Statistics In Our DailyLife

Project Work For Additional Mathematics 2012 Nama: Nur Hasyimah Binti Hassan Kelas:5 Rajin Guru Pembimbing: Pn.Wan Mariana Binti Wan Muda Sekolah Menengah Kebangsaan Bercham

Introduction
We students taking Additional Mathematics are required to carry out a project work while weare in Form 5.This year the Curriculum Development Division, Ministry of Education has prepared four tasks for us.We are to choose and complete only ONE task based on our area of interest.This project can be done in groups or individually,but each of us are expected to submitan individually written report.Upon completion of the Additional Mathematics Project Work,we ar e to gain valuable experiences and able to: Apply and adapt a variety of problem solving strategies to solve routine and non-routine problems; Experience classroom environments which are challenging, interesting and meaningfuland hence improve their thinking skills. Experience classroom environments where knowledge and skills are applied inmeaningful ways in solving real-life problems Experience classroom environments where expressing ones mathematical thinking,reasoning and communication are highly encouraged and expected Experience classroom environments that stimulates and enhances effective learning. Acquire effective mathematical communication through oral and writing,and to use thelanguage of mathematics to express mathematical ideas correctly and precisely Enhance acquisition of mathematical knowledge and skills through problem-solving inways that increase interest and confidence Prepare ourselves for the demand of our future undertakings and in workplace Realise that mathematics is an important and powerful tool in solving real-life problems and hence develop positive attitude towards mathematics. Train ourselves not only to be independent learners but also to collaborate, tocooperate, and to share knowledge in an engaging and healthy environment Use technology especially the ICT appropriately and effectively Train ourselves to appreciate the intrinsic values of mathematics and to become morecreative and innovative Realize the importance and the beauty of mathematics

History of statistic
By the 18th century, the term "statistics" designated the systematic collection of demographic and economic data by states. In the early 19thcentury, the meaning of "statistics" broadened, then including the discipline concerned with the collection, summary, and analysis of data. Today statistics is widely employed in government, business, and all the sciences.Electronic computers have expedited statistical computation, and have allowed statisticians to develop "computerintensive" methods.The term "mathematical statistics" designates the mathematical theories of probability and statistical inference, which are used in statistical practice. The relation between statistics and probability theory developed rather late,however. In the 19th century, statistics increasingly used probability theory,whose initial results were found in the17th and 18th centuries, particularly in the analysis of games of chance (gambling). By 1800, astronomy used probability models and statistical theories, particularly the method of least squares, which was invented by Legendre and Gauss. Early probability theory and statistics was systematized and extended by Laplace; following Laplace, probability and statistics have been in continual development. In the 19thcentury, social scientists used statistical reasoning and probability models to advance the new sciences of experimental psychology and sociology; physical scientists used statistical reasoning and probability models to advance the new sciences of thermodynamics and statistical mechanics. The development of statistical reasoning was closely associated with the of inductivelogic and the scientific method.Statistics is not a field of mathematics but an autonomous mathematical science,like computer science or operations research. Unlike mathematics, statistics had its origins in public administration and maintains a special concern with demography and economics. Being concerned with the scientific method and inductive logic, statistical theory has close association with the philosophy of science; with its emphasis on learning from data and making best predictions, statistics has great overlap with the decisionscience and microeconomics. With its concerns with data, statistics has overlap with information science and computer science

Statistics today
During the 20th century, the creation of precise instruments for agricultural research, public health concerns (epidemiology, biostatistics, etc.),industrial quality control, and economic and social purposes(unemployment rate, econometry, etc.) necessitated substantial advances instatistical practices.Today the use of statistics has broadened far beyond its origins. Individuals and organizations use statistics to understand data and make informeddecisions throughout the natural and social sciences, medicine, business,and other areas.
Statistics is generally regarded not as a subfield of mathematics but rather as a distinct, albeit allied, field. Many universities maintain separate mathematics and statistics departments. Statistics is also taught indepartments as diverse as psychology, education, and public health

PART A
The first reason is to be able to effectively conduct research. Without the use of statistics it would be very difficult to make decisions based on the data collected from a research project. For example, in the study cited in Chapter One, is the difference in recorded absenteeism between psychiatric and obstetrics nurses large enough to conclude that there is meaningful difference in absenteeism between the two units? There are two possibilities: The first possibility is that the difference between the two groups is a result of chance factors. In reality, the two jobs have approximately the same amount of absenteeism. The second possibility is that there is a real difference between the two units with the psychiatric unit being more nurses missing work. Without statistics we have no way of making an educated decision between the two possibilities. Statistics, however, provides us with a tool to make an educated decision. We will be able to decide which of the two possibilities is more likely to be true. We will base this decision on our knowledge of probability and inferential statistics. A second point about research should be made. It is extremely important for a researcher to know what statistics they want to use before they collect their data. Otherwise data might be collected that is uninterpretable. Unfortunately, when this happens it results in a loss of data, time, and money. Now many a student may by saying to themselves: "But I never plan on doing any research." While you may never plan to be involved in research, it may find its way into your life. Certainly, it you decide to continue your education and work on a masters or doctoral degree, involvement in research will result from that decision. Secondly, more and more work places are conducting internal research or are becoming part of broader research studies. Thus, you may find yourself assigned to one of these studies. Finally, many classes on the undergraduate level may require you to conduct research (for example, a research methods or experimental psychology course). In each of these instances, a knowledge of measurements and statistics will be invaluable. The second reason to study statistics is to be able to read journals. Most technical journals you will read contain some form of statistics. Usually, you will find them in something called the results section. Without an understanding of statistics, the information contained in this section will be meaningless. An understanding of basic statistics will provide you with the fundamental skills necessary to read and evaluate most results sections. The ability to extract meaning from journal articles and the ability to critically evaluate research from a statistical perspective are fundamental skills that will enhance your knowledge and understanding in

related coursework. The third reason is to further develop critical and analytic thinking skills. Most students completing high school and introductory undergraduate coursework have at their disposal a variety of critical thinking and analytic skills. The study of statistics will serve to enhance and further develop these skills. To do well in statistics one must develop and use formal logical thinking abilities that are both high level and creative. The fourth reason to study statistics is to be an informed consumer. Like any other tool, statistics can be used or misused. Yes, it is true that some individuals do actively lie and mislead with statistics. More often, however, well meaning individuals unintentionally report erroneous statistical conclusions. If you know some of the basic statistical concepts, you will be in a better position to evaluate the information you have been given. The fifth reason to have a working knowledge of statistics is to know when you need to hire a statistician. Most of us know enough about our cars to know when to take it into the shop. Usually, we don't attempt the repair ourselves because we don't want to cause any irreparable damage. Also, we try to know enough to be able to carry on an intelligible conversation with the mechanic (or we take someone with us who can) to insure that we don't get a whole new engine (big bucks) when all we need is a new fuel filter (a few bucks). We should be the same way about hiring a statistician. Conducting research is time consuming and expensive. If you are in over your statistical head, it does not make sense to risk an entire project by attempting to compute the data analyses yourself. It is very east to compute incomplete or inappropriate statistical analysis of one's data. As with the mechanic discussed above, it is also important to have enough statistical savvy to be able to discuss your project and the data analyses you want computed with the statistician you hire. In other words, you want to be able to make sure that your statistician is on the right track. To summarize, the five reasons to study statistics are to be able to effectively conduct research, to be able to read and evaluate journal articles, to further develop critical thinking and analytic skills, to act a an informed consumer, and to know when you need to hire outside statistical help.

PART B
1. Construct a frequency table for the data collected using class intervels of
the same size

Range = 79-1 = 78 Number of class interval = 78 10 = 7.8 =8

Class 09 10 19 20 29 30 39 40 49 50 59 60 69 70 79 frequency 14 6 6 7 4 6 0 7

A. Pie chart Number of student's additional mathematic TOV marks

09 10 19 20 29 30 39 40 49 50 59 60 69 70 79

B. Line graph

Number of student's additional mathematic TOV marks

18 16 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 0 9 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 19 29 39 49 59 69 79 89 99

Number of student's additional mathematic TOV marks

C. Bar chart

Number of student's additional mathematic TOV marks

16 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 9 19 29 39 49 59 69 79 89 99

Number of student's additional mathematic TOV marks

Modal class : Mode : Median : Mean :

Range= midpoint of highest class-midpoint of lowest class

70+79 _ 0+9 2 2 =70 When comparing the range of two sets of data, the set with a greater range is said have a greater variation or dispersion. Thus, the range of this overall data have a greater dispersion.

Standard Deviation= fx2 - (x2) f = = =

The standard deviation answer is getting from the square root of a variance which is also a measure of dispersion that has same unit as each value of data.

- ( )2

Class
0-9 10-19 20-29 30-39 40-49 50-59 60-69 70-79 80-89 90-99

frequency, f
13 16 9 7 4 5 5 8 3 1

midpoint,x
4.5 14.5 24.5 34.5 44.5 54.5 64.5 74.5 84.5 94.5

f(x)
58.5 232 220.5 241.5 178 272.5 322.5 596 253.5 94.5

f(x2)
263.25 3364 5402.25 8331.75 7921 14851.25 20801.25 44402 21420.75 8930.25

71

495

2469.5

135687.75

(b) My TOV mark is higher than all three measure of central tendencies. So, my result is increase based on the comparison.

PART C

XY

X2

Y2

X Y

1 10

2 20

3 30

4 35

5 45

6 50

7 65

8 70

9 85

10 90

100 90 80 70

marks

60 50 40 30 20 10 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11

number each student spent in doing additional mathematics (h)

Based on the graph above, it is positive linear correlation which 0 < r < 1.

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Total

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 55

10 20 30 35 45 50 65 70 85 90 500

10 40 90 140 225 300 455 560 765 900 3485

1 4 9 16 25 36 49 64 81 100 485

100 400 900 1225 2025 2500 4225 4900 7225 8100 31600

r=

10(3485) [(55)(500)] [10(485) (552)][10(31600) (5002)]

r=

7350 (1825)(66000)

r=

7350 10974.97

r = 0.669706

The range of the correlation coefficient is from -1 to 1. Since our result is 0.669706, we can conclude that the strength of the linear relationship between x and y is strong. Based on data above, I am agreed if more time is taking to make revision in additional mathematics, more mark will get.

B(1)

x
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Total 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 55

y
10 20 30 35 45 50 65 70 85 90 500

xy
10 40 90 140 225 300 455 560 765 900 3485 2.

x2
1 4 9 16 25 36 49 64 81 100 485

y2
100 400 900 1225 2025 2500 4225 4900 7225 8100 31600

X= 55 = 5.5
10

y 50 = 158.08 (x 5.5 )

Y= 500 = 50
10 b= 31600
10 485 - 5.5 x 50

y = 158.08x - 869.44 + 50 y =158.08x - 819.44

5.52

10

= 2885 = 158.08 18.25

Prediction of score for student who spent 7 hours per week is

(ii) Regression analysis is widely used for prediction, where its use has substantial overlap with the field of machine learning. Regression analysis is also used to understand which among the independent variables are related to the dependent variable, and to explore the forms of these relationships. So, Im agreed that least square regression line is suitable in help me for prediction.

REFLECTION
Additional Mathematics... From The Day I Born... From The Day I Was Able To Holding Pencil... From The Day I Start Learning... And.. From The Day I Heard Your Name... I Always Thought That You Will Be My Greatest Obstacle And Rival In Excelling In My Life... But After Countless Of Hours... Countless Of Days... Countless Of Nights... After Sacrificing My Precious Time Just For You... Sacrificing My Computer Games... Sacrificing My Facebook... Sacrificing My Internet... Sacrificing My Anime... I Realized Something Really Important In You... I Really Love You... You Are My Real Friend... You My Partner... You Are My Soul Mate... I LOVE ADD MATH <3

APPRECIATION
First of all, I would like to say Alhamdulillah, for giving me the strength and healthto do this project work and finish it on time. Not forgotten to my parents for providing everything, such as money, to buy anything that are related to this project work, their advise, which is the most needed for this project and facilities such as internet, books, computers and all that. They also supported me and encouraged me to complete this task so that I will not procrastinate in doing it. Then I would like to thank to my teacher,Pn.Wan Mariana Binti Wan Muda for guiding me throughout this project. Even I had some difficulties in doing this task, but she taught me patiently until we knew what to do. She tried and tried to teach me until I understand what Im supposed to do with the project work. Besides that, my friends who always supporting me. Even this project is individually but we are cooperated doing this project especially in disscussion and sharing ideas to ensure our task will finish completely.Last but not least, any party which involved either directly or indirect incompleting this project work. Thank you everyone.

CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION APPRECIATION A BRIEF HISTORY OF STATISTICS PART A PART B PART C FURTHER EXPLORATION REFLECTION CONCLUSION

CONCLUSION
After doing research, answering questions, drawing graphs and some problem solving, I saw that the usage of statistics is important in daily life. It is not just widely used in markets but also in interpreting the condition of the surrounding like the air or the water. Especially in conducting an air-pollution survey. In conclusion, statistics is a daily life necessity. Without it, surveys cannot be conducted, the stock market cannot be interpret and many more. Therefore, we should be thankful of the people who contribute in the idea of statistics.