Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
Debasish Datta Department of Electronics and Electrical Communication Engineering Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur West Bengal 721302, India E-Mail: ddatta@ece.iitkgp.ernet.in
SONET/SDH Background
SONET: Synchronous optical network (ANSI) SDH: Synchronous Digital Hierarchy (ITU-T)
SONET and SDH are two sets of standard interfaces for synchronous optical network designed to overcome the problems of Plesiochronous Digital Hierarchy (PDH) PDH at high bit rates SONET and SDH interfaces define all layers from physical to higher layers Both are synchronous networks and converge at 155Mbps Deployment in 1980s Fiber-replacement for long-haul inter-city microwave links
Two bit streams perfectly synchronized with equal bit rate Output has double bit rate w.r.t. input
Two bit streams with imperfect sync: Needs bit stuffing At higher levels of multiplexing, complexity increases manifold Mux/Demux mountain major hardware issue
D. Datta, IIT Kharagpur
PDH Complexity
Multiplexing/Demultiplexing in PDH is cumbersome Lack of sync between incoming streams necessitates bit stuffing in multiplexed bit stream Makes it very difficult to take out a low bit-rate stream from a high-speed stream because of non-synchronized clocks (due to bit stuffing) This makes PDH MUX and DEMUX significantly complicated European: E1 (30chl, 2.048Mbps), E2 (120chl, 8.448Mbps), E3 (480chl, 34.368Mbps), E4 (1920chl, 139.264Mbps) E5 (7680chl, 565.148Mbps) American: T1 (24chl, 1.544Mbps), T2 (96chl, 6.312Mbps), T3 (672chl, 44.736Mbps), T4 (4032chl, 274.176Mbps) Bit rates do not scale up proportionately with number of channels due to stuffed bits at high bit rates, needs different technique: SDH/SONET
SONET/SDH Features
Design and Management: All clocks in network are synchronized with a simple control mechanism and rates are integral multiples of basic rates - Makes the design of SONET/SDH MUX and DEMUX simpler Incorporates byte interleaving and accommodate a given PDH frame as a whole in a bigger SDH/SONET frame without undoing PDH bit stuffing SONET and SDH standards incorporate extensive management info. for monitoring the performance, unlike PDH Interoperability: It is very difficult to connect one vendors equipment to anothers because of nonstandard format on the transmission link of PDH All vendors follow the same set of standards in SONET/SDH Networking: SONET and SDH standards have evolved to incorporate specific network topologies (ring and linear, at times) and specific protection schemes Services restoration time is 50 ms for SONET/SDH and several seconds to minutes for PDH
D. Datta, IIT Kharagpur
Payload
Big VT Small VT
9 rows
Small VT
Pointer
Smaller VT
3+1
86 90 columns
STS : Synchronous transport signal SOH : Section Overhead LOH : Line Overhead POH : Path Overhead VT: Virtual Tributory
D. Datta, IIT Kharagpur
Pointer Pointer
VT 1.5 VT 2 VT 3 VT 6
7 such VT groups are plugged into a basic SONET frame: Takes 7 6.912 = 48.384 Mbps out of 51.84 Mbps
Implies 810 (48.384/51.54) = 756 bytes for 7 VT Groups, i.e., 108 bytes for each VT Group 810 (90 4) Overhead = 774 bytes: 756 available for payload 756 bytes allocated for VT Groups Other allocations also possible next slide D. Datta, IIT Kharagpur
PAYLOAD
Wrapped up H1 H2 H3
P O H
H1 H2 H3 87 Columns
10
11
Ring
ADM
ADM LTE
12
T1/T3
T1/T3 ISDN
TA
Ethernet
Computer
Voice (circuit-switched) as well as data (packet-switched) services through TDM connectivity IP-over-ATM-over-SDH/SONET Ethernet-over-SONET ISDN, ADSL, voice through SDH/SONET
D. Datta, IIT Kharagpur
13
Path layer
Line layer
Line layer
Section layer
Section layer
Section layer
Physical layer
Physical layer
Physical layer
Physical layer
Connection
SONET ADM
SONET terminal
14
ATM
ATM switch
ATM switch
Line section
Physical
Layered view
ATM-over-SONET Network
ATM network IP router IP router
Network Data link IP Network
Data link
ATM
Physical
IP-over-ATM Network
D. Datta, IIT Kharagpur
Layered view
15
Line SONET layer Section Physical Optical layer Channel Multiplex section Amplifier section IP
SONET
Physical
IP-over-ATM-over-SONET
16
WDM node
Amplifier
WDM node
WDM node
17
GMPLS (Generalized multiprotocol label switching): an extension of MPLS concept with switching capabilities at multiple levels: Packet switching capability, Time slot switching capability (TDM), Wavelength switching capability, Fiber switching capability
18