Ahmed Shigri

M.A.Eng 3rd Semester

TRANSITIVE
Transitive verbs are those which pass the action to noun or pronoun. Example: The leader called a meeting Here called is verb and passes action to noun i.e meeting. Intransitive verbs carry no object He went. The ship is sailing smoothly. The result of Who is always subject Who invited you? Ali invited me. ( Subject ) Result of WHO is always subject. Whom did you invite? I invited Ali. ( Object ) Tom killed John OR John was killed by Tom. Carry the same meaning because in both sentences subject or doer of an action is the same i.e Tom.

VERBS Transitive or intransitive

Verbs are transitive only if object is there. A1. He sang. Intransitive. A2. He sang in the hall. Intransitive. A3. He sang slowly. Intransitive. A4. He sang a song. Transitive. A5. He sang me a song. Transitive. (Me is indirect & song is direct) A6. He sang in the morning. Intransitive Just in sentence (4&5) there is object and therefore they are transitive. b/c of the object the passive voice is possible. A7. He attended the class. (class serving as object) A8. He went to the class. (class serving as noun) To make sure whether there is object or not we should question the object with what using the main verb. If object is answer is not an object, then it is intransitive. For example 1. What he sang? (no answer) 2. What he sang ? ( answer is song so it is transitive.) b/c here song is object. In 5 there are two object. In such cases. 3. What he sang? Answer :- a song. (song is direct object) Direct object will be the answer of what 4. To whom he sang a song? Answer:- Tom. ( indirect object) b/c it is answer of whom 5. He attended the class. What did he attended? Answer :- the class (object) so transitive. 6. He went to the class. Where did he go? Ans :- in the class(no object) b/c it is not answer of what but of where. Time ---when Place -where Manner-how

TRANSITIVE (Object) Mono di complex (object +complement)

If there are two object s one is called direct and other Indirect. As in example A5. He postponed the meeting (object) what he postponed? Answer is meeting He discussed the matter in the meeting. What he discussed? Answer is meeting. Question must be asked in what Whom is used for noun & where for place. Answer of what and whom is object. SUBJECT AND OBJECT COMPLEMENT

Ahmed Shigri

M.A.Eng 3rd Semester

He sang in the class. What did he sing? No answer of the question so object is absent. (verb must be questioned)

(Intransitive ) He ran in the garden. What did he run? No answer object is absent. (transitive) He ran the administration. What did he run? Object is there. The administration. (transitive) He ran a race. What did he run? The race. So race is object. Laugh (hansna) Laughed at (mazaq urana) With laugh it is impossible to make transitive but with laughed at is possible. 1st. He laughs in the class. What did he laugh? 2nd.He laughs at his fellows. What did he laugh at? His fellows. LEXICAL + OBJECT COMPLEMENT It either describes a subject or object. Complement cant be separated from object or subject. Example: - 1st:- Gilani is the prime minister. We may say that Gilani has come it means P.M has come. Or if we say P.M has com means Gilani has come. (they are inseparateable ) 2nd:- Gilani (s) became the president (subject complement). Gilani is President. 3rd:- Gilani elected the president. (Object) what did Gilani elected? The president. 4th:- Gilani elected Zardari the president. (Object complement) answer of whom. Complement Could be a noun, noun phrase or adjective. The president is a noun. With a noun always determiner comes. In above examples president is noun & the determiner. Examples:- He is a good. (wrong) a is a determiner and there is no noun in this sentence whereas determiner comes with noun. :- He is a good student. (correct) here a is determiner & student is noun. :- The rich look down upon the poor. the rich & the poor shows that they are representing the whole class. NOUN PHRASES The Honest, sincere and regular student left the department. (N,P) If we may say that student is subject then what are hones, sincere and regular? In passive narration how would we use honest, sincere and regular? If we are said to replace the noun (student) with a pronoun then we would use he/she. If it is subject then how could we define the phrase?. So student is noun and the first part is noun phrase. And a single pronoun would replace the whole noun phrase. Noun phrase describes the noun. Pronoun replaces either a noun or noun phrase. Noun phrase <--John and Tom were honest. Complement Because this complement belong to both of them . Complement can either be a noun phrase or noun or adjective. 1. Gilani is the prime minister. Noun/complement. 2. I invited the most brilliant student. Here the most brilliant is object complement and complete sentence is noun phrase. 3. Ali is an honest (n/p) student object. 4. She is honest. (adj). Complement. But an object can never be adjective but it can be noun phrase. o I invited the most brilliant student. ( noun phrase can be object) o The most brilliant student was invited by me. o John and Tom were honest. Is adjective and adjective cant be object. o John became a teacher. s/c o John appointed a teacher. Obj What did john became? a teacher. o He called a taxi. Mono Transitive (one object) o He called her a taxi. Di transitive b/c here is two objects. o He called her a liar. Complex transitive. Her is object and liar is complement. o He called her a doctor. This sentence carries tow meaning. ( Osny ossy doctor keh k bulaya)

Ahmed Shigri o

M.A.Eng 3rd Semester

He called her a doctor. Her is obj/ indirect & obj/obj-direct (Osny oss k liye ek doctor bulaya) what he called her? To whom he called her? So it is Di Transitive here. (Means such sentences can either be intransitive as Di or complex transitive. Remember: - A complement can never be an object so passive is not there. o He called her a teacher. her object indirect and teacher object-direct. It is Di transitive sentence. Remember: - lexical verb is Transitive; auxiliary & Linking cant be transitive. Example:- O She(s) grew happier (complement).--> subject complement. John (s) became a teacher(c). subject complement She (s) seems dejected(c). Subject complement Complement can either be a noun (teacher), adjective (dejected, happier) or a noun phrase. as I invited the most brilliant student. First comes indirect object then direct object. She sent me a book.( me obj/indirect and bookobj/d) whom she sends. Indirect object can also be interpreted as Recipient or receiver of an action. She sent a book to me. When we put direct object b/f indirect object then we use to He called for her a teacher. Here for is unnecessary b/c if we omit this even then the sentence will be correct. Here called means demand INTENSIVE VERBS Which have subject complement or adverb? All other verbs is auxiliary extensive. John is here. here is adverb John is a teacher. Complement He looked (stative verb) dejected.(complement). it is just my point of view He looked (dynamic)at the picture(obj). PROGRESSIVE Im understanding your lecture. (Wrong) See the boar. (Wrong) look at the board. Hear me. (Wrong) listen to me. FORMATION OF PROGRESSIVE Be + v+ ing He runs. He is running. He was going. He has been learning. (Present =Be, Past= was, participle=Been) DYNAMIC In dynamic verbs you have control over the verb. Be careful. (Dynamic) you can be careful. Be tall. (Stative) you cant be tall. Dynamic verbs show the conscious involvement of a person. I heard the news. Means somebody unintentionally listens. Means consciously. (Stative) means by chance you saw. If you see something consciously i.e watch. Stative (wrong) Dynamic Know knowing learn See seeing watch Hear hearing listen Understand understanding understand Learn the answer. (Dynamic) it is imperative and imperative should be dynamic. Know the answer. (It is not imperative) knowing is wrong. Know the answer & you will be awarded (correct) note here it is not imperative but conditional not progressive. The goal keeper has an advantage. Ing cannot be added with every form of verb. Im understanding your lecture. (means you have understood) Im following your lecture. (Means after following the lecture then there is a stage when you can understand.) Understand is stative so ing is wrong with it. He watches (dynamic) the movie dejectedly.=adverbial of manners

Ahmed Shigri He became sincere (dynamic) enthusiastically. === He became careful unwillingly. Adverbial of manners The adverbial requires an element which is alive human being.

M.A.Eng 3rd Semester

CAUSITIVE CONSTRUCTION When you become the case of someones do. I persuaded him to listen to the news. *hear is wrong I persuaded him to be careful. * thin I reminded him to learn the answer. *know I reminded him not to be reckless. (means I became the cause of his doing) *fat With for someones sake always use dynamic. o He learnt the answer for my sake. *know o He listened to the music for his friends sake. *hear o He became sincere for my sake.fat If a thing you can instantly do that is dynamic Be sincere. Here sincere is in the sense if you are not driving carefully Ill say you be sincere with your driving and you will be. Instead of always carries two verbs or adjectives and both should be dynamic. Instead of listening to the drama he listened to the music. both2 verb is dynamic. Instead of becoming careful he became careless. Both are dynamic Be careful, be sincere, be happy, be careless. (dynamic) Be tall, be fat, be smart, (stative) He is being tall. *(wrong) b/c tall is a state it cant be progressive. Being tall he has an advantage on other goal keepers. Here being tall is right b/c it is not progressive but showing a state. He is already tall here. STATIVE VERBS 1 The meat tastes delicious or is tasting delicious. b/c meat is not doing action, how can be progressive? 2 Im tasting the meat. (Subject is in action) Example:3 He looked dejected. (Adj) (Stative) 4 He looked dejectedly (adv) (dynamic) Nothing (sub) succeeds (v) like success.(ager ap kamyab hoty ho to hoty chaly jaty ho) 5 He ran off on the street. (Intransitive) 6 He ran a shop. (Transitive) A shop was run by him. 7 He was sitting on the front. (Intransitive) 8 He was killed on the front. (Intr) 9 The country is affected by the cold front. DYNAMIC + STAIVE (verbs + adjective) Progressive; ing can be used only with Dynamic verbs (In sound system In adjective D is silent. Whenever d is followed by d it is dropped as in judgment, adjustment etc in d is silent). 1:- The verbs in which our conscious involved. They always carry Dynamic verbs. . He was learning the answer. (Knowing I wrong) . He watched movie. Saw is wrong . He listens the music. Hear is wrong 2:- Command sentences always carry Dynamic verbs. a. learn the answer. Know* b. Look at the board. See* ( here Im commanding) c. Listen to me. Hear * (be dynamic) 3:- Adverbial of manners also have Dynamic verbs. Adverbial of manners is answer of How Dynamic ad of manners He listened the news carefully. *hear (wrong) He learns the answer enthusiastically. *know (wrong)

VERBS

Ahmed Shigri 1. Lexical verbs

M.A.Eng 3rd Semester 2. Auxiliary verbs 1. Primary Auxiliary 2. Modal Auxiliary

Auxiliary verb is those verbs which dont exist by themselves but help in the completion of the sentence. OR They have no independent existence as verb phrases, but only help to make up verb phrases. Formation of yes, No questions: Formation of Yes, No question takes place because of the Auxiliary Inversion. He is running. Is he running? Yes he is. In such cases we keep the first auxiliary in the beginning of the sentence. WHO does not take an auxiliary with it Who did go to school? (wrong ) Who went to school? (correct ) The result of who is subject that is why inversion does not occurs. The result of. WHY, WHEN, WHERE, WHOM, WHICH, is Object so inversion takes place. Note: Only in question auxiliary inversion occurs. Whom you invited? (wrong ) Whom did you invited?. (correct ) Here too auxiliary verbs came before subject i.e You Another point to be noted is that only First auxiliary verb is put in the beginning. He has been running. Here has 1st auxiliary and been is 2nd auxiliary. Has he been running .here has 1st auxiliary and been is subject. 1st part. Only his brother can tell you, why he joined this dept. Here the use of did is incorrect because as told earlier Auxiliary occurs in questions only and it is an answer so the use of did is incorrect. Why he is running, is mystery. (Correct) (1st part is dependent) (2nd part is independent) Here with why no auxiliary is needed because again is answer of the question. Why is he running? Here if we may exclude first part, the second part will define the answer well.

Lexical Verbs: Lexical verb are those which exist by themselves. They dont need any help. A single lexical verb can be a complete sentence. Go, Run, Sit, Ea, Shoot, or He came. You run. She goes etc. Auxiliary Verbs:Auxiliary verbs dont exist by themselves as He is, she was, I will, they may.

Importance of Auxiliary Verbs

It required forming Yes/No questions and questioning sentences. Note: The answer of Yes/No question must be in Auxiliary verbs. Will he come? O Yes he will. Note: Answer of yes/no question must end on Auxiliary verb. Special Auxiliary Do, Does, Did. In Passive - focus on object In Active ->focus on Subject 1st -> He said, Where did you go? (Direct) Because of ? said would change in asked He asked where I had gone. (Indirect) Note: while changing in indirect narration why, when, where, carry neither if nor that or something else.) 2nd He asked do you write books ? He asked if I write books. In this sentence do is not essential.

Ahmed Shigri

M.A.Eng 3rd Semester

3rd He asked do you not write books He asked if I didnt write books. Here do is essential because no is always used with do, does or did in simple past or present. o He went. (correct) o He didnt went. (incorrect) o He goes. (correct) o He does not goes.(incorrect) In first example did indicates tense so use of went is wrong because tense cant occur twice in a sentence. In second example does indicate tense so use of goes is incorrect. 2nd reason: when auxiliary is present in a tense the main verb under goes no change. In first example did and in 2nd Does are auxiliary so main verb go would not change. Note: But in some cases the main verb is changed as had which is an auxiliary, carries the past participle from of the verb.) o He had eaten his lunch. In Continuous Tense ing is always used with the lexical verb (Dictionary form) o We are ateing. (incorrect) o He is wenting(incorrect) Because diction form of ate is eat and went is go. So we always use ing with dictionary form. He is going. He is eating. (correct)

Characteristic of Auxiliary
They are required for the formation of i) Yes/No question ii) wh question iii) Tag question iv) Question sentences. Beside when, Who, Why, whom how is also Wh reason being. How did you know? Auxiliaries are also used for Affirmative Assertion. Did you invite him? Yes I did invite. ( to confirm, and emphasis)

SIMPLE PST & SIMPLE PRESENT

Both carry no auxiliary. He goes, He went. 1st person 2nd person 3rd person WE you (singular+ plural) He, It, she, they When we use we it includes I also We are reading. It means including (me) I and other are reading. Behavior of I, we, you, is same for all carry do with them. When we use our own name it also becomes 3rd person like Mehwish is running here Mehwish is 3rd person. 3rd person also neutral ( use for both sexes) Everyone knows his mistake. Here everyone includes both (male &female)

Contraction (Shrink, make short)

Ill go. Hell go. Auxiliaries are contracted and not the main verb.

Primary Auxiliaries
Primary auxiliaries are those which can stand either as main verb or as auxiliary. He is running. Hes running.( here auxiliary is is and main verb is running 2nd example He is a student. He is honest. He is here. There is no verb so in these three sentences is is serving as main verb. Or primary auxiliary Model auxiliary cant be used without lexical verb (dictionary form) Example:- Ill go there. This sentence will modal auxiliary is contracted while verb is go.

Ahmed Shigri

M.A.Eng 3rd Semester

2nd example: will you go there? Answer yes I will. This example I will cant be contracted because here will is serving as main verb as there is other verb in this sentence. Can shows/ indicates ability/ power. Could you help me? Would you tell me? Here could and would used to make question polite. Model Auxiliary (Use Always in present or past form) Is, Am, are, was, were, have, will, shall, would, should, can, Had, do, did, does, could, may, might, ought to, and must. Primary auxiliaries are verbs which may function as main verb or as auxiliaries. The most important primary auxiliaries are Be, Have, Do. Be:- the form are Present is, am, are. Pastwas, were. It can be used as a main verb in a sentence, to denote the existence of, or give information about a noun or thing. I am a student. Hong Kong is an Island. You are very brave. Mrs.: mammon was in her room when the phone rang. In this sentences there is no verb so auxiliaries are serving as main verb 2nd Here, as auxiliary are serving as main verb. So, cant be contracted. It can be use as an auxiliary for the present & past continuous tense. He is studying hard. Here he subject, is auxiliary, studying verb, hard adjective. you are talking to loudly. We were resting when he came. It can also be used as an auxiliary for verb in passive voice. The exercise is done carelessly. The car was driven into a garage. Have: the form are Present-- have, has. Past--- had. It can also be used as main verb. He has two sisters. They had an easy lunch. As an auxiliary it is used with the past participle of a verb for the present/past perfect. I have finished the drawing. I had worked as a Gardner for 10 years. Do the forms are . present Do, Does. PastDid. It can be used as an ordinary verb. I always do my work well. He does what he is told. We did the cleaning in hurry. It is used as an auxiliary with the root form of the verb. In negative interrogative statement. She does not help her mother at home. Sub,aux, verb, ad, It is used as an auxiliary in affirmative statement when there is a need to emphasize the main verb or when one replies in the shortened from to a question beginning with Do 1st rule:- of course he does care about his work. Does he care about his work Yes, he does.( Here does is to emphasize and care is main verb , work is noun. Model Though in past but they deliver the sense of present. Models are always followed by verb, either by main verb or auxiliary. He should help you. He would help you.

Primary auxiliary

Ahmed Shigri

M.A.Eng 3rd Semester

If he will come, I will help him. In first part of sentence if and will are avoided together though it is correct. Here first part is conditional. In first clause use of Will shows willingness means if he willingly comes then Ill help him. But in this case will is always used with living elements because non-living element have no will .As the chance of mistakes are much so if and will is avoided. If it will rain. ( incorrect) Why because here rain is non-living so it cant use with will.

Conditional Sentences
1st: If he comes, I will help him. 1st condition is also called opening condition. Here if he comes means (possible or not possible) probability is in arrival. 2nd; - If he come, I would help him. (Possible but unlike) It means possibility is there but I know our relations are such that he would never come. 3rd; - If he had come, I would have helped him. Past impossibility). It is past & impossible because now he cant be helped Will: does not always indicate future. Sometimes it shows habit, characteristic or prediction. Example: - If you pour oil in water, it will flout. Here will shows habit/character/ prediction. Because it is habit or character of oil that it always flouts with water. Prediction also because it will happen.

MODELS
Generally the give the expression of present but Modal + have + VPP = past He should have helped you. (Past) She should help you. (Present) MODALS: - always carry either primary verb or auxiliary. They are also called Defected. Grammar varies from language to language. Will never means only Future. It will rain today. ( prediction) Verb can have 5 or even 6 forms Go Goes, Went, Gone, and Going. They are also called Root form, Base form, bare infinitive form, Dictionary form, (go) All models are followed by base form. They dont carry es, ed, ing, ending. Two models cant be uses in a sentence. He should must go to school. (wrong) Must have gone to school/must go to school. Have -> shows possession. It not auxiliary ( those who have plenty of money) Models can be used with primary auxiliaries. He has must gone to school.(wrong) Because modal should come first then auxiliary. He must have gone to school. (wrong) Because must should be followed by the dictionary form as diction form of has is have. Have, Has, Had. He should going to school. (incorrect) there should be gone. When we use must even then the element of probability is there, and this element of probability remains there .till work is not done. I should reach uni at 9 I must reach uni at 9. SHOULD show that official authority has order me to be in uni at 9. MUST show an obligation from within. MAY show more possibility. Might shows less possibility.

LINKING WORDS 1
HE looked dejected. (Static) 2nd. He looked dejectedly. (Dynamic) here look serve as a linking word 1st example: passive not showing any action, it is my opinion that he is looking dejected.
st

Ahmed Shigri

M.A.Eng 3rd Semester

2ndexample: He is showing action means he is looking hopelessly.

He seems happy. Seems linking verb He became a teacher. = = = l When the main verb is used to link the other part of sentences He is a teacher In a sentence linking verb is used then there no object is to be found. In such sentence, where linking verb is used, we find complement but not object. He became a teacher. Here become is linking verb and teacher is subject complement. In this example there is no object so its passive inversion is impossible. Linking verb is a verb that links together tow nouns or pronouns, or a noun and an adjective which modifies it. The most common linking verb is To BE 1-She is attractive. (Attractive is adjective/complement not adjective) 2-The boy is the diligent. (adjective) 3-The guilty one is he. 4-He is the culprit. The last three sentence are intransitive carry no object so passive impossible.) The verb To Be is always a linking verb, except when it is as an auxiliary as in example (1) or when it is followed by an adverb as in example ( 2) He is studying here.( no complement) it is not linking. He is here.( it is not linking b/c here is followed an adverb) Linking Verbs : are seem, appear, remain, grow, become, get, feel, look, sound, taste, smell. Note: that linking verbs always show the state of a subject rather than its action. 1a:- they look tired. Showing state of subject. (linking) 2b:-they look inside the box. Here look is intransitive verb. 3c:-they look at the picture.( look is transitive and picture is object) 2a:- the man grew impatient. ( state of subject and is linking verb) 2b:-the child grew quickly. Grew intransitive verb 3c:- the farmer grew many kinds of fruits.( grew transitive verb and fruits is object.) Linking verbs are always followed either by noun or by adjective which are called complements, FOR THE FORMATION OF PASSIVE VOICE Verb must be transitive (which passes the action to a noun or object) and in linking verb is not transitive so it is passive voice is impossible. He called a meeting. (transitive) Called is an action verb and meeting is noun. The meeting was called by him. He killed a teacher. ( transitive) The teacher was killed by him. FUTURE CONTINIOUS, PAST/PRESENT/FUTURE/PERFECT CONTINIOUS Cant be change in passive voice because of sound system. He has been writing letter. (Sounds He has been being writing letter, awkward) I reached at station. (Intransitive because passive is impossible) station was reached by me. Ing we use with those things that are short lived i.e Im eating. Im sleeping, Im reading. (Correct) Im having a car/house. (Incorrect) Because to have a car or house is something that is not temporary or short-lived But we can say having a house if that is on rent.(temporary) ING show progress or adjective. Flower is smelling sweet. (Incorrect) Because only active/living things show progress. Flower is not active so how ca it? Flower smell is sweet. (correct) The meat is tasting delicious. (incorrect) As meat is itself inactive so how cant show progress that is why use of ing is incorrect/ FORMATION OF ING Be + v + ing He runs

Ahmed Shigri

M.A.Eng 3rd Semester

He be running. Is, am, are, was, were, Runs shows present tense so be is changed in is (noun not verb) Running on the street is dangerous. Here running is Ground (used as noun) We cant say that here running is verb because verb cant never replace subject but noun can.

ING AS ADJECTIVE
He is listening to the running commentary. Progress adjective noun Adjective show the specialty of a noun. Here commentary is noun and running indicates the specialty of the noun so is adjective. Running water (shows the speciality of water) While driving car, he listens radio. Here driving ing is not progressive for he is not driving car, he was listening the radio.--> this shows progressive. He bought a colored T.V set. Colored is adjective. Colored TV means focus is on set means set is colored but the programs/ channels are not colure . He bought a colure t.v set. Means the channels it is releasing are colored but set may not be. He purchased a golden ring. Means we are sure that ring is of gold. He purchased a golden ring. Means ring in colure is golden but is material may not be of gold. CLEFT AND PSEUDO CLEFT SENTENCES Cleft means divide, tear Purpose of cleft sentences. To focus on the different parts of the sentences. They can focus on every part except verb. It always start with it. 1. The meat tastes delicious or is tasting delicious. b/c meat is not doing action, how can be progressive? 2. Im tasting the meat. (Subject is in action) Example:3. He looked dejected. (Adj) (Stative) 4. He looked dejectedly (adv) (dynamic) Nothing (sub) succeeds (v) like success.(ager ap kamyab hoty ho to hoty chaly jaty ho) 5. He ran off on the street. (Intransitive) 6. He ran a shop. (Transitive) A shop was run by him. 7. He was sitting on the front. (Intransitive) 8. He was killed on the front. (Intr) 9. The country is affected by the cold front. Few (Na hony k braber) A few (bohot thory sy) The few (thory bohot) See you tomorrow. ( our conscious not involved) here see is verb not noun. b/c we know that when I would say someone that see you , subject am I. John went to the library with his friend on Monday at 5.p.m Cleft-sentence of this sentence would be focus on john. 1:- it was john who went to library with his friends on Monday at 5.p.m 2:- It was to the library that john went with his friends on Monday at 5.p.m 3:- it was with his friends that John went to the library on Monday at 5.pm 4:- it was on Monday that John went to the library with his friends at 5.p.m 5:- it was at 5.p.m that John went to the library with his friend on Monday. (Cleft-sentences focus on every part except verb which is went) In cleft- sentences no concept of verb so problem of dynamic verbs does not exist. PSEUDO_CLEFT SENTENCES They focus on verb and to focus on verb they have a specific construction, a. what john did was? ( this form is specific to focus on verb.) To go to the library with his friends on Monday at 5.p.m (here focus is to go to means on verb) b. He wrote an assignment. P/cleft what he did was? (Mostly in past to write an assignment. (Focus to write) TENSE + TIME Tense is not universal. It time that time is universal over all is a grammatical feature + world there is a concept & varies from language to language of present, past and future. Suppose he invited you. (2nd condition) possibility is there but he will not invite. Suppose he invite you. (1st condition) possible & not possible. If it rains tomorrow future tense. But there is no definite future tense in English Grammar. Future means guess

Ahmed Shigri

M.A.Eng 3rd Semester

Future means prediction Future means characteristic/habit. Who got man of the match! He will be Afridi. ( guess) It will rain tomorrow. (prediction) He will come and do nothing. (habitual) If he will come, Ill help him. With if will shows that there are two conditions. (1) person should com. (2) He should come willingly. SIMPLE PRESENT AND PRESENT PROGRESSIVE Simple present is always permanent. He sings well. ( he always sings well) Simple present means habit/characteristic or permanency. Progressive is temporary + shows incompletion He is singing well. Temporary. he cannot sing well but this time he singing well) I saw him crossing the road. incompletion when I saw he was crossing the road he hadnt crossed) He sings well. Paraphrase he is a good singer. Im learning (d) the answer. (temporary) When I will learn the answer, I will say I know (state) the answer. Universal fact or truth is always in simple present Sun rises in the East. River falls in the sea. Though simple present always show permanent sate but some cases are exceptional. Someone sells the house. (Active voice) here it does not mean that house is sold again and again. Present continuous sometimes shows annoyance and surprise. Singing in the class must be discouraged. (noun can serve as a subject or as nominal.) Singing (adj) birds always attract us. (singing is adjective and adjective shows the special of noun.) PRESENT PERFECT (past in present) There is always an element of past in perfect and past stretches up to the present. He has been writing an essay for three hours. I have taken my lunch. I took my lunch. Deference:When use perfect when (1) the effect o f the past is still in present. (2) past stretches the present. 1. I have taken my lunch. means the effect is still on me and cant have more. 2. I took my lunch. means effect is not there now you can have more lunch. Examples:- 1 He has lived in Iran for 10 years. => Means effect still is there, still he is living there. 2.He lived in Iran for 10 years. => means he used to lived there but now he is not there. Main reason :- Why we use has and lived and not has been living? Example:- He has been living In Iran for 10 years. In this sentence the use of continues living shows the temporary state. means can leave anytime. INTROGATIVE USE OF PERFECT & PAST A1-Have you read Ghalib? Any time in life have u read. 2-Did you read Ghalib? In example A2 there is a specific reference of the past. In perfect there is no special reference with the past. A2- have you visited Islamabad ? general question. 2- did you visit Islamabad? I have read this book. effect is on me still I memorize I read this book . now I forgot about this book He has reached yesterday. Here yesterday shows past but use of has shows that its perfect means past stretches up to present. He has not reached since yesterday. (Correct) here use of since shows past stretches up to the present. In perfect, past has its effect on present. With perfect we use And

Ahmed Shigri With past we use But I have brought the book and you can have it. I brought the book but it lost. DEFFERENCE BETWEEN.

M.A.Eng 3rd Semester

Im writing and I have been writing. ( Im writing means at the moment you are writing, I have been writing means from the last few hours you are writing) NOTE:- if you want to mention past in your work means you did not start your work right now but a little ago , then you have to use perfect. PAST PERFECT Past in past He had reached the station b/f the train left. (Left & reached both are past) here tow activities simultaneously happened in past. Activity 1:- he reached the station. Activity 2:- then train left. In such case the activity which is done first we use perfect for that, and for latter one we use past. The train had left (perfect) before he reached the station (past). Had shows past in past. Means in example 1 he reached in past and between two activities he did first on again past. (Past in past) SIMPLE PRESENT Past does not always refer past there are some exception. Will you tell me the road to the station? Would you tell me the road to the station? Here would does not actually express past but shows the element of politeness. It is called Attitudinal Past. Can & could has the same difference like will and would but in a more vivid way. Examples: - He could walk 10 miles when he was young. Here could is presenting past tense though it is mostly used in present. R.P = stands for Received Pronunciation means the most spoken pronunciation which will be accepted throughout. SIMPLE PRESEN Historical present:When the present refer about the past it is called Historical present. Narration:- ( simple present with past time reference) It narrations sometimes past tense is used just to arise suspense or create dramatic tension or dramatic atmosphere. But here past actually does not represent past, but is used just for above mentioning purposes. Example:- I was drowsing off before the t.v. Thief enters and points the gun to me. Neighbors assemble and he runs away. Note: - Except was drowsing off all sentences are in present. Was drowsing off is used to create dramatic situation. But everything is happening in the present. 2:- Great writes:Whenever we talk about great writers we always use present tense. Like Clarks Dickens discusses children problems in Oliver Twist. Bleak House depicts a very bleak picture of life. Note:- though these writers and their works are no more still we use present tense for them. 3:-Communication verbs:- speak, tell, hear, write these show the present effect of the information received in past. Example:- 1. John tells me that you have lived in Lahore. 2- Students say you got the 1st position. 1. He writes to the Newspaper editors. 4:- Newspaper & Headlines:- we use present to talk about recently past or sometimes there is picture so they use present tense with reference to that picture. Example : => children die in Blaze. P.Minister distributes the prize. People die when the explosive go off.(Collectivity) Pakistan has won the match. Pakistan have won the match. (Individual) Has shows team has won. Have means every individual in the team.

Ahmed Shigri

M.A.Eng 3rd Semester

5:- commentary => simultaneous present. Means things are happening and we are speaking. Running commentary is the best. DIFFERENCE B/W THESE PAIR Did he invite you in the party? Has he invite Did means past party is over now this Im asking Has means still there is some time in party and before party Im asking. He has passed the examination in 1999. (wrong) Because 1999 shows the past and with past we cant use has neither yesterday. ARTICAL He is the best student. He is my (determiner) best student. Determiner - Adjective Function it is not called adjective because it has not the full range of verb forms i.e my has no forms. Note:- Determiners has lack Degrees that is why we dont call them Adjective while all adjectives have degree. I will do what little I can. determiner. What a nice day. determiner. ( Adjectival function) My - has adjectival function so comes before noun. This is my book(n). Minehas a pronoun function so comes after noun. This book(n) is mine(p). THAT=>1. Pronoun 2.Adjective or determiner. 3.conjunction. I know that he is honest. => conjunction I know that man. => determiner I know that. => pronoun(b/c here is no nouns while in 2nd is a noun so it is determiner.

Prepared by Ahmed shigri

ahmedshigri_114@hotmail.com