Pikachu Vietdown.

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Chng 1 C s Matlab

1.1 Tng quan v Matlab

1.1.1 Khi nim v Matlab Matlab l mt ngn ng lp trnh thc hnh bc cao c s dng gii cc bi ton v k thut.Matlab tch hp c vic tnh ton, th hin kt qu, cho php lp trnh, giao din lm vic rt d dng cho ngi s dng. D liu cng vi th vin c lp trnh sn cho php ngi s dng c th c c nhng ng dng sau y. S dng cc hm c sn trong th vin, cc php tnh ton hc thng thng Cho php lp trnh to ra nhng ng dng mi. Cho php m phng cc m hnh thc t. Phn tch, kho st v hin th d liu. Vi phn mm ho cc mnh

Cho php pht trin,giao tip vi mt s phn mm khc nh C++, Fortran. 1.1.2 Tng quan v cu trc d liu ca MATLAB, cc ng dng Matlab l mt h thng tng giao,cc phn t d liu l mt mng( mng ny khng i hi v kch thc ). Chng cho php gii quyt cc vn lin quan n lp trnh bng my tnh,c bit s dng cc php tnh v ma trn hay vc tor v c th s dng ngn ng C hc Fortran lp trnh ri thc hin ng dng lp trnh bng cc cu lnh go t MATLAB .MATLAB c vit tt t ch matrix laboratory tc l th vin v ma trn, t phn mm MATLAB c vit nhm cung cp cho vic truy cp vo phn mm ma trn mt ch d dng, phn mm ma trn ny c pht trin bi cc cng trnh Linpack v Eispack . Ngy nay MATLAB c pht trin bi Lapack v Artpack to nn mt ngh thut phn mm cho ma trn. a.D liu D liu ca MATLAB th hin di dng ma trn( hoc mng tng qut), v c cc kiu d liu c lit k sau y Kiu n single , kiu ny c li v b nh d liu v n i hi t byte nh hn, kiu d liu ny khng c s dng trong cc php tnh ton hc, chnh xc km hn Kiu double kiu ny l kiu thng dng nht ca cc bin trong MATLAB Kiu Sparse. Kiu int8, uint8, int16 . . .

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Kiu char v d Hello Kiu cell.

Kiu Structure. Trong MATLAB kiu d liu double l kiu mc nh s dng trong cc php tnh s hc. Cc bn c th tham kho cc kiu d liu khc trong a CD Help MATLAB 6.0 b. ng dng MATLAB to iu kin thun li cho: Cc kho hc v ton hc Cc k s, cc nh nghin cu khoa hc

Dng MATLAB tnh ton ,nghin cu to ra cc sn phm tt nht trong sn xut. c.Toolbox l mt cng c quan trng trong Matlab Cng c ny c MATLAB cung cp cho php bn ng dng cc k thut phn tch, thit k , m phng cc m hnh . Ta c th tm thy toolbox trong m trng lm vic ca . Mng nron Logic m

Simulink 1.1.3 H thng MATLAB H thng giao din ca MATLAB c chia thnh 5 phn Mi trng pht trin. y l ni t cc thanh cng c, cc phng tin gip chng ta s dng cc lnh v cc file, ta c th lit k mt s nh sau. + Desktop + Command Window + Command History + Browsers for viewinghelp Th vin, cc hm ton hc Bao gm cc cu trc nh tnh tng, sin cosin atan, atan2 etc.., cc php tnh n gin n cc php tnh phc tp nh tnh ma trn nghich o, tr ring, chuyn i furier ,laplace , symbolic library Ngn ng MATLAB l cc ngn ng cao v ma trn v mng, vi cc dng lnh, cc hm, cu trc d liu vo , c th lp trnh hng i tng. ho trong MATLAB

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Bao gm cc cu lnh th hin ho trong mi trng 2D v 3D, to cc hnh nh chuyn ng, cung cp cc giao din tng tc gia ngi s dng v my tnh . Giao tip vi cc ngn ng khc. MATLAB cho php tng tc vi cc ngn ng khc nh C , Fortran

1.1.4 Lm quen vi matlab Trc tin khi ng MATLAB bn kch p (hoc n) v biu tng file MATLAB.exe ,trn mn hnh xut hin ca s sau.( Xem hnh v 1.1 ) Ca s cha cc thanh cng c( giao din ngi v my) cn thit cho vic qun l cc files, cc bin ,ca s lnh, c th coi desktop l cc panel gm cc , vng, qun l v tc dng ca tng ca s nh c qun l bi desktop

Hnh v 1.1

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Trn hnh v ta thy ca s desktop(ca s ln nht), v cc ca s ph ca n

1.1.5 Lm vic vi cc ca s ca MATLAB c qun l bi desktop

a. Ca s Command window : L ca s giao tip chnh ca Matlab bi y l ni nhp gi tr cc bin, hin th gi tr,tnh ton gi tr ca biu thc, thc thi cc hm c sn trong th vin (dng lnh), hoc cc hm(dng function) do ngi dng lp trnh ra trong M-files. Cc lnh c c nhp sau du nhc >> , v nu c sai st trong qu trnh g(nhp) lnh th hy nhn phm Enter cho n khi nhn c du nhc >>. Thc thi lnh bng nhn phm Enter. G cc lnh sau: >> A= pi/2 ; >> B= sin(A) B= 1 Hoc chng trnh son tho trong M-file di y: % Chuong trinh trong M-file x= 0:pi/6:2*pi; y=sin(x); plot(x,y); % chuong trinh c lu vi tn file l ve_sin.m

thc thi chng trnh trn trong ca s Command window bng dng lnh sau >> ve_sin Chng ta thy r hn trong mc S dng lnh trc tip phn sau. b. Ca s command History
Cc dng m bn nhp vo trong ca s Command window ( cc dng ny c th l dng nhp bin ,hoc c th l dng lnh thc hin hm no ) c gi li trong ca s Command History ,v ca s ny cho php ta s dng li nhng lnh bng cch kch
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i chut ln cc lnh hoc cc bin, nu nh bn mun s dng li bin . Xem

hnh 1.2

Kch i chut ln lnh hoc bin s dng li

Hnh 1.2
c. Ca s Workspace: L ca s th hin tn cc bin bn s dng cng vi kch thc vng nh(s bytes), kiu d liu(lp) ,cc bin c gii phng sau mi ln tt chng trnh.(xem hnh 1.3)

Kch i chut ln bin xem d Yu liu(hoc thay i gi tr)

Hnh 1.3
Ngoi ra n cho php thay i gi tri , cng nh kch thc ca bin bng cch kch i chut ln cc bin. Hoc kch vo nt bn tri ngay cnh nt save V d khi chn bin(gi th l bin b) ri kch p(hoc kch chut vo nt cnh nt save) ta c ca s sau gi l Array Editor: xem hnh 1.4

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Tiu l tn bin b , nh dng d liu c tn l: Numeric format, mc nh l dng short, Kch thc size l 1 by 3 (tc l mt hng v 3 ct) ta c th thay i kch thc ny bng cch thay i s c trong kch thc size. + Dng ca s ny lu cc bin

di l d liu ca bin b, ta c th thay i chng bng cch thay i gi

tr trong cc

Hnh 1.4 V d
Nhp bin >>b=[1 2 3 ]; >>x=pi; Tt c cc bin u c lu trong Workspace trong th hin c kch thc (Size), s Bytes v kiu d liu(class) (8 bytes cho mi phn t d liu kiu double c th l 24 bytes dnh cho b v 8 bytes dnh cho a) d. Ca s M-file L mt ca s dng son tho chng trnh ng dng, thc thi chng trnh vit trong M-file bng cch g tn ca file cha chng trnh trong ca s Commandwindow. Khi mt chng trnh vit trong M-file, th tu theo ng dng c th, tu theo ngi lp trnh m chng trnh c th vit di dng sau +Dng Script file :Tc l chng trnh gm tp hp cc cu lnh vit di dng lit k ,khng c bin d liu vo v bin ly gi tr ra +Dng hm function c bin d liu vo v bin ra. e. ng dn th mc: Ni lu gi cc file chng trnh

1.2 Nhp bin,lnh trc tip t ca s Command Window:

Sau khi xut hin du nhc >> trong ca s command window iu ng ngha cho php bn nhp bin hoc thc hin cc cu lnh mong mun.

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Do d liu ca MATLAB c th hin di dng matrn cho nn cc bin dng trong MATLAB d liu ca n cng th hin di dng ma trn, vic t tn bin khng c t mt ch tu tin m phi t theo mt quy nh
Tn ma trn(bin) phi bt u bng mt ch ci, v c th cha n 19 k t l s hoc ch. Bn phi du bng l cc gi tr ca ma trn Du chm phy(; )l phn cch cc hng, cn cc gi tr trong hng c phn cch nhau bi du phy(,) hoc du cch( phm space).

Kt thc nhp ma trn thng c du chm phy hoc khng tu theo bn mun th hin kt qu ca n hay khng. a. Nhp cc bin, matrn, cc lnh lit k trc tip Thng thng Matlab s dng 4 v tr sau du phy cho cc s thp phn c du phy chm ng, v s dng bin ans cho kt qu ca php tnh. Ta c th ng k bin th hin kt qu ny ca ring mnh . Xt tp cc lnh sau: V d trng hp khng s dng bin lu kt qu, bin ans t ng c gn >> 8+9 ans = 17 Nhp bin r = 8/10 trong ca s CommandWindow nh sau: >> r = 8/10 r=0.8000 Bn c th s dng cc bin ny cho cc php tnh tip theo v d nh: >> s=10*r s= 8 V d nhp trc tip cc s liu nh sau >> a=[1 2;3 4] a = 1 2 3 4 Matlab c hng trm hm c nh ngha sn v d nh hm tnh sin .. . >> x=pi; %nhp bin x >> sin(x) % nhp lnh sin(x), n enter thc hin lnh tnh sin(x) ans = 1.2246e-016

+ Cc php tnh s dng trong Matlab :

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Trong MATLAB cng s dng cc php ton thng thng c lit k trong bngsau K t Lnh Matlab ngha + * / Cng a + b Tr a - b Nhn ab Chia phi a a/b= b Chia tri a b\a = b M a^b a+b a-b a*b a/b

b/a

a^2

Th t u tin cc php ton: Tt c cc biu thc ton hc u c thc hin t tri qua phi, ta c bng th t u tin nh sau: Th t u tin Cc php 1 Du ngoc trong biu thc 2 Ton t m ^ , thc thi t tri qua phi 3 Ton t nhn, chia c cng mc u tin,thc hin t tri sang phi . 4 Cng , tr V d1 : >> a=[1 2;3 4]; >> b=[5 6;7 8]; >> a+b^2 ans = 68 80 94 110 V d2 Gii phng trnh bc hai, cc lnh nhp trong ca s CommandWindow >>a= 1; >>b=-2; >>c=1; >>delta= b^2- 4*a*c; >>x1=(-b+ sqrt(delta) )/(4*a); >>x2=(-b- sqrt(delta) )/(4*a);

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Ch : + Cc lnh c kt thc bng du chm phy, Matlab s khng th hin kt qu trn mn hnh, ngc li khng c du chm phy Matlab s th hin kt qu. + Trong qu trnh nhp ma trn nu cc phn t trn mt hng di qu ta c th xung dng bng ton t ba chm( . . . )
V d >>Number_apples=10;Number_Oranges=25,Number_bananas=34; >>Fruit_Purchased= Number_apples+ Number_Oranges+ ... Number_bananas 1.3 S dng cc lnh gin tip t cc file d liu Nh trnh by trong phn ca s M-file, tp hp cc lnh ca MATLAB c son tho trong ca s M-file di dng Script file hoc dng hm function(c bin u vo v ra), v c ghi (lu)vo file d liu c phn m rng l .m (Thng thng cc chng trnh son tho trong M-file thng c lu theo ng dn C:\matlab\ work\Tn_file ), mun thc thi chng trnh son tho ta gi lnh trong ca s Commandwindow, tu theo chng trnh vit dng Script file hay function m trong ca s ta c 2 cch gi nh sau: i vi chng trnh vit dng Script file >> tn_file ; a=1; b=-2; c=1; delta=b^2-4*a*c; x1=(-b+sqrt(delta))/(2*a) x2=(-b-sqrt(delta))/(2*a)

% lu vo file GPTB2.m
V d gii phng trnh bc hai tm nghim x1 v x2 vit trong M-file dng Scriptfile: Thc thi chng trnh trn trong ca s CommandWindow bng lnh >>GPTB2 i vi chng trnh vit dng function ,c tham s u vo v ra,ta phi truyn cc tham s cn thit. V d : Gii phng trnh bc hai vi ba tham s u vo l cc h s a , b, c v hai bin u ra l nghim ca phng trnh x1 v x2 (Xem cch vit hm function mc sau)

function [x1, x2] =GPTB2(a,b,c)

x1=(-b+sqrt(delta))/(2*a); %Tinh nghiem x1
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x2=(-bsqrt(delta))/(2*a);

Thc hin bi ton trn trong Command window nh sau: >>a= 1; >>b=-2; >>c=1; >>[x1,x2]=GPTB2 (a,b,c) % cu trc chung l [x1,x2]=Tn_file (a,b,c) ( hoc [x1,x2]=GPTB2(1,-2,1) )

Lu rng khi vit chng trnh trong M-file, bn mun ghi ch thch ta dng k t % t trc dng ch thch nh sau %----------dng ch thch -------------V d 2 %Vit trong M-file(dng Script file) x=0:0.1:10 ; %To vector x y=cos(x); plot(x,y); % V th hm cosin %lu vo file c tn l dai1.m Thc thi hm trn ca s commandwindow bng lnh >> dai1 Vit chng trnh trong M-file c dng l ch yu ,c bit i vi nhng chng trnh di , phc tp th bn nn vit trong M-file. 1.4 Dng nhc gn gi tr bin i vi bn hc lp trnh Pascal, bn mun nhp gi tr khi thc thi chng trnh bn dng cp lnh:

writeln( 'Nhp gi tr ca a='); readln(a);

Nhng i vi MATLAB th bn s thy rt n gin ch dng mt lnh duy nht l : a=input(Nhap gia tri cua a=); V d: Trong ca s Commandwindow ta g lnh >> a =input(nhap a=);

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Nhn Enter cho kt qu di dng nhap a= 3; ng ngha vi vic gn a=3.

S dng dng nhc gn gi tr bin trong trng hp ta mun thay i gi tr cc bin lc thc thi chng trnh. % Chng trnh nhc gn gi tr bin c phng trong V d : s dng dngvit trong M-file, bngii th vittrnh bc hai

CommandWindow a=input(nhap he so a=); b=input(nhap he so b=); c=input(nhap he so c-=); Delta=b^2-4*a*c; x1=(-b+ sqrt(Delta))/(2*a) x2=(-b+ sqrt(Delta))/(2*a)

1.5 Cch to mt hm function Trc ht ta thng nht rng, to mt hm function ta phi son tho n trong Mfile. Cu trc hm nh sau: %Khai bo hm c t kho function function[danh sch tn kt qu]= Tn_hm(danh sch cc bin u vo) % Thn chng trnh cu lnh 1; cu lnh 2; cu lnh 3; .... cu lnh n; %kt thc chng trnh khi kt thc cu lnh Ch : Danh sch tn kt qu, v tham s u vo c cch nhau bng du phy. V d : function[x1,x2,x3]=dai2(a,b,c,d) Thn chng trnh khng bt u bng t kho Begin v khng kt thc bng t kho End nh Ngn ng lp trnh Pascal.

Ta nn lu vo file c tn trng vi tn hm V d: Cho s khi ca h thng iu khin t ng nh hnh di y

u (-

num 2 den 2

num1 den1

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Nhim v: Tnh hm truyn kn ca h thng Chng trnh c th c vit nh sau: function[numk, denk]=ham_truyen(num1, den1, num2, den2) numh=conv(num1, num2);% conv l hm nhn, hm ny c nh ngha sn denh=conv(den1,den2); numk=numh; m=length(denh)- length(numh); numh1=[zeros(:,m), numh]; denk= numh1+denh; %kt thc chng trnh ti y bn nn lu vo file c tn l ham_truyen. Thc thi hm: >> num1=[1 1]; >>den1=[1 2 1]; >>num2=[1 2]; >>den2=[1 2 1 4]; >>[numk,denk]=ham_truyen(num1,den1,num2,den2); 1.6 S dng hm c sn C rt nhiu hm c sn, l cc hm c lp trnh sn,v c a vo th vin, xem mt hm cng nh cu trc, cch s dng ta dng lnh >>help tn_hm V d Ta mun xem cu trc hm ode23 >>help ode23 1.7 V cc hm Dng lnh fplot v cc hm, hm ny c th c sn(v d nh sin, cos . . .), hoc cc hm to bi ngi dng vit trong M-file dng function Cu trc:

fplot(Tn_hm,[Xmin ,Xmax] ,tol,N,LineSpec);hoc fplot( @Tn_hm,[Xmin ,Xmax] ,tol,N,LineSpec);

Lu :i vi cc hm ton hc c sn(khng phi nh ngha) v d nh sin, cos ,... th c th thc hin nh sau: + fplot(sin(x),2*pi*[-1 1] ) %v y=sin(x) vi x=[-2*pi 2*pi]; + fplot([sin(x),tan(x),cos(x)], 2*pi*[-1 1] );

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%v ba th trn cng mt ca s vi x=[-2*pi 2*pi] ; Dng hm inline v d : f=inline(x+2); fplot(f,[0 2] ); i vi cc hm trong M-file c th s dng cc cch sau V d: Tnh f1, f2, f3 function [f1,f2,f3]= FUNC(x) f1= x+3; f2=x; f3=x.^2; %lu vo file FUNC.m

Hm FUNC s tr v mt vector hng ng vi mi gi tr ca x, v d x=[x1;x2] th hm FUNC s tr v ma trn sau y. f1(x1) ,f2(x1), f3(x1) f1(x2) ,f2(x2), f3(x2)

Li dng c im ny ta c th v nhiu th trn cng mt ca s thng qua v d sau:

%To hm Y function Y=myfun(x) Y(:,1)=200*sin(x(:))./(x(:); Y(:,2)=x(:).^2;

%lu vo file c tn l myfun.m

Thc thi chng trnh trn trong Commandwindow >>fplot( myfun,[-20 20] ); (hoc dng >>fplot(@myfun ,[-20 20] ) Cc thng s tol, N , LineSpec ln lot l sai s lin quan(tng i), s im t nht, biu

din thuc tnh ca ng. Ch :Khi bn mun hn ch khong biu din c trc x v y th dng Xmax Ymin Ymax] .

[Xmin

1.8 Lu v ly d liu Vi Matlab khi thot khi chng trnh(tt),cc bin d liu(trongWorkspace) s b mt,do vy khi thc hin li chng trnh bn phi khai bo li cc bin cn thit trn,

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iu ny gy mt thi gian, v bin php tt l bn lu tt c cc bin cn thit cho chng trnh ca bn vo file ring, v khi cn chng ta gi chng ra bng mt lnh

Lu d liu c th l :
Lu tt c cc bin trong vng lm vic( Workspace) hoc Mt s bin nht nh tu theo nhu cu . Sau y l cc cch lu cc bin d liu: 1.8.1 Lu v ly d liu di file nhi phn(binary)

Lu d liu:
>>save('C:\matlabR12\work\ten_file') %lu ton b bin trong Workspace >>save('C:\matlabR12\work\ten_file', 'x','y')% ch lu bin x v y Ch : C:\matlabR12\work\ten_file l ng dn ti file, thng thng khi ci t chng trnh th mc nh l ci vo C (nu bn ci vo D, khi s dng lnh save, bn ch cn thay i thnh :D:\matlabR12\work\ten_file) V d:

%Vit trong Command Window >>a=1; >>b=1; >>c=-2; >>save('C:\matlabR12\work\Bien', 'x','y')

Khi phc li d liu dng lnh sau:
load ('C:\matlabR12\work\ten_file') % ly d liu V d: By gi ta xo hai bin a v b ra khi chng trnh v thc hin lnh load ly li d liu:

>>clear a ; %xo bin a >>clear b ; %xo bin b >> load ('C:\matlabR12\work\ten_file') >>a %kim tra xem a khi phc li cha a=1 >>b%kim tra xem b khi phc li cha b=1
1.8.2 Lu v ly d liu di file ASCII >>save('C:\matlabR12\work\ten_file','-ASCII'). Lu ton b bin trong workspace vo file
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>>save('C:\matlabR12\work\ten_file','x','y','-ASCII'). Lu hai bin x v y vo file >>load ('C:\matlabR12\work\ten_file', '-ASCII '). khi thc hin lnh ny th trong Workspace s xut hin bin c tn l tn ca file , kch p chut ln bin ny s xut hin d liu ca ton b bin c lu gi, vic truy nhp n bin lu gi thng qua vic truy nhp kiu Matrn V d Command window >>a=2; >>b=3; >>c=4; >>save('C:\matlabR12\work\ save')%lu 3 bin trong file tn save >> load('C:\matlabR12\work\ save')%khi phc d liu hoc >> save('C:\matlabR12\work\ save', 'a','b')%lu hai bin a v b trong file %tn save Tng t: >>a=3; >>b=4; >>save('C:\matlabR12\work\save','a','b','-ASCII') >>load('C:\matlabR12\work\save','-ASCII') %khi phc d liu Trong workspace s c bin save nh sau: Kch p vo save s xut hin d liu ca hai bin a v b

Hoc n gin lu bin bn c th chn bin ri kch vo nt save trong ca s Workspace

1.9 Cc ton t logic v cc lnh iu kin
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1.9.1 Cc ton t quan h Mt biu thc logic trong MATLAB c c t s so snh cc i lng khc nhau(v d hai i lng A v B). Nhng k hiu th hin s so snh c gi l cc ton t quan h , sau y l lit k cc ton t Bng lit k cc ton t quan h Ton t quan h ngha < Nh hn vd A<B > Ln hn vd A>B <= Nh hn hoc bng A<=B >= Ln hn hoc bng A>=B == Bng vd A==B ~= Khng bng vd A~=B Cc ton t quan h thc hin vic s snh tng phn t ca mng, chng tr li mt mng c cng kch thc vi hai mng trn( hai mng ban u phi c cng kch thc nu khng s gy ra li),vi cc phn t trong mng l 0 hoc 1 tng ng vi cc quan h so snh l sai hay ng

Trng hp c bit so snh hai s phc:

+ Khi dng cc ton t quan h l < hoc > th ch so snh phn thc ca n m thi . + Khi dng cc ton t quan h <= hoc >= th so snh c phn thc ln phn o

Khi so snh hai chui .

Dng ton t strcmp Cu trc: strcmp( chui1, chui2) V d : >>Chuoi1= Pham Duc Dai; >>Chuoi2=Vu van van; >>ss=strcmp(Chuoi1, Chuoi2); ss=0 Ch : Khi so snh mt s v hng vi mt ma trn th s c nhn vi mt m trn ones(size(ma trn so snh)) sao cho n c kch thc ging vi ma trn cn so snh ri mi so snh . V d: X=5; X>=[1 2 3 ; 4 5 6; 7 8 9] X=5*ones(3,3); X>[1 2 3 ; 4 5 6; 7 8 9] Kt qu tr v : ans=

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1 1 1 1 1 0 >>X=5; 0 0 0

>>X >=[1 2 3 ; 4 5 6; 7 8 9] ans

1 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 0

1.9.2 Cc ton t logic (Logical Operator & | ~) Cu trc: Ton t logic & | ~

ngha V vd A&B Hoc vd A|B o vd ~A

Cc k hiu & , | ,~ l cc ton t logic v hoc o. Chng thc hin trn tng phn t ca ca cc mng so snh( ton t logic cho php thc hin trn nhiu mng vi yu cu l cc mng phi c cng kch thc), kt qu tr v l mt ma trn c cng kch thc vi cc ma trn so snh trn. Cc ton t logic thng dng lin kt cc biu thc quan h.

Bng chn l:
u vo And Or Xor Not A B A&B A|B xor(A,B) ~A 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 Mc u tin cao nht i vi ton t logic o( not ,~) , hai ton t and v | c cng mc u tin , trong mt biu thc ton hc th chng c thc hin theo th t t tri sang phi. Ta c th s dng cc ton t and , or ,not & , | , ~ nh bng sau: A&B A|B ~A and(A,B) or(A,B) not(A)

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Ch trong cc biu thc s dng cc ton t locgic th ta nn dng du ngoc xc nh r rng ,v m bo tnh tng thch trong cc phin bn mi ca Matlab Tng kt: Cc php tnh s hc s c thc hin trc khi thc hin cc biu thc logic. Khi tnh ton ta nn thm du ngoc n lm biu thc tr nn sng sa hn.

Gp nhng biu thc phc tp s s l cc tnh ton s hc trc, sau cc ton t logic c xem xt t tri qua phi . 1.10 Cc cu lnh iu kin, r nhnh

1.10.1 Cu lnh iu kin if.

Cu trc % y l cu trc n gin nht. if expression Statements; end; % Cu trc s dng lnh elseif ,else v if c vit lin if expression1 Statements; elseif expression2 Statement; else Statements; end Biu thc expression bao gm cc ton t quan h v d nh (count<limit) hoc (heightoffset)>0 ), Ngoi ra n cn kt hp vi cc ton t logic lin kt cc biu thc quan h. V d 1: if (count<limit)&((height-offset)>0) V d 2: Cho khong [a b], vit chng trnh chia khong ny thnh n khong bng nhau vi n function v= lnearspace(a,b,n) cho if n<2 trc.

error(Ban nhap sai, it nhat n phai lon hon 1); end; h=(b-a)/(n-1); v=a:h:b; -------------------------------------------------------------------------Thc thi chng trnh trn trong Command window nh sau: >> v=Soan1(5,1,5) v = 5 4 3 2 1
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V d 3: Chng trnh xc nh du ca s nhp vo :

function s= sign(x) if x>0 s=1; % so duong elseif x<0 s=-1; % so am else s=0; % so =0 end;
Nguyn tc lm vic ca lnh if nh sau :Khi biu thc expression ng th cu lnh ngay sau lnh if c thc hin nu sai cu lnh s c b qua n lnh elseif

Mt biu thc s snh l ng nu tt c cc phn t so snh ca hai mng (hoc hai ma trn) tr v ga tr 1
V d: A=[ 1 0; 2 3]; B=[1 1; 3 4]; Th : + A<B l sai v A(1,1) khng nh hn B(1,1); + A<(B+1) l ng bi v khng phn t no trong A ln hn phn t trong B tng ng % Cu trc khi s dng lnh else if if expression1 statements1; else if expression2 statements2; end end Ta thy trong cu trc trn th c hai lnh if ring bit cho nn phi c hai t kt thc l end. Bi tp v d: Nhp vo bn phm im ca mt hc sinh ri in ra nh gi : Diem= input(nhap diem vao=); if ( Diem< 5) Trang 19 fprintf(Hoc luc yeu); elseif( Diem>=5)&(Diem<7) fprintf(Hoc luc trung binh);

1.10.2 Vng lp for Cu trc: for i= imin :i: imax statements; end i : L bc nhy ca vng lp for, gi tr mc nh l =1; V d: Tnh tng s= 1+2^p +3^p+ ... n^p ; ( p l s m ) function s= Sump(n , p) s=0; for i=1:n ; s=s+i^p ;end;

Hai chng trnh sau y l ging nhau

for i=1:100; y(i)=sin(i); end;

x=1:100; y=sin(x);

1.10.3 Vng lp while Cu trc: while( bieu_thuc_logic) statements; end; Trc ht vng lp kim tra xem nu biu thc logic ng th thc hin cc cu lnh statements. n=input(Nhap n=); V d: s=0; i=0; while( i<n) s=s+i;

end;
1.10.4 Lnh ngt break , error, return

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Lnh break :Tc dng iu khin chng trnh nhy ra khi vng lp for hay while gn n nht. V d:Nhp mt s dng nu m th nhp li

while 1 n= input(nhap n=); while(n<0) %Vong lap while2 break; %Thoat khoi vong lap while2 end if n>0 break; %Thoat khoi vongwhile chinh end

end
1.10.5 Lnh error v lnh return - Lnh error: Dng thng bo li , hin th cho ngi lp trnh bit l li g ? V d: error(error message); hin th thng ip li khi thc hin cu lnh ny.

a=input(Nhap a=); b=input(Nhap b=); % Thuc hien a: b if b==0 error(divide by zeros); end;
Khi thc thi chng trnh trn ( nhp b=0) th xut hin dng ch Nh sau: ??? Error using ==> soan1 divide by zeros Ch rng soan1 l tn file lu chng trnh trn - Lnh return: Thng c s dng trong cc hm ca MATLAB. Lnh return s cho php quay tr v thc thi nhng lnh nm trong tc dng ca lnh return. 1.10.6 Bin ton cc Bin ton cc c dng trong phm vi ton b cc chng trnh, nu cc chng trnh khai bo bin ton cc .

Cu trc:
global x y z % khai bo ba bin ton cc x y z

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V d n gin sau: function[ u,v]=Main(x,y) global a b; Tinhham(x,y,z);

u=a;v=b;
%Chng trnh con tnh hm function Tinhham(x,y,z) global a b; a=x^2 +y^2+ z^2;

b=x^3 +y^3+ z^3;

Thc thi chng trnh: >> x=2,y=3,z=4; >> [u,v]=Main(x,y,z); 1.10.6 nh dng d liu ra Cc php tnh trong MATLAB c thc hin vi chnh xc cao, ta c th nh dng cho cc s xut ra mn hnh tu tng yu cu c th: V d s a= 4/3 vi format short (y l ch mc nh gm 4 s sau du phy) a=1.3333 format short e a= 1.3333e+00 format long a=1.3333333333333

format lang e a=1.3333333333333e+000 Ngoi cch ny ra ta nh dng d liu bng thanh tool cng c trn mn hnh V d: G cc lnh sau trong ca s CommandWindow >>format long >>a=4/3 a= 1.3333333333333

1.10.7 Mt s hm ton hc thng thng hay s dng

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Tn hm Sin Cos Tan Asin Acos Atan Angle Fix Floor Exp Ceil Log log10 sqrt(x)

ngha Hm sin Hm cos Hm tan Hm acsin Hm accos Hm tnh arctg Ly gc pha Lm trn hng 0 Lm trn hng - Hm e m Lm trn hng - Logarit c s e Logarit c s 10 Cn bc hai

1.11 Cc hng s c s dng trong Matlab

K t inf thay th cho trong ton hc

Inf : l s v cng ln m Matlab khng th hin c v d: >> 5/0 ans = inf

K t

NaN thay th cho mt s khng xc nh

v d: >> 0/0 ans= NaN

K t K t

pi eps

th hin l s =3.14159..

1.12 S phc trong Matlab

S dng i v j th hin phn o vi i= j= sqrt(-1) V d: >> 5+6i ans =
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5.0000 + 6.0000i >> 5+6j ans = 5.0000 + 6.0000i

Ch khi lm vi s phc cn phn bit : y= 7/2*i v x= 7/2i cho hai kt qu khc nhau
>> y= 7/2*i y = 3.5*i >> x=7/2i x= -3.5i V d cc php tnh v s phc: >> s=3+7i >>w=5-9i >>w+s >>w-s >>w*s >>w/s

1.13 Cc lnh thot khi chng trnh,lit k cc bin, xo bin .

Lnh exit : Tc dng thot khi chng trnh . Lnh clc (clear command) xo tt c cc lnh trong ca s CommandWindow Lnh clear xo ton b cc bin trong b nh hin thi . Lnh clear <danh sch bin> Xo danh sch bin c lit k ra. Lnh whos cho bit tt c cc bin hin thi, kch thc nh bin .

Lnh quit cng ging nh lnh exit hin trc .

Cc phm mi tn ln xung (trn bn phm) c dng gi li cc lnh thc Cu hi& Bi tp cui chng
Nu c im ca cc ca s ( CommandWindow, history .) 1. S dng Lnh trc tip t ca s command window v gin tip t cc file 2. Cc cu lnh iu kin , vng lp 3. Lu v ly d liu cho mt hoc nhiu bin. Bi tp1 : Gii h phng trnh bc nht dng dng nhc gn gi tr bin nhp cc h s a,b,c,d,m,n h cho nh sau: ax +by=m

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cx+dy=n Bi tp 2: Sinh vin v cc hm sau a. V c tnh iode vi quan h dng in v in p trn iode nh sau i=I0*(exp(40*v)-1)(A); I0=1.E-6; vector v=[-10:0.005:0.8] . Sinh vin thc hin theo hai cch vit trc tip trong CommadWindow v vit hm trong M-file. b. V cc hm c bn sin(x) ,cos(x) ,tan(x)... dng lnh fplot . c. V hm y= sin(x)/x , y=x, y=sin(x) trn cng mt th . Bi tp3 : Lu tt c cc bin bn dng trong qu trnh thc hnh vo file ring ca mnh, ln sau ly ra dng li. Bi 4:Lp chng trnh dng hm function gii phng trnh bc hai Bi 5:Lp hm tnh hm truyn kn cc s h thng iu khin trong sch l thuyt iu khin t ng Bi 5:Lp hm function [Q, R]=divide (a,b) tm thng v s chia hai s a v b

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Chng 2

Th vin ton hc kiu k t (symbolic matlab)

2.1 Gii thiu v th vin ton hc kiu k t
Symbolic matlab l th vin cc php ton kiu k t c a vo mi trng tnh s hc ca matlab , th vin ny lm phong ph v tin ch thm vi nhiu kiu tnh ton v ton hc khc cho phn tnh s hc v ho c trc y trong th vin Matlab. 2.2 Cc lnh c bn khai bo bin symbolic 2.2.1 Lnh syms v lnh sym + Nhim v to i tng (bao gm c bin) symbolic Cu trc: syms arg1 arg2 ... syms arg1 arg2 ... real syms arg1 arg2 ... unreal M t Khai bo cc bin arg1 , arg2 l cc bin symbolic c hai cch khai bo dng lnh syms hoc lnh sym nh sau: syms arg1 arg2 ... Khai bo cc thng s arg1, arg2 l cc bin symbolic , ta c th khai bo nh sau arg1 = sym('arg1'); arg2 = sym('arg2'); ... Tng t : syms arg1 arg2 ... real l k hiu ngn gn cho arg1 = sym('arg1','real'); arg2 = sym('arg2','real'); ... Cc bin khai bo nh trn l cc bin thc kiu symbolic .Vy th cc bin ny khc g cc bin khai bo khng c c tnh real? Ta phn bit nh sau: i vi mt bin thc symbolic th n c cc tnh cht ca s thc v d nh (arg)2>0 (khi khai bo l syms arg real) cn khi bn khai bo l syms arg th cc bin ny ch n thun l bin symbolic khng c cc tnh cht ca s thc tc l (arg)2 s khng c du ,m ch coi l cc k t symbolic m thi Tip tc

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syms arg1 arg2 ... unreal l k hiu ngn gn cho arg1 = sym('arg1','unreal'); arg2 = sym('arg2','unreal'); ... V d: syms x beta real ging nh vic khai bo x = sym('x','real'); beta = sym('beta','real'); xo i tng symbolic x v beta khi (trng thi) 'real' ta lm nh sau syms x beta unreal Ch : clear x s khng xo i tng symbolic x khi trng thi 'real'. Bn c th thc hin c iu trn(tc l xo x khi trng thi s thc) bng cch s dng cc lnh syms x unreal or clear mex or clear all. 2.2.2.Lnh sym To mt s, mt bin v mt i tng symbolic Cu trc nh sau S = sym(A) x = sym('x') x = sym('x','real') x = sym('x','unreal') S = sym(A,flag) where flag is one of 'r', 'd', 'e', or 'f'. M t: S = sym(A) To mt i tng S ca lp 'sym' t A.Nu thng s u vo l mt chui , kt qu l mt s ,mt bin symbolic.Nu thng s u vo l mt s v hng hay mt matrn, kt qu l mt th hin ca cc s cho di dng symbolic x = sym('x') To bin symbolic vi tn l x cha kt qu trong x x = sym('x','real') cho rng x l thc cho nn conj(x) bng vi x(c th coi y l phng php kim tra s thc ) V d: x = sym('x','unreal') lm cho bin x(trong sch) v khng c c tnh no thm(m bo rng x khng phi l bin thc)

V d
+ pi= sym('pi') kt qu cho li gi tr s pi (u vo l mt chui) + Lnh pi = sym('pi') v delta = sym('1/10') Kt qu delta= 1/10 ; Cu trc sau cho php chuyn i s symbolic sang cc dng s thc v cc dng s khc tu thuc vo flag l ' r ' , ' d ' ,' e ' hoc ' f '

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S = sym(A,flag) flag l mt trong 'r', 'd', 'e', or 'f'. V d : To ma trn symbolic A A=[ 1 2 3 ; 4 5 6]; >>A=[ 1 2 3; 4 5 6]; >>A=sym(A) Kt qu tr v ma trn A= [ 1 2 3] [ 4 4 6] V d: To bin symbolic x ,y, z >> syms x y z ;% hoc sym('x' ) hoc sym('y') . . . >> f= x^2 + y^2 +z^2;

V d To s symbolic a= 5
>> a= sym('5') a= 5 Thng thng hiu qu ca vic s dng lnh sym l chuyn i mt ma trn t s sang dng phom symbolic .Lnh A = hilb(3) To ma trn Hilbert A= 1.0000 0.5000 0.3333 0.5000 0.3333 0.2500 0.3333 0.2500 0.2000 p dng sym cho A A = sym(A) Bn c th t c matrn symbolic Hilbert c kch thc 3-by-3 A= [ 1, 1/2, 1/3] [ 1/2, 1/3, 1/4] [ 1/3, 1/4, 1/5] Ta thy rng khi p dng lnh symbolic cho s hoc ma trn th kt qu thu li s chnh xc hn 2.2.3 Php Tnh vi cc bin v s symbolic Cc php tnh c bn v ma trn u c dng i vi cc s v bin symbolic. V d v php cng hai Ma trn symbolic(hoc vi mt ma trn khng phi l symbolic) >> syms a b c; >> a=[a b c ; b c a]; >> d=[1 2 3 ;4 5 6];
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>> a+d ans = [ a+1, b+2, c+3] [ b+4, c+5, a+6] >> A=sym([1 2 3 ; 4 5 6]); >> B=sym([2 3 4 ;5 6 7]); >> A+B ans = [ 3, 5, 7] [ 9, 11, 13] Tng t cho php nhn v php chia ( * / \ ./ .\) 2.3 To hm symbolic Thng thng c hai cch to hm Symbolic To hm bng biu thc symbolic f= f(x,y,z...) trong x, y z c khai bo l cc bin symbolic To trong M-file

To trc tip cc hm . 2.3.1 To hm t cc biu thc symbolic Hm to ra cha cc bin phi l bin symbolic V d to hm f= 3*x^2 + 2*x + 1 ta lm nh sau >> syms x % khai bo x l bin symbolic >> f= 3* x^2 + 2*x +1 % f l hm symbolic v d: syms x y z r = sqrt(x^2 + y^2 + z^2) t = atan(y/x) f = sin(x*y)/(x*y) To biu thc symbolic r v t v f . Ch Ch khi to mt hm symbolic th Bn mi c php s dng lnh limit ,diff, int, subs, v cc hm ton hc symbolic khc 2.3.2 To Hm Symbolic t M-file To mt hm bng cu trc function , trong u vo l cc bin cn thit lp hm , u ra l bin cha hm nh vy cch to hm ging vi to hm thng thng ,V th

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Matlab hiu rng y l hm symbolic th ta pah lu vo file c ng dn nh sau C:\matlabR12\toolbox\symbolic\@sym\ten_ham V d to hm symbolic z= sin(x)/x function z = sinc(x) %SINC The symbolic sinc function % sin(x)/x. This function % accepts a sym as the input argument. if isequal(x,sym(0)) z = 1; else z = sin(x)/x; end V d : Mun to hm symbolic f= 3*x^2 + 2*x + 1 function f= tao_ham( x) f= 3*x^2 + 2*x + 1 %Lu vo ng dn C:\matlabR12\toolbox\symbolic\@sym\tao_ham %------------gi hm trong command window-------->> syms x >>f= tao_ham(x) f= 3*x^2 + 2*x + 1 2.3.3 To hm trc tip Ta c th to hm trc tip nh sau f= 3*x^2+ 2*x+1 >> f=sym('3*x^2 + 2*x +1') Tuy nhin to hm nh trn th f l hm symbolic, nhng bn thn bin x li khng phi l bin symbolic Khi khai bo hm kiu ny ,mun s dng bin x ta thm hai du ' x ' >> f= sym('3*x^2+ 2*x +1'); >> g=subs(f,'x','x+h') g= 3*(x+h)^2+ 2*(x+h) +1 >> df=(subs(f,'x','x+h')-f)/'h' df = (3*(x+h)^2+2*h-3*x^2)/h >> diff(f,'x') ans = 6*x+2 V d : Tnh 6! Ta to hm tnh trc tip nh sau >> f=sym('x!');

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>> subs(f,'x',6) ans = 720 V d to hm 1/ x! >> f=1/sym('x!'); >> subs(f,'x',n) >> subs(f,'x','n') ans = 1/(n)! 2.4 To bin thc v bin phc To bin phc v d z= x+ i* y th ta phi khai bo x v y l cc bin symbolic thc tc l: syms x y real z = x + i*y I. Gii thch To bin symbolic x v y ,cc bin ny c c s cng thm cc tnh cht ton hc ca mt bin thc .C th n c ngha rng biu thc f = x^2 + y^2 f >=0. Cho nn, z l mt bin phc conj(x)= x;conj(z)=x-i*y;expand(z*conj(z))=x^2+y^2 xo x khi l mt bin thc ,bn phi dng lnh nh sau syms x unreal hoc x = sym('x','unreal') Lnh sau clear x khng lm cho x khi l mt s thc 2.5 Lnh findsym Tm cc bin trong biu thc symbolic hoc matrn Syntax r = findsym(S) r = findsym(S,n) M t findsym(S) Tr v tt c cc bin symbolic trong S c cch nhau bi du phy(trong in alphabetical order).Nu S khng cha bt k mt bin no findsym tr v mt chui rng findsym(S,n) tr v n bin alphabetically gn x nht V d syms a x y z t findsym(sin(pi*t)) returns pi, t.
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findsym(x+i*y-j*z) returns x, y, z. findsym(a+y,1) returns y. 2.6 Tnh ton Cng c ton dc symbolic cung cp cc hm thc hin cc ton t c bn ca php ton o hm , gii hn , tch phn, tng v m rng chui Taylor. 2.5.1 Lnh symsum Symbolic summation. Syntax r = symsum(s) r = symsum(s,v) r = symsum(s,a,b) r = symsum(s,v,a,b) M t *symsum(s) l tng ca biu thc symbolic s theo bin symbolic ca n l k c xc nh bi lnh findsym t 0 n k-1 *symsum(s,v) l tng ca biu thc symbolic theo bin symbolic v c xc nh t 0 n v-1 *symsum(s,a,b) and symsum(s,v,a,b) nh ngha tng ca biu thc symbolic theo bin v t v=a n v=b V d Cc lnh sau: syms k n x symsum(k^2) tr v kt qu 1/3*k^3-1/2*k^2+1/6*k symsum(k) tr v 1/2*k^2-1/2*k symsum(sin(k*pi)/k,0,n) tr v -1/2*sin(k*(n+1))/k+1/2*sin(k)/k/(cos(k)-1)*cos(k*(n+1))1/2*sin(k)/k/(cos(k)-1) symsum(k^2,0,10) tr v kt qu sau 385 V d: >> syms x k; >> symsum(x^k/sym('k!'), k, 0,inf)%inf la +vo cung ans =

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exp(x) >> symsum(x^k/sym('k!'), k, 0,5) ans = 1+x+1/2*x^2+1/6*x^3+1/24*x^4+1/120*x^5 Ch : Cc v d trc s dng sym to biu thc symbolic .k! 2.5.2 Tnh o hm By gi chng ta to cc bin v hm syms a x f = sin(a*x) sau diff(f) Lnh ny s tnh o hm ca f vi bin symbolic ca n (trong trng hp ny l x), nh c nh ngha bi lnh findsym ans = cos(a*x)*a tnh o hm vi bin a ta lm nh sau diff(f,a) N tr v df/da. ans = cos(a*x)*x tnh o hm bc hao vi bin x v a ta lm nh sau diff(f,2) hoc diff(f,x,2) Tr v ans = -sin(a*x)*a^2 v diff(f,a,2) N tr v ans = -sin(a*x)*x^2 nh ngha a,b,x,n,t v theta trong Matlab workspace, s dng lnh sym. Bng sau cho thy tc dng ca lnh diff f diff(f)

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X^n Sin(a*t+b) Exp(i*theta)

x^n*n/x cos(a*t+b)*a i*exp(i*theta)

Example: syms a x A = [cos(a*x),sin(a*x);-sin(a*x),cos(a*x)] N tr li A= [ cos(a*x), sin(a*x)] [ -sin(a*x), cos(a*x)] Lnh diff(A) Tr v ans = [ -sin(a*x)*a, cos(a*x)*a] [ -cos(a*x)*a, -sin(a*x)*a] 2.5.3 sym2poly Bin i a thc symbolic sang vec t h s a thc ca

Cu trc
c = sym2poly(s) M t sym2poly tr v mt vector hng, vc t ny cha h s ca a thc symbolic. Cc h s ny c xp theo th t tng ng vi s m ca bin c lp ca a thc V D Cc lnh sau y: syms x u v; sym2poly(x^3 - 2*x - 5) Tr v 1 0 -2 -5 trong khi sym2poly(u^4 - 3 + 5*u^2) Tr v 1 0 5 0 -3 v sym2poly(sin(pi/6)*v + exp(1)*v^2) tr v
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2.7183 0.5000 0 2.5.4 Tnh gii hn Limit Cng c ton hc symbolic cho php bn tnh gii hn ca hm theo cch thng thng .Cc lnh sau syms h n x limit( (cos(x+h) - cos(x))/h,h,0 ) Tr v kt qu ans = -sin(x) v limit( (1 + x/n)^n,n,inf ) % n tin ti v cng N tr v kt qu ans = exp(x) Th hin hai trong tt c gii hn quan trong nht trong ton hc,o hm (trong trng hp ny l cos(x)) v hm e m x gii hntn ti khi cho bin tin ti hai pha ( l, kt qu l ging nhau bt k tin bn phi hay bn tri ).Nu kt qu khc nhau hai pha th o hm khng tn ti Cho nn o hm sau kt qul khng xc nh v Cng c ton hc symbolic tr v gi tr l NaN Lnh limit(1/x,x,0) hoc limit(1/x) returns ans =NaN Lnh limit(1/x,x,0,'left') Tr v ans = -inf Trong khi lnh. limit(1/x,x,0,'right') Tr v: ans = inf Quan st thy rng trng hp mc nh, limit(f) ging vi limit(f,x,0).

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La chn cho lnh limit trong bng trn, chng ta gi s rng f l mt hm symbolic vi i tng x II. 2.5.5 Tnh Tch phn Nu f l mt biu thc symbolic th tch phn ca hm f l int(f) Tm mt biu thc symbolic F tho mn diff(F)=f, th F l gi tr tr v ca int(f) Tng t hm int(f,v) int(f,v) S dng i tng symbolic v nh l bin ca tch phn, V d To cc bin symbolic sau syms a b theta x y n x1 u F x^n y^(-1) n^x Sin(a*theta+b) Exp(-x1^2) 1/(1+u^2) Int(f) x^(n+1)/(n+1) Log(y) 1/log(n)*n^x -cos(a*theta+b)/a 1/2*pi^(1/2)*erf(x1) Atan(u)

Bng th hin kt qu tch phn ca mt s hm nh ngha tch phn cn c th hin nh sau int(f,a,b) hoc int(f,v,a,b) % Tnh tch phn f theo bin v t a n b 2.6 Gii phng trnh - H phng trnh i s Gii phng trnh-h phng trnh dng lnh solve Mc ch: Gii mt hoc nhiu phng trnh i s tuyn tnh symbolic Cu trc g = solve(eq) g = solve(eq,var) g = solve(eq1,eq2,...,eqn) g = solve(eq1,eq2,...,eqn,var1,var2,...,varn)
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M t Eq l biu thc n hoc mt phng trnh.u vo gii(tm nghim) c th l biu thc hoc chui symbolic.Nu eq lmt biu thc symbolic (x^2-2*x+1) hoc mt chui, chui ny khng cha mt phng trnh, nh ('x^2-2*x+1'), th solve(eq) l gii phng trnh eq=0 Vi bin mc nh ca n c xc nh bi hm findsym.solve(eq,var) tng ng vi vic gii phng trnh eq (hoc eq=0 trong hai trng hp trn) i vi bin var(gii phung trnh vi bin l var) V d : >> solve(' x^2 + 2*x +1 ' , 'x' ) tc l gii phng trnh x^2+2*x+1=0 vi bin l x >> solve(' y*x^2 + x *y+1 ' ,'y') H phng trnh. u vo l cc biu thc symbolic hoc cc chui xc nh phng trnh. solve(eq1,eq2,...,eqn) gii h cc phng trnh to bi eq1,eq2,...,eqn trong n bin c xc nh bng cch p dng lnh findsym cho ton h (in the n variables determined by applying findsym to the system) Ba loi khc nhau ca u ra c th. + i vi mt phng trnh v mt u ra, kt qu (sau khi gii ) c tr v vi nhiu kt qu cho phng trnh tuyn tnh (with multiple solutions for a nonlinear equation) + i vi h thng phng trnh c s u ra cn bng, kt qu c cha trong alphabetically v c k hiu nh l u ra.(cha trong alphabetically tc l cha theo th t ch ci) + i vi h thng phong trnh c s u ra l n,kt qu tr v l mt cu trc V d solve('a*x^2 + b*x + c') tr v [ 1/2/a*(-b+(b^2-4*a*c)^(1/2)), 1/2/a*(-b-(b^2-4*a*c)^(1/2))] solve('a*x^2 + b*x + c','b') tr v -(a*x^2+c)/x >> n=solve('x + y = 1','x - 11*y = 5') n= x: [1x1 sym] y: [1x1 sym] >> n.y ans =. -1/3 >> n.x ans =

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4/3 >> [x, y]=solve('x + y = 1','x - 11*y = 5') kt qu: x= 4/3 y=-1/3 >>A = solve('a*u^2 + v^2', 'u - v = 1', 'a^2 - 5*a + 6') Tr v dng cu trc A= a: [1x4 sym] u: [1x4 sym] v: [1x4 sym] A.a = [ 2, 2, 3, 3] A.u = [ 1/3+1/3*i*2^(1/2), 1/3-1/3*i*2^(1/2), 1/4+1/4*i*3^(1/2), 1/4-1/4*i*3^(1/2)] A.v = [ -2/3+1/3*i*2^(1/2), -2/3-1/3*i*2^(1/2), -3/4+1/4*i*3^(1/2), -3/4-1/4*i*3^(1/2)] 2.7 Bin i laplace 2.7.1 Bin i thun Laplace Cu trc laplace(F) laplace(F,t) M t L = laplace(F) l bin i laplace ca F vi bin c lp mc nh l t. kt qu mc nh tr li l hm ca s. Bin i laplace c p dng cho mt hm ca bin t v tr li mt hm ca bin s Nu F = F(s), laplace tr li mt hm ca t Bng cch nh ngha t l bin kiu symbolic trong F c xc nh bi hm findsym. L = laplace(F,t) to ra L,mt hmca t thay mc nh l hm ca s. L = laplace(F,w,z) to ra L,mt hm ca z trong F,mt hm ca w thay th bin mc nh l s v t tng ng 2.7.2 Bin i ngc laplace Mc ch: Bin i ngc laplace
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Cu trc F = ilaplace(L) F = ilaplace(L,y) F = ilaplace(L,y,x) M t F=ilaplace(L) l php bin i ngc Laplace ca i tng v hng symbolic Lvi bin c lp l s. tr li mc nh l mt hm ca t.Bin i ngc laplace c p dng cho mt hm ca s v tr v mt hm ca t .Nu L = L(t), ilaplace tr v mt hm ca x. Bng cch nh ngha c l mt s thc c chn cho nn tt c all singularities of L(s) are to the left of the line s = c, i. F = ilaplace(L,y) to ra F l mt hm ca y thay v mc nh t. y l mt i tng symbolic v hng. F = ilaplace(L,y,x) F l mt hm ca x v L l mt hm of y thay v mc nh l s v t. 2.8 Vn tch phn vi hng s thc Mt trong nhng tinh t lin quan ti o hm cc hm symbolic l du ca cc bin(coi l hng s) khi bn bnh phng bin . y ta hiu rng khi bn coi mt bin no trong biu thc l bin(v d bin ly tch phn) th cc bin cn li c coi l hng s v Matlab s khng hiu c l n dng hay m(coi ch l k t ). V d, biu thc L dng, th c hnh chung cong tin ti 0 khi x tin ti inf vi mi s thc k. Mt v d v ng cong c cho thy di y vi

c to ra, s dng nhng lnh sau syms x k = sym(1/sqrt(2)); f = exp(-(k*x)^2); ezplot(f) The Maple kernel, khng coi k2 hoc x2 l cc s dng.Maple cho rng bin symbolic x v k l khng xc nh. C ngha rng,chng l bin v khng c thm c tnh ton hc no. Thng thng tnh tch phn hm trn ta lm nh sau

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Trong cng c ton hc symbolic , s dng hm syms x k; f = exp(-(k*x)^2); int(f,x,-inf,inf) v kt qu l

Definite integration: Can't determine if the integral is convergent. Need to know the sign of --> k^2 Will now try indefinite integration and then take limits. Warning: Explicit integral could not be found. ans = int(exp(-k^2*x^2),x= -inf..inf)
Trong li cnh bo trn bn ch thy dng lnh Need to know the sign of----> k2 tm dch l khng hiu du ca k2. M hp l ton hc l k2 phi dng do vy bn phi khai bo sao cho k2 >0 bng cch

---> To bin Real s dng lnh sym

Ch rng Maple khng th nh ngha du ca biu thc k^2. Bng cch no c th vt qua tr ngi ny? Cu tr li l to bin k bin thc. S dng lnh sym. syms k real int(f,x,-inf,inf) tr v ans = signum(k)/k*pi^(1/2) 2.9 V th Dng hm ezplot cho cc bin, s symbolic Cu trc: ezplot( y ,[ xo xm]): V y theo bin x thuc khong [ xo xm] V d: >> syms x y; >> y= x.^2;

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>> ezplot(y,[1 10]), grid on

Cc bn ch rng lnh ezplot trn dng v trong khng gian 2D ( khng gian 2 chiu ) , cn v trong khng gian 3D khng c g kh khn ta dng lnh ezplot3 ,cc bn t tham kho thm sch . Cu hi n tp 1. Nhng tin ch khi s dng th vin ton hc symbolic l g ?. 2. lnh findsym c tc dng g ?. 3. Th t u tin cc bin khi s dng bin mc nh ? . 4. C my cch to hm symbolic? Em hy so snh cc cch . 5. Du ca cc bin symbolic nh th no ? 6. V th hm symbolic, bng hm v thng thng plot c c khng ? Bi tp 1. To hm symbolic sau Y= x2 + x + y+ z + 1; Bn hy nu th t u tin cc bin . 2. To hm symbolic sau dng cc cch to hm khc nhau ri tch o hm , tch phn ca n Y= 1/( 5+ 4* cos(x) ) 3. V th hm trn, theo hai cch thng thng v s dng symbolic

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Chng 3

Ma trn v mng trong Matlab

3.1 Nhp ma trn trong Matlab 3.1.1 Cc Cch nhp matrn trong Matlab Matlab cung cp mt vi phng tin cho ngi s dng to ra mt matrn, mi phng tin c nhng u im ca n v c s dng tu theo tng yu cu bi ton.Ni chung Matlab cung cp ba phng tin. Nhp Matrn trc tip t ca s command Window. Nhp Matrn t mt file( s dng M-file hoc load)

Nhp matrn t nhng hm c sn trong Matlab. a. Nhp Matrn trc tip t ca s command Window Trong mn hc ton cao cp chng ta bit nhp mt matrn nh sau A=

1 2 4 5 7 8

3 6 9

y l mt ma trn c s hng m = 3 v s ct n= 3 nhp matrn trn trong Matlab ta nhp trc tip nh sau T dng nhc lnh trong ca s command Window >> ta nhp >> A=[ 1,2,3 ; 4 5 ,6;7 8 9]; hoc >>A=[ 1 2 3 456 7 8 9]; Cc hng c cch nhau bng mt du chm phy (;) nh trn,cc phn t trong mt hng c cch nhau bng du cch(thanh space) hoc du phy(,) . Kt thc dng lnh c hoc khng c du ; Nu khng c du chm phy cui dng th Matlab s in ra kt qu matrn va nhp Nh v d trn: >> A=[ 1,2,3 ; 4 5 ,6;7 8 9] nhn Enter s cho kt qu l A= 123 456 Trong trng hp s phn t trn mt hng qu di ta c th xung dng bng du ba chm ... V d >> b=[1,2,3,4,... 5 6 7 8 9] % y matrn 9 hng v mt ct

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Lu rng trong mt s trng hp matrn hoc mng d liu di th vic khng thm du chm phy sau cu lnh nhp, Matlab s in ra s liu di trong ca s command Window, gy kh nhn cho ngi dng b. Nhp Matrn t M-file Ta c th nhp mt matrn bng ca s son tho M-file, m ca s ny bng cch vo File- New- M-file. Mt ca s son tho s c hin ra cho php bn son tho di dng text, do l ca s son tho dng text cho nn bn c th son tho t file word sau copy vo ca s M-file. nhp matrn ta son tho tng t nh trong ca s command window sau lu vo file nh sau: V d: A=[1 2 3 ; 4 5 6 ; 7, 8,9];% khng c du chm phy s in ra kt qu Cng tng t nh trn nu s phn t trn mt hng qu nhiu th ta c th xung dng A=[1 2 3 4 ... 5 6 7 8 9 10]; Sau khi kt thc son tho ta lu vo tn_file . thc thi cc lnh nhp trong M-file ta dng lnh sau trong command window nh sau: >> ten_file ; c. Nhp matrn t cc hm c sn Matlab c mt th vin cc hm cho php to ma trn.Sau y l mt s hm ones(m,n) to ma trn m hng v n ct ,vi cc phn t u bng 1, ones(m) to ma trn vung cp m, vi cc phn t u l 1. zeros(m,n) to ma trn kch thc m x n, vi cc phn t u bng 0, zeros(m) to ma trn vung cp m.

eyes(m,n) to ma trn kch thc m xn vi cc phn t u bng 1, eyes(m) to ma trn vung cp m . v d: ones(2,3) ans= 1 1 1 1 1 1 eyes(2,3) ans= 1 0 0 0 1 0 zeros(2,3) ans= 0 0 0

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0 0 0 3.2 Ma trn s phc S phc trong matlab c vit nh sau: V d s phc 3+4*i dng i ch s o >> a=3+ 4*i a= 3+ 4*i Nu mun ii ch s o Ta nh ngha ii= sqrt(-1) Sau bn vit: >> a=3+ 4*ii a= 3+ 4*i >>A=[ 1+2*i , 3+4*i ; 5+6*i, 4+5*i ] A=[ 1+2*i 3+ 4*i 5+6*i 4+5*i ] 3.3 To vec t Khi ta cn kho st c tnh ca th no trong mt khong xc nh, khong xc nh ny c biu din di dng vect V d kho st c tnh th trong khong x=1 n 100 >> x= 1:100; % x ly gi tr t 1 n100, bc tng ca x l 1 >>t=0: 0.1 : 10;% bc nhy l ca t l 0.1 Cng thc chung to vec t l X=Xmin : bc_tng: Xmax 3.4 Truy nhp cc phn t ca ma trn truy nhp cc phn t ca ma trn ta lm nh sau: Gi s ma trn A=

1 2 4 5 7 8

3 6 9

Th >> A(i,j) ; s truy nhp n phn t hng th i v ct th j V d truy nhp n phn t th nht ta : >> A(1,1) ans= 1 c bit gi ton b s hng hoc ton b s ct dng ton t (:) >> A(:,1) % gi ton b s hng tng ng vi ct 1 ans=

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1 4 7 >>A(1,:) % gi ton b s ct tng ng hng 1 ans= 2 3 >> A(1:2,1) % gi hng 1 n hng 2 tng ng vi ct th nht ans= 1 4 >>A(1:2,:) % gi hng 1 n hng 2 tng ng vi tt c cc ct ans= 123 456 3.5 Php tnh ma trn v mng a. Php tnh ma trn Php tnh cng , php tnh tr :iu kin hai ma trn A v B phi c cng kch thc hoc mt trong hai l s v hng v d: >>a=[1 2 3 ;4 5 6; 7 8 9]; >>b=[2 3 4; 5 6 7; 8 9 10]; >>a+b; ans= 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 Nhn hai ma trn A*B lu rng s ct ca ma trn A phi bng s ct ca ma trn B, ngoi tr mt trong hai l s v hng Chia tri ma trn (\) X=A\B tng ng vi vic gii h phng trnh tuyn tnh A*X=B, gn tng ng vi X=inv(A)*B Chia phi ma trn(/) X=B/A tng ng vi vic gii phng trnh tuyn tnh X*A=B gn tng ng vi X= B*inv(A) b. Php tnh dy

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Cho hai mng sau: >>x=[1 2 3]; >>y=[2 3 4]; Php tnh cng , tr ging nh php tnh i vi ma trn >>x+y ans= 5 7 Php tnh nhn(.*) >>x.*y ans= 2 6 12 Php tnh chia(./ hoc .\) >> x./y ans= 0.5 0.66 0.75 >>x .\y ans= 2 1.5 0.75 3.6 Gii h phng trnh tuyn tnh 3.6.1 H phng trnh tuyn tnh : Xt h phng trnh sau: a11*x1 + a12*x2+ . . . +a1n*xn=b1 a21*x2 + a22*x2+ . . . +a2n*xn=b2 . . am1*x1 + am2*x2+ . . . +amn*xn=bm Bi ton t ra l tm vc tor x=[x1;x2;x3....;xn] sao cho tho mn bi ton trn 3.6.2 H Phng trnh tuyn tnh khng ng nht Phng trnh nh sau gi l phng trnh tuyn tnh KN a1*x1 + a2*x2 + . . . + an*xn = b b ng c lp (n khng nhn vi bin no c) Xt h thng sau: a11*x1 + a12*x2+ . . . +a1n*xn=b1 a21*x2 + a22*x2+ . . . +a2n*xn=b2 . . am1*x1 + am2*x2+ . . . +amn*xn=bm Vit theo ma trn A= [a11 a12...a1n; a21 a22...a2n,....am1 am2...amn]

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X=[x1 x2.... xn]; B=[b1 b2 ... bn]; Trong A c gi l ma trn h s, X l vector kt qu 3.6.2.1 Gii h phng trnh bng hm nghch o inv Nu m=n th A l ma trn vung, v nu det(A) l khc 0 th tn ti A-1 v vector kt qu X c cho bi : A-1*A*X=X=A-1*B V d Gii h sau: 2*x1 - x2 = 2 x1 + x2 = 5 Matlab command >> A=[ 2 -1 ; 1 1 ]; >> B=[ 2 ; 5]; >> X= inv(A)*B >> X= 2.3333 2.667 >> X= rats(X) X= 7/3 8/3 Tuy nhin chng ta khng th p dng phng php trn cho 2*x1 - x2 = 2 2*x1 - x2 = 0 Ma trn h s A=[ 2 -1 ; 2 -1]; V det(A)=0 => khng p dng c hm nghch o cho ma trn A 3.6.3 H phng trnh tuyn tnh ng nht Biu din di dng ma trn nh sau A*x=0 Nu det(A)#0 h c nghim duy nht l X=0 V d xt h phng trnh tuyn tnh sau 2*x1 - x2=0 x1+ x2=0 y det(A)= 3 cho nghim x1=0 , x2=0 i vi h phng trnh thun nht c det(A)=0 th h ny c v s nghim V d Xt h phng trnh tuyn tnh sau -6* x1 + 3*x2 = 0 2* x1 - x2 = 0

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Ma trn h s A= [ -6 3 ; 2 -1] , det(A)= 0 biu din trn th thy rng hai ng ny trng nhau do vy h trn c v s nghim Trng hp s bin n< s phng trnh m V d nh sau: 3*x1 + 4*x2 - 2*x3= 0 -2*x1 + 3*x2 - 4*x3= 0 5*x1 + x2 + 2*x3= 0 -9*x1 + 5*x2 - 10*x3= 0 Ma trn h s l ma trn 4 x 3 ,nh thc ln nht c th c xy dng t ma trn A l nh thc ma trn 3 x 3, nhng nh thc ca ma trn kch thc 3 by 3 =0 ( A1=[ 3 4 - 2; -2 3 - 4 ; 5 1 2]=> det(A1)=0 ) Do ta xc nh tip ma trn 2 x 2 V d nh sau A2=[ 3 4; -2 3] v det(A) # 0 ta ni rng hng ca ma trn A(ma trn h s) l bng 2 ng ngha vi vic ta ch gii hai phng trnh bt k trong s tt c cc phng trnh trn, v s bin chng ta gn gi tr tu l = n- r ( trong n l s bin cn r l hng ca ma trn A) Gii hai phng trnh : 3*x1 + 4*x2 - 2*x3= 0 -2*x1 + 3*x2 - 4*x3= 0 Kt qu : x1= (-10/17)*x3 v x2=(16/17)*x3 , vi x3 ly gi tr tu 3.6.4 Gii h phng trnh tuyn tnh bng Matlab(Dng ton t \) 2*x1 - x2 = 2 x1 + x2 = 5 >> A=[ 2 -1 ; 1 1]; >> B=[2 ; 5]; >>X=A\B Phng php gii ny gi l phng php Gaussian elimination Ton t (\) thng thng cung cp mt kt qu trong Matlab , trong mt s trng hp n l phng php gii ring 3.7 iu kin c nghim Theo Kronecker-Capelli th Mt h phng trnh c mt li gii khi v ch khi ma trn h s A v ma trn [A B] c cng hng. Gi s hng ca hai ma trn u l r th xy ra cc trng hp sau y r=n H phng trnh c nghim duy nht,

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r< n H phng trnh c v s nghim, chng ta c th gii cho r bin nh l hm ca n-r bin khc ,cc bin khc ny c th ly gi tr tu V d trn rank(a)= rank([a b]) = n cho nn h nghim duy nht >> rank(A), rank([A B]) ans= 2 ans= 2 Chng ta xem xt v d sau: 2* x1 + 3* x2 + 4*x3 = 4 x1 + x2 + x3 = 5 >> A=[ 2 3 4 ; 1 1 1]; >>B=[ 4 ; 5]; >>rank(A), rank([A B]) ans= 2 ans= 2 >> X= A\B X= 8 0 3 Hng ca hai ma trn A v [A B] bng nhau v bng 2 cho nn h c mt li gii , nhng do rank(A) < n cho nn ta ch gii cho hai bin nh l hm ca bin cn li. Kt qu Matlab cho trn ch l mt trng hp ring (n-r bin c gn =0) Xt h sau x1 + 2 *x2 + 3 *x3 = 12 3* x1 + 2 *x2 + x3 = 15 3*x1 + 4 *x2 + 7 *x3 = 13 10*x1 + 9 *x2 + 8 *x3 = 17 Tnh ton bng Matlab nh sau >> A=[1 2 3 ; 3 2 1 ; 3 4 7; 10 9 8]; >>B= [12 ; 15; 13 ; 17 ]; >>rank(A), rank([A B]) ans=

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3 ans= 4 >> X= A\B ans= 1.0887 -0.2527 1.5349 Khi th li nh sau >> A* ans ans= 5.1882 4.2957 13.0000 20.8925 Kt qu khng bng B H phng trnh trn v nghim ,tuy nhin Matlab vn cho nghim ,nghim ny khng phi nghim ng m l nghim xp x gii theo tiu chun bnh phng ti thiu( ta khng cp ti) 3.8 H iu kin yu Chng ta ni rng mt vn c coi l iu kin yu nu mt s thay i nh trong d liu s dn n thay i ln trong kt qu. iu ny l rt nguy him i vi cc k s lm vic vi cc thit b , sai s cc thit b , sai s do lm trn (iu ny chc chn xy ra) Nu d liu ny l u vo i vi vn trn th kt qu thu c s khng khip Vn chng ta bn ti l iu kin yu ca h phng trnh tuyn tnh Ma trn yu in hnh l ma trn Hibert c dng nh sau: A=[ 1 1/2 1/3.....1/n;1/2 1/3 ...1/(n+1) 1/3 1/4 1/5.... 1/(n+2) 1/n .. 1/(2n)] V d sau y: Gii h phng trnh tuyn tnh c ma trn h s sau A=[1 1; 1 1.01] B=[2 ; 2.01]; >> X= A\B X= 1.0000 1.0000 Mt sai s nh c th hin trong long format >> format long; X= A\B X=

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1.000000000002 0.999999999998 Nu ta thay i mt phn t ca A v d A(1, 2)=1.005 >> A(1,2)=1.005 ; X= A\B X= -0.0000000099991 1.9999999999991 Thay i A(1,2) =1.005 so vi gi tr c l 1 tc l tng 0.5% tng ng vi gi tr x(1) gim 101%, v tng x(2) tng 100% Cch gii h phng trnh iu kin yu A*X=B Nu A l ma trn Hillbert s dng hm tnh nghch o invhilb(n) trong n l kch thc ca ma trn V d >>A= [ 1/1 1/2 ; 1/2 1/3]; >> B=[1 ;1/2] >>X= invhilb(2)* b Nu A khng phi l ma trn hilbert th s dng hm symbolic V d A= [ 1 1.01; 0.5 1.02]; A=sym( [1 1.01 ; 0.5 1.02] ); B=[ 1.1; 1.2]; X= A\b 3 .9 Lnh cond Tnh iu kin ca ma trn Cu trc: >> cond(A) % A l ma trn kt qu tr li dng nh sau: a* 10k ; 0 < a < 9 k l s digits khng tin cy trong kt qu gii h phng trnh tuyn tnh v trong vic nghch o ma trn. Nu k xp x 1 th l ma trn c well -condition V d >>A=[1/2 1/3 1/4 ; 1/3 1/4 1/5; 1/4 1/5 1/6]; >> cond(A) ans= 1.3533e+003 Ta thy rng k= 3 tc l c 3 s khng ng tin cy Tng kt nh ngha :Hng ma trn Ar l mt ma trn r hng r ct c xy dng t A , khng nht thit theo th t trong ma trn A v det(Ar)#0 .Nu bt k ma trn Ar+1 no c xy dng t r+1 hng v r+1 ct ca A, det(Ar+1)=0 th chng ta ni rng Matrn A c hng bng r Mt h thng m phng trnh tuyn tnh trong n bin (cha bit) a11*x1 + a12*x2+ . . . +a1n*xn=b1
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a21*x1 + a22*x2+ . . . +a2n*xn=b2 . . am1*x1 + am2*x2+ . . . +amn*xn=bm C th vit di dng form ma trn AX=B Trong A l ma trn h s v X l vector kt qu iu kin c nghim Matrn [A B] c gi l ma trn m rng ca h. Theo KroneckerCapelli th h phng trnh tuyn tnh c nghim khi v ch khi hng ca ma trn A bng hng ca ma trn b xung Nu r= n th nghim trn l duy nht Nu r<n th h trn khng xc nh v r bin c th c biu din di dng hm ca n-r bin khc ,cc bin khc ny c th cho gi tr bt k( ni cch khc h v s nghim) Nghim ca h phng trnh tuyn tnh c tnh trong Matlab bng ton t ( \ ) .Nu h c nghim duy nht Matlab s cung cp cho n , nu h l khng xc nh(r<n) th ton t ( \ ) s cung cp cho chng ta mt nghim ring trong n-r bin s c t =0. Mt nghim , nghim ny lm tho mn tng bnh phng ca cc nghim b nht Dng lnh X= pinv(A)*B Nu hng ca A # hng matrn m rng th ton t ( \ ) cung cp mt kt qu nhng kt qu ny khng phi l nghim ca h H thun nht khi vector B=0. Mt h thun nht c mt nghim tm thng khi det(A) # 0.Nu det(A)=0 h c nhiu hn mt nghim trong trng hp ny Matlab s cnh bo ngi dng :

Cu hi n tp
1. Cc cch nhp mt ma trn ? 2. iu kin c nghim ca h phng trnh i s tuyn tnh , cch tnh 3. Lp chng trnh m u vo l hai ma trn A v b, u ra l kt qu thng bo h c nghim hay khng. 4. H phng trnh iu kin yu l gi?, nhng nh hng ca n. Bi tp Thc hin cc php ton sau 1.Nhp hai ma trn a=[ 1 2 3; 4 5 6], b=[5 6 7 ;8 9 10] . -Tnh Addab= a+b . -Tnh Subsab= a-b; -Tnh Multab= a*b

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-Tnh Mulba=b*a; -Tnh Divab= a/b; v b/a 2. Cho mch in sau

R1

R2

e1

R3

e2

Cho thng s: R1= 10(omh) , R2= 20(omh) , R3= 10(omh) e1= 20(v) , e2= 30(v) Tnh dng in I1 v I2 v I3 bng cch lp theo dng h phng trnh i s tuyn tnh ba n s
Bi tp gii h phng trnh tuyn tnh sau: A*X= B Trong : A=[1/2 1/3 1/4 ; 1/3 1/4 1/5; 1/4 1/5 1/6]; B=[0.95 0.67 0.52] 1. Gii h cho 2. Thay i B(3)=0.53 ri gii h phng trnh, so snh vi trng hp trn 3. Tnh iu kin ca ma trn ny v a ra nhn xt Ch khi gii h phng trnh tuyn tnh vi ma trn h s l ma trn Hilbert (ma trn iu kin yu) th ta dng hm tnh nghch o ca n l hm invhilb(n) nh ngha Ma trn Hilbert l: A=[ 1 1/2 1/3.....1/n;1/2 1/3 ...1/(n+1);

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Chng 4 ho Trong Matlab

4 .1 im v ng trong ho matlab Dng hm Plot v im -ng thng trong mt phng v cc ng trong mt phng,cc hm s ph thuc vo bin v d nh y=f(x) th trong matlab cung cp cho ta hm plot(x,y) v ,trong khng gian ba chiu th dng hm plot3(x,y,z) . trc ht ta ni qua v cch dng hm plot v cc v d minh ho c th hiu r hn v vn ny: 4.1.1 Lnh plot Syntax plot(Y) plot(X1,Y1,...) plot(X1,Y1,LineSpec,...) plot(...,'PropertyName',PropertyValue,...) h = plot(...) M t: Hm plot c nhiu cch dng nh bn thy trn plot(y): Hm ny biu din cc ct ca y theo cc ch s tng ng ca chng nu y l ma trn cc s thc, nu y l s phc th plot(y) tng ng vi plot(real(y),image(y)). Ta c th ly v d sau: A=[1 2 3 45 6 78 9] plot(A) s c kt qu nh sau(giao im k hiu l du o trn )

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Cc du trn trn hnh v th hin cc giao im gia cc phn t ca cc ct v cc ch s tng ng ca chng trong tng ct . C th cc giao im (1,1) v (2,1);(3,1) tng ng l phn t th nht ca cc ct,do l phn t th nht cho nn c ch s l 1 plot(x,y...): V cc ng thng tng ng vi cc cp im (x,y )ca vc t x v vec t y.Nu ch mt trong x hoc y l ma trn th n s v theo vector ct hoc hng tng ng vi vector cn li ph hp vi kch thc hng hay ct ca matrn . C th : Gi th x: l vector cot x=[1 2 3]; v y l martrn y=[1 2 3;4 5 6]; r rng l x c kch thc bng vi kch thc hng ca matrn do vy m n s biu din cc hng ca y theo x .Kt qu plot(x,y) nh sau:

plot(x,y,linespec...) cng c th vit nh sau plot(x,y,linespec,x1,y1,linespec1,....); Hm ny ging nh hm trn ,nhng cc thuc tnh v ng c th hin trong linespec .Sau y ta c th lit k cc thuc tnh v ng Matlab cho php bn s dng mt s k t sau y xc nh thuc tnh ca ng Line style Line width Color Marker type Marker size Marker face and edge coloring (for filled markers)
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Matlab nh ngha cc chui xc nh cho kiu ng, Marker types v colors 1. Line Style Specifiers Specifier -: -. Line Style ng lin(default)

ng nt t dotted line dash-dot line

2. Marker Specifiers Specifier + O * . X S D ^ V > Marker Type plus sign Circle Asterisk Point Cross Square Diamond upward pointing triangle downward pointing triangle right pointing triangle

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< P H 3. Color Specifiers Specifier R G B C M Y K W

left pointing triangle five-pointed star (pentagram) six-pointed star (hexagram)

Color Red Green Blue Cyan Magenta Yellow Black White

Cc lnh plot chp nhn mt thng s Linespec ,thng s ny nh ngha ba phn t ,cc phn t ny xc nh ng Line style (kiu ng) Marker symbol (Kiu nh du)

Color (kiu mu) Ch rng khi kt hp chng ta c th theo mt th t bt k For example plot(x,y,'-.or')

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V y theo x s dng kiu ng l dash-dot t vng trn(o) ti cc giao im (x,y) ,v mu ca ng v mu ca vng trn nh du l mu Nu bn xc nh mt im nh du, khng phi l kiu ng, Matlab ch v cc im nh du I. V d plot(x,y,'d') 4.1.2 Hm plot(x,y, protypename,protypevalue....) Hm ny xc nh r cc thuc tnh ca ng thng v d nh Chiu rng ca ng thng LineStyle {-} | -- | : | -. | none rng ca ng(Linewith) mc nh l o.5 points( 1point=1/72 inch) V d v Linepropertype: plot(t,sin(2*t),'-mo',... 'LineWidth',2,... 'MarkerEdgeColor','b',... 'MarkerFaceColor',r,... 'MarkerSize',12) Gii thch nh sau: Hm trn v th f=sin(2*t) theo bin t, c tnh ca ng l mu (magne) ,giao hai im l hnh trn(s), ng l lin tc(solid line) Line width l 2(point) ( 1point=1/72 inches) default l 0.5 points MarkerEdgeColor l mu en( blue) Mu trong (mt) ca cc im nt giao l mu : Chng ta thy rng th c xy dng t vic ni cc im c to (x,y) bng cc on thng *t l cc trc s c matlab t ng to ra sao cho ph hp 4.1.3 v nhiu th trn cng mt hnh v th chng ta c hai cch +V th th nht + Dng lnh Hold on +V tip th th hai + hold off hoc Dng hm plot(x1,y1,x2,y2) V d ta v hai hm y=sin(x) v y1=cos(x) Ta dng lnh plot nh sau: plot(x,y,x,y1);

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4.1.4 Title , xlabel, ylabel, gtext, legend, grid Title dng vit tiu cho th V d Title(.............................) Xlabel( string) t tn nhn cho trc x Ylabel(string) t tn nhn cho trc y Gtext(string) vit text vo th Legend(string,-1) ghi ch thch cho th, s -1 ghi ch thch bn ngoi cc trc ca hnh v Grid on hoc Grid off m hoc tt Grid t=0:pi/6:pi; plot(t,sin(2*t),'-mo',... 'LineWidth',2,... 'MarkerEdgeColor','b',... 'MarkerFaceColor','r',... 'MarkerSize',14) legend('y=sin(2*t)','y=cos(2*t)',-1);( ch vit ng th t) grid on; xlabel('truc thoi gian'); ylabel('truc Sin va cos'); title('Do thi ham sin(2*t)'); hold on; j=cos(2*t); plot(t,j,'-b+'); hold off; 4.2 Hm plot3(x,y,z) v cc im v ng trong khng gian Ngoi vic thm trc z cc hm ny s dng ging nh hm plot(x,y) Cu trc plot3(X1,Y1,Z1,...) plot3(X1,Y1,Z1,LineSpec,...) plot3(...,'PropertyName',PropertyValue,...) h = plot3(...) Vic s dng cc hm ny ging vi hm Plot trong 2D do vy ta khng cp ti na Ch ti hm View(a,b) quan st gc nhn ca th trong a l gc tnh theo chiu ngc chiu kim ng h t pha m ca trc y cn b l gc nhn tnh bng xung mt phng x,y Gi tr mc nh ca a v b l -37.5 0 v 30 0 %V d

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%Plot a three-dimensional helix. % V mt phng x= sin(t) ,y=cos(t) , z=t t = 0:pi/50:10*pi; plot3(sin(t),cos(t),t) grid on; axis square view(-80,30); xt hai trng hp view(-80,30); view(-40,30); Khi cho a=0 v b=90 th hnh v tr v hnh v trong mt phng to hai chiu 4.3 Hm semilogx, semilogy Semi-logarithmic plots Cu trc semilogx(Y) semilogx(X1,Y1,...) semilogx(X1,Y1,LineSpec,...) semilogx(...,'PropertyName',PropertyValue,...) h = semilogx(...) semilogy(...) h = semilogy(...) M t Semilogx(y) v ging nh plot(y) nhng ch khc rng t l trn trc x l logarit c s 10, tng t nh vy i vi Semilogy(y) th t l trn trc y theo logarit c s 10 ng vi truc x. X=0:10:1000; subplot(2,2,2); subplot(2,2,3); subplot(2,2,4 Y=100*x; ); semilogy(x,y,'.'); loglog(x,y,'.'); Subplot(2,2,1); xlabel('tuyen xlabel('log'); plot(x,y,'.'); Semilogx(x,y,'.'); tinh'); ylabel('log'); xlabel('tuyen Xlabel('log'); tinh'); ylabel('log'); title(' loglog(x,y)'); title(' ylabel('tuyen Ylabel('tuyen tinh'); tinh'); grid on; Title(' semilogx(x,y)'); title(' Grid on;

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Trong khng gian 3 chiu th ta khng dng cc hm trn v ,m ta s dng hm plot3

v dng hm set t trc to t=1:1:100; x=sin(20*pi*t); y=cos(20*pi*t); z=t; subplot(1,2,1); plot3(x,y,z); set(gca,'Zscale','log');grid on;view(125,7); 4.4 V trong h to cc Cu trc polar(theta,rho) polar(theta,rho,LineSpec) M t The polar function accepts polar coordinates, plots them in a Cartesian plane, and draws the polar grid on the plane. polar(theta,rho) creates a polar coordinate plot of the angle theta versus the radius rho. theta is the angle from the x-axis to the radius vector specified in radians; rho is the length of the radius vector specified in dataspace units. polar(theta,rho,LineSpec) LineSpec specifies the line type, plot symbol, and color for the lines drawn in the polar plot.

Examples
Create a simple polar plot using a dashed, red line: t = 0:.01:2*pi; polar(t,sin(2*t).*cos(2*t),'--r') this is a figure for plotting Polar(phi, r); Khi chuyn t h to cc sang h to cart ta lm nh sau [x,y]=pol2cart(phi, r) sau dng lnh Plot(x,y) t = 0:.01:2*pi; h=sin(2*t).*cos(2*t); [x,y]=pol2cart(t,h); axis(equal) plot(x,y);grid on; notice : command Axis(equal) set unit which is divided in X and Y axis i vi h to cu Trong Matlab khng c hm v .tuy nhin ta c th chuyn i t h to cu thnh h to Cart trong khng gian [x,y,z]=sph2cart(theta,phi,r) sau dng hm v trong khng gian l plot3(x,y,z)

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4.5 th ct bar, barh Cu trc bar(Y) bar(x,Y) bar(...,width) bar(...,'style') bar(...,LineSpec) II. M t V biu cc gi tr trong vc tor hoc trong Matrn nh l thanh ngang hoc thanh thng ng bar(Y) v mt th ct cho mi phn t trong Y. Nu Y l mt ma trn ,bar nhm cc thanh c to ra bi mi phn t trong mi hng. T l trc x t 1 to length(Y) khi Y l mt vector, v 1 n size(Y,1), chnh l s hng , khi Y l mt ma trn . bar(x,Y) v mt th ct cho mi phn t trong Y ti cc v tr xc nh trong x, x l vector tng nh ngha cc khong cho cc ct thng ng. Nu Y l mt ma trn, bar gp cc ct tng ng trong cng mt hng trong Y ti v tr tng ng vi mt phn t trong x. bar(...,width) hm ny ging cc hm trn nhng c thm c tnh t rng ca ct.Gi tr mc nh ca width l 0.8,. Nu width is 1, cc ct trong mt nhm chm vo bar(...,'style') Xc nh kiu ca ct 'style' l 'group' hoc 'stack'. 'group' l ch mc nh 'group' biu din n nhm ca m ct thng ng , n l s hng v m l s ct trong Y. 'stack' Biu din th ct cho mi hng ca Y. Chiu cao ca ct l tng cc phn t trong mt hng

bar(...,LineSpec) displays all bars using the color specified by LineSpec. V d Plot a bell shaped curve: x = -2.9:0.2:2.9; bar(x,exp(-x.*x)) colormap hsv

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Tng t th ct trong khng gian lnh vn gi nguyn nhng thay v bar ta thay lnh bar3(x,y,z) 4.6 th bnh (Pie) Cu trc: pie( x ) :Hm ny v th bnh vi cc 'khoanh' c xc nh bi phn trm cc gi tr trong vector x v d x=[ 1 2 3 4] phn thnh 4 khoanh trn ton b vng trn ,mi khoanh tng ng phn trm cc phn t trong x >>x=[ 1 2 3 4]; >>pie(x) cho th nh sau: nh cao nht ng vi phn t u tin ca vc tor ,cc phn t tip theo c b tr theo chiu ngc chiu kim ng h . Nu tng cc phn t trong vec tor x <1 th trn th bnh biu din phn trm chnh l cc phn t . V d >> x=[ 0.1 0.2 0.3 ] % tng ng vi 10% 20% 30% >>pie(x);

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chng 4 Ma trn - cc php ton v ma trn.

4.1 Khi nim: Trong MATLAB d liu a vo x l di dng ma trn. Ma trn A c n hng, m ct c gi l ma trn c n m. c k hiu An m Phn t aij ca ma trn An m l phn t nm hng th i, ct j . Ma trn n ( s n l ) l ma trn 1 hng 1 ct. Ma trn hng ( 1 m ) s liu c b tr trn mt hng. a11 a12 a13 ... a1m Ma trn ct ( n 1) s liu c b tr trn 1 ct. a11 a21 a31
. .

an1 4.1.1 Cc qui nh nh ngha mt ma trn: Tn ma trn c th gm 31 k t. Bt u phi bng ch ci sau c th l s, ch ci, cc k t c bit ... Tn t bn tri du bng , bn phi du bng l cc phn t ca ma trn. Bao quanh cc phn t ca ma trn bng du ngoc vung. Cc phn t trong ma trn c cch nhau bi k t trng hoc du phy ( , ). Kt thc mt hng trong ma trn bi du ( ; ).

4.1.2 Cc cch nhp mt ma trn:

- Lit k trc tip:VD >> A =[1 2 3; 4 5 6 ; 7 8 9] >> B =[1 2 3; 456; 7 8 9]

Nhp thng qua lnh. Dng lnh input
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>> input('Nhap gia tri cho ma tran C = ') Nhap gia tri cho ma tran C = [1 3 4;4 5 7;7 5 8] ans = 1 4 7 ;). - Nu dng du (;) cu lnh c thc hin nhng kt qu khng hin ra mn hnh. - Nu khng dng du ( ; ) cu lnh c thc hin v kt qu c hin ra mn hnh. - Trong c 2 trng hp trn sau khi cu lnh c thc hin kt qu u c lu vo trong b nh v c th s dng cho cc cu lnh tip theo.
Vd >>a = [1 2 3;3 2 4;4 5 1]; >> b = [1 2 3;4 5 6;7 8 9] b= 1 4 7 lnh tip theo. >> c = a*b c= 30 39 31 36 48 41 42 57 51 2 5 8 3 6 9

3 5 5

4 7 8

Ch khi kt thc mt cu lnh c th dng du (; ) hoc khng dng du (

C 2 ma trn A, B u c lu vo trong b nh v c th c s dng cho nhng cu

4.1.3 Hin th li ma trn:

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hin th li ma trn ta g tn ma trn sau enter. c= 30 39 31 36 48 41 42 57 51

VD >> c

hin th ni dung ca ma trn hoc li thng bo (trong du nhy n) ta dng lnh: disp VD >> disp (c) c= 30 39 31 36 48 41 42 57 51

>> disp('hin th li thng bo ny') hin th li thng bo ny Ch : Cc phn t trong ma trn c th l cc s phc: VD >> a=[1+3i 2+2i;3+i 1+i] a= 1.0000 + 3.0000i 2.0000 + 2.0000i 3.0000 + 1.0000i 1.0000 + 1.0000i Cc phn t trong ma trn c th l cc k t. Nhng trc tin ta phi khai bo cc phn t bng lnh syms VD >> syms sinx cosx a >> b = [ sinx cosx; a cosx] b= [ sinx, cosx] [ a, cosx] >> c=[a sinx; a a]

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c= [ [ 4.2. X l trong ma trn: 4.2.1 To vct t ma trn: Cng thc tng qut: Bin = gii hn u : bc chy : gi hn cui Gii hn u, gii hn cui, bc chy: l cc s thc Bc chy c th dng hoc m. VD To 1 vect t chy t 0 n 0.6 vi bc chy tin l 0.1 >> t=0: 0.1:0.6 t= 0 0.1000 0.2000 0.3000 0.4000 0.5000 0.6000 VD: To 1 vect t chy t 0.6 n 0 vi bc chy li l 0.1 >>t=0.6:-0.1:0 t= 0.6000 0.5000 0.4000 0.3000 0.2000 0.1000 0 Ch : Trong trng hp gii hn trn, gi hn di l cc s nguyn v bc chy bng 1 th ta khng cn a bc chy vo trong biu thc. VD >> C = 1:5 C= 1 2 3 4 5 4.2.2 Gi cc phn t trong ma trn. MATLAB cho php ta x l n tng phn t ca ma trn. truy cp n tng phn t ca ma trn ta phi gi c chng thng qua ch s ca tng phn t. Tn ca ma trn( Ch s hng, ch s ct) VD: >> A = [1:3; 4:6; 7:9] A= 1 4 7 >> B = A(1,1) 2 5 8 3 6 9 a, sinx] a, a]

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B= 1 >> A(3,3) = A(2,2) + B A= 1 4 7 ton t hai chm ( : ) VD: >> A = [1:3; 4:6; 7:9] A= 1 4 7 >> B = A(2,:) B= 4 >>C = A(:,2) C= 2 5 8 4.2.3 Gi 1 ma trn con t mt ma trn ln. VD >> A = [1:3; 4:6; 7:9] A= 1 4 7 >> B = A ( 2:3,1:2 ) B= 2 5 8 3 6 9 5 6 2 5 8 3 6 9 2 5 8 3 6 6

Ch : Trong trng hp ta mun gi tt c cc hng hoc tt c cc ct ta c th dng

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5 7 c= 1 6 9 7 8 >> c =[a(1,1) a(3,3); a(2,3) a(3,1)]

4.3 Cc ma trn c bit: 4.3.1 Ma trn zeros. Tt c cc phn t trong ma trn u bng 0. VD >> C = zeros (2,3) C= 0 0 0

0
>> d = zeros(3) d= 0 0 0 VD >> C = ones (2,3) C= 1 1 >> d = ones(3)

0 0 0

0 0 0

4.3.2 Ma trn ones. Tt c cc phn t trong ma trn u bng 1

1 1

1 1

d=
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

4.3.3 Ma trn ma phng Magic: Tng tt c gi tr cc phn t trn hng = Tng tt c gi tr cc phn t trn ct = Tng tt c gi tr cc phn t trn ng cho ca ma trn Vd

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>> A = Magic (3) A= 8 3 4 tr 0. VD >> B = eye (3) B= 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 5 9 6 7 2

4.3.4 Ma trn eye. Tt c cc phn t trn ng cho c gi tr 1, cc phn t khc c gi

4.4 Cc php ton vector:

Php ton Cng, tr Nhn mng Chia tri mng Chia phi mng Lu tha mng

Cng thc A+B, A-B A.B = C B\A A/B AB

Matlab A+B, A-B A.*B B.\A A./B A.^B

4.4.1 Cc phn t l cc s thc: >>a=[1 1 2;2 1 1] a= 1 2 b= 1 1 2 1 2 1 1 1 2 1

>> b=[1 2 2; 1 1 1]

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>> c=a.*b c= 1 2 >> d=a./b d= 1.0000 2.0000 >> e=a.\b e= 1.0000 0.5000 >> f=a.^b f= 1 2 1 1 4 1 2.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 0.5000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 2 1 4 1

4.4.2 Cc phn t l cc s phc. >>a=[1+i 2+3i;3-4i 1+3i] a= 1.0000 + 1.0000i 2.0000 + 3.0000i 3.0000 - 4.0000i 1.0000 + 3.0000i >> b=[2+i 2+2i;1-4i 3+3i] b= 2.0000 + 1.0000i 2.0000 + 2.0000i 1.0000 - 4.0000i 3.0000 + 3.0000i >> c=a.*b c= 1.0000 + 3.0000i -2.0000 +10.0000i -13.0000 -16.0000i -6.0000 +12.0000i 4.4.3 Cc phn t l cc tham s: >> syms a b c
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>>A=[a b; b c] A= [ a, b] [ b, c] >> B=A B= [ a, b] [ b, c] >> C=A.*B C= [ a^2, b^2] [ b^2, c^2]

4.5 Cc php ton v ma trn: 4.5.1 Php chuyn v: Php chuyn i vct hng thnh vct ct gi l php chuyn v. Thc hin php chuyn v bng ton t du nhy n ( ). VD >> A = [1:3; 4:6; 7:9] A= 1 4 7 >> B = A

2 5 8

3 6 9

B= 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

Ma trn B c gi l ma trn chuyn v ca ma trn A 4.5.2 Php cng - tr ma trn.( + , - ) Php cng v tr ma trn c thc hin vi cc ma trn c cng kch c.

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Cij = Aij + Bij Dij = Aj - Bij >> A = [1:3; 4:6; 7:9] A= 1 4 7 >> B = A B= 1 2 3 >> C = A + B C= 2 6 10 C = A*B. thc hin c php nhn trn th s ct ca ma trn A phi bng s hng ca ma trn B.
n

2 5 8

3 6 9

4 5 6

7 8 9

6 10 14

10 14 18

4.5.3 Php nhn, chia ma trn:

C ij = A ik .B kj
k =1

Cc phn t trong ma trn C c tnh nh sau:

VD cc phn t trong ma trn l cc s thc.

>> A = [1 2 1; 1 0 1] A= 1 1 2 0 1 1

>> B = [1 0 2; 2 1 1; 1 1 1]

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B= 1 2 1 >> C = A * B C= 6 2 3 1 5 3 0 1 1 2 1 1

VD cc phn t trong ma trn l cc s phc.

>> a=[1+2i 2+2i;1+3i 2+2i] a= 1.0000 + 2.0000i 2.0000 + 2.0000i 1.0000 + 3.0000i 2.0000 + 2.0000i >> b=[1+i 2+i;1+3i 2+i] b= 1.0000 + 1.0000i 2.0000 + 1.0000i 1.0000 + 3.0000i 2.0000 + 1.0000i >> c=a*b c= -5.0000 +11.0000i 2.0000 +11.0000i -6.0000 +12.0000i 1.0000 +13.0000i VD cc phn t trong ma trn l cc tham s >> syms a b c >>d=[2*a b c; a b c; 0 0 a] d= [ 2*a, b, c] [ a, b, c] [ 0, 0, a] >> e=[a b c; 2*a 2*b^2 c ; a 0 b] e=
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[ [ >> f=d*e f=

a, a,

b, 0,

c] c] b]

[ 2*a, 2*b^2,

[ 2*a^2+2*b*a+c*a, [ a^2+2*b*a+c*a, [ a^2,

2*b*a+2*b^3, b*a+2*b^3, 0, b*a]

2*c*a+2*c*b] c*a+2*c*b]

Php chia ma trn thc cht l php nhn vi ma trn nghch o.

A 1 = A* B B Ly ma trn nghch o thc hin bng hm inv. C=

>> A = [1 2 1; 1 0 1] A= 1 1 B= 1 2 1 >> C = inv(B) C= 0 -0.5000 0.500 >> D = A*C D= - 0.5000 0.5000 -0.5000 0.5000 2.5000 -0.5000 1.0000 -0.5000 -0.5000 -1.000 1.5000 0.5000 0 1 1 2 1 1 2 0 1 1

>> B = [1 0 2; 2 1 1; 1 1 1]

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Ch : Trong cc php tnh trn nu nu thc hin vi mt s thc th tt c cc phn t trong ma trn s c cng, tr, nhn, chia ( / ) vi s thc tu thuc vo php ton tng ng. >> A = [1 2 1; 1 0 1] A= 1 1 >> B = A*2 B= 2 2 4 0 2 2 2 0 1 1

4.5.4 Php quay ma trn: Quay ma trn B i 1 gc 90 theo ngc chiu kim ng h. >> a=[1 2 3;4 5 6;7 8 9] a= 1 4 7 >> b=rot90(a) b= 3 2 1 >> c=fliplr(b) c= 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 6 5 4 9 8 7 2 5 8 3 6 9

4.5.5.Php o ma trn: o cc phn t ca ma trn t tri sang phi.

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Chng 5

C s phng php tnh

5.1 Ni suy v thut ton ni suy V sao phi ni suy: Trong thc t khi o mt i lng vt l bt k ti nhng iu kin mi trng thay i(cn c nhiu i lng khc thay i) ta nhn c cc gi tr ri rc ,v c tnh thng k,ng vi mi thi im ta nhn c mt gi tr o nh vy khi ta mun xc nh gi tr o mt thi im bt k th ta phi dng php ni suy. Trong chng ny ta ch tm hiu v tnh ton cho 2 php ni suy l : +Ni suy lagrange cho bi ton mt chiu +Ni suy lagrange cho bi ton hai chiu 5.1.1 Ni suy lagrange cho bi ton mt chiu I. L thuyt Gi s c n im o ri rc tng ng vi kt qu o nh sau: x x0 x1 x2 . . . . . . . . . . xn f f0 f1 f2 . . . . . . . . . . fn Cng thc ni suy lagrange bc N tnh gi tr o c ti mt im bt k l : Thut ton ni suy: % thuat toan noi suy cho bai toan mot chie function T=NS1C(x,f,xa); i=length(x); j=length(f); T=0;n=i; if(i~=j) error('Ban nhap sai'); end i=1; while(i<=n) g=1;j=1; while(j<=n) if(i~=j) g=g*(xa-x(j))./(x(i)-x(j)); end j=j+1; end T=T+g*f(i);
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% in ra so lieu sl=[i x(i) f(i)] i=i+1; end

Nhp x , y,xa i= length(x) j=length(y) n=i; f=0 i~=j ?

Gn i=1

i<=n ? Gn j=1; 1 j<=n ?

i=i + 1

i~=j ? f= f + g*
Thut ton ton g=g* (Xa-x(j))/(x(i)ni suy cho bi mt chiu lagrange interp1(ni suy theo spline)

(j)

j=j+ 1

One-dimensional data interpolation (table lookup) Syntax yi = interp1(x,Y,xi) yi = interp1(Y,xi) yi = interp1(x,Y,xi,method)

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yi = interp1(x,Y,xi,method,'extrap') yi = interp1(x,Y,xi,method,extrapval) M t yi = interp1(x,Y,xi) tr v vector yi cha cc phn t tng ng vi cc phn t ca xi v gi tr tr v c xc nh bng cch s ni suy(interpolation) trong vectors x and Y. The vector x xc nh cc im ti d liu Y c cho trc (the points at which the data Y is given). Nu Y l mt ma trn, th vic ni suy c thc hin cho mi ct ca Y v Yi c kch thc l yi is length(xi)-by-size(Y,2). (the interpolation is performed for each column of Y and yi is length(xi)-by-size(Y,2)) yi = interp1(Y,xi) gi s rng x = 1:N, N =length(y) l chiu di ca Y nu Y l vector, hoc size(Y,1) nu Y l matrn . yi = interp1(x,Y,xi,method) interpolates using alternative methods: 'nearest' Nearest neighbor interpolation 'linear' 'spline' 'pchip' 'cubic' 'v5cubic' Linear interpolation (default) Cubic spline interpolation Piecewise cubic Hermite interpolation (Same as 'pchip') Cubic interpolation used in MATLAB 5

For the 'nearest', 'linear', and 'v5cubic' methods, interp1(x,Y,xi,method) tr v NaN cho tt c cc phn t ca xi m nm ngoi khong xc nh ca x. i vi tt c cc phng php, interp1 cp n vic xc nh d liu(ni suy cho c cc im nm ngoi vng ca x) nm ngoi phm vi biu din yi = interp1(x,Y,xi,method,'extrap') uses the specified method to perform extrapolation for out of range values. yi = interp1(x,Y,xi,method,extrapval) returns the scalar extrapval for out of range values. NaN and 0 are often used for extrapval. Lnh interp1 ni suy gia cc im. N tm gi tr ti cc im gia cc im xc nh, ca hm mt chiu(of a one-dimensional function f(x)) hm ny c xc nh di d liu cho trc ( underlies the data. ) Hm ny uc biu din da trn quan h cc cp vc tor x,Y,xi,Yi

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Interpolation is the same operation as table lookup. Described in table lookup terms, the table is [x,Y] and interp1 looks up the elements of xi in x, and, based upon their locations, returns values yi interpolated within the elements of Y. Examples Example 1. Generate a coarse sine curve and interpolate over a finer abscissa. x = 0:10; y = sin(x); xi = 0:.25:10; yi = interp1(x,y,xi); plot(x,y,'o',xi,yi)

Example 2. Here are two vectors representing the census years from 1900 to 1990 and the corresponding United States population in millions of people. t = 1900:10:1990; p = [75.995 91.972 105.711 123.203 131.669... 150.697 179.323 203.212 226.505 249.633]; The expression interp1(t,p,1975) interpolates within the census data to estimate the population in 1975. The result is ans = 214.8585

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V d : >> x=[1 2 3 4]; >> f=[0.671 0.620 0.567 0.512]; >> interp1(x,f,1.5) ans = 0.6455

5.1.2 Ni suy cho bi ton hai chiu

f(i-1,j) fe f(i-1,j-

f(i,jyi fk yi-1

f(i,jMc ch ca bi ton l: Xc xi-1 xi nh gi tr f(x,y) ca mt v tr bt k trong mt mt phng xc nh (bit cc to v gi tr cc im xung quanh x(i), x(i1)... ) Mun xc nh gi tr ti mt im c v tr xi-1<x<xi v yi-1<y<yi ta dng phng php ni suy hai chiu, thc cht ca phng php ny l thc hin hai ln bi ton ni suy mt chiu Bi 1: Ni suy theo phng y tm ra fe v fk Bi 2: Ni suy theo phng x t fe n fk tm g(x,y)
fe= yj y y yj 1 yj y y yj 1 f (i 1, j 1) + f (i 1, j ); f f = f (i, j 1) + f (i, j ) yj yj 1 yj yj 1 yj yj 1 yj yj 1
xi x x xi 1 fe + ff xi xi 1 xi xi 1 Chng trnh c th c vit nh sau: Quy c u vo l f=[f(1) f(2) f(3) f(4)] tng ng vi [f(i-1,j-1) f(i-1,j) f(i,j-1) f(i,j)] ; x=[ x(i-1) x(i)] function g= C5(x,y,f,xa,ya) % trong do x=[x(i-1) x(i)] y=[y(i-1) y(i)] % xa ya la to ca im cn tm

g(x,y)=

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% f=[f1 f2 f3 f4] l vc tor f tng ng vi f(xy) i=length(x); j=length(y); fe=(1/(y(i)-y(i-1)))*((y(j)-ya)*f(1)+(ya-y(j-1))*f(2));% tnh fe fk=(1/(y(i)-y(i-1)))*((y(j)-ya)*f(3)+(ya-y(j-1))*f(4));% tnh fk g=(1/(x(i)-x(i-1)))*((x(i)-xa)*fe+(xa-x(i-1))*fk);% tnh g Thc hin trong command window nh sau >> x=[1 2 ]; >> y=[3 4]; >> f=[5 6 7 8]; >> xa=1.5,ya=3.5; >> g=C5(x,y,f,xa,ya) g= 6.5000 C nhiu cch ni suy tuy nhin chng ta ch xem xt hai phng php trn m thi 5.2 Gii phng trnh phi tuyn Dng phng php ch i xc nh nghim ca phng trnh Ni dung ton hc ca phng php nh sau: xt phng trnh f(x)=0 Trn khong phn ly nghim [a b] , chia i [a b] bi c=(a+b)/2 Nu f(c)=0 th c l nghim ca phng trnh, nu f(c)~=0 th so sanh du ca f(c) vi f(a) v f(b), f(a)*f(c)<0 khong phn ly nghim mi l [a c], f(c)*f(b)<0 th khong phn nghim l [c b] Tip tc chia i cc khong phn ly nghim cho n khi tm c gi tr cn no m f(cn)=0 th cn chnh l nghim .Tuy nhin vic tm chnh xc cn l rt kh khn ngi ta ch tm nghim gn ng trong mt sai s cho php l tol

th biu din phng php chia i

Nu sai s cho trc th s bc lp i hi l (b-a)/2n<tol

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Suy ra n>=(ln(b-a)/tol)/0.6931; Trong b v a tng ng l cc khong phn ly nghim mi Thut ton gii nh sau: %-----------------------------------------------------------------function x= C5(a,b,t) % n la so lan lap % a la can duoi b la can tren i=1; if( f(a)*f(b)>0 ) disp('nhap lai a va b '); end while(abs(a-b)>t) c=(a+b)/2; if( f(c)==0) disp('nghiem la x='); x=c; break; end if(f(c)*f(a)<0) b=c; end if(f(c)*f(b)<0) a=c; end end x=c; Phng php Newton Cng thc tnh nghim ca phng php Newton l Xn=Xn-1 -f(Xn-1)/f(Xn-1)' f=f(x) l hm cn tnh nghim, chng ta s tnh cc gi tr ca Xn n khi t c sai s cn thit ( tc l abs(Xn- Xn-1)< tol) th Xn chnh l nghim gn ng ca phng trnh trn. %-----------------------------------------------------------------------------%Thut ton gii nghim gn ng theo phng php Newton function[x]=f(t,xb) N=input('nhap buoc lap N='); tol=1.e-5;
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x=xb; i=1; while(i<=N) [f,fd]=T1(t,x); x=x-(f./fd); sol=[i xb x f./fd ] if(abs(xb-x)<=tol) break; end xb=x; i=i+1; end disp('nghiem cuoi cung la') x //------------------------------------------------------------------// function[f,fd]=T(t,x) f= t^3+t+1; fd=diff(f,t); f=subs(f,t,x); fd=subs(fd,t,x); //-----------------------Gi chng trnh t ca s Command Window----// >>syms t; >> xb=4; >>[x]=f(t,xb) %-----------------------------------------------------------5.3 Tch phn s a.Phng php hnh thang h I= ( f 0 + 2 f1 + 2 f 2 + .......... + f N ) 2 ba h= N f 0 = f (a), f = f (a + ih) V d tnh tch phn: I= int(f,a,b); f=2*x2* cos(x) %--------------------------------------------------------------function I= C5(a,b,n) % a va b la hai can % n la so buoc tinh

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h=(b-a)/n; I=0; for i=0:n x=a+h*i; c=2; if((i==0)|(i==n)) c=1; end I=I+c*(2*x^2*cos(x)); end I=I*h/2; %------------------------------Thuc hien trong command window--------->> I=C5(0,1,20) I= 0.4784 Dng Matlab tnh tch phn hnh thang: trapz(x,y) Eg1: >> x=[0:0.05 1]'; >> y=2*x.^2.*cos(x); >> trapz(x,y) ans = 0.5403 >> t=[0:15:90]'; >> x=t*pi/180; >> y=[sin(x) cos(x)]; >> trapz(x,y) ans = 0.9943 0.9943 s dng cng thc trn th x l vctor ct c cng chiu di vi vector y, hoc y lmt mng m cc phn t c chiu di ging x Tnh theo phng php thng thng chun: >> syms x >> int(2*x^2*cos(x),0,1) ans = -2*sin(1)+4*cos(1)
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>> eval(ans) ans = 0.4783 Kt lun rng : phng php hnh thang gii theo trapz th chnh xc km hn: b. Phng php Simpson 1/3 h I= ( f 0 + 4 f 1 + 2 f 2 + 4 f 3 + .....................2 f N 2 + 4 f N 1 + f N ) 3 H=(b-a)/N; f 0 = f (a), f1 = f (a + i * h) %----------------------- Chuong trinh viet theo simpson-------function I= C5(a,b,n) % a va b la hai can % n la so buoc tinh h=(b-a)/n; I=0; for i=0:n x=a+h*i; c=4; if((i==0)|(i==n)) c=1; end if(fix(i/2)*2==i) c=2; end I=I+c*(2*x^2*cos(x)); end I=I*h/3; Cch gii Dng matlab( for simpson) 5.4 Dng Laplace gii bi ton trong L thuyt Mch Trong L thuyt mch c rt nhiu cc i lng o hm ,cc i lng c th c bin i qua Laplace v thay th bi ton l thuyt mch v bi ton gii bng Laplace. % Cac vi du v d1 syms t s; I1= sym('I1(t)'); k=laplace(I1,t,s); % Chuyen doi I1(t) sang Laplace

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syms t s; I1=sym('I1(t)'); laplace(i,t,s) dI1=sym('diff(I1(t),t)') l=laplace(dI1,t,s) % chuyen dao ham I1(t) sang Laplace

Cc lnh ph tr cn ch gii mt bi ton k thuyt mch

1. Lnh collect( f , x) : l lnh nhm tha s chung theo bin V d f= 2*x + 3*x; >>f= collect(f,x) f= 5*x 2. Lnh thay th subs( f,{ x,y,z},{ 1,2,3}) thay th x , y , z bng 1 2 3 >> syms x; >> syms R1 R2 R3; >> f= R1+R2 + R3*x; >> subs(f,{R1,R2,R3},{1,2,3}) ans = 3+3*x 3. Trong khi gii phng trnh : Chng ta thay th phn t laplace(I1(t),t,s) bng LI1 nh sau >> syms t s; >> sym(' diff( I1(t),t)'); >> l=sym(' diff( I1(t),t)'); >> l=laplace(l,t,s) l= s*laplace(I1(t),t,s)-I1(0) (ch khi thay I1(0) bng gi tr no th ta phi gn nh sau

v d subs( l , { 'I1(0)' ,'laplace(I1(t),t,s)' } , {2, LI1}) kt qu s c nh sau: l= s* LI1 -2

4. Sau khi gii ra nghim dng , p theo laplace th ta chuyn i ngc li dng hm bin i ngc laplace( hm ngc l illaplace) V d c th Cho mch in c cc phng trnh nh sau:(dI1/dt)*R1 + R2 = I1*R3 % gii h phong trnh trn bang cch bin i sang laplace

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%chng trnh vit trong M-file v c ghi trong file C5.m syms R1 R2 R3 real; I1=sym('I1(t)'); dI1=sym('diff(I1(t),t)'); eq1= dI1*R1 +R2-I1*R3; syms t s ; q1=laplace(eq1,t,s) syms I1p; q2=subs(q1,{R1,R2,R3,'I1(0)','laplace(I1(t),t,s)'},{1,2,3,2,I1p}) q2=collect(q2,I1p);% nhm li tha s chung l I1p I1p=solve(q2,I1p)% Gii phng trnh trn vi bin I1p ilaplace(I1p)% bin i ngc li sang I1(t) Kt qu khi thc hin chng trnh trn l: >>C5 q1 = R1*(s*laplace(I1(t),t,s)-I1(0))+R2/s-R3*laplace(I1(t),t,s) q2 = s*I1p-2+2/s-3*I1p I1p = 2*(s-1)/s/(s-3) % kt qu I1(t) ans= 2/3+4/3*exp(3*t) % kt qu I1(t) Sau y l mt s bi tp gii.

5.5 Gii h phng trnh i s tuyn tnh

Phn ny trnh by chng II 'Th vin ton hc Symbolic' Mun gii trc ht hm phi l hm symbolic ca mt hoc nhiu bin no >>syms x y; >> [x,y]=solve('x+y=1','x-11*y=5',x,y) x= 4/3 y= -1/3 > syms x y; >> n=solve('x+y=1','x-11*y=5',x,y) % kt qu dng cu trc n=

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x: [1x1 sym] y: [1x1 sym] >> n.x % truy nhp cu trc bin x ans = 4/3 >> n.y % Truy nhp cu trc bin y ans = -1/3

5.6 Phng trnh vi phn thng

DSOLVE Symbolic tm nghim ca phng trnh vi phn DSOLVE('eqn1','eqn2', ...) ch chp nhn cc biu thc vi phn dng symbolic ('eq1'....) v iu kin u .Mt s phng trnh hoc cc iu kin u c th c nhm li vi nhau v cch nhau bng du phy(comma), i vi mt thng s u vo , mc nh l bin 't' bin c lp ny c th c thay i t 't' n cc bin symbolic khc bng cch thm bin nh l thng s u vo cui cng V d nh sau: gi s ta cn gii phng trnh vi phn dy/dx= x*y bin ly tch phn(phi l) x cho nn ta coi x l thng s u vo cui cng ta vit nh sau syms x y=dsolve('Dy=x*y','Dy(0)=1','x'); k hiu 'D' nh ngha phng trnh vi phn tng ng vi bin c lp v d thng thng s dng dy/dt . ''D'' c theo sau bi mt s ,th s nh ngha bc vi phn v d D2y ngha l d2y/dt2 v d sau: y = dsolve('D2y+y=1','y(0) = 0') kt qu: y = 1+C1*sin(t)-cos(t) Cn D3y tc l d3y/dt3 ch rng bin symbolic khng c cha trong D v d nh khng th ghi nh sau : syms y; dsolve('Dy') (sai) iu kin u xc nh bi biu thc 'y(a)=b' hoc 'Dy(a)=b' y l mt trong nhng binph thuc v a v b l s khng i nu s iu kin u nh hn s bin ph thuc th Kt qu s c cho trong mng C1,C2 C ba kiu u ra .i vi mt phng trnh vi phn th c mt u ra , i vi h c nhiu phng trnh vi phn th c s u ra tng ng (u ra c th l mt structer) Examples: dsolve('Dx = -a*x') returns ans = exp(-a*t)*C1 x = dsolve('Dx = -a*x','x(0) = 1','s') returns

Thng s cui

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x = exp(-a*s) y = dsolve('(Dy)^2 + y^2 = 1','y(0) = 0') returns y= [ sin(t)] [ -sin(t)] S = dsolve('Df = f + g','Dg = -f + g','f(0) = 1','g(0) = 2') returns a structure S with fields S.f = exp(t)*cos(t)+2*exp(t)*sin(t) S.g = -exp(t)*sin(t)+2*exp(t)*cos(t) Y = dsolve('Dy = y^2*(1-y)') Warning: Explicit solution could not be found; implicit solution returned. Y= t+1/y-log(y)+log(-1+y)+C1=0 dsolve('Df = f + sin(t)', 'f(pi/2) = 0') dsolve('D2y = -a^2*y', 'y(0) = 1, Dy(pi/a) = 0') S = dsolve('Dx = y', 'Dy = -x', 'x(0)=0', 'y(0)=1') S = dsolve('Du=v, Dv=w, Dw=-u','u(0)=0, v(0)=0, w(0)=1') w = dsolve('D3w = -w','w(0)=1, Dw(0)=0, D2w(0)=0') y = dsolve('D2y = sin(y)'); pretty(y) S dng ode23 v ode45 dng gii phng trnh vi phn thng Cu trc [T,Y] = ODE23(ODEFUN,TSPAN,Y0) vi TSPAN = [T0 TFINAL] t hp h phng trnh vi phn y' = f(t,y) t thi gian T0 n TFINAL vi gi tr ban u Y0( with initial conditions Y0). Hm ODEFUN(T,Y) chc chn tr v mt vc tor ct tng ng vi f(t,y). Mi hng trong mng kt qu Y tng ng thi im(t) tr v trong column vector T ly kt qu ti cc thi im T0,T1,...,TFINAL(tt c l tng u hoc gim u) s dng TSPAN = [T0 T1 ... TFINAL]. [T,Y] = ODE23(ODEFUN,TSPAN,Y0,OPTIONS) solves as above with default integration properties replaced by values in OPTIONS, an argument created with the ODESET function. See ODESET for details. Thng thng s dng options l mt s v hng ni v sai s lin quan ('RelTol') Nu khng c thng s trn th mc nh sai s lin quan l =1-e3 v sai s tuyt i mc nh vi tt c cc phn t l 1e-6 Example [t,y]=ode23(@vdp1,[0 20],[2 0]);

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plot(t,y(:,1)); solves the system y' = vdp1(t,y), using the default relative error tolerance 1e-3 and the default absolute tolerance of 1e-6 for each component, and plots the first component of the solution. % giai phuong trinh vi phan bac hai sau % L*d2q/dt2 + R * dq/dt + q/c = Eo* cos(w*t) % nguyen tac giai global R L C Eo omega L=100; R=100; C=0.25; Eo=10; omega=1; %t0=0; %ta=3; %x0=[1 1]' tol=1e-3; [t,x]=ode23(@Mach1,[0 3],[1 1],tol); kq=[t x(:,1) x(:,2)] plot(t,x(:,1)); %-------------- Ham Mach1-------------------------------function f= Mach1(t,x) global R L C omega Eo f=[(Eo/L)*cos(omega*t)-x(1)/(C*L)-R*x(2)/L x(2)]'; %-------------------ket qua thuc hien trong command window-----kq = 0 1.0000 1.0000 0.0800 0.9216 1.0833 0.3585 0.5926 1.4308 0.5589 0.2895 1.7484 0.7093 0.0171 2.0319 0.8596 -0.3011 2.3615 1.0069 -0.6642 2.7362 1.1900 -1.1987 3.2858 1.4006 -1.9498 4.0557 1.6323 -2.9833 5.1132 1.8804 -4.3902 6.5518

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2.1408 -6.2933 8.4990 2.4104 -8.8576 11.1269 2.6868 -12.3044 14.6669 2.9682 -16.9303 19.4292 3.0000 -17.5398 20.0576 Nguyn tc gii bi ton : a phng trnh vi phn cp n v n phng trnh vi phn cp mt trong v d trn ta t x1=q ,x2=diff(x1) nh vy ta c hai phng trnh vi phn( ging nh phng php t bin trng thi trong l thuyt iu khin t ng )

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Chng 5 ho trong matlab

5.1 Mn hnh th:

y l ni trnh by mi hnh nh , th . c gii trnh t khung ca s Command ca Matlab x l theo cc lnh , cng c mn hnh. C hai cch hin khung mn hnh th trng: T khung ca s command kch File/New v chn Figure t menu x. Cng trong khung ca s Command g lnh figure v n enter.

5.2 cc lnh menu ho trong matlab:

gip cc bn c th nm vng v s dng chng trnh Matlab; phn ny gii thiu cclnh trn thanh menu cng vi cc chc nng v cng dng ca tng menu con nm trong cc menu chnh.
5.2.1 File: Hin menu x cha cc lnh con c chc nng to, qun l, iu hnh cng nh thay i cc thng tin cc thng s mc nh ca chng trnh cho ph hp vi tng cng vic. New Figure New Figure dng m trang mn hnh ho mi.

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 m trang mn hnh mi chng ln mn hnh th c trong khi th c vn cn hin din trn mn hnh, chn New Figure t menu x. Mt ca s mi s xut hin ra nm chng ln mn hnh c Open: M tp tin th c trong khung mn hnh th x l theo nhu cu cng vic. Cc bc thc hin m th lu:

Kch File/ Open t menu x, xut hin mn hnh thoi Open .

Look Ni khc.

in: cha

cc tp tin th ca Matlab. Ni cha c th l a, th mc hoc chng trnh File nane: Tn tp tin mun m trong khung mn hnh th . Files of type: Th loi tp tin th l .fig

Kch p vo tn tp tin mun m hoc nh tn tp tin vo khung File name hoc kch mt ln vo tn tp tin, kch Open. Tp tin th va chn s hin ln mn hnh.
Close: ng khung mn hnh th v khung ca s nhp lnh ca Matlab ( Biu tng c chc nng tng ng vi lnh Close trong menu File) Save:

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Lu li nhng thay i trong khung mn hnh th hin hnh. Tuy nhin, c mt iu khc bit l lnh ny lu li ngay nhng thay i trong tp tin mi sau khi c t tn v ang hin din trn mn hnh tip tc x l. Nu bn m tp tin c vi lnh Open x l v nu c nhng thay i bt k trong ni dung hin hnh v sau khi kch lnh save, mn hnh hin khung thoi save as. T khung thoi ny bn c th lu li nhnh thay i theo tn tp tin c hoc vi mt tn mi. Save As: Hin khung thoi Save As bn lu tp tin th mi v theo mt tp tin mi hoc lu li nhng thay i trong ni dung ca tp tin c c m vi lnh Open theo tn c hoc vi tn mi. Cc bc thc hin nh sau: Sau khi thay i , kch File / Save as Save in Ni cha cc tp tin mun. Lu. Ni cha cc tp tin th ca Matlab. Ni cha c th l a, th mc hoc chng trnh khc. File name Tn tp tin tu Save as type Th loi tp tin chn lu cho th va to mun lu. Mc nh l .fig i vi cc tp tin th Export: Lu li tp tin th hin hnh thnh mt dng tp tin khc sau ny c th chuyn sang chng trnh ng dng khc. To mt th mi hoc m tp tin th c ln mn hnh. Kch menu File v chn Export. Mn hnh hin khung thoi Export. Sau khi chn ngun cha (nu cn thit), t tn mi cho th, kch vo Save lu.

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Save in Ni cha cc tp tin mun chuyn. File name Tn tp tin mun lu li chuyn. Bn c th t tn theo tn c nhng phn m rng li l mt tn khc . Save as type Chn loi tp tin mun lu li chuyn. Sau khi chn song, kch vo Save ghi li tp tin theo dng khc. Hin khung thoi Graphics Property ngi s dng thay i cc khung thuc tnh mc nh cho ph hp vi tc v. Preferences: Hin khung thoi vi ba tu chn ngi s dng c th thay i tham s cho ph hp nhim v. General: Hin khung thoi ngay khi kch chn lnh Preferences t menu File ca khung ca s lnh MATLAB. K ch chn cc loi tham s mun thay i hoc gn thm sau kch OK. H i n khung danh mc font cng thuc tnh ngi s dng thay i font mc nh thnh font qun thuc. Command Windows Font:

Property Editor:

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Copy Options : Hin khung thng tin ngi s dng tu chn nhng thnh phn i tng mun sao chp.

Page Setup: Hin khung thoi Page Setup nh li trang in cho ph hp vi th khi v hoc in. Orientation: Chn hng giy in dc hoc in ngang. Limits: nh du chn p dng hoc khng p dng ch va khp vi cc trc v gia tr theo thanh o trn trc. Color: Chn ch mu hoc en trng khi in hoc v trn thit b. Size and Position: C hai tham s tu chn, s dng theo mc nh hoc chnh theo tu chn. Center In th gia trang Fill ti a Print Setup: Nu c nhiu loi thit b in( v ), th nn khai bo li trc khi chuyn bn th sang my in hoc my v. Cc bc thc hin v mt th: Kch File / Open. Kch File / Print Setup, mn hnh hin khung thoi Print Setup. In th trn c trang MaxAspect In th theo t l

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Kch chn loi my in, kh giy. Theo mun. Kch Ok in.

Print Preview: Xen li th hin hnh trc khi chuyn sang in Print: Hin khung thoi print ngi s dng chn loi my in hoc my v cho ph hp; chn s lng bn in vi Copies. Nu cn thit kch Properties chn thm cc thng tin b sung cn thit. 5.2.2 Edit: Hin menu x cha cc lnh con lin quan n vic s l cc i tng cng nh cc thng s gn cho i tng . Undo: Hu lnh hoc chc nng c thi hnh trc . Sau khi kch lnh Undo thc hin vic hulnh, Undo s chuyn i thnh Redo c th phc hi nhng chc nng hu. Cut ( Ctrl + x): Ct i tng chn trong bn th hin hnh a vo Cliboard sau dn vo th khc. Sau khi ct i tng chn s bin mt ti v tr hin hnh. Cc bc thc hin nh sau: Kch vo biu tng Enable Plote Editing trn thanh cng c. Kch chn i tng mun ct. Kch Edit / Cut. i tng s bin mt ti v tr hin hnh v lu vo Cliboard.

Copy ( Ctrl + c): Sao chp i tng chn trong th hin hnh a vo Cliboard sau dn vo th khc. i tng sau khi sao chp vn hin din ti v tr c. Cc bc thc hin nh sau: Kch vo biu tng Enable Plote Editing trn thanh cng c. Kch chn i tng mun ct. Kch Edit / Copy. i tng s vn hin ti v tr hin hnh v lu vo Cliboard.

Paste ( Ctrl + v): Dn i tng c Cut hoc Copy vo Cliboard sang th khc. Cc bc thc hin nh sau: M th mun c dn i tng c lu vo Cliboard. n Ctrl + v hoc kch vo Paste. i tng s c dn vo th mi hoc v tr mi ca th c.

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di chuyn i tng n v tr mi ta kch vo i tng mun di chuyn. Khi con tr i thnh mi tn bn u th ko, gi i tng n v tr mi ri th nt chut.

Clear: Xo i tng c chn trong th. Kch vo biu tng Enable Plot Editing trn thanh cng c. Kch chn i tng mun xo. Kch Edit / Clear. i tng s xo mt ti v tr hin hnh.

Select All( Ctrl + a): Chn tt c cc i tng trong th hin hnh x l theo nhu cu. Copy Figure: Sao chp c th sang Cliboard ri sau dn sang trang mn hnh th hoc sang chng trnh khc. Cc bc thc hin nh sau: M th mun c sao chp sang i tng khc. Kch Edit / Copy Figure. th s c ghi vo Cliboard. Thot khi Matlab, m chng trnh cn Copy th n. Kch chn v tr mun dn th n, sau kch Paste. th s c dn ngay v tr chn. Copy Option: Hin khung thoi Preferences Preferences). 5.2.3 Tools ( Ctrl + t): Cha cc lnh cng c h tr vic thc hin, x l cc thuc tnh minh ho trong th ngi quan st d hiu hn. Show Toolbar: Cho hin hoc giu cc biu tng cng c Standard trn mn hnh Enable Plot Editing: nh du chn hoc b chn i tng. Axes Properties: Gn thuc tnh cho cc trc to cng vi tiu th hin hnh. Th d vi th lc ko si dy khi quay trn qu cu. Thay v dng cc thuc tnh ngi s dng thay i (Xem File /

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lnh gn chung vi s liu, ta c th dng khung thoi Axes Properties gn thuc tnh. Cc bc nh sau: Sau khi v th , kch chn Tool / Axes Properties. Mn hnh xut hin khung thoi Axes Properties. Trong khung thoi Axes Properties c th: t tiu cho th ( Title), gn nhn cho trc x v trc y ( Label), gii hn ln cc trc ( Limits), t l xch cc trc.. . cho th. Kch Apply v kch OK.

Line Properties: Gn thuc tnh nh cc im nh d liu, to nt th dy hay mng cng nh mu sc cho ng th hin hnh. Cc bc thc hin nh sau: Kch Enable Plot Editing v kch chn ng th. Nhng im nh d liu trn ng th s c nh du bng nhng hnh vung nh. Kch Tool / Line Properties. Mn hnh hin khung thoi line properties. Chn dy mng ca ng th Line Width; kch c du nh d liu trn th Marker Size; Kiu dng th Line Style; mu sc Color Kch Apply v kch OK.

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Text Properties: Thay i cc thuc tnh cho cc k t trong th. Cc bc thc hin nh sau: M th mun thay i thuc tnh k t. Kch menu Tool / Axes Properties. Xo cc k t cn thay i trc . Nhp li cc k t theo cch g ting vit, ng quan tm n cc k t hin ra c ng khng. Kch Apply v kch OK. Kch biu tng Enable Plot Editing, chn chui k t mun thay i thuc tnh. Kch menu Tool / Text

Properties. Mn hnh xut hin khung thoi Edit Font Properties. Trong khung thoi, chn loi font ch Vn Time; kch chn cc thuc tnh cho font ch ( kch thc, kiu dng). Kch Ok.

Unlock Axes Position: Chnh li t l trc to hoc di chuyn th n v tr khc trong khung ca s ho. Kch chn biu tng Enable Plot Editing. Chn trc to x (y) nu l th 2D hoc trc z nu th l 3D. Kch menu Tool / Unloock

Position. Mun chnh t l cho trc no, kch chut vo im chnh trong bn gc ca th v ko vo trong hay ra ngoi theo hng tm. Nu mun di chuyn th n v tr khc, kch chut vo im chnh nm trn mt cnh v ko n v tr khc. Sau khi thc hin xong, kch li menu Tool. Ln ny lnh Unlock i thnh Lock Position. Kch Lock Position kho li.
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Show Legend: Cho hin hoc giu bng phn loi s liu ca th trn mn hnh M th mun hin bng phn loi d liu trn mn hnh. Sau khi th hin trong khung mn hnh ho, kch Tool / Show Legend. Ngay cnh th s xut hin khung phn loi s liu ca th cng vi mi loi mang mt mu khc nhau. giu phn loi d liu th, kch Tool / Hide legend

Add: Hin bn thanh cng c h tr cho vic thm cc thuc tnh vo th: Axes: V trc to mi trong khung mn hnh ho. Kch File / New / Figure. Kch Tool / Add / Axes. Con tr mouse i thnh hnh ch thp. Kch chn v tr u tin, kch v ko mouse. Th mouse sau khi c kch thc ca cc trc to nh. Line: Thm ng k vo th. Cc bc thc hin nh sau: M th mun thm ng k. Kch Tool /Add /Line hoc kch biu tng Add Line cng c. Kch chn im u tin, ko mouse n v tr th hai. Kch li mouse nh v. gn thuc tnh cho ng k, kch biu tng Enable Trn thanh

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Plot Editing trn thanh cng c v kch p vo ng v . Mn hnh hin khung thoi Edit line Propertise. Khai bo tham s cho tng loi thuc tnh ( ging nh trong Line Properties). Kch Apply v OK. Arrow: Thm cc mi tn vo ng th ti nhng v tr bt k. M th cn thm mi tn. Kch Tool / Add / Arrow, hoc kch biu tng c. Kch chn v tr thm mi tn, ko mouse ly di cho mi tn. C th di chuyn mi tn n v tr bt k bng cch kch mouse vo mi tn ri ko n v tr nh v. Text: Thm cc k t vo th. Cc bc thc hin nh sau: M th cn thm k t. Kch Tool / Add / Text hoc kch biu tng c. Kch chn v tr cn thm k t, nhp k t t bn phm. Kch vo ri kch p vo chui k t thay i font ch v thuc tnh cho ph hp. di chuyn, kch vo chui k t ri ko. sa i ni dung kch p vo chui k t ri thc hin nh trong word. Zoom In: Phng to th quan st tng chi tit. Kch vo Zoom In hoc kch vo biu tng c. Zoom out: Thu nh th theo yu cu. Kch vo Zoom out hoc kch vo biu tng cng c. Trn thanh Trn thanh cng trn thanh cng trn thanh cng

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Rotate 3D: Xoay i tng 2D thnh 3D

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5.3 Thc hnh v cc loi th 2- D 5.3.1 th tuyn tnh: th tuyn tnh l loi th 2-D dng cc on thng ni cc im d liu li vi nhau to thnh mt biu lin tc. lnh v Plot:

>> Plot ( tn bin , tn hm) VD 1: v hm y = sin (x) >> x = 0 : 0.1 : 10 ; % To vecter x t 0 10 vi bc 0.1. >> y = sin(x);% Nhp hm. >> plot (x,y) % V hm y theo bin x. >>grid on % To chia cho th. VD 2: v th y = ax+ bx vi a = sin, b = cos x bin thin t 0 n 2*pi. >> x = 0: pi/100: 2*pi; >> y= sin(x)+cos(x); >> plot(x,y) >>grid on VD 3: To bin t hm linspace : Tn bin = linspace ( im u, im cui, s im cn v ) % v hm y = e-x.sin (x) vi x chy t 0 50 vi s im cn v 50 im. >> x=linspace(0,10,50); >> y=exp(-x).*sin(x); >> plot(x,y) 5.3.2 th dng nh du:

Trang 13

 th dng nh du l loi th ch dng cc im nh vng trn, hnh thoi . Thay v dng cc on thng ni li vi nhau.VD 4: >> a = [8 8.5 5 8 6.5 7 7.8 8.5 7 7.5 5 9 7.5 9.2]; >>plot ( a,*); >>grid on 5.3.3 V nhiu ng biu din trn cng mt th:

Cng mt bn th ta c th v nhiu th vi cc d liu khc nhau v loi ng minh ho. Theo mc nh Matlab s t ng gn loi mu sc cho tng d liu phn bit. Cng thc tng qut khi v nhiu th trn cng mt h to :

Plot ( tn bin 1, tn hm1, tn bin 2, tn hm 2....) VD 5: >>x=0:0.1:10; >> y1=sin(x); >> y2=sin(x).*3.^(-x); >> plot(x,y1,x,y2) 5.3.4 Ch thch v kim sot th: title ( Tn tiu th ) xlabel ( Tn trc x) ylabel ( Tn trc y) text (x,y, chui k t) a mt chui k t vo im c to x,y trn th. gtext(chui k t) a mt chui k t c xc nh bi du + hay con tr chut. legend(chui 1,chui 2...) a ra mn hnh ho mt khung ch thch bao gm cc chui. V tr ca khung c th c di chuyn bi chut. legend off: loi b chc nng legend khi mn hnh ho. Grid on: bt ch li trong mn hnh ho. Grid off: tt ch li trong mn hnh ho. Hold on: gi li cc th v ( dng v nhiu th trn mt h trc to ) Hold off: ngc li vi hd on

Trong Matlab ta c th chn ng v v mu theo 1 trong cc kiu sau: K hiu y m Mu vng ti xanh K hiu . o x Kiu Chm im Vng trn Du x

Trang 14

r g b w k

xanh l cy xanh thm trng en

+ * -. --

Du cng Du sao Nt lin Gch chm Gch gch

Khi ta dng lnh: plot(tn bin, tn hm,k hiu mu k hiu kiu ng) VD 6: v hm Cos(x), cos (2x) >> x=linspace(0,10,50); >> y=cos(x);y1 = cos(2*x); % v y bng du x mu en, y1 bng du * mu xanh thm >> plot(x,y,xk,x,y1,*b); % Tn th >> title(' Do thi ham cosx & ham cos2x') >> xlabel(' Truc Hoanh') >> ylabel(' Truc Tung') >> grid on

Gn gi tr thanh o: Ngoi gi tr thanh o theo mc nh ca chng trnh, c th t chia thang o theo d liu ring. VD 7: >> x = -pi : .1 : pi; >> y = sin(x); >> plot(x,y) >> set(gca,Xtick,-pi : pi/2 : pi) >> set(gca,'Xticklabel', { '-pi','- pi/2','0',' pi/2','pi'

})

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5.3.5

th hnh thanh: Loi th ny thng dng minh ho cc s liu theo dng thanh, c th theo

trc x hoc trc y. VD8 : V biu khi lng nhp hng trong 12 thng. >> x = [230 255 270 210 170 240 265 280 240 300 320 345]; >> bar (x) >> xlabel(Thang) >> ylabel(Doanh thu) >>set(gca,'Xticklabel',

'Th1','Th2','Th3','Th4','Th5','Th6','Th7','Th8','Th9','Th10','Th11','Th12'

})

350

300

250

Doanh thu

200

150

100

50

Th1

Th2

Th 3

Th4

Th5

Th 6

Th 7 Th 8 Thang

Th 9 Th 1 0 Th 1 1 Th 1 2

5.3.6

th to cc: Thng c p dng trong

lnh vc thin vn nh hng gi,

120

90

10 60 8 6

hng di chuyn ca cn boVD 9: >> th = [0:.1:10]; >> r1 = th; >> r2 = 5*cos(th)+ 5;

210 180 150 4 2

30

330

>> % mu en, ng chm. >> h1 = polar(th,r1,'k.'); >> set(h1,'Markersize',15)

240 270 300

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>> hold on >> h2 = polar(th,r2,'k');% mu en, lin.

5.3.7

th hnh Pie: L loi th t l bch

phn ca tng loi d liu minh ho. Theo mc nh Matlab s t

25%

mu khc nhau cho tng thnh phn d liu.VD 10: >> x = [30 22 15 8 25]; >> explot = [0 1 0 0 0]; >> pie(x,explot) >> colormap jet

30%

8%

15% 22%

5.3.8

Hin nhiu th trong mt mn hnh:

Trong mt mn hnh th, c th cho hin nhiu th vi mi th l mt loi d liu khc nhau.VD 11:

>> a = [3.2 4.1 5 6]; >> b = [2.5 4 3.5 4.9]; >> subplot(2,1,1);plot(a) % to trc to
5 6

>> subplot(2,1,2);plot(b) % to trc to

4

3 1 5 4.5 4 3.5 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4

Trang 17 2. 5
1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4

5.3.9 VD 12:

Lnh staris:

0 .8 0 .6 0 .4 0 .2 0

v th bc thang. >>x = 0: .25: 10; >>stairs (x,sin(x))

-0 . 2 -0 . 4 -0 . 6 -0 . 8 -1

10

5.4 Thc hnh v cc loi th 3- D 5.4.1 Lnh xc nh vng v:

>>a = linspace(1,5,50); >>b = linspace(1,10,100); >>[ x,y] = meshgrid(a,b); >> z = sin(x)+cos(y);

1

5.3.2

Lnh v : plot3(x,y,z) :
0.5 0

To cc i tng tuyn tnh trong mi trng 3-D. VD 8: >> a =linspace(0,10,100); >> b=linspace(0,6,100); >>[x,y]=meshgrid(a,b); >>z=sin(x)+cos(y); >> plot3(x,y,z)

-0.5

-1 6 4 2 0 2 0 6 4 10 8

Ngi ta dng lnh

mesh(z): hnh v c li.
Vd >>a=linspace(0,10,100);

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>> b=linspace(0,6,100); >> [x,y]=meshgrid(a,b); >> z=sin(x).*cos(y); >> mesh(z)

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Chng 6 M hnh ho, M phng h thng ng s dng Simulink

Mc lc chng :
1. Khi nim v simulink 2. Phng php xy dng m hnh 3. ng dng simulink m phng cc bi ton k thut 6.1 Khi nim v simulink What Is Simulink? Simulink l mt phn mm gi gn c s dng xy dng m hnh v m phng , tnh ton phn tch h thng ng .Simulink cho php m t h thng tuyn tnh, h phi tuyn , cc m hnh trong thi gian lin tc hoc gin on(ly mu ) hay kt hp c hai. i vi m hnh , Simulink cung cp mt giao din ho (GUI) cho vic xy dng m hnh nh l cc khi (block diagrams), ngi s dng ch cn kch chut v drag( chn khi ri gi nguyn chut tri ri r chut n v tr t cc khi). Vi giao din giao tip nh vy, bn c th v M hnh nh l m hnh bn v trn ''giy'' Th vin simulink bao gm cc khi th vin sinks, sources(to tn hiu), linear. . . .V bn cng c th t to ra mt khi block ring ca mnh (vit trong S-function) Xy dng m hnh 't trn xung 'hoc 't di ln trn ' xem k cc khi trong th vin cc khi source hoc sink linear . . . bn kch p chut vo cc khi . Sau khi nh ngha m hnh bn c th m phng m hnh , s dng scope xem biu din m hnh ,v d nh mt khi pht hnh sin , u ra ca khi c mc vi mt scope th hin kt qu ca khi 6.2 Th vin simulink v mi trng lm vic (ni xy dng m hnh) Bt u vo vng lm vic ca simulink trong ca s command window ta g lnh >>simulink nh sau:

Trn mn hnh s xut hin thm mt ca s mi , ca s ny cha ton b d liu th vin ca Simulink, n c th di chuyn c bng chut nh sau:

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Cc khi th vin Ca Simulink

Bn c th kch p chut vo tng khi xem cc khi con ca n(hoc bn nhp n chut vo danh mc tng ng vi khi t simulink)

v d bn chn khi source

Hm con ca khi

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To mi trng lm vic T ca s Library Browser (xem hnh trn) ta kch chut vo file danh sch cc mc New , Open , Preferences xut hin . to mi trng lm vic (vng v m hnh) ta chn mc New ri chn Model Ctr+N mt ca s lm vic xut hin

Ca s lm vic nh sau

t li tn cho m hnh bng cch vo mc file -> Save as

6.3 Phng php xy dng m hnh

Tt c cc bc trn l chun b cho vic xy dng m hnh m phng

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Gi s ta mun xy dng m hnh phn tch sng sin trn ca s lm vic nh sau:(xem

hnh v di y)

Cc bc:
Sau khi to mi trng lm vic mi (cc bc gii thiu trn) tip n

Dng chut Ko sang vng ca s

Tm khi hm sin trong khi th vin no( bng cch chn tng khi bng chut t cc mc di Simulink) v d ny hm to sin trong khi Source (xem hnh trn), dng chut chn vo khi SineWave gi nguyn chut ri ko sang vng ca s lm vic , trn ca s lm vic xut hin khi hm SineWave, tng t ta lm nh vy vi Scope trong khi Sink vic ni cc khu vi nhau c cc mi tn , dng chut ni cc mi tn li.
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t li cc thng s ca cc hm bng cch kch i ln cc khi(cc khi trong

vng ca s lm vic). i vi khi SinWave th c cc thng s c th thay i c l: + Chu k( tn s) Frequency(rad/s) + Bin Amplitude

+ Sample time (thi gian ly mu) Khi Scope:

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Sau khi hon tt t li cc thng s , n cng vic quan trong nht l kt qu m phng : 1. Trn thanh cng c nhp chut vo mc Simulation V chn Start

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2 . Hoc nhp vo nt tamgic nh trn(tc dng lnh ging nh vo lnh Start) 3.Mun Dng qu trnh ang m phng ta kch vo nt vung bn cnh nt tam gic(nt

ny ch xut hin khi ta ang m phng) 4. xem kt qu ca khi SineWave ta kch i chut vo Scope

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Chng 6 ng dng tnh ton trong matlab

6.1 Lnh sym, syms: Mc ch: Bin i cc s, bin, i tng thnh Symbolics. V d: >> sym x y >> x = sym(x); y = sym(y); % x,y l cc bin symbolic. >> syms x y real >> x = sym(x, real);y =sym(y,real) %x,y l bin kiu thc symbolics syms x real y x = sym(x, real);y = sym(y) % x l bin kiu thc, y l bin bt k kiu symbolic syms x y unreal % x, y khng phil l bin thc syms t Q = sym(Q(t)); % t bin symbolic v Q l hm symbolic.

6.2 Nhn 2 a thc: ( Dng lnh conv)

y1 = anxn + an-1xn-1+...+a0 y 2 = bnxn + bn-1xn-1+...+b0

Bc1: Lp 2 ma trn hng tn y1, y2 c cc phn t l cc h s t an n a0 v bn n b0 gim dn theo bc ca phng trnh ( Nu h s no khng c ghi 0 ) Bc 2: dng lnh conv nhn 2 a thc.

>>y3= conv(y1,y2) VD: y1 = 2x2 + 3x+1

y2 = 3x2 + 4x >> y1 = [2 3 1]

Trang 1

>> y2 = [3 4 0] >> y3 = conv(y1,y2) >> y3 = 6 17 15 4 0

Ch : hm conv ch thc hin nhn 2 a thc. Mun nhn nhiu a thc vi nhau ta phi
thc hin nhiu ln hm conv.

6.3 Cc tnh ton cho phng trnh: 6.3.1 Gii phng trnh bc cao: ( Lnh Roots)

y = anxn + an-1xn-1+...+a0
Bc1: Lp 1 ma trn hng c cc phn t l cc h s t an n a0 gim dn theo bc ca phng trnh ( Nu h s no khng c ghi 0 ) Bc 2: Dng lnh Roots gii ma trn va to c. VD gii phng trnh sau: y = x5 -2x4 + 5x2 -1 >> y = [ 1 y= 1 kq = 1.5862 + 1.1870i 1.5862 - 1.1870i -1.1606 -0.4744 0.4627 6.3.2 Bit nghim tm li phng trnh: ( lnh poly ) Ly kt qu ca v d trn >>A = [1 1 2;1 3 4;2 1 1]; >>poly(A) ans = 1 -5 8 14 6.3.3 Chuyn t phng trnh h s sang phng trnh c cha c tham s: ( poly2sym) >> poly2sym([1 0 -2 -5]) -2 0 5 0 -1 >> kq=roots(y) -2 0 5 0 -1]

Trang 2

ans = x^3-2*x-5 >> y = [1 2 3 0 1] y= 1 2 3 0 1 >> poly2sym(y) ans = x^4+2*x^3+3*x^2+1 6.3.4 Gii h phng trnh tuyn tnh: Vd gii h phng trnh tuyn tnh sau:

2 x + 3 y + z = 7 3x + 6 y 4 z = 19 x + y + z = 2
Thc cht h phng trnh trn c th a v php ton ma trn sau:

2 3 1

3 6 1

1 x 7 4 y = 19 1 z 2

Nh vy vic gii h PT tuyn tnh thc cht l thc hin php ton v ma trn. >> A=[2 3 1;3 6 -4;1 1 1] A= 2 3 1 >> B=[7;19;2] B= 7 19 2 >> C=inv(A) C= -2.5000 0.5000 4.5000 1.7500 -0.2500 -2.7500 0.7500 -0.2500 -0.7500 6 1 3 -4 1 1

Trang 3

>> kq=C*B kq = 1.0000 2.0000 -1.0000 VD2: >>A=[1+i 2i;3+i 1] A= 1.0000 + 1.0000i 0 + 2.0000i 3.0000 + 1.0000i 1.0000 >> C=inv(A) C= 0.0882 + 0.1471i 0.2941 - 0.1765i -0.1176 - 0.5294i -0.0588 + 0.2353i >> B=[1; 2+i] B= 1.0000 2.0000 + 1.0000i >> KQ=C*B KQ = 0.8529 + 0.0882i -0.4706 - 0.1176i VD3 >>syms a1 a2 b1 b2 c1 c2 >>A=[a1 a2;b1 b2] A= [ a1, a2] [ b1, b2] >> B=[c1;c2] B= [ c1] [ c2] >> C=inv(A)

Trang 4

C= [ -b2/(-a1*b2+b1*a2), a2/(-a1*b2+b1*a2)] [ b1/(-a1*b2+b1*a2), -a1/(-a1*b2+b1*a2)] >> KQ=C*B KQ = [ -b2/(-a1*b2+b1*a2)*c1+a2/(-a1*b2+b1*a2)*c2] [ b1/(-a1*b2+b1*a2)*c1-a1/(-a1*b2+b1*a2)*c2] 6.3.5 V d: sin(x)+y^2+log(z)=7 3*x+2^y+z^3=4 x+y+z=2 >>[x,y,z]=solve('sin(x)+y^2+log(z)=7','3*x+2^y+z^3=4','x+y+z=2') x= y= z= V d: x^2 + x*y + y = 3 x^2 - 4*x + 3 = 0 >>[x,y] = solve('x^2 + x*y + y = 3','x^2 - 4*x + 3 = 0') x= [ 1] [ 3] y= [ 1] [ -3/2] 6.3.6 Gii h phng trnh tham s: >>[a,u] = solve('a*u^2 + v^2= 0','u - v = 1','a,u') a= -v^2/(v^2+2*v+1) u= v+1 -2.3495756224572032187410536400368 2.6835269194785219427270239079010 1.666048702978681276014029732135 Gii h phng trnh phi tuyn:( Lnh solve)

Trang 5

>>[a,v] = solve('a*u^2 + v^2','u - v = 1','a,v') a= v= -(u^2-2*u+1)/u^2 u-1

6.3.7 Gii h phng trnh vi phn thng: ( lnh dsolve) >>y = dsolve('(D2y) =1','y(0) = 1') y= 1/2*t^2+C1*t+1 >>[x,y]=dsolve('Dx = y', 'Dy = -x') x= cos(t)*C1+sin(t)*C2 y = -sin(t)*C1+cos(t)*C2 6.3.8 Gii h phng trnh vi phn theo hm c sn ca Matlab: V d: Cho h phng trnh vi phn

Chng trnh m t phng trnh vi phn dng M-file: function dy = rigid(t,y) dy = zeros(3,1); dy(1) = y(2) * y(3); dy(2) = -y(1) * y(3); dy(3) = -0.51 * y(1) * y(2); Thi gian gii phng trnh vi phn Tspan =[0 12], vector iu kin u [0 1 1] >>options = odeset('RelTol',1e-4,'AbsTol',[1e-4 1e-4 1e5]); >>[t,y] = ode45('rigid',[0 12],[0 1 1],options); >>plot(t,y(:,1),'-',t,y(:,2),'-.',t,y(:,3),'.')

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1.5

0.5

-0.5

-1

-1.5 0 2 4 6 8 10 12

6.4 Lnh v hm trong symbolic Matlab: Symbolics Matlab l th vin cc php tnh ton kiu k t c a vo mi trng tnh hc ca Matlab. Ta cn ch rng, khi vit mt lnh hay mt hm trong Matlab phi vit bng ch thng. 6.4.1 Tnh ton (Calculus): Tnh o hm (diff): diff(S): o hm biu thc symbolic S vi bin ca o hm t do. diff(S,v) hay diff(S,sym(v)): o hm biu thc symbolic S vi bin ly o hm l bin symbolic v. diff(S,n) : o hm cp n biu thc S, n l s nguyn dng. V d: >>syms x t >> y = sin(x^2); >>z = diff(y); z = 2*cos(x^2)*x pretty(z)% hin th dng quen thuc 2.cos2x.x >>y = diff(t^6,6) % o hm bc 6 ca hm t6.
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Y = 720 V d: >>syms u v >>y = u^2*v - u*v^3; >> y2u = diff(y,u,2) %dao ham cap 2 theo u >> y3u = diff(y,v,3) %dao ham cap 3 theo v y2u = 2*v y3u = -6*u

Tnh tch phn( int): int(S): Tch phn khng xc nh ca bin thc symbolic S vi bin t do mc nh. Mun bit bin mc nh ta dng lnh fndsym. int(S,v): Tch phn khng xc nh ca biu thc symbolic S vi bin tch phn v. int(S,a,b): Tch phn khng xc nh ca biu thc symbolic S vi bin t do v cn ly tch phn t [a,b]. int(S,v,a,b): Tch phn khng xc nh ca biu thc symbolic S vi bin tch phn v v cn ly tch phn t [a,b].

Vid: >>syms x t z alpha >>int(-2*x/(1+x^2)^2) ans = 1/(1+x^2) >>int(x/(1+z^2),z) ans = x*atan(z) >>int(x*log(1+x),0,1) ans = 1/4 >>int(-2*x/(1+x^2)^2) ans = 1/(1+x^2) >> int([exp(t),exp(alpha*t)]) ans = [ exp(t), 1/alpha*exp(alpha*t)] Vd: Tnh tch phn I = >>Syms x s real
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e ( sx ) dx
2

>>f = exp(-(s*x)^2); >>I = int(f,x,-inf,inf)% inf l v cng ln I= Signum(s)/s*pi^(1/2) Hm signum chnh l hm sign (hm du), ngha l sign(s) cho ta: sign(s) = 1 khi s>0; sign(s) = 0 khi s =0; sign(s) = -1 khi s<0;

Tnh gii hn(limit): limit(F, x, a) : Tm gii hn ca biu thc F khi x a. limit(F, a) : Tm gii hn ca biu thc F vi bin c lp. limit(F) : Tm gii hn ca biu thc F khi a = 0. limit(F, x, a, right) hoc Lim it(F, x, a, left) : Tm gii hn phi hoc bn tri

V d: >>syms x a t h >>limit(sin(x)/x) ans = 1 >>limit(1/x,x,0,right) ans = inf >>limit(1/x,x,0,left) ans = -inf >>limit((sin(x+h)-sin(x))/h,h,0) ans = cos(x) >>v = [(1+a/x)^x,exp(-x)]; >>limit(v,x,inf,left) ans = [exp(a),0] Tnh tng ca dy s l cc bin symbolic(symsum): symsum(S): Tng ca biu thc symbolic theo bin symbolic k , k c xc nh bng lnh findsym t 0 k -1. symsum(S,v): Tng ca biu thc symbolic S theo bin symbolic v,v c xc nh t 0 k - 1.

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symsum(S,a,b), symsum(S,v,a,b): Tng ca biu thc symbolic S theo symbolic v, v c xc nh t v = s n v = b. V d:

>>syms k n x >>symsum(k^2) ans = 1/3*k^3-1/2*k^2+1/6*k >>symsum(k) ans = 1/2*k^2-1/2*k >>symsum(sin(k*pi)/k,0,n)

ans = -1/2*sin(k*(n+1))/k+1/2*sin(k)/k/(cos(k)-1)*cos(k*(n+1))1/2*sin(k)/k/(cos(k)-1)
>>symsum(k^2,0,10)

ans = 385
>>symsum(x^k/sym(k!), k, 0,inf)

ans = exp(x) Vi d: Cho tng ca 2 dy S1 = 1 +

1 1 + 2 + . 2 2 3

S2 = 1 + x + x2 +.. >>syms x k >>s1 = symsum(1/k^2,1,inf) %inf l v cng. s1 = 1/6*pi^2 >>s2 = symsum(x^k,k,0,inf) Tm hm ngc (finverse): finverse(f): Tm hm ngc ca f. f l hm symbolic vi mt bin x finverse(f,u): Tm hm ngc ca f. f l hm symbolic vi mt bin u. V d: >>syms u v x
>>finverse(1/tan(x))

ans = atan(1/x)
>>finverse(exp(u-2*v),u)

ans = 2*v+log(u)

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s2 =

-1/(x-1)

Khai trin taylor(taylor):

taylor(f) taylor(f,n,v): Cho ta xp x a thc theo Maclaurin bc (n-1) ca biu thc, hm khai trin symbolic f v v l bin c lp trong biu thc. v c th l mt xu (string) hay l bin symbolic. taylor(f,n,v,a): Khai trin Taylor ca biu thc hay hm symbolic f quanh im a. i s c th l gi tr s, mt hm symbolic hay mt xuNu khng cho ga tr n th mc nhin trong Matlab n = 6.

Vi d: Khai trin Taylor ca hm f = exsin(x) quanh im x0 = 2 (Nu x0 = 0 ta c khai trin Maclaurin). >>syms x >> f = exp(x*sin(x)); >>t = taylor(f,4,2)% khai trin 4 s hng u tin khc o v xung quanh im x0 = 2 Kt qu:

exp(2*sin(2))+exp(2*sin(2))*(2*cos(2)+sin(2))*(x-2)+exp(2*sin(2))*(sin(2)+cos(2)+2*cos(2)^2+2*cos(2)*sin(2)+1/2*sin(2)^2)*(x-2)^2+exp(2*sin(2))*(1/3*cos(2)-1/2*sin(2)-cos(2)*sin(2)+2*cos(2)^2sin(2)^2+4/3*cos(2)^3+2*cos(2)^2*sin(2)+cos(2)*sin(2)^2+1/6*sin(2)^3)*(x-2)^3
By gi ta c th v hm cho v hm khai trin bng chui Taylor quanh im x0 = 2 v cho nhn xt.

>>syms x >> f = exp(x*sin(x)); >>t = taylor(f,10,2); >>xd= 1:0.05:3; >>yd = subs(f,x,xd);% thay th bin x bng xd >>ezplot(t,[1,3])% v hm symbolic >> hold on >>plot(xd,yd,'r-') 6.4.2 Cc hm lm n gin ho cc biu thc: Gom s hng, bin(collect): collect(S): S l a thc, gom cc s hng cha bin x collect(S,v): S l a thc, gom cc s hng cha bin v

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V d:
>>syms x y; >>R1 = collect((exp(x)+x)*(x+2)) >>R2 = collect((x+y)*(x^2+y^2+1), y) >>R3 = collect([(x+1)*(y+1),x+y])

Kt qu: R1 = x^2+(exp(x)+2)*x+2*exp(x) R2 = y^3+x*y^2+(x^2+1)*y+x*(x^2+1) R3 = [(y+1)*x+y+1, x+y] Khai trin biu thc(expand): expand: Khai trin biu thc symbolic S. V d: >>syms x y a b c t
>>expand((x-2)*(x-4))

ans = x^2-6*x+8
>>expand(cos(x+y))

ans = cos(x)*cos(y)-sin(x)*sin(y)
>>expand(exp((a+b)^2))

ans = exp(a^2)*exp(a*b)^2*exp(b^2)
>>expand(log(a*b/sqrt(c)))

ans = log(a)+log(b)-1/2*log(c)
>>expand([sin(2*t), cos(2*t)])

ans = [2*sin(t)*cos(t), 2*cos(t)^2-1] V d: >>syms x y a b

>>factor(x^3-y^3)

Phn tch biu thc thnh tha s(factor): Factor(X): Phn tch biu thc mng symbolic X thnh tha s.

(x-y)*(x^2+x*y+y^2)
>>factor([a^2-b^2, a^3+b^3]) [(a-b)*(a+b), (a+b)*(a^2-a*b+b^2)] >>factor(sym('12345678901234567890'))

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(2)*(3)^2*(5)*(101)*(3803)*(3607)*(27961)*(3541)

V d:

Phn tch a thc ra dng tha s(horner): R = horner(p): >>syms x y

>>horner(x^3-6*x^2+11*x-6)

ans = -6+(11+(-6+x)*x)*x
>>horner([x^2+x;y^3-2*y])

ans = [ (1+x)*x] [(-2+y^2)*y] V d: >>syms x y a b >>A= (4-x)/5; >>[n,d] = numden(A) n= d=

n =

Ly t s v mu s(numden): [n.d] = numden(A): ly ra t s ca A l n, mu s ca A l d

4-x 5
x^2+y^2

>>[n,d] = numden(x/y + y/x)

d = y*x

>>A = [a, 1/b] >>[n,d] = numden(A) n = [a, 1] d = [1, b] Tm dng ti gin ca a thc( simple, simplify): R = simplify(S) R = simple(S) [r, how] = simple(S) V d: >>syms x y a b c >>simplify(sin(x)^2 + cos(x)^2)

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ans = 1 >>simplify(exp(c*log(sqrt(a+b))))

ans = (a+b)^(1/2*c) >>S = [(x^2+5*x+6)/(x+2),sqrt(16)]; >>R = simplify(S) R = [x+3,4] 6.4.3 Bin i : Bin i fourier:
F = fourier(f): Bin i fourier ca hm v hng f vi bin c lp mc nhin f v cho ta hm mc nhin qua php bin i nyl w. F = fourier(f,v): F l hm ca bin v thay th bin mc nhin w. F = fourier(f,u,v): f l hm ca u v F l hm ca v chng thay th cc bin mc nhin x v w. V d: >>syms x w u >>f = exp(-x^2) >>fourier(f)
ans =

pi^(1/2)*exp(-1/4*w^2)

>>g = exp(-abs(w)) >>fourier(g) ans = 2/(1+t^2) >>f= x*exp(-abs(x))

>>fourier(f,u)

ans = -4*i/(1+u^2)^2*u >>syms x v u real

>>f=

exp(-x^2*abs(v))*sin(v)/v

>>fourier(f,v,u)

ans = -atan((u-1)/x^2)+atan((u+1)/x^2) Bin i ngc fourier: f = ifourier(F): Bin i ngc ca hm mc tiu v hng F vi bin c lp mc nhin w. php bin i ngc ny l hm ca x. f = ifourier(F,u): f l hm cabin u thay th bin mc nhin x. f = ifourier(F,v,u): F l hm ca v v f l hm ca u chng thay th cc bin mc nhin w v x tng ng.

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V d: >>syms a w x t v real

>>f = exp(-w^2/(4*a^2)) >>F = ifourier(f); >>F = simple(F) F = a*exp(-x^2*a^2)/pi^(1/2)

>>g=exp(-abs(x))

>>ifourier(g) ans = 1/(1+t^2)/pi

>>f=2*exp(-abs(w))-1

>>simplify(ifourier(f,t)) ans = (2-pi*Dirac(t)-pi*Dirac(t)*t^2)/(pi+pi*t^2) >>f=exp(-w^2*abs(v))*sin(v)/v; >>ifourier(f,v,t)

ans = 1/2*(atan((t+1)/w^2) - atan((-1+t)/w^2))/pi

Bin i laplace:
L = laplace(F): Bin i Laplace ca hm F vi bin mc nhin c lp t. n cho ta mt hm ca s L = laplace(F,t): L l mt hm ca t thay th bin mc nhin s. L = laplace(F,w,z): L l hm ca z v F l hm ca w, n thay th cc bin symbolic mc nhin s v t tng ng.

V d: >>syms t v x a >>f = t^4 >>laplace(f)

ans = 24/s^5
>>g=1/sqrt(s)

>>laplace(g) ans = 1/s^(1/2)*pi^(1/2)

>>f=exp(-a*t)

>>laplace(f,x) ans= 1/(x + a)

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>>f=1- cos(t*v)

>>laplace(f,x) ans = 1/x-x/(x^2+v^2)

Bin i laplace ng-c F = ilaplace(L): Bin i Laplace ngc ca hm symbolic L vi bin mc nhin c lp s. N cho ta mt hm ca t. F = ilaplace(L,y): F l hm ca y thay th bin mc nhin t. F = ilaplace(L,y,x): F l hm ca x v L l hm ca y, n thay th cc bin symbolic mc nhin t v s. V d : >>syms s a t >>f=1/s^2

>>ilaplace(f) ans = t
>>g=1/(t-a)^2

>>ilaplace(g) ans = x*exp(a*x)

>>syms u a x >>f=1/(u^2-a^2) >>ilaplace(f,x) ans = 1/(-a^2)^(1/2)*sin((-a^2)^(1/2)*x)

>>syms s v x >>f=s^3*v/(s^2+v^2) >>ilaplace(f,v,x)

ans = s^3*cos(s*x)
6.4.4 p dng ho: ezplot( v -ng)

ezplot(f): V hm f = f(x) vi min mc nhin -2 bin.

<x<2 .

ezplot(f,[min,max]) : V hm f = f(x) trong min gi tr [min,max] ca ezplot(x,y): V ng cong ham s x = x(t); y = y(t) vi bin mc nhin

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0 < t < 2 . V d:
>>syms x >>ezplot(erf(x))

>>grid

ezplot3( v ng trong 3 chiu) ezplot3(x,y,z): V cc hm x = x(t), y = y(t), v z = z(t) vi min mc nh lt 0 < t < 2 .
ezplot3(x,y,z,[tmin,tmax]): V cc hm x = x(t), y = y(t), v z = z(t) trong khong gi tr tmin < t < tmax.

V d: >>syms t; ezplot3(sin(t), cos(t), t,[0,6*pi])

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V d : Cho hm f(x) =

1 vi x [a,b]. 5 + 4 cos( x)

V th v cc o hm bc 1, bc 2. min xc nh mc nhin trong symbolic Matlab l 2 x 2 . Hy vo ca s son tho v trong ca s ny ta vit chng trnh nh sau: syms x f1 = 1/(5+4*cos(x)); f2 = diff(f1); % dao ham bac 1 cua f1. f3 = diff(f2); % dao ham bac 2 cua f1. subplot(2,2,1) ezplot(f1) subplot(2,2,2) ezplot(f2) subplot(2,2,3) ezplot(f3) 1 5 + 4 cos( x)

Tm cc im x lm cho o hm bc 3 ca hm f(x) = bng khng v v th. Hy vo ca s son tho v trong ca s ny ta vit chng trnh nh sau: syms x f = 1/(5+4*cos(x)); f3 = diff(f,3); % dao ham bac 3 cua f. pretty(f3); %dua ve dang quyen toan hoc f3 = simplify(f3); pretty(f3); z = solve(f3); %Giai phuong trinh f3 = 0 format; %lay 5 chu so so le zr = double(z); %chuyen ma tran, bieu thuc symbolic ve dang so ezplot(f3) %ve ham f3 hold on; %luu do thi da ve
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plot(zr,0*zr,'ro') % ve diem "o" mau do cho cac diem co gia tri thuc de f3 = 0. plot([-2*pi,2*pi],[0,0],'g-.')

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