Projection (Skull Series) Lateral

IR 10x12

O CW

BP Semi-prone (PAO)

PP True lateral

RP EAM

LP MSP IR IOML longitudinal plane of IR IPL IR

CR 2 EAM directed

**Dorsal Decubitus**

**Supine (AP)**

***Supine Lateral***

***Semisupine***

SS Coronal Suture Posterior Clinoid Process Orbital Roof (Plate) Anterior Clinoid Process Hypophyseal Fossa Dorsum Sellae Sphenoidal Sinus TMJ EAM Mastopid region Mandibular Rami Sella Turcica

PA

10x12

LW

Prone/ Seated

Head resting on forehead & nose

Nasion

OML IR MSP IR

exiting the Nasion

Frontal Sinus Dorsum Sellae Superior Orbital Margin Petrous Ridge Ethmoidal Sinus Inferior Orbital Margin Crista Galli Posterior Ethmoidal Air Cells Frontal Bone

PA Axial (Caldwell Method)

10x12

LW

Prone/ Seated

Head resting on forehead & nose

Nasion

OML IR MSP IR

15 caudally exiting the Nasion

Frontal Sinus Dorsum Sellae Superior Orbital Margin Petrous Ridge Ethmoidal Sinus Inferior Orbital Margin Crista Galli Posterior Ethmoidal Air Cells Frontal Bone

EC Entire cranium w/o rotation/ tilt Superimposed roofs & greater wings of sphenoid Superimposed mastoid regions & EAMs Superimposed TMJs Sella Turcica seen in profile Radiographic penetration of parietal region No overlap of cervical spine by mandible Entire cranial perimeter showing three distinct tables of squamous bone Equal distance from lateral border of the skull to lateral of orbit on both sides Symmetric Petrous ridges Penetration of frontal bone w/o excessive density at lateral borders of skull Entire cranial perimeter showing three distinct tables of squamous bone Equal distance from lateral border of the skull to lateral of orbit on both sides Symmetric Petrous ridges Penetration of frontal bone w/o excessive density at lateral borders of

AP

10x12

LW

Supine

Head resting w/ the occiput

Nasion

OML IR MSP IR

to Nasion if 15 Cephalad

Same with PA but with magnification because of OID Distance from lateral margin of orbits to lateral margin of temporal bone measures than on PA

Ap Axial (Towne Method)

10x12

LW

Supine

Head resting on Inion

2 1/2 Glabella & passes through level of EAM

OML IR IOML IR MSP IR

**Haas Method**

**Prone**

**Inion**

30 caudally 37 caudally if patient cannot hyper flex neck 40-60 to the OML for demonstration of entire Foramen magnum (pathologic conditions/trauma) **25 Cephalad**

Symmetric image of Petrous Pyramids Posterior portion of Foramen Magnum Dorsum Sellae Posterior Clinoid Process w/I Foramen Magnum Occipital Bone Posterior portion of Parietal Bones ***Ears, Facial canal, jugular foramina & rotundum foramina***

skull Petrous pyramids lying in lower third of orbit w/ a caudal CR 15 and filling the orbits w/ 0 CR angulation Entire cranial perimeter showing three distinct tables of squamous bone Equal distance from lateral border of the skull to lateral of orbit on both sides Symmetric Petrous ridges Penetration of frontal bone w/o excessive density at lateral borders of skull Equal distance from lateral border of skull to lateral margin of foramen magnum on both sides, indicating no rotation Symmetric Petrous Pyramids Dorsum Sellae and Posterior Clinoid Processes visible w/i foramen magnum Penetration of occipital bone w/o excessive density at lateral borders of skull Clearly visible structures of the cranial base, indicated by adequate penetration Equal distance from lateral border of

(Cranial Base) Submento vertical projection (Schuller Method)

10x12

LW

Seated upright/ Supine

Hyper extend the neck until IOML IR

Vertex

IOML IR

Submentis IOML IR

Petrosae Mastoid Processes Foramina Ovale Spinosum Carotid Canals Sphenoidal Sinuses Ethmoidal Sinuses

Mandible Bony Nasal Septum Dens of the Axis Occipital Bone

***orbits, optic canals, ethmoid bones, maxillary sinuses, mastoid processes, zygomatic arches(if technique used) (Facial Bones) Lateral 8x10 LW Semi-prone (PAO) Head is resting on one side Bet. EAM & outer canthus Zygomatic Bone IPL IR Frontal Sinus Orbital roof Greater sphenoid wing Condyles Nasal Bone Sella turcica Maxillary Sinus EAM Maxilla Mandible Frontal Sinus Bony Nasal Septum Anterior Nasal Spine Inferior Orbital Rim Maxillary Sinus Zygomatic Bone Zygomatic Arch Coronoid Process Maxilla Petrous Ridge Mandible Condyles Mastoid Mandibular Angle Odontoid Process Same with Parietoacanthial but with magnification because of OID Orbit Zygomatic bone Maxillary Sinus Petrous Ridge

in bet. EAM & outer canthus

skull to mandibular condyles on both sides, indicating no tilt Superimposition of mental protuberance over anterior frontal bone, indicating full extension of the neck Mandibular condyles anterior to petrous pyramids All facial bones in their entirety, w/ zygomatic bone in center Almost perfectly superimposed mandibular rami Superimposed orbital roofs No rotation of sella turcica

Parietoaca nthial (Waters Method)

8x10

LW

Prone

Head resting w/ extended chin, nose away

Acanthion

MML IR

to Acanthion

Equal distance bet. Lateral border of skull and orbit on each side Petrous ridges projected immediately below maxillary sinuses

**Modified Parietoacanthi al**

Head resting w/ extended chin, nose away, neck is extended lesser than Waters 10x12 CW Supine Head resting on occipital bone Acanthion MML IR Acanthion

Acanthio parietal (Reverse Waters Method) **Acanthiopar -ietal**

**37 to the IR and the MML**

Equal distance bet. Lateral border of skull and orbit on each side Petrous ridges projected immediately below maxillary sinuses

PA Axial (Caldwell Projection )

10x12

LW

Prone/ Seated

Head resting on forehead

Nasion

OML MSP

IR IR

15 caudally to Nasion 30 caudally (for demonstrations of orbital rims, in particular orbital floors; exaggerated Caldwell)

Orbital rims Maxillae Nasal septum Zygomatic bones Anterior nasal spine

**if angled 15 caudally to Nasion, petrous ridges are projected into lower third of orbits; if angled 15 caudally to Nasion, petrous ridges are projected below the inferior margins of orbits** Both sides are examined for comparison Frontal sinus Dependent sinus Coronoid Process Elevated maxillary Sinus Mandibular Ramus

PA Oblique (Rhese Method)

8x10

LW

Semiprone/ PAO

Head resting on cheek nose & chin

IOML

AML transverse axis of IR MSP & IR forms 53

IOML IR 10-15 cephalad depending on region to be demonstrated

Entire cranial perimeter showing three distinct tables of squamous bone Equal distance from lateral border of the skull to lateral of orbit on both sides Symmetric Petrous ridges lying in lower third of orbit Penetration of frontal bone w/o excessive density at lateral borders of skull, w/c will demonstrate facial bones All facial bones should be included Side being demonstrated should not be superimposed by opposite side