124: Pureeshakshayam : a type of mucous diarrohoea in which no fecal matter is seen 125: Rajayakshmaa: Pulmonary tuberculosis 126: Rakthapitham: Bleeding from moth and anus due to diseases in spleen and liver Bleeding oesophageal varices and bleeding piles in people with cirrhosis liver and splenomegaly due to portal hypertension 127: Rakthaathisaaram: bloody dysentery 128: Rethadosham(sukradosham) disorders of semen 129: sadyovranam: A fresh injury .Treatment only surgery Chinnam is a gaping wound , an amputated limb etc Bhinnam is perforated eye,viscera, internal organs 130. sraavam .Discharge eye. Pooyam:painless pus discharge Sleshmasravam: white liquid sticky and thick . Mucous .No pain Pitham:hot yellow fluid Rakthasravam: thin bloodstained 131 : Parvani ( Parvanika)Junctional naevi .Surgical treatment 132: Alaji are coppercoloured growths between sclera and black part of eye .Naevi and melanomas surgically treated 133: Krimigranthi: parasitic cysts 134:sanyasam: Coma. In unconscious state . No measures to bring back tolife. Patient is the karmapurusha who has sacrificed his physical body.Therefore called sanyasam 135:sarkkaraarbudham: Ni: 13:28 ch; 20-17) Sebaceous horns and sebaceous lesions 136:sarpavishakalpam: Snakebite and poisoning . 137: sarvasaramukarogam: disorders of oral mucosa Vaathajam: vesicles Pithajam: vesicles+burning sensation Kaphajam: skincoloured itching vesicles

138 : Sarvasarasopham: Anasarca is of 5 types vathajam,pithajam,kaphajam,sannipathajam and vishajam 139: sirorogam is of 11 types Vaathajam: severe headache which increase at night Pithajam: burning in head, hot breaths Kaphajam: headache, heaviness in head,heavy feeling and swelling in palate, feeling cold,eyes and face swollen Thridoshajam: severe continuous headache which does not respond to treatment Kshayajam: headache, increases with vomiting,usual treatments increase the headache, seen more in thin people Krimijam: feeling like hitting on head , headache accompanied by nasal bleeding .This type is a dangerous type of headache Rakthajam: like pithajam. This is due to hematoma in head ( skull) Suryaavartham: headache in eye, brows and eyelashes . Starts in morning when sun rises and ends when sun sets Ananthavaatham: headache,pain in muscles and nerves of neck ,spreads to eyebrow and forehead . In the muscles around the jaws feeling of twitching , muscles of face tired and facial palsy towards one side Ardhavabedhakam: Outside skull severe headache .It goes of suddenly but reappears Samkhakam: severe headache .pain on both sides of forehead is severe 140: Sirotpaadam: colour change in eye and slight pain. Vessels in eye prominent 141 :siraapraharsham: If sirolpadam is left untreated and uncared for total blindness follow and this is called siraapraharsham 142:sleepadam: Elephantiasis There are 3 types. Vaathajam has swollen legs rough and black .Pithajam has yellowish colour soft and with burning sensation. Fever is present. Kaphajam is white soft with pain, and heavy nodules are seen 143:sonitharsas: soft fleshy fixed growths in eyelids. Reappear even after surgical removal. Rhinosporidiosis 144: Sopham : Inflammatory cyst/swelling 145: sosham(kshayam,rajayakshma) Tuberculosis 146: Sthanarogam: Diseases of breast

Sthanavidrathi:breast abscess which has 3 stages ; Aamam : noninflammatory suppurative lesion Pachyamaanam: suppurating lesion Pakwam: suppurated lesion Sthaanarbudham (Breast cancer ) Sthanyanasam: suppression of lactation due to various causes 147: Sookarogam: Diseases of male genital system .18 types Sarsapika : small lesions like white mustard seeds (Bowenoid papulosis) Asthileekam( big carbuncles) Grathitha ;intertwined swellings Kumbika: swellings with pus exudation Alaji: pus with red and white colours Mriditha: heavy, hard swellings Sammudapeedaka: due to compression of organ Avamantham: seen in oval shape .Its middle portion breaks Pushkarika: shape of a lotus leaf (Carcinoma penis cauliflowerlike squamous cell ca) Sparsahani: lack of tactile sensation Uthama: venereal ulcers .to be removed with vadisa Sathaphanakam: several small openings on the organ Thwakpaakam: suppuration with fever Sonithaarbudham (Ni: 14:16; ch: 21;14) Black colour , with red carbunclelike swellings .A type of cancer Maamsaarbudham: Ni:14;17 , ch;21;16) Only palliative care . No treatment for cancer like this Maamsapaakam: suppurated gangrenous organ, difficult to cure Vidrathi : abscess Thilakaalakam : black penis 148 Suklagatharogam: diseases of sclera of eye 11 types Prastharyaarmmam: Violet-tinted swelling Suklaarmam: small, pale fleshy soft swellings .spread all over sclera Lohithaarmam: fleshy pink growths

Adhimaamsaarmam: colour of liver, soft big swellings Snaayavaarmam: yellow growths Sukthika: small brown dots Arjuna: red raised single scar or dot Pisthaka: small yellow raised translucent single point/scar Siraajaalam: red netlike raised blood vessels Siraapidakam: vessels intertwined and forming a growth or a cyst Balaasagrathitha: translucent, copper coloured cyst surrounded by thin blood vessels 149 Sukranethram: White discharge and excess tears from eyes of small children 150 Suklaakshipaakam: Heavy eyelids which is not opened or shut . Eyesight is smoky 151: swarabedham: Hoarseness of voice 152 : swasam: 5 types .Kshudrakam,thamakam,chinnam,mahaa, oordhua 153: Swithra: Leucoderma 154: Thaaluroga .Diseases of palate 9 types .galasundika Enlarged uvula Thundikeri enlarged tonsil Adrusha Inflamed throat Maamsakachapam ( Ni: 16;43; ch: 22;35-48) : Polyps in shape of a tortoise in palate .Slow growth. Catch with swasthikayanthra , and cut with a sharp instrument. 1/4th of the growth should be kept there . This is for reducing excess bleeding according to susrutha Thalwaarbudham (Ni: 16;43; ch:22-71) Lotus shaped cancer (squamous) in palate has no treatment Maaamsasamghaatham: fleshy growths (Ni: 16;44 ch:22;34) same treatment as for mamsakachapa .It is a soft tissue neoplasm Thaalupupputam: Ni: 16;44 ch 22-34. Small painless growths (epulis) surgical removal is treatment of choice Thaaludosham: pain palate and breathing trouble which occur in certain types of sinusitis Thaalupaakam: ulcer palate 155: Thilakaalakam : black painless small scars on skin surface not raised above skin surface .Junctional naevi,freckles 156 Thimiram 5 types vaathajam,pithajam,kaphajam,rakthajam and sannipathajam

157: Thrishna (Thirst)Vatham,pitha,kapha,kshaya,kshatha,aama,annaja -7 types 158 udaram: Abdominal swelling (Ni : 7;1-16; Ch: 14) different types. Vaathajam due to intestinal obstruction Kaphajam due to cirrohis;dropsy Dooshyokaram due to poisononus food Pleehodaram due to chronic splenomegaly Yakrithaadhyudaram: Hepatomegaly For plehodara surgery; for yakrithadyudara blood letting and surgery. The cause of hepatomegaly described show that it is hemachromatosis . Badhagudodaram: ni: 7;13 ch 14-17. For this on left side, 3 inch below umbilicus a small incision is put and intestines are exposed (taken out) . The swellings or trichobazar is removed carefully .wet with honey and put back intestines and suture .The surgery has to be done quickly .( Large bowel obstruction due to various causes ) Aaganthukam: also called parisravi or dakodaram . Perforation and peritonitis. Surgery . Openings closed with black ants. Udakodaram (jalodharam) Ascites. Below umbilicus on left side make a small opening , put a metal tube or a quill feather and take out collected water .Only a little of it should be taken out at a time .Entire water removal is detrimental Udaavartham: caused due to forceful obstruction of normal functions of body .There are 13 types of udavartha .Only in the first 3 there is abdominal swelling Vaatham Pureesham Moothram Asru Hramba Kshava Udara Chardi Sukra Kshuth Thrishna Swasam Nidra Flatus Foecal matter Urine Lacrimation Yawning Sneezing Eructation Vomiting Semen Hunger Thirst Breathing Sleep

Pithodaram : Jaundice and abdominal swelling 159 Unmaadam: 6 types

Vaaathajam,pithajam,kaphajam,thridoshajam,sokajam,vishajam 160 Upadamsam: Venereal diseases ( Ni: 12;1-17;sa:8;37; ch 19 ) Rakthaja and sonitha upadamsam -gonorrhoea Sannipaathjaupadamsam syphilis . Susrutha says the ulcers and pus are due to some small Krimi ( which means he had an idea about an organism causing the disease) 161: Oorusthambam (aadyaavaatham) swelling thigh 162 Vaalmeekam: Warts and papillomas ( Ni: 13;8; ch 20;27-28) Triangular firm swellings on soles, hands, joints, neck, head .Since it has the shape of anthill called vaalmeeka .Curable by surgery 163 : Varlmagatharogam: Diseases of eyelids 21 types; Ushtangini : chalazion Kumbika/kumbikini : stye Pothaki : follicles . Small mustard seedlike inner surface of eyelid Varlmasamskaram: one big lesion inner surface of eyelid . Treatment for this and ushtamgini is incision and removal Arsaavarlma: soft growth under surface of eyelid .surgical cure .Angioma,lipoma, papilloma etc Sushkaarsas: more than one growth. Firm to hard .Papillomatosis Anjana: in upper eyelid coppercoloured growth Bahalavarlmam: same type of swellings more than one Varnaaavabandham: suppuration,swelling,itching and difficulty to open eye Klishtavarmam: suppurating copper coloured swelling both upper and lower eyelids, slight pain, sometimes with bleeding Varnakardamam: colour and position same as klishtavarlmam. The material that come out is neither pus nor blood Syamavarlmam: black eyelid . swelling,pain ,burning ,itching and pus Praklinna: swollen eyelids, watery discharge.No need of surgery Apariklinna; two eyelids are adhered together .Nosurgical intervention needed Vaathaahathavarlmam Upper eyelid comes down and hide the eyesight Ptosis Varlmaarbudham: Cancer of eyelid ( U:3) Fast growing , intertwined, different shapes, sizes , redswellings inside the eyelids .Surgical removal

Nimesham: opening and shutting eyes unconsciously without control Sonitharsas: soft fleshy growths which reappear even after surgical removal Lasana: thick growth firm to hard , slimy about the size of a bean seed . Itching + treatment is cautery and surgery Vishavarlmam : Like a lotus stem several small openings with suppuration .Each separately excised and remove pus Pakshmakopam: the eyelashes are rough, sharp and stiff and adhered to each other .Cannot look at light. Painful. Untreatable .To lessen pain, remove eyelashes . do incision parallel to eyelash and eyebrow in between the 2. Suture material is horse hair .Application of honey and clarified ghee .When healed , remove horse hair .This gives comfort but not total cure 164: vaathaviparyayam: Slight pain between eye and lashes 165 : Vaathavyaadhi: Nervous diseases 27 types .Of these 25 are given below . Dushtaraktham: 4 types .Mahavathavyadhi (vatharaktham) nedlepricks in leg muscles and weakness ( local paralysis)

Pitharaktham .red soft hot burning swelling and oedema .Phlegmasia rubra dolor Kapharaktham: oedema swelling leg. Cool to touch ,itchy ,white. Phlegmasia alba doler Sarvadushtaraktham : all the 3 above mixed Aakshepakam : shivering as in apasmara, unconsciousness, lack of sensation ( Convulsions followed bycoma) Apathaanakam body is bent as if in apasmara butno convulsions. Seen after bleeding, abortions,delivery, and external injuries and accidents (Tetanus) Dandaapathaanakam : orthotonus Thanusthambham is emprosthotonus (internal bowing/ antharaayamam ) or bahiraayamam ( opisthotonus) Pakshaaghaatham (Hemiplegia) Apathanthrakam (Hysteria) Manyaasthambam ( Torticollis) Ardhitha ( Facial paralysis) Ghrudhrasi ( sciatica) Viswachi ( Erbes paralysis, brachial neuralgia ) Kroshtukaseersham ( swelling and pain in knee joint) Kanjam (Monoplegia) Panku (paraplegia) Kalayakanjam( Lathyrism) Vaathakanthakam . By walking on uneven ground hematomas in heel Paadadaaham : burning sensation sole of feet Paadaharsham: lack of tactile sensation and tinkling in feet

Amsasoshanam: thin muscles of shoulders .Bones loose water content and thus movement restricted . Avavaahakam: in one or both hands permanent contraction of muscles due to vayukopam at shoulders Karnasoolam congenital, ear disease due to nervous causes Baadiryam deafness Mookam dumbness Minmina-nasal voice Gadgatham due to closure of vaathavaahini sira (vocal cord paralysis due to nervous disease ) 166: thooni : due to diseases in large intestines and bladder , descending of rectum and anus and diseases in generative organs with pain and prolapsed 167 .Prathithooni: Due to same causes if the disease spread (ascending) to small intestine and kidney 168: aadmaanam: due to obstruction of flatus, swelling abdomen and pain 169: Pratyadmaanam: Severe pain in heart and sides due to gas that has collected in stomach 170 vaathaastheela: stony hard growth below umbilicus obstructing fecal matter and movement of flatus 171 : pratyastheela: The stony hard swelling as said before, obstruct urine,feces,air and is palpable below umbilicus as a triangular hard mass with tip of triangle upwards . Sometimes movable and sometimes immobile 9 fixed or mobile swelling apex upwards) Vathastheela is in intestines, and prathyastheela is in bladder 172: Vidaarika: round red swelling in armpits and inguinal region. Bloodletting , surgery , if there is pus, incision and drainage are done 173 Vidrathi,kshathajavidrathi,aaganthukavidrathi .Deepseated abscess due to injury , foreign body , dirt etc 174 Vilambika : Dehydration following gastroenteritis 175 Vipadika: dry cracked skin , itching ,pain 176 visarpam: red swelling , inflammatory 177 Kshathajavisarpam: same due to local injury .In this black pustules filled with water seen 178 Vispotakam: Boils with burning sensation, and fever 179 Vishoochika: cholera 180 ;Vivrutha: Dark brown , flat upper side , rounded skin disease with burning sensation 181 Vranam: 2 tpes saareera( idiopathic ulcer) and aaganthuka (traumatic ulcer) Saareeravrana are of 16 types ; vaathajam: brown, or sandalwood coloured thin cold slimy fluid , and piercing pain pithajam: sudden enlargement , blueish yellow ulcer , burning and redness, yellow pustules around .hot discharge kaphajam: big grey ulcer .slight pain. Itching and vessels seen around .discharge is thick white slimy and cold rakthajam: red ulcers.Around black watery vesicles .Pain and bleeding

vaathapithajam,vaathasleshmajam,pithasleshmajam,vaathasonithajam,pithasonithajam,sles hmasonithajam,vathapithasonithajam,vathasleshmasonithajam,sleshmapithasonithajam, sleshmapithakaphajam,vathapithakaphajam, sudhavranam (contusion) 182 : Vridhi : Hydrocele.hernia and scrotal tumours Blood letting , incision through sides , avoiding the line (raphe) in middle of the 2 testis for surgery are described. The surgery depends on type of vridhi Vathajavridhi : Distended scrotum with rough surface Pithajavridhi: distended scrotum,fever, burning, colour that of a ripe fruit of oudumbaram Kaphajam: hard,cold to touch, not much pain Rakthajam: Like pithajavridhi .But with black vesicles Medajam: like a ripe fruit of Thaalam (palm tree) soft swelling with slight pain .surgical removal. Moothrajam: soft fluctuant swelling , painful urination Aanthravridhi: strangulated , and inguinal hernias 183 Vrishnakaschu : eczema of scrotum 184 Vrithaphalam : retroverted uterus 185 : Vyamgam: capillary angioma and naevi 186 . Youvanapeedakam (mukhadooshakam) Acne vulgaris 187: Yavaprakhya: Pimple of size of a grain of Yava , and firm to hard 188 Yonivyaapath: diseases of females .Vaginal douches ,tampons soaked in meditated oils, poultices were used in treatment.Wine ,milk,buttor and flesh ,+every morning the essence of garlic was the diet. 19 types of diseases described . Udaavartham Vandhyam Vipsutham Pariplutham Vaathalaa Rudhirakshara (Lohithakshara) Vaamini Prasramsini Puthragni Pithala Athyananda Karnini 2 types of karanam Akaranam Athikaranam Sleshmanam Sandhi Paalini Mahaayoni Soocheevakthra Sarvajam Painful menstruation Infertility Localised pain chronic Retroflexion of uterus Atrophic vagina Burning sensation during menstruation After sexual intercourse, blood and semen gush out of vagina with a gurgling sound Prolapsed uterus Repeated abortions Vaginitis Nymphomania Polyps in vagina Leucorrhoea Sterility due to nonretention of semen Itching Dysparaunea ,infertility,and female organ in infantile condition Dysparaunea ,bleeding after intercourse Overdilated vaginal orifice Very narrow contracted vaginal orifice A variety of diseases in FGS causing grave symptoms

Chemical and physicochemical Susruthasamhitha Abhisavanam Abhichinthanam Amlam Anthardhoomam

terms used in Distillation Sprinkling ,moistening Acid Strong heating inclosed space (combustion in limited supply of air ) Dilute solution Dipping a hot metal in liquid Nonsticky Saturation Combustion ,burning Fumes Fumigation Fluid ,solution Substance Property Ignition Jelly, gel Dry,hard Boiled Moistening Alkali Tempering of metal in alkaline solution to make tem tough and flexible Salt Metal Mild, weak Churning Dilute or mild alkali Soak Filtration

Athidravam Aavaapam Avilepi Bhaavanam Dahanam Dhoomam Dhoopanam Dravam Dravyam Gunam Jwalanam Kalalam Kharam Khinnam Kledanam Kshaaram Kshaarapaayanam

Lavanam Loham Mandam Manthanam Mridukshaaram Paripeetham Parisraavanam

Parisushkam Parivyapanam

Paryusitham Pathram Phaanitham Phenam Pischilam Pishtavedanam Prasaadam Pravaatham Putapaakam Ruksha Samskaaram Samyogam Sandram Charam Seetheebhootham Slakshmam Snigdham Soshanam ,virookshanam Sthrasitham Sthiram Sthoolam Sthimitham Suloham Swedanam Thailapaayanam

Thaapanam

Dried,dessicated Concentration of liquids & solutions to make to desired volume Decantation Metal leaves Condensed decotion Foam Oily Steming in solids Cooling Exposure to air Prolonged heating in sealed vessel under high pressure Dry Purification Chemical combination Thick viscous concentrated liquid Mobile ; fluids Annealing Smooth Oily Desiccation Boiled and then cooled Firm Gross, stout Moist Metals in pure state Steaming Tempering metals in vegetable oils ( for needles, puncturinginstruments) Rise of temperature

Thekshanam Theekshnakshaaram Udakapaayanam Vipaachanam Vishaadam Viviktham Yoosam Physical and mechanical terms Aakunjanam Aanjanam Ayaskantham Chathurasram Chooshanam Guruthwam Keelam Mandalam Prapeedanam Prasaaranam Prankolanam Pooranam Rijkaranam Sarvathobhadrakam Sookshmam Sushiram Thiryak Unmanthanam Unnamanam Vinamanam

Sharp Strong alkali Tempering of metals in water for cutting and cleaning tools Inducing chemical reaction by heating Pellucid Porous Liquid extraction

Contraction Burning upto surface Loadstone Square Suction Density / weight giving mass Bolt,pivot,hinge-pin Discshaped, circular, a field of energy Compression Expansion Swinging motion like a pendulum Filling with liquid or air/gas Straightening Crosslike , the letter KA in brahmi. Chithrakoota sign Minute ,subtle Pore, opening Transverse, diagonal Agitation, stirring ,churning Raising Lowering

Vivaranam Vivarthanam
Weights and measures : Aadhakam Aksham Amguli Anjali Arathni Dharana Dronam Hastham Karsham Kudavam Mushti Palam Paathram Prakunjam Prasrutha Prastham Saana Sukki Thulaam Vilwam

Expansion Rotating, cyclical movements

64 Palam ( 6 Kg) 2 Thola (23 Gram) 1 Finger (1.8 cm) 32 Thola (370 Gm) From elbow to end of thumb 1 thola= 18 gm=19 nishpaavam 128 palam=12 liter . Liquid which has the weight of 15 liter of water is called a Dronam 18 inch 2 Thola 4 Palam ( 370 Gm ) = 370 ml 1 Palam 8 Thola =93 Gm Vessel containing 7 liters liquid Weight of one palam dravam 2 palam ( That which is contained in one handful of the patient) 16 Palam ( 1.5 Kg at present. During Susruthas time 13 Palam ) 1 Thola =17.5 gms Palam =4 Thola 100 Thola =11.66 Kgms Vyaapthi (Volume ) of one palam water ( or of 93 ml of water )

Measures of drugs ( Chikitsaasthaanam 31;11):Dhaanyamaasam Suvarnamaasam Suvarnam Dharana Karsham Kudavam Prastham Aadhakam Dronam 16 sarsapam ( mustard seed ) 12 dhanyamaasam ( In Troy this was 180 grains/dhanyam) 16 suvarnamaasam 19 nishpaavam 3 Dhaaranam(In Troy 176 or 180 grains) 4 karsham 4 kudavam 4 prastham 4 aadhakam

Thulaam Bhaaram

100 Palam 20 Thulaam

Measurement of time in Susruthasamhitha :Ahorathram Akshinimesham Soo:6;4 Soo:4 From sunrise to sunset Time to open and shut eye .Smallest time . The time to pronounce a swaram 6 months 2 minute 1/30 part of a muhoortham 1/900 part of ahorathra. 1 minute 12 months make one samvalsara 1/30 part of ahorathra 2 weeks 6 rithu make a samvalsara One solar year of earth 5 samvalsaram is panchavarsheeyapaithamahayuga

Ayanam Kala Kaashta

Soo:6;6 Soo:6;4 14;12 Soo:6;4

Maaasam Muhoortham Paksham Rithu Samvalsaram Yugam Dr Suvarna Nalapat http://drsuvarnanalapattrust.org

Soo:6;4 Soo:6;4 Soo:6;4 Soo:6;5 Soo:6;3 Soo:6;9