Test Methods For Power Transformers QT No: Xx-Yy: Issue

Konar
PowerTransformers
Ltd.
TEST METHODS FOR POWER
TRANSFORMERS
QT No: xx-yy
Page : 1 / 2

Prepared by:
F. Jurakovi
Approved by:
I. ulc

Issue: 08.2003. 09.2003. 06.2004. 11.2004. 03.2006. 07.2006.
KPT-QT.001E, izdanje 08.2003.

TEST METHODS FOR POWER TRANSFORMERS
Contract number: XXXXXXX Transformer type: 0 XXX 000 000 000

TESTING POWER TRANSFORMERS

Test procedures and equipment used for the testing of large power transformers at Konar Power
transformers are dealt with in the following Sections.
The electrical characteristics and dielectric strength of the transformer are checked by means of
measurements and tests defined by standards.
The tests are carried out in accordance with IEC Standard 60076, Power transformers, unless otherwise
specified in the contract documents.

CONTENTS

Item

Title

ID
1. Summary of dielectric tests KPT-QTPT 001E issue 08.2003.
2. Measurement of voltage ratio and check of
connection symbol
KPT-QTPT 002E issue 08.2003.
3. Measurement of winding resistance KPT-QTPT 003E issue 08.2003.
4. Impedance and load loss measurement KPT-QTPT 004E issue 08.2003.
5. Measurement of no-load loss and current KPT-QTPT 005E issue 08.2003.
6. Induced overvoltage withstand test KPT-QTPT 006E issue 08.2003.
7. Partial discharge measurement KPT-QTPT 007E issue 08.2003.
8. Separate-source voltage test KPT-QTPT 008E issue 08.2003.
9. Operation tests on on-load tap-changer KPT-QTPT 009E issue 08.2003.
10. Measurement of the zero-sequence impedance KPT-QTPT 010E issue 09.2003.
11. Capacitance and the insulation power factor
measurement
12. Insulation resistance measurement KPT-QTPT 012E issue 09.2003.
13. Measurement of the electric strength of the
insulating oil
14. Temperature rise test KPT-QTPT 014E issue 11.2004.
15. Lightning impulse test KPT-QTPT 015E issue 08.2003.
16. Test with the lightning impulse chopped on the
tail
17. Switching impulse test KPT-QTPT 017E issue 09.2003.
18. Measurement of acoustic sound level KPT-QTPT 018E issue 09.2003.
19. Measurement of higher harmonics in
magnetizing current
20. Tightness (leakage) test KPT-QTPT 020E issue 09.2003.

Konar
PowerTransformers
Ltd.
TEST METHODS FOR POWER
TRANSFORMERS
QT No: xx-yy
Page : 2 / 2

Issue : 08.2003. 09.2003. 06.2004. 11.2004. 03.2006. 07.2006.
KPT-QT.001E, izdanje 08.2003.

Item

Title

ID
21. FRA measurement KPT-QTPT 021E issue 06.2004.
22. Core insulation measurement KPT-QTPT 022E issue 03.2006.
23. Power consumption of cooling system KPT-QTPT 023E issue 03.2006.
24. Measurement of transferred surges KPT-QTPT 024E issue 07.2006.

Konar
PowerTransformers
Ltd.
SUMMARY OF DIELECTRIC TESTS
KPT-QTPT 001E
Page: 1 / 4

1. SUMMARY OF DIELECTRIC TESTS

The Basic rules for insulation requirements and dielectric tests are summarized in table 1 (IEC 60076-3).
Levels of standard withstand voltages, identified by highest voltage for equipment U
m
of winding are given in
tables 2, 3 and 4.

The choice between the different levels of standard withstand voltage in these tables depends on the
severity of over voltage conditions to be expected in the system and on the importance of the particular
installation.

Tests

Category
of
winding

Highest voltage
for
equipment U
m

kV

Lightning
impulse (LI)

Switching
impulse (SI)

Long duration
AC (ACLD)

Short duration
AC (ACSD)

Separate
source AC
Uniform
insulation

Um72,5

Type
(note 1)

Not applicable

Not applicable
(note 1)

Routine

Routine
72,5<U
m
170 Routine Not applicable Special Routine Routine
170<U
m
<300 Routine Routine
(note 2)
Routine Special
(note 2)
Routine

Uniform
and non
uniform
insulation

Um300 Routine Routine Routine Special Routine

NOTE 1 In some countries, for transformers with Um72,5 kV, LI tests are required as routine tests, and ACLD tests are required as
routine or type tests.
NOTE 2 If the ACSD test is specified, the SI is not required. This should be clearly stated in the enquiry document.

Table 1 Requirement and tests for different categories of winding

Prepared by:
J. Bujanovi
Controlled by:
I. ulc
Approved by:
I. ulc
Issue: 08.2003.
KPT-QA.029E 1/2 izdanje 03.2002.
Konar
PowerTransformers
Ltd.
KPT-QTPT 001E
Page: 2 / 4

Highest voltage for
Equipment u
m

Kv r.m.s.

Rated lightning impulse
withstand voltage

kV peak

Rated short duration induced or separate source
AC withstand voltage

kV r.m.s.

20
3,6 10
40
7,2 20
60
12 28
75
17,5 38
95
24 50
125

145
36 70
170

52 250 95
60 280 115
72,5 325 140

380 150
100
450 185
123
550 230
145
650 275
170
750 325

NOTE Dotted lines may require additional phase-to-phase withstand tests to prove that
the required phase-to-phase withstand voltages are met.

Table 2 Rated withstand voltages for transformer winding with highest voltage for
equipment U
m
170 kV Series I based on European practice

Issue : 08.2003.
KPT-QA.029E. 2/2 izdanje 03.2002.
Konar
PowerTransformers
Ltd.
KPT-QTPT 001E
Page: 3 / 4

Rated lightning impulse
withstand voltage

kV peak
Rated short-duration induced or
separate source AC
withstand voltage
kV r.m.s.
Highest voltage for
equipment U
m

Distribution (note 1)
and class I
transformers
(note 2)
CLASS II
transformers
(note 3)
Distribution
and class I
transformers
CLASS II
transformers

15

26,4
36,5
48,3
72,5
121

145

169

95

125
150
200
250
350

110

-
150
200
250
350
350
450
550
650
750

34

40
50
70
95
140

34

-
50
70
95
140
140
185
230
275
325

NOTE 1 Distribution transformers transfer electrical energy from a primary distribution circuit to a
secondary distribution circuit.

NOTE 2 Class I power transformers include high-voltage windings of U
m
72,5 kV.

NOTE 3 Class II power transformers include high-voltage windings of U
m
121 kV.

Table 3 Rated withstand voltages for transformer windings with highest voltage for equipment
U
m
169 kV - Series II based on North American practice

Issue : 08.2003.
KPT-QA.029E. 2/2 izdanje 03.2002.
Konar
PowerTransformers
Ltd.
KPT-QTPT 001E
Page: 4 / 4

Highest voltage for
equipment U
m

kV r.m.s.
Rated switching impulse
withstand voltage phase-
to-earth

kV peak
Rated lightning
impulse withstand
voltage

kV peak
Rated short-duration
induced or separate
source AC withstand
voltage
kV r.m.s.

650
550 325
750
650 360
245
850
750 395
300 950
850 460
362 1 050
950 510

1 175

1050
850 460
1175
950 510
420 1300
1050 570
550 1425
1175 630
1550
1300 680
1675
1300 note 3
1800
800 1425 note 3
1950
1550 note 3
2100

NOTE 1 Dotted lines are not in line with IEC60071-1 but are current practice in some countries.

NOTE 2 For uniformly insulated transformers with extremely low values of rated AC insulation levels, special measures may
have to be taken to perform the short-duration AC induced test.

NOTE 3 Note applicable, unless otherwise agreed.

NOTE 4 For voltages given in the last column, higher test voltages may be required to prove that the required phase-to-phase
withstand voltages are met. This is valid for the lower insulation levels assigned to the different U
m
in the table.
Table 4 Rated withstand voltages for transformer windings with U
m
>170 kV

Issue : 08.2003.
KPT-QA.029E. 2/2 izdanje 03.2002.
Konar
PowerTransformers
Ltd.
MEASUREMENT OF VOLTAGE RATIO AND
CHECK OF CONNECTION SYMBOL
KPT-QTPT 002E
Page : 1 / 2

2. MEASUREMENT OF VOLTAGE RATIO AND CHECK OF CONNECTION SYMBOL

2.1 PURPOSE OF THE MEASUREMENT
The voltage ratio of a transformer is the ratio at no-load of rated voltage of one winding to the rated voltage
of another winding (line to line voltage in a three-phase transformer).
The purpose of the measurement is to check that the deviation of the voltage ration does not exceed the limit
of the transformer standard (generally 0,5%).
The vector group is also checked at the same time.

2.2 PERFORMANCE OF THE MEASUREMENT
The voltage ratio measurements are carried out by means of a measuring bridge. The accuracy of the bridge
is 0,1%.
The voltage supply used for the bridge is 400/230 (380/220) V, 50 Hz.
The function of the bridge is shown in Fig. 2-1. The voltages of the transformer under test are compared to
the corresponding voltages of a regulating inductive divider, which is placed inside the bridge and equipped
with a decade display. When the zero indicator is equilibrated, the voltage ration of the inductive divider is
the same as that of the transformer under test. The result of deviations is shown directly on the display of the
bridge.

U
1
1
U
1V
1W
1N
2U
2V
2W
2N
y
x
U
2
Test object
~

x
y x
U
U +
=
2
1

Fig. 2-1

Because the bridge measuring device works on the single-phase principle the voltage ratio is measured
phase by phase between two windings mounted on the same leg. The indication on the bridge display
depends on the vector group of the transformers main voltages (See Fig. 2-2)
At the same time with the voltage ratio measurement the vector group symbol of the transformer is also
checked. When the measuring conductors of the transformer are connected to the bridge according to
Fig. 2-1 and Fig. 2-2, the bridge can be balanced only if the vector group is correct.
Prepared by:
J. Bujanovi
Controlled by:
I. ulc
Approved by:
I. ulc
Issue: 08.2003.
Konar
PowerTransformers
Ltd.
MEASUREMENT OF VOLTAGE RATIO AND
CHECK OF CONNECTION SYMBOL
KPT-QTPT 002E
Page : 2 / 2

The ratio measurement is performed with the test object in no-load condition.
The voltage ratios are measured for each tapping connection of the transformer. In the report the specified
tapping voltage ratios are stated, as well as the deviations of measured ratios from these values. The
connection symbol is also stated in the test report.

Dd 0
iii
i
ii
I
I
II
II
III
III
0
i
Dy I
iii ii
i
Dz 0
iii ii
0
i
iii
8
Yz II
i
iii
ii
II
Dz 10
10
i
ii
iii
Yz 7
Dz 8 ii
7
i
iii
Dz 6
6
ii
ii
i
iii
Yz 5
i
5
ii
iii
Dz 4 iii
ii
i
2
Dz 2
iii i
ii
iii
ii
Yz I
i
I
4
i
Dd 2
iii
ii
I
2
i
Dd 4 iii
ii
4
iii
ii
Dy 5
i
5
6
iii
i
ii
Dd 6
Dy 7
i
7
ii
iii
Dd 8
iii
ii
i
8
10
Dd 10
iii
i ii
iii ii
Dy II
i
II
i
iii ii
Yy 0
0
i
iii
ii
Yd I
I
iii
Yd 5
i
ii
5
6
Yy 6
ii iii
i
7
Yd 7 ii
iii
i
Yd II
II
i
iii
ii

Fig. 2-2 Designation of symbols for three-phase transformers
Issue : 08.2003.
KPT-QA.029E. 2/2 izdanje 03.2002.
Konar
PowerTransformers
Ltd.
MEASUREMENT OF WINDING RESISTANCE

KPT-QTPT 003E
Page : 1 / 2

3. MEASUREMENT OF WINDING RESISTANCE

The resistance between all pairs of phase terminals of each transformer winding are measured using direct
current. The measurement is performed for each connection of connectable windings and for each tapping
connection. Furthermore the corresponding winding temperature is measured.
The measured resistances are needed in connection with the load loss measurement when the load losses
are corrected to correspond to the reference temperature.

The measurement will also show whether the winding joints are in order and the windings correctly
connected.
3.2 APPARATUS AND MEASURING CIRCUIT
Winding resistance between corresponding terminals is measured by means of U-I method.
The measurement is performed in all OLTC tappings. DC current and voltage drop are measured by using
instruments of 0,2 class according to Fig. 3-1.
A ration between voltage drop and current gives the measured resistance. Temperature is measured by Hg-
thermometer placed in the thermometer pocket on the transformer cover. The required current is obtained
from a battery 60V.

2U
2V
2W
1U
1V
1W
V
A
+
-
battery
Test object
Re

Fig. 3-1

The resistance value is then determined as
reading ampermeter
reading voltmeter
R =
Before the measurement starts, the transformer is standing for at least 3 hours filled with oil and without
excitation. During this period the temperature differences of the transformer will equalize and the winding
temperature will become equal to the oil temperature.
The average winding temperature is obtained by determining the average oil temperature. The average oil
temperature is obtained by measuring the top oil temperature in an oil-filled thermometer pocket situated in
cover, and the bottom oil temperature in the drain valve and taking the average of these two. When switching
on the supply voltage E to the measuring circuit the winding inductance L tends to resist the increase of the
current.
Prepared by:
J. Bujanovi
Controlled by:
I. ulc
Approved by:
I. ulc
Issue: 08.2003.
Konar
PowerTransformers
Ltd.
MEASUREMENT OF WINDING RESISTANCE

KPT-QTPT 003E
Page : 2 / 2

The rate of increase depends on the time constant of the circuit:
(3.1)
=

L
Rt
e
R
E
i 1
t = time from switching on
L/R = time constant of the circuit
R = total resistance of the circuit

To shorten the time for the current to become steady so high a measuring current is used that the core will
be saturated and the inductance will be low. The measuring current is usually 510 times the no-load
current of the winding. However, the current should be less than 10% of the rated current of the winding,
otherwise the temperature rise of the winding caused by measuring current will give rise to measuring errors.
Furthermore the time constant can be reduced by using as high a supply voltage as possible enabling an
increased series resistance in the circuit. When using a battery, the supply voltage is approximately constant
and the current is adjusted by means of the series resistance R
e
.
3.4 TEST RESULT
The resistance values and the average temperature are calculated. In the report the terminals, between
which the resistances are measured, the connection, the tapping position and the average temperature of
the windings during the measurement are stated.

Issue : 08.2003.
KPT-QA.029E. 2/2 izdanje 03.2002.
Konar
PowerTransformers
Ltd.
IMPEDANCE AND LOAD LOSS MEASUREMENT
KPT-QTPT 004E
Page : 1 / 5

4. IMPEDANCE AND LOAD LOSS MEASUREMENT
The measurement of impedance and load loss of transformers is a routine test performed on all units. It is
only possible to do in a proper way on the complete unit at the final testing. It serves to verify properties that
are of great importance to the transformer operation. The impedance is decisive for the distribution of
currents and voltages within the power system and load losses are important for an economic operation of
the network. It is not practical to carry out these measurements with the test object in normal operation
transmitting its rated power. The tests are made at short-circuit condition with one winding short-circuited
and current at rated frequency supplied to another winding. For multi-winding transformers the test has to be
repeated for each combination of two windings.
4.2 IMPEDANCE
The measured impedance voltage depends on the voltage rating of the winding where the measurements
are made. Consequently it is customary to express the impedance voltage as a percentage of the rated
voltage of the corresponding winding.
4.3 LOAD LOSSES
The measured load losses will be practically the same independent of which winding is short-circuited and to
which winding the current is supplied. The load losses are losses associated with the load current and the
leakage flux and consist of losses in conductors as for DC, eddy-current losses in conductors caused by the
leakage flux and hysteresis and eddy-current losses in the core, clumps and tank structure. From the total
losses measured and the winding DC-resistances, the stray losses are computed. Separation of the loss
components is necessary as information for prediction and control of losses. It is also necessary for
converting the losses from the temperature at the measurement to the reference temperature as the loss
components are affected differently by a change in temperature.
4.4 APPARATUS AND MEASURING CIRCUIT
On account of the test room facilities it is customary to short-circuit the low voltage winding and supply
current to the high voltage winding. For large test objects the demand for reactive power will be considerable
and is normally supplied by static condenser banks. As the impedance voltage will vary within wide limits, a
step-up transformer is normally necessary between the generator and the test object. Voltages, currents and
power are measured by instruments supplied from measuring transformers as given in fig. 4-1 as an
example. Only high quality measuring transformers and instruments must be used. The impedances of
transformers are linear and there is no need to take creation of harmonics into consideration. Especially
large test objects have low power factors and this imposes severe demands on the measurements of power.
In the state-of-the-art testing installation digital wattmeters will be utilized which have superior ability for data
recording. With a data acquisition system and a suitable computer program the measured data are
processed and a complete test record written out.
In a traditional instrumentation the three-wattmeter method should always be used for three-phase
measurements.
Irrespective of the instrumentation for power measurement, the errors in ratio and phase displacement of the
measuring transformers will introduce errors which have to be corrected. Correction of errors is discussed in
clause 4.5.
The temperature is an important factor in this test and is measured with thermometers in the oil system.

Prepared by:
J. Bujanovi
Controlled by:
I. ulc
Approved by:
I. ulc
Issue: 08.2003.
Konar
PowerTransformers
Ltd.
KPT-QTPT 004E
Page : 2 / 5

G
A
W
I
A
A A
I
B
I
C
W
W
f
C
V
A
B
C
U
A
U
B
U
C
I
A
I
B
I
C
U
A
U
B
U
C
Data Acquisition & Wave Analyser

Fig. 4-1 Circuity for measuring load loss and impedance voltage
4.5 ERROR ANALYSIS
With increasing cost of energy, the loss evaluation has become an important factor in appraisals of
transformers. Consequently it is imperative that the exact losses are established and known errors are stated
and corrected.
Determination of measuring errors and their correction is a complex matter. The present analysis will not
cover the complete subject but deal only with errors in the measuring equipment.
We denote measured values as P, U, I, cos and corrected values as P,U, I and cos respectively.
Consequently, the losses to be measured are:

P=U I cos

Corrections for errors introduced by the recording instruments should be available from calibration sheets for
equipment in question. In a traditional analogue instrumentation the best available instruments should be
used. At present it is customary to use watt meters of class 0,5 with cos=0,1. Ampermeters and voltmeters
have class 0,1 or 0,2. The actual instrument errors are normally only a fraction of their nominal classes.

Digital wattmeters have accuracies of the same order as the best of available analogue instruments, but their
reading will result in greatly improved accuracy because random errors are virtually eliminated due to better
resolution and synchronous recording of values.

It is important that the corrections correspond to the actual ranges and deflections. Additionally, for watt-
meters the corrections must cover the range of actual power factors.

Measuring transformers introduce errors in ratio and phase displacement. The errors in phase displacement
are especially important in consideration of the low power factors for load-losses in power transformers.

Ratio and phase displacement errors are given in calibration records as deviations in percent and minutes
respectively and their respective signs.
According to definitions in standards ((for example IEC Publ. 60185 and 60186):

Issue : 08.2003.
KPT-QA.029E. 2/2 izdanje 03.2002.
Konar
PowerTransformers
Ltd.
KPT-QTPT 004E
Page : 3 / 5

Ratio errors are considered as positive when the secondary value is greater than the nominal value when the
primary value equals the rated primary value.
Phase displacement errors are considered as positive when the secondary value leads the primary value in
phase.

The ratio errors E
i
and E
u
are then:

(4.2)
| |
% 100
=
U
U U
E
u
i.e. |
.
|
\
|
+ =
100
1
u
E
U U

(4.3)
| |
% 100
=
I
I I
E
i
i.e. |
.
|
\
|
+ =
100
1
i
E
I I

(4.4) =u-i

Signs of phase displacement of the current and voltage vectors and their combination into a total phase
angle error, valid for inductive conditions.

Fig 4.2

From the definition of error it follows that a relative correction factor c can be expressed as:

% 100
=
value corrected
value measured value corrected
c

Issue : 08.2003.
KPT-QA.029E. 2/2 izdanje 03.2002.
Konar
PowerTransformers
Ltd.
KPT-QTPT 004E
Page : 4 / 5

Applied on the measured power this yields:

% 100
cos
) cos( cos

+
=

I U
I U I U
c
| % 100
cos
sin sin cos cos
)
100
1 ( )
100
1 ( 1

+ + =

i u
E E

The following simplifications can be made:

cos 1; sin ; sin 1 ( in radians)

By neglecting products of errors, the total error will be:

| | | | | |
)% 100
cos
(
% % %
+ + =
i u
E E E

Phase displacement errors are normally given in minutes and the correction formula is then:

(4.5)
| | | |
|
| |
( ) | %
cos
0291 , 0
% % %
+ + =
i u i u
E E E

The power factor has to be computed:

(4.6)

)
I U
P
= + cos( and )

cos . cos( cos
=
I U
P
arc
In all the formulas (4.2) to (4.6) the errors are to be introduced with their respective signs.
The ratio errors are normally only a small fraction of a percent and can in most cases be neglected.

The phase displacement errors are predominantly dependent on the burden and the degree of excitation of
the measuring transformer.
Consequently, care should be taken to apply the errors corresponding to both the burden in the measuring
circuit and the actual deflection. The corrected value for the power is:

(4.7)
| |
)
100
1 (
%
E
P P =

The correction shall principally be performed on each phase value. That is easily accomplished using a
computer program. When having to do manual correction, this is more convenient to do on the total three-
phase losses using average values of currents, voltage and errors, provided these do not deviate much
within the phases.

Analyses of load losses on several large units show that the power factors deviate only slightly within
phases, but the phase displacement errors of measuring transformers can vary considerably even for units
of the same make and with the best available class.
If the reactive power supplied by the generator G

is not sufficient when measuring large transformers, a
capacitor bank C is used to compensate part of the inductive reactive power taken by the transformer.
Issue : 08.2003.
KPT-QA.029E. 2/2 izdanje 03.2002.
Konar
PowerTransformers
Ltd.
KPT-QTPT 004E
Page : 5 / 5

The voltage of the supply generator is raised until the current has attained the required value (50100% of
the rated current according to the standard). If a winding in the pair to be measured is equipped with an off-
circuit or on-load tap-changer, the measurements are carried out on the principal and extreme tappings.
The readings have to be taken as quickly as possible, because the windings tend to warm up due to the
current and the loss values obtained in measurement are higher accordingly.
If the transformer has more than two windings all winding pairs are measured separately.
If the measuring current I deviates from the rated current I, the power P

and the voltage U at rated current
are obtained by applying corrections to the values P and U relating to the measuring current.
The corrections are made as follows:

(4.8) P =
m
m
r
P
I
I
2
|
|
.
|
\
|

(4.9)
m
m
r
U
I
I
U =

Mean values are calculated of the values corrected to the rated current and the mean values are used in the
following. According to the standards the measured value of the losses shall be corrected to a winding
temperature of 75C. The transformer is at ambient temperature when the measurements are carried out,
and the loss values are corrected to the reference temperature 75C according to the standards as follows.

The d.c. losses I
2
R at the measuring temperature m are calculated using the resistance values R
1m
and R
2m

obtained in the resistance measurement (for windings 1 and 2 between line terminals):

(4.10) ( )
) 2
2
2
1
2
2
5 , 1
m m
I R I R I R I + =

The additional losses Pam at the measuring temperature are

(4.11) R I P P
m am
2
=

When the losses are corrected to 75C, it is assumed that the d.c. losses vary directly with resistance and
the additional losses inversely with resistance. The losses corrected to 75C are obtained as follows:

(4.12)
C
P
C
R I P
s
m s
am
m s
s
c
+
+
+
+
+
=
75
75
2
s
= 235C for Copper
s
= 225C for Aluminium
4.7 RESULTS
The report indicates for each winding pair the power S
N
and the following values corrected to 75C and the
relating to the principal and extreme tappings.
Issue : 08.2003.
KPT-QA.029E. 2/2 izdanje 03.2002.
Konar
Power
Transformers Ltd.
MEASUREMENT OF NO- LOAD
LOSS AND CURRENT
KPT-QTPT 005E
Page : 1 / 2

5. MEASUREMENT OF NO- LOAD LOSS AND CURRENT
In the no-load measurement the no-load losses P
0
and the no-load current I
0
of the transformer are
determined at rated voltage and rated frequency.
The test is usually carried out at several voltages bellow and above the rated voltage U
N
, and the results are
interpolated to correspond to the voltage values from 90 to 110% of U
N
at 5% intervals.

APPARATUS AND MEASURING CIRCUITS

I
A
I
B
I
C
A
B
C
U
A
U
B
U
C
I
A I
B
I
C
U
A
U
B
U
C
Data Acquisition & Wav e Analy ser
U = U
a v
1,11
U = U
rms
W
W
W
A A
A
V
V
V
G

Fig. 5-1 Circuit for the no-load loss measurement

5.2 PERFORMANCE
The following losses occur at no-load:
- iron losses in the transformer core and other constructional parts
- dielectric losses in the insulations
- load losses caused by the no-load current

While two last mentioned losses are small, they are generally ignored.

When carrying out the no-load measurement, the voltage wave shape may somewhat differ from the
sinusoidal form. This is caused by the harmonics in the magnetizing current which cause additional voltage
drops in the impedances of the supply. The readings of the mean value meter and r.m.s. meter will be
different. The test voltage wave shape is satisfactory if the readings Uand U are equal within 3%.

Prepared by:
J. Bujanovi
Controlled by:
I. ulc
Approved by:
I. ulc
Issue: 08.2003.
Konar
Power
Transformers Ltd.
MEASUREMENT OF NO- LOAD
LOSS AND CURRENT
KPT-QTPT 005E
Page : 2 / 2

Because the losses are to be determined under standard conditions, it is necessary to apply a wave shape
correction whereby the losses are corrected to correspond to test conditions where the supply voltage is
sinusoidal.
In the test the voltage is adjusted so that the mean value voltmeter indicates the required voltage value (U).
At the same time, a voltmeter responsive to the r.m.s. value of voltage shall be connected in parallel with the
mean-value voltmeter and its indicated voltage U shall be recorded.

The following formula is valid for the iron losses.

The measured no-load loss is Pm and the corrected no load is taken as:

( ) d P P
m
+ = 1
0

U
U U
d

= (usually negative)

The current and power readings of different phases are usually different (the power can be negative in some
phase).
This is due to the asymmetric construction of the 3-phase transformer; the mutual inductances between
different phases are not equal.

5.3 RESULTS
The report shows the corrected readings at each voltage value, as well as the mean values of the currents of
all three phases.
A regression analysis is carried out on the corrected readings. From the no-load curve thus obtained the no-
load losses and no-load apparent power corresponding to voltage values from 90 to 110% of U
N
at 5%
intervals are determined and stated.

Issue : 08.2003.
KPT-QA.029E. 2/2 izdanje 03.2002.
Konar
PowerTransformers
Ltd.
INDUCED OVERVOLTAGE WITHSTAND TEST
KPT-QTPT 006E
Page : 1 / 4

6. INDUCED OVERVOLTAGE WITHSTAND TEST
6.1 PURPOSE OF THE TEST
The object of the test is to secure that the insulation terminals between the phase windings, turns, tapping
leads and terminals, withstand the temporary overvoltages and switching overvoltages to which the
transformer may be subjected during its lifetime.
For non-uniformly insulated windings this test will also demonstrate the strength of insulation from windings
to earth and between phases of multi-phased units.
The induced voltage test is a routine test for all units and it is specified as the last dielectric test.
6.2 PERFORMANCE
The transformer is excited to the terminals of the low-voltage windings and all other windings are left open-
circuited. Voltages are then induced in all windings according to the turn ratio.
To avoid excessive magnetizing current during the test, the test object is supplied from 200 Hz generator
through a step-up transformer.
Induced voltage tests are specified as short duration or long duration tests.
Standard short duration test is routine test for transformer with highest voltage U
m
170 kV and long duration
test is routine test for transformer with highest voltages U
m
>170 kV. In other cases one of these two tests
could be specified as a special test.
6.2.1 Short duration induced AC withstand voltage test [ACSD] for transformers with
uniformly insulated high voltage windings
On transformer with uniformly insulated windings, only phase-to-phase tests are carried out. Phase-to-earth
tests are covered by separate source AC test according to IEC 60076-3, clause 11.
Dependent on the highest voltage for equipment Um, the test shall be carried out with or without partial
discharge measurements.

6.2.1.a Transformers without specified partial discharge measurement at ACSD
The test voltage connection is quite same as in service. A three-phase transformers are tested with
symmetrical three-phase voltage induced in the phase windings. If a transformer has a neutral, it should be
earthed during the test.
The test voltage is twice the rated voltage. However, the voltage developed between line terminals of any
other windings shall not exceed the rated short duration power-frequency withstand voltage.
The time of application of the full test voltage shall be:

Hz for
frequency test
frequency rated
t 50 30 sec 120
.
.
= = ,

or 36 seconds for 60 Hz power frequency

The test is successful if no collapse of the test voltage occurs.
Prepared by:
J. Bujanovi
Controlled by:
I. ulc
Approved by:
I. ulc
Issue: 08.2003.
Konar
PowerTransformers
Ltd.
KPT-QTPT 006E
Page : 2 / 4

6.2.1.b Transformers with specified partial discharge measurement at ACSD
These transformers shall be tested with partial discharge measurement. The three-phase transformers are
tested with symmetrical three-phase voltage. The phase-to-phase test voltages shall not exceed the
specified withstand voltage for the winding in question. The full test voltage is twice the rated voltage.
The partial discharge performance shall be controlled according to the time sequence, for the application of
the voltage as shown in Fig. 6-1.

U start
A
B
C
D
E
3 / 1 , 1
m
U 3 / 1 , 1
m
U
3 / 3 , 1
m
U
2
U
voltage
test
U
1
2
U
< U start

Fig. 6-1 Time sequence for the application of test voltage with respect to earth

A=5 min; C=test time (30 or 36 s) E=5 min
B=5 min; D=5 min

The Background noise level shall not exceed 100 pC
The test is successful if:
- no collapse of the test voltage occurs;
- apparent charge at U
2
does not exceed 300 pC on all measuring terminals
- the partial discharge behaviour does not show a continuing rising tendency

6.2.2. Short duration AC withstand voltage test (ACSD) for transformers with non-uniforml y
insulated high-voltage windings
For three-phase transformers, two sets of tests are required namely:
a) A phase-to-earth test with specified withstand voltages between phase and earth, with partial
discharge measurement
b) A phase-to-phase with earthed neutral and with rated specified withstand voltage between phases
with partial discharge measurement

a) The test sequence for a three-phase transformer consists of three single-phase applications of test
voltage with different points of the windings connected to earth at each time. There are few possible
methods, which avoid excessive overvoltage between line terminals.
For particular complicated winding arrangements, the test sequence and the test connections should be
agreed upon before test and test diagram should be enclosed to the test report.
The test time and the time sequence for the application of test voltage shall be as shown in Fig. 6-1.
U
1
is the specified test voltage and U
2
=1,5U
m
/3 (acc. to the table 2,3 or 4 from KPT-QTPT 001E).
Issue : 08.2003.
KPT-QA.029E. 2/2 izdanje 03.2002.
Konar
PowerTransformers
Ltd.
KPT-QTPT 006E
Page : 3 / 4

b) For the partial discharge performance evaluation, during the phase-to-phase test, measurements should
be taken at U
2
=1,3 U
m
.
The test time and the time sequence for the application of test voltage shall be as described in 6.2.1.b.
6.2.3 Long duration induced AC voltage test (ACLD) with non-uniformly and/or uniformly
insulated high-voltage windings
For the highest insulation levels (>170 kV) a long duration induced voltage test including observation of
partial discharges, should be specified as a routine test (see table 1 in KPT-QTPT 001E).
A three-phase transformer shall be tested preferably in a symmetrical three-phase connection (see Fig. 6-2a)
or in some cases in a single-phase connection that gives voltages in the line terminals according to Fig.6-2b
(successively applied to all three phases).

U
U U
U -0,5U -0,5U
a) b)
G
G

Fig. 6-2

A three-phase transformer supplied from the low-voltage winding side with a delta-connected high-voltage
windings can receive the proper test voltages only in a three phase test with a floating high-voltage winding.
The neutral terminal, if present, of the winding under test and/or other separate windings shall be earthed.
Tapped windings shall be connected to the principal tapping, unless otherwise agreed.
The test time and the time sequence for the application of test voltage shall be as shown on Fig. 6-3.

The voltage to earth shall be: U
1
=1,7U
m
/3
U
2
=1,5 U
m
/3

Issue : 08.2003.
KPT-QA.029E. 2/2 izdanje 03.2002.
Konar
PowerTransformers
Ltd.
KPT-QTPT 006E
Page : 4 / 4

A
B
C
D
E
3 / 1 , 1
m
U
3 / 1 , 1
m
U
3 / 5 , 1
2 m
U U =
3 / 7 , 1
1 m
U U =
3 / 5 , 1
2 m
U U =
< U
start
U
start

Fig. 6-3 Time sequence for the application of test voltage for induced AC long-duration tests (ACLD)

A= 5 min; C= test time (30 or 36 s)
B= 5 min; D= 60 min for U
m
300 kV or 30 min for U
m
<300 kV
E= 5 min;

During the whole application of the test voltage, partial discharges shall be monitored.
Further information, about purpose and methods may be obtained from enclosed application guide for partial
discharge measurements. (KPT-QTPT 007E)

The test is successful if:
- no collapse of the test voltage occurs
- the continuous level of partial discharges does not exceed 500 pC during long duration test at U
2

- the partial discharge behaviour shows no continuously rising tendency at U
2
.

In the case of failure to meet the partial discharge acceptance criteria, further investigation should be
undertaken in accordance to IEC 60076-3, clause 12 and Annex A.

Issue : 08.2003.
KPT-QA.029E. 2/2 izdanje 03.2002.
Konar
PowerTransformers
Ltd.
PARTIAL DISCHARGE MEASUREMENT
KPT-QTPT 007E
Page : 1 / 2

7. PARTIAL DISCHARGE MEASUREMENT
7.1 GENERAL
The partial discharge (PD) measurement is a method of observing the quality of the insulation without risk of
breakdown. From the results of measurement conclusions can be drawn about the state of insulation, the
quality of manufacture and possible concealed defects of insulation.
Partial discharge of some magnitude can cause gassing premature aging or even destruction of the
insulation after a short time. On the other hand, partial discharges occurring in certain materials and not
exceeding certain intensity are harmless.
PD measurements have become an important aid to quality control in transformer construction.
The criteria for assessment are the apparent charge q in pC.
7.1 TEST AND MEASURING CIRCUIT
For power transformers the PD measurement is normally performed during the induced overvoltage test as it
was described in KPT-QTPT 006E.
Figure 7-1 shows the connection of test and measuring equipment used during partial discharge
measurement of one three phase transformer.

G
F
V
V
V
2U
2V
2W
1V
1W
3
2
1
4 5
6
7
8
9
11
Zm
1U

Fig. 7-1 Measuring basic circuit

1 Transformer to be tested (Test object)
2. Bushing taps for connection the pd-measuring equipment
3 Coupling quadripol
4 Measuring point selector
5 ERA discharge detector models: type 652, with discharge magnitude meter type 666 (band with 40-220
kHz or 3dB)
6 Oscilloscope for observation the pulse distribution over one cycle of the test voltage ratio
7 Feeding generator 200 Hz
8 Step up transformer
9 Compensating power reactors
10 Selective low-pass filters (for 200Hz)
11 Potential transformers plus measuring circuit

The scheme is generally adapted for testing high-voltage transformers. The measuring circuit and indication
on instruments constitute a Broad Band pass system determined by their frequency characteristics. In
accordance to IEC 60270, the frequency characteristics are determined by lower and upper cut-off
frequencies f1 and f2, which is at 3 dB for wide band (f=f2-f1) or in this case 40-220 KHz.
The measuring impedance Zm is connected to the test tap of the condenser Bushing. Using measuring point
selector give us opportunity to perform the measurement on several terminals simultaneously.
Prepared by:
J. Bujanovi
Controlled by:
I. ulc
Approved by:
I. ulc
Issue: 08.2003.
Konar
PowerTransformers
Ltd.
PARTIAL DISCHARGE MEASUREMENT
KPT-QTPT 007E
Page : 2 / 2

7.2 CALIBRATION MEASUREMENT
The purpose of the measurement is to determine the scale factor K for the measurement with the complete
test and measuring circuit.
The calibration is performed by injecting an apparent charge q
0
between each HV terminals and earthed
transformer tank using measuring point selector, as it is shown in Fig. 7-2.
The ratio of q
0
to reading of the pC meter gives the scale factor of the pC meter. (
om
q
q
k = )
Because ERA discharge detector is equipped with suitable variable amplifier the signal can be adjusted to
read the applied charge directly on the pC meter multiplied by scale factor k.

V
W
1
4
5
6
F
U
12
Zm

Fig. 7-2 Calibration measurement
To achieve the desired low PD level, it is necessary to perform a thorough preparation of the test
transformer.
The terminals should be shielded, the bushings must be cleaned and all foreign objects removed from the
cover and tank because unearthed surface can give undesired discharges.
The background level should be recorded with the complete test circuit connected, including the supply
circuit, but at nearly zero voltage.
The voltage is increased stepwise, first up to 1,1 U
m
/3 and held there for a duration of 5 min; raised to U2
and held there for a duration of 5 min; raised to U1, held there for the test time as stated in instruction Part
for induced voltage (KPT-QTPT 006E)
Immediately after test time, reduced to U
2
and held thee for a specified duration for 5, 30 or 60 min (KPT-
QTPT 006E); reduced to 1,1 Um/3 and held there for a duration of 5 min, reduced to a value below one-
third of U
2
before switching off.
The standard PD measuring sequence is reading of the PD levels at specified voltage levels at specified
intervals (5 min) during the induced voltage test.
If higher then prescribed or specified PD levels occur the inception and extinction voltages should be
determined.

The voltage should be increased and subsequently reduced until the discharges are decreased below the
specified level and the voltage are recorded as inception / extinction voltage.
In such case further investigations have to be performed to check the severity of the PD.
For example: From the distribution of discharged pulses which appear an ellipse (on oscilloscope)
conclusions can be drawn as a to the type of defect.

7.4 TEST REPORT
A summary of test results which include measurement of PD for each terminal or measuring channel; applied
calibration charge, applied voltage, time intervals and background level will put down on a form made for this
purpose.
Issue : 08.2003.
KPT-QA.029E. 2/2 izdanje 03.2002.
Konar
Power
transformers Ltd.
SEPARATE SOURCE VOLTAGE TEST
KPT-QTPT 008E
Page: 1/1

8. SEPARATE-SOURCE VOLTAGE TEST

The object of the test is to secure that the insulation between the windings and the insulation between
windings and the earthed parts withstand temporary overvoltages and switching overvoltages which may
occur in service.

8.2 TEST CIRCUIT

T
2
b
c
GS
G
1
L
A
R
P
2
P
3
V V
E
N
A
B
C
a
T
3
T
1

P
1

Fig. 8-1 Test circuit for separate-source voltage withstand test

G
1
supply generator, T
1
test transformer, T
2
transformer under test, T
3
current transformer,
L compensating reactor, E voltage divider, P
1
ammeter, P
2
voltmeter (r.m.s. value), P
3
voltmeter
(peak value).

The voltage is measured using a capacitive voltage divider in conjunction with voltmeters responsive to
r.m.s. and peak values. The peak-voltmeter indicates the peak value divided by 2. The test voltage is
adjusted according to this meter.

8.3 PERFORMANCE
The test is made with single-phase voltage of rated frequency. The test voltage is applied for 60 seconds
between all terminals of the winding under test and all terminals of the remaining windings, core and tank of
the transformer, connected together to earth. (Fig. 8-1)
On windings with non-uniform insulation the test is carried out with the test voltage specified for the neutral
terminal.
The test is successful if no collapse of the test voltage occurs.

8.4 TEST REPORT
The test voltage, frequency and test duration are stated in the report.

Made:
J. Bujanovi
Controlled:
I. ulc
Approved:
I. ulc
Issue: 08.2003
KPT-QA.029E.1/2 izdanje 03.2002.
Konar
PowerTransformers
Ltd.
OPERATION TESTS ON ON-LOAD
TAP CHANGER
KPT-QTPT 009E
Page : 1 / 1

9. OPERATION TESTS ON ON-LOAD TAP CHANGER
After the tap-changer is fully assembled on the transformer, the following tests are performed at (with
exception of b) 100% of the rated auxiliary supply voltage:

8 complete operating cycles with the transformer not energized
1 complete operating cycle with the transformer not energized, with 85% of the rated auxiliary supply
voltage ratio 1 complete operating cycle with the transformer energized at rated voltage and
frequency at no load
10 tap-change operations with two steps on either side of the principal tapping with as far as
possible the rated current of the transformer, with one winding short-circuited
Prepared by:
J. Bujanovi
Controlled by:
I. ulc
Approved by:
I. ulc
Issue: 08.2003.
Konar
PowerTransformers
Ltd.
MEASUREMENT OF THE ZERO-SEQUENCE
IMPEDANCE
KPT-QTPT 010E
Page : 1 / 2

10. MEASUREMENT OF THE ZERO-SEQUENCE IMPEDANCE
The zero sequence impedance is the impedance, which a three-phase circuit gives to a set of currents that
are equal to and in phase with each other in all phases.
The zero-sequence impedance is of interest for calculating loads and currents at unsymmetrical conditions.
At such calculations the method of symmetrical components is applied. By this method any set of
unsymmetrical three-phase vectors are resolved into three symmetrical component sets: the positive, the
negative and the zero sequence phase system.
The relation of the symmetrical sets of voltage and currents is for each system given by corresponding
impedances.
Measurement of zero-sequence impedances is a special test that is carried out only when specified in the
contract.

10.2 MEASURING CIRCUIT AND METHOD
The zero-sequence impedance is normally measured in connection with the load-loss and impedance
voltage test. The circuitry used is the same as for this test, but modified for one phase measurement as
shown in
fig. 10.1.

Fig. 10-1 Circuitry for measuring zero-sequence impedance
Prepared by:
J. Bujanovi
Controlled by:
I. ulc
Approved by:
I. ulc
Issue: 08.2003. 09.2003.
Konar
PowerTransformers
Ltd.
MEASUREMENT OF THE ZERO-SEQUENCE
IMPEDANCE
KPT-QTPT 010E
Page : 2 / 2

The phase terminals of the Y-connected winding are short-circuited and the voltage is applied between this
connection and the neutral point.
For units where the current-carrying windings are equipped with tap changers, the measurements should be
performed on the three main taps. Any tests on other tap positions should be specified in the contract.
For test objects with auxiliary or stabilizing windings, care should be taken to control that the current
capacities of these are not exceeded. When necessary the final result is obtained by extrapolation.
The applied voltage and current are recorded.

10.3 PRESENTATION OF RESULTS
The zero-sequence impedance Z
0
is the quotient of the voltage and the current on the per phase basis which
is:

[ ] ohms
I
U
Z = 3
0

Like short-circuit impedances the zero-sequence impedance is normally expressed in percent of the per-unit
value:

% 100 3 % 100
2
0
0
= =
r
r
r
U
P
I
U
Z
Z
Z

Issue : 08.2003. 09.2003.
KPT-QA.029E. 2/2 izdanje 03.2002.
Konar
PowerTransformers
Ltd.
CAPACITANCE AND THE INSULATION POWER
FACTOR MEASUREMENT
KPT-QTPT 011E
Page : 1 / 2

Prepared by:
F. Jurakovi
Controlled by:
I. ulc
Approved by:
I. ulc
Issue: 08.2003. 11.2004.
11. CAPACITANCE AND THE INSULATION POWER FACTOR MEASUREMENT
The purpose of the measurement is to determine the capacitances and power factor (tan) between the
windings and the earthed parts and between the different windings of the transformer.
The capacitance values are needed when planning transformer overvoltage protection and calculating the
overvoltages affecting the transformer. In addition the results are used by the manufacturer for design
purposes.
The power factor (tan) is used as an indicator of the general condition of the insulation. The power factor
value is useful for evaluation the dryness of the insulation or aging and any oil contamination.
All line terminals of each winding are connected together during the measurement. The winding
capacitances of two-and three winding transformers are shown on Fig. 11-1.

Transformer capacitances

a. two-winding transformer (tests with guard circuit)
b. three-winding transformer (tests with guard circuit)

Measurements of capacitances is performed together with insulation power factor measurement.

a) Two-winding transformers (tests with guard circuit)

High to low, guard on ground (C
12
)
High to ground, guard on low (C
10
)
Low to ground, guard on high (C
20
)

b) Three-winding transformers (tests with guard circuit)
High to ground, guard on low and tertiary (C
10
)
High to low, guard on tertiary and ground (C
12

High to tertiary, guard on low and ground (C
13
)
Low to ground, guard on high and tertiary (C
20
)
Low to tertiary, guard on high and ground (C
23
)
Tertiary to ground, guard on high and low (C
30
)
b a
1
2
C
10
C
12
C
20
C
10
C
12
C
20
C
13
C
23
C
30
1 2 3
Fig. 11-1 Transformer capacitances

Konar
PowerTransformers
Ltd.
CAPACITANCE AND THE INSULATION POWER
FACTOR MEASUREMENT
KPT-QTPT 011E
Page : 2 / 2

Issue : 08.2003. 11.2004.
KPT-QA.029E. 2/2 izdanje 03.2002.
The term guard signifies one or more conducting elements arranged and connected on an electrical
instrument or measuring circuit so as to divert unwanted currents from measuring means.
The basic diagrams of the test circuits are shown on Fig. 11-2.
The capacitance, power factor and the average temperature values are stated in the test report.

Mj erni i nstrument -
Measuri ng i nstrument
(Tettex Type
5281/2805)
C1-0 C1-2 C2-0
VN-
HV
NN-L
V
Ispi ti vani transformator - Tranformer under test
R
C
C
N
v
High
Low
Test ci rcui t for measurement C1-2+C1-0 (GST or GND). (Capaci tance of HV-wi ndi ng to LV-wi ndi ng
and a tank. Tank and LV-wi ndi ng to ground.)
(Tettex Type
5281/2805)
C1-0
C1-2
C2-0
VN-
HV
NN-L
V
R
C
C
N
v
High
Low
Test ci rcui t for measurement C1-2 (UST). (Capaci tance of HV-wi ndi ng to LV-wi ndi ng)
(Tettex Type
5281/2805)
C1-0 C1-2
C2-0
VN-
HV
NN-L
V
R
C
C
N
v
High
Low
Test ci rcui t for measurement C1-0 (GSTg or GRD). (Capaci tance of HV-wi ndi ng to tank.)

Fig. 11.2 TEST CIRCUIT FOR MEASUREMENT OF CAPACITANCE AND INSULATION POWER FACTOR
Konar
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Ltd.
INSULATION RESISTANCE MEASUREMENT
KPT-QTPT 012E
Page : 1 / 2

12. INSULATION RESISTANCE MEASUREMENT
The purpose of the measurement is to determine the insulation resistance from individual winding to ground
or between individual windings.
The insulation resistance measured in the factory afford a useful indication as to whether the transformers
are in suitable condition for application of dielectric test.
Furthermore, results obtained in such tests are useful as reference values for later measurement at site. The
absolute insulation resistance values depend on the transformer rated power, temperature, dryness,
cleanliness and some other properties of the parts. That is why it is impossible to nominate or define a
general allowable minimum insulation resistance value for transformers of different ratings.

The insulation resistance is expresssed in megohms and measured by means of an insulation resistance
meter with three line terminals at a voltage of 2500 or 5000 V d.c.
All line terminals of each winding are connected together during the measurement.
The resistance readings R15 and R60 are taken 15 sec and 60 sec after connecting the voltage.
Measurement to be made in insulation resistance tests are:

a) Two winding transformer tests with guard circuit:
High to low, guard on ground (R12)
High to ground, guard on low (R10)
Low to ground, guard on high (R20)
b) Three winding transformer tests with guard circuit
High to ground, guard on low and tertiary (R10)
High to low, guard on tertiary and ground (R12)
High on tertiary, guard on low and ground (R13)
Low to tertiary, guard on high and ground (R23)
Low to ground, guard on high and tertiary (R20)
Tertiary to ground, guard on high and low (R30)

Each winding is measured separately by connecting the voltage between the winding to be tested and earth,
while the other windings are earthed. The resistance readings R
15
and R
60
are taken 15s and 60s after
connecting the voltage.
The type of meter used, the measuring voltage, and temperature, R
15
, R
60
and R
60
/R
15
are stated in the
report.
The basic diagrams of the test circuits for one three-winding transformer is shown on Fig. 12-1.

Prepared by:
J. Bujanovi
Controlled by:
I. ulc
Approved by:
I. ulc
Issue: 08.2003. 09.2003.
Konar
PowerTransformers
Ltd.
INSULATION RESISTANCE MEASUREMENT
KPT-QTPT 012E
Page : 2 / 2

E G L
(-) (+)
Transformer under test
m
VN-HV
R1-0 R1-2 R2-3
R3-0
R2-0
R1-3
NN-LV STN-STW
Measuring instrument (Megger)
Basic test circuit for insulation resistance measurement, using GUARD - G terminal
( Measurement R 1-0 = HV - m (LV + STW) ; HV - winding to tank (m) LV and STW winding to ''G'' terminal )
m
E
G L
(-) (+)
Transformer under test
VN-HV
R1-0 R1-2
R2-3 R3-0
R2-0
R1-3
NN-LV STN-STW
Measuring instrument (Megger)
Basic test circuit for insulation resistance measurement, using GUARD - G terminal
( Measurement R
1-2
= HV - LV (STW+m) - HV - winding to LV winding, STW-winding and tank (m), to G terminal )

Fig. 12-1 Basic diagrams for three-winding transformer
Issue : 08.2003. 09.2003.
KPT-QA.029E. 2/2 izdanje 03.2002.
Konar
PowerTransformers
Ltd.
MEASUREMENT OF THE ELECTRIC
STRENGTH OF THE INSULATING OIL
KPT-QTPT 013E
Page : 1 / 1

13. MEASUREMENT OF ELECTRIC STRENGTH OF THE INSULATING OIL

The electric strength of the oil is given by the breakdown voltage, measured using an electrode system in
accordance with IEC 60156. The electrodes are spherical surfaced with 25 mm radius and are 2,5 mm apart.
The measurement is carried out at 50 Hz, the rate of increase of the voltage being 2 kV/s. The electric
strength is the average of five break-down voltage values.

The electric strength of new treated oil should be at least 60 kV. Oil, which does not withstand this voltage,
may contain air bubbles, dust or moisture.

Prepared by:
J. Bujanovi
Controlled by:
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Approved by:
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Issue: 08.2003.
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TEMPERATURE RISE TEST
KPT-QTPT 014E
Page : 1 / 4

Prepared by:
S. Maro
Controlled by:
I. ulc
Approved by:
I. ulc
Issue: 08.2003. 11.2004.
14. TEMPERATURE RISE TEST

14.1 THE PURPOSE OF THE MEASUREMENT
The purpose of the measurement is to check that the temperature rises of the oil and the windings do not
exceed the limits agreed on or specified by the standards.

14.2 THE MEASURING CIRCUIT
The supply and measuring facilities as well as the measuring circuit are the same as in the load loss
measurement (KPT-QTPT 004E) and in the resistance measurement (KPT-QTPT 0003E). In addition
thermometers are used for the measurement of the temperature of oil, cooling medium and the ambient
temperature and further a temperature recorder and thermocouples are used for the measurement of certain
temperatures and for equilibrium control.

The test is performed by using the short-circuit method. The temperature rise of the windings is determined
by the resistance method. The test is performed in line with IEC 60076-2 as follows:
Cold resistance measurement
The resistances and the corresponding oil temperature are measured. Resistance is measured by means of
standardized U-I method or when the resistance cannot be accurately measured, due to the long duration of
transient phenomenon by means of inductive voltage correction method.
The winding temperature is the same as the oil temperature.

Determination of the temperature rise of oil
The power to be supplied to the transformer is the sum of the no-load losses and the load losses on the
tapping on which the temperature-rise test is to be performed (generally the maximum loss tapping). With
this power the transformer is being heated (warmed up) to thermal equilibrium. The supply values and the
temperatures of different points are recorded at suitable time intervals. The oil temperature rise above the
cooling medium temperature can be calculated from the equilibrium temperatures.

Determination of the temperature rise of windings
Without interrupting the supply the current is reduced to rated current for 1h. The supply values and the
temperatures are recorded as above.
When the current has been switched off the hot-resistance measurement is performed. The test connection
is changed for carrying out the resistance measurement and after the inductive effects have disappeared the
resistance-time-curve are measured for suitable period of time (zero time is the instant of switching off the
supply). The resistance is measured between same line terminals as in the cold resistance measurement.
The resistances of the windings at shut-down are obtained by extrapolating the resistance-time-curves to the
instant of switching off. The temperature rises of the windings above the oil temperature are calculated on
the basis of the hot and cold resistance values and the oil temperature. The temperature rises of the
windings above the cooling medium temperature are found by adding the temperature rise of the oil above
the cooling medium temperature to the before mentioned winding temperature rises.
For multi-winding transformers the latter part of the temperature rise test is generally carried out several
times in order to determine the individual winding temperature rises at the specified loading combination.

For air-cooled transformers with natural air circulation the temperature of the cooling medium is the same as
the ambient temperature. The ambient temperature is measured by means of at least three thermometers,
which are placed at different points around the transformer at a distance defined by the standards
approximately half-way up the transformer.
For forced-air cooled transformers the temperature of the ingoing air is measured. If water is used as cooling
medium, the water temperature at the intake of the cooler is the reference temperature.

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KPT-QTPT 014E
Page : 2 / 4

Issue : 08.2003. 11.2004.
KPT-QA.029E. 2/2 izdanje 03.2002.

The top oil temperature is measured by thermometer placed in an oil-filled thermometer pocket on the cover.
In addition the temperatures of oil coming in and going out of the cooler and the surface temperatures at
different points are measured by means of thermocouples and a chart recorder.
The readings of the thermometers mounted on the transformer are checked in connection with the
temperature rise test.

14.4 RESULTS

The temperature rises are calculated as follows:

Oil temperature rise

The temperature rise of top oil
t
is
t
=
t
-
a
(14.1)

t
= top oil temperature as mean value measured by sensors immersed in top oil
a
= external cooling medium temperature (ambient air or water)

When the test has been performed with applied test losses different from actual total losses the recorded top
oil temperature rise above the temperature of the cooling medium has to be corrected according to the
formula (14.2).

t
= ( )
a t
x
r
P
P

(14.2)

P
r
= sum of referenced load loss (at maximum loss tapping) and no-load loss

P = power supplied during the test

x = exponent according to actual standard (x=0,9 for ON and x=1,0 for OF and OD cooling)
t
= recorded top oil temperature

The average temperature rise
e
of the oil is

e
=

+
a
b t

2
(14.3)

b
= temperature of oil entering the windings (i.e. oil returning from cooling equipment), bottom oil
temperature

or as above but corrected in similar way acc. to the formula (14.2)

e
=
a
b t
x
r
P
P

2
(14.4)

t
= top oil temperature measured at supplied power P

b
= bottom oil temperature measured at supplied power P
e
= the average temperature rise of the oil

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KPT-QTPT 014E
Page : 3 / 4

Issue : 08.2003. 11.2004.
KPT-QA.029E. 2/2 izdanje 03.2002.

Temperature rise of the winding

The average temperature of oil
oil 2
during the hot-resistance measurement is:

2
2 2
2
b t
oil

+
= (14.5)
where
t2
and
b2
are top and bottom oil temperatures during hot-resistance measurement.

The average winding temperatures are calculated on the basis of the hot and cold resistance values and the
oil temperature as follows:

( ) 235 235
1
1
2
2
+ =
R
R
(14.6)
R
1
= cold resistance
R
2
= hot resistance

1
= the average temperature of oil during cold resistance measurement

The average temperature rise
w-oil
of the winding above oil temperature is:

w-oil
=
2

oil2
(14.7)

If the current in the rated current period has deviated from the rated value (less than 10% of the rated
current) the temperature rise of the winding above oil temperature has to be corrected according to:

w-oil
=
( )
2 2
oil
I
I
y
r

(14.8)
I
r
= rated current of winding
I = test current
y = exponent according to the standard (y=1,6 for ON and OF cooled transformers;
y =2,0 for OD cooled transformers)

The winding temperature rise is then, finally:

w
=
w-oil
+
e
(14.9)

The temperature rise of the hot spot
h.spt
of the winding above the ambient temperature is:

h.spt
=

t
+ H
w
(14.10)

where H is hot-spot factor and is taken 1.1 if different value has not been specified.

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KPT-QTPT 014E
Page : 4 / 4

Issue : 08.2003. 11.2004.
KPT-QA.029E. 2/2 izdanje 03.2002.

14.5 TEST MODIFICATION FOR MULTI-WINDING TRANSFORMER

Total losses for the specified load combination will be developed in short-circuit method by applying power to
one of the windings and short circuiting one or more of the rest of the windings. After reaching steady state
conditions oil temperature and oil temperature rise is determined in the same way as explained in chapters
14.3 and 14.4.

The temperature rise for an individual winding above oil is obtained afterwards with rated current in the
winding as described in chapters 14.3 and 14.4. This can be achieved usually in two-winding combination
(one supplied, one short circuited) or more than one can be short circuited in order to reach rated current in
the winding with highest rated power.

14.6 TEST REPORT

The report indicates:
- cold resistance values and the corresponding oil temperature
- temperature rises of oil for corresponding losses
- winding temperature rises calculated from the measuring results

In addition, information on the tapping position, the cooling and short-circuit method and winding combination
is given.

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LIGHTNING IMPULSE TEST
KPT-QTPT 015E
Page : 1 / 5

15. LIGHTNING IMPULSE TEST
The purpose of the impulse voltage test is to secure that the transformer insulation withstand the lightning
overvoltages which may occur in service.
15.2 TESTING EQUIPMENT
Impulse generator

F
n
R
b R
a
F
an
C
3
R
c
R
s
F
2 R
b
R
a
F
a2
C
C
s
R
c
R
s
F
1
R
b R
a
C
s
F
a1
R
s

C
s
impulse capacitor
R
c
charging resistor
R
s
series resistor
R
a
low-ohmic discharging resistor for
lightning impulse
R
b
high-ohmic discharging resistor for
switching impulse
F
1
F
n
main spark gaps
F
al
F
an
auxiliary spark-gaps

Fig. 15-1 Basic circuit diagram of the impulse generator

The impulse generator design is based on the Marx circuit.
The basic circuit diagram is shown on Fig. 15-1. The impulse capacitors C
s
(12 capacitors of 750nF) are
charged in parallel through the charging resistors R
c
(28k) (highest permissible charging voltage 200 kV).

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KPT-QTPT 015E
Page : 2 / 5

When the charging voltage has reached the required value, breakdown of the sparkgap F
1
is initiated by an
external triggering pulse. When F
1
breaks down, the potential of the following stage (point B and C) rises.
Because the series resistors R
s
is of low-ohmic value compared with the discharging resistors R
b
(4,5 k)
and the charging resistor R
c
, and since the low-ohmic discharging resistor R
a
is separated from the circuit by
the auxiliary spark-gap F
al
, the potential difference across the spark-gap F
2
rises considerably and the
breakdown of F
2
is initiated.
Thus the spark-gaps are caused to break down in sequence.

Consequently the capacitors are discharged in series-connection. The high-ohmic discharge resistors R
b
are
dimensioned for switching impulses and the low-ohmic resistors R
a
for lightning impulses. The resistors R
a

are connected in parallel with the resistors R
b
, when the auxiliary spark-gaps break down, with a time delay
of a few hundred nano-seconds. The arrangement is necessary in order to secure the functioning of the
generator.
The wave shape and the peak value of the impulse voltage are measured by means of an Impulse Analysing
System (DIAS 733) which are connected to the voltage divider.
The required voltage is obtained by selecting a suitable number of series-connected stages and by adjusted
the charging voltage. In order to obtain the necessary discharge energy parallel or series-parallel
connections of the generator can be used. In these cases some of the capacitors are connected in parallel
during the discharge.

C
1
V=
U=
R
1
R
2
Impulse generator
C
2
C
3
1U
1V
1W
N
2U
2V
2W
2N
3U1
3V2
3V
3W
Voltage
divider
Transformer
under test
Voltage
recorder
Channel 1 (U)
of digital
tranzient rec.
Current recorder
Channel 2(I) of
digital tranzient rec.
S
1

Fig. 15-2 Equivalent diagram of the impulse test circuit
C
1
resulting impulse capacitance, R
2
resulting series resistance, R
1
resulting discharge
resistance, C
2
and C
3
capacitances of the voltage divider

The required impulse shape is obtained by suitable selection of the series and discharge resistors of the
generator.

The front time can be calculated approximately from the equation:
For R
1
>> R
2
and C
g
>> C (15.1)
T
t
C R =
2 1
3

and the half time to half value from the equation

(15.2)
1 1 2
7 , 0 C R T

In practice the testing circuit is dimensioned according to experience.
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KPT-QTPT 015E
Page : 3 / 5

15.3 CONNECTION OF THE TEST OBJECT
The testing impulse test is normally applied to all windings. The impulse test-sequence is applied
successively to each of the line terminals of the tested winding. The other line terminals and the neutral
terminal are earthed (single-terminal test, Fig. 15-4a and b).
When testing low voltage windings of high power, the time to half-value obtained is often too short ( Fig.
15-5). However, the time to half value can be increased by connecting suitable resistors ( R
a
in Fig.
15-4b) between the adjacent terminals and earth. According to the IEC 60076-3 standard the resistances of
the resistors must be selected so that the voltages at the adjacent terminals do not exceed 75% of the test
voltage and the resistance does not exceed 500.
RECORDER
S
1
Ra
Ra
b
RECORDER
c
S
1
RECORDER
a
S
1

RECORDER
Ra
RECORDER
Ru
d
S
1
RECORDER
e
S
1
S
1 R
a
R
b
RECORDER

Fig. 15-4 Transformer impulse and fault detection connections.
a and b l-terminal testing
c and d neutral terminal testing

When the low voltage winding in service cannot be subjected to lightning overvoltages from the low voltage
system (e.g. step-up transformers, tertiary windings) the low voltage winding may be impulse tested
simultaneously with the impulse tests on the high voltage winding with surges transferred from the high
voltage winding to the low voltage winding (Fig. 15-4e, test with transferred voltages).

According to the standard IEC 60076-3 the line terminals of the low voltage winding are connected to earth
through resistances of such value (resistances R
a
in Fig. 15-4e) that the amplitude of transferred impulse
voltage between line terminal and earth or between different line terminals or across a phase winding will be
as high as possible but not exceeding the rated impulse withstand voltage. The resistance shall not exceed
5000 .

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KPT-QTPT 015E
Page : 4 / 5

The neutral terminal is normally tested directly or indirectly by connecting a high-ohmic resistor between the
neutral and earth (voltage divider R
a
, R
u
) and by applying the impulse (Fig. 15-4c and d) to the line terminals
connected together.
The impulse test of a neutral terminal is performed only if requested by a customer. The front time is allowed
to be up to 13 sec. The failure detection is normally accompolished by exmination of the oscillograms of the
applied test voltage, the neutral current and / or the capacitively transferred current.

15.4 PERFORMANCE OF THE IMPULSE TEST
The test is performed with standard lightning impulses of negative polarity. The front time (T
1
) and the time to
half-value (T
2
) are defined in accordance with the standard.
U
T
2
0,3
T
T
1
=1
,
67 T
1,0
0,9
0,5
0
t

Fig. 15-5 Standard lightning impulse
Front time T
1
= 1,2s 30%
Time to half-value T
2
= 50 s 20%

In practice the impulse shape may deviate from the standard impulse when testing low-voltage windings of
high rated power and windings of high input capacitance.
The impulse test is performed with negative polarity voltages to avoid erratic flashovers in the external
insulation and test circuit.
Waveform adjustments are necessary for most test objects. Experience gained from results of tests on
similar units or eventual precalculation can give guidance for selecting components for the wave shaping
circuit.
The test sequence consists of one reference impulse (RW) at 75% of full amplitude followed by the specified
number of voltage applications at full amplitude (FW) (according to IEC 60076-3 three full impulses).
The equipment for voltage and current signal recording consists of digital transient recorder, monitor,
computer, plotter and printer.
The recordings at the two levels can be compared directly for failure indication.
For regulating transformers one phase is tested with the on-load tap changer set for the rated voltage and
the two other phases are tested in each of the extreme positions.
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KPT-QTPT 015E
Page : 5 / 5

Detection of correctness at impulse testing is based on comparison of voltage and current records obtained
at reduced and full amplitudes.
The two traces should have a perfect match to constitute evidence that the insulation has passed the test.
15.5 TEST REPORT
The detailed test record cover setting of impulse generator, values for all components in the impulse shaping
and measuring circuits, connection of the test object, parameters for the wave-shape and oscillogram
records for each voltage application.

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TEST WITH THE LIGHTNING IMPULSE CHOPPED ON
THE TAIL
KPT-QTPT 016E
Page : 1 / 2

16. TEST WITH THE LIGHTNING IMPULSE CHOPPED ON THE TAIL

The purpose of the chopped lightning test is to secure that the transformer insulation withstand the voltage
stresses caused by chopped lightning impulses, which may occur in service.
16.2 TEST EQUIPMENT
For the chopped lightning impulse test the same testing and measuring equipment and the same testing and
fault detection connections are used as for the standard lightning impulse test. The impulse is chopped by
means of triggered-type chopping gap connected to the terminal to which the impulse is applied. The delay
of the choppinggap ignition impulse in relation to the impulse generation is adjustable, thus the time T
c
from
the start of the impulse to the chopping can be adjusted (Fig. 16-1).

16.2 PERFORMANCE OF THE TEST
The test is performed with impulses of negative polarity. The duration T
c
from the beginning of the impulse to
the chopping can vary within the range of 2...6s (Fig. 16-1) According to the standard IEC 60076-3 the
amount of overswing to opposite polarity shall be limited to not more than 30% of the amplitude of the
chopped impulse (Fig. 16-1). If necessary the overswing amplitude will be limited to the value mentioned by
means of damping resistor inserted in the chopping circuit.

1,0
0,9
0,3
Tc
T
1

Fig 16-1 Chopped lightning impulse
Front time T
1
= 1,2 s 30%
Time to chopping T
c
= 2....6 s

% 30 % 100 < =
c
Y

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TEST WITH THE LIGHTNING IMPULSE CHOPPED ON
THE TAIL
KPT-QTPT 016E
Page : 2 / 2

The voltage measurement is based on the peak voltmeter indication.
The test with chopped lightning impulse is combined with the test carried out with standard impulse.
The following order of pulse application is recommended by the standard IEC 60076-3
- one 75% full impulse
- one 100% full impulse
- one or more 75% chopped impulses
- two 100% chopped impulses
- two 100% full impulses
16.4 THE FAILURE INDICATION
The fault detection is also for chopped impulses primarily based on the comparison of voltages and winding
currents obtained at 75% and 100% test voltages. At high test voltages there is a small delay in the ignitions
of the chopping-gap, which causes differences in the fault detection of voltages and winding currents.
Furthermore differences in the instant of firing of the stages in the impulse generator may give rise to initial
high-frequency oscillations in the first part of the voltage front. In this case the fault detection must be based
primarily on the recordings obtained at the application of full impulses.
When carrying out the chopped-impulse test, unless otherwise agreed, different tappings are selected for the
tests on the three phases of a three-phase transformer, usually the two extreme tappings and principal
tapping.
16.5 TEST REPORT
The test voltage values, impulse shapes, tappings and the number of impulses at different voltage levels are
stated in the report.
The oscillographic records and measurement records are stored in the archives, where they are available
when required.

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SWITCHING IMPULSE TEST
KPT-QTPT 017E
Page : 1 / 2

17. SWITCHING IMPULSE TEST
The purpose of the switching impulse test is to secure that insulation between windings, between windings
and earth, between line terminals and earth and between different terminals withstand the switching
overvoltages, which may occur in service.
The same testing and measuring equipment as for the lightning impulse test are used here.
According to the IEC 60076-3 the switching impulse test is carried out on each high voltage line terminal of a
three-phase winding in sequence. A single-phase no-load test connection is used in accordance with Fig. 17-
1. The voltage developed between line terminals during the test is approximately 1,5 times the test voltage
between line and neutral terminals.
The flux density in the magnetic circuit increases considerably during the test. When the core reaches
saturation the winding impedance is drastically reduced and a chopping of the applied voltage takes place
(Fig. 17-2). The time to saturation determines the duration of the switching impulse. Because the remanent
flux can amount to even 70 to 80 % of the saturation flux, the initial remanence of the core has a great
influence on the voltage duration. By introducing remanent flux of opposite polarity in relation to the flux
caused by the switching impulse, the maximum possible switching impulse duration can be increased. The
remanence of opposite polarity is introduced in the core by applying low voltage current impulses to LV
winding of opposite polarity to the transformer before each full voltage test impulse.

U

-0,5U - 0,5 U

current
recorder
C
2

C
1

voltage
recorder
S
1

Loading resistor

Fig. 17-1 Transformer switching impulse testing and fault detection connections

The test is performed with impulses of negative polarity. The requirements on the switching impulse shape
given in the standard IEC 60076-3 are summarized in Fig. 17-2.

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SWITCHING IMPULSE TEST
KPT-QTPT 017E
Page : 2 / 2

The voltage measurement is based on the peak voltmeter indication.

T
0

1.0
0.9
T
d
T
T
p
= 1,67 T
0,3

Fig. 17-2 Switching impulse

Front time T
p
> 100s
Time above 90% T
d
> 200s
Time to the first zero passage T
0
> 500s ( preferably 1000 s )

At full test voltage each phase will be tested with the number of impulses required by the relevant standard.
When comparing the wave shape it is to be noticed that the magnetic saturation causes drastic reduction of
voltage and increase in winding current and the time to saturation is dependent on the amplitude of the
applied voltage. Thus voltage and current oscillograms obtained at full test voltage and at 75% voltage level
will deviate from each other in this respect.
The fault detection is mainly based on the voltage oscillograms. The test is successful if no sudden collapse
of voltage caused by flashover or breakdown is indicated on the voltage oscillograms and no abnormal
sound effects are observed.
When the core reaches saturation a slight noise caused by magnetosriction can be heard from the
transformer.

Test report

The test voltage values, impulse shapes, and number of impulses at different voltage levels are stated in the
report. The oscillographic records are stored in the archives, where they are available when required.

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MEASUREMENT OF ACOUSTIC SOUND
LEVEL
KPT-QTPT 018E
Page : 1 / 2

18. MEASUREMENT OF ACOUSTIC SOUND LEVEL

The purpose of the sound level measurement is to check that the sound level of the transformer meets the
specification requirements given in relevant standards e.g. IEC 60076-10 or guarantee values given by the
transformers manufacturer. A sound spectrum analyses are carried out for the transformer at the customer's
request. The sound spectrum indicates the magnitude of sound components as a function of frequency.
18.2 MEASURING EQUIPMENT
A precision sound pressure level meter type 1 complying with IEC 60651 is used in the sound level
measurements. The measurements are performed using the weighing curve A. The sound spectrum analysis
of the transformer is carried out by recording the sound band levels as a function of frequency.
This is done with sound level meter Brel & Kjaer type 2236 and calibrator type 4231.


The A-weighted sound pressure level of the Background noise shall be measured at points on the prescribed
counter immediately before and after the measurements on the transformer. Power is supplied to the
transformer under no load condition at the rated voltage and the frequency with the tapping selector on the
principal tapping. The sound pressure level is the measured at various points around the transformer as
detailed in the standards: at a distance (D) of 30 cm for ONAN or 2 m for ONAF cooling system spaced at an
interval (X) of 1 meter; as it is shown on Fig. 18-1.
The microphone position in the vertical direction shall be on horizontal planes at one third and two thirds of
one transformer tank height when the height of the tank is equal to or greater than 2,5 m.
When the tank height is less than 2,5m, the measurement plane is located at half the tank height.
Preferably the background sound level should be at least 9 dB(A) below the measured combined sound
level.
If the difference is less than 9 dB(A) bat not less than 3 dB(A) a correction for background level will be
applied according to standards.

9

x
19
30 31
22
LV
STV HV
D=2m; x=1m
D
36
1

15

40

38

Fig. 18-1 Basic layout of measuring points

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MEASUREMENT OF ACOUSTIC SOUND
LEVEL
KPT-QTPT 018E
Page : 2 / 2

18.4 CALCULATION OF AVERAGE SOUND PRESSURE LEVEL
The uncorrected average A-weighted sound pressure level shall be calculated from sound pressure levels,
LpAi, measured with the test object energized by using equation:

=
=
LpAi
i
N
pA
N
L
1 , 0
1
10
1
lg 10

or when the range of values of LpAi does not exceed 5dB, a simple arithmical average will be used.
Corrections for background level and environmental correction, in case of need or as circumstances require,
should be done in accordance with relevant standard.

18.5 CALCULATION OF SOUND POWER LEVEL

The A-weight sound power level of the transformer LwA shall be calculated from average A-weight sound
pressure level LpA according to equation:

S L L pA
WA
lg 10 + =

[ ] dB

S = the equivalent surface area in m
2
, defined by equation :
a) for ONAN system S = 1,25 h lm
or b) for ONAF system S = (h+2) lm

where: h= height in meters of transformer tank
lm = the length in meters of the prescribed counter

More details can be found in relevant standard.

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MEASUREMENT OF HIGHER HARMONICS IN
MAGNETISING CURRENT
KPT-QTPT 019E
Page : 1 / 1

19. MEASUREMENT OF HIGHER HARMONICS IN MAGNETIZING CURRENT

19. 1 GENERAL
At imposed sinus voltage on a transformer, because of non-linear magnetic curve of the core, magnetizing
current at no-load contains besides basic harmonics also higher harmonics.
Higher harmonics in the current can cause in electric grid voltage distortion, that is, they can cause even
higher harmonics. Such current and voltage harmonics can cause disturbances in electric grid or in
connected appliances.
However, since the portion of higher harmonics in relation to transformer rated current is smaller than 1%,
they are insignificant for a user.

In the Test Station, the measurement of higher harmonic contents, as a rule, is carried out during the
measurement of no-load losses and in the same connection (see in KPT-QTPT 005E Fig 5-1). The test
generator and intermediate transformer are used, as a rule, only in the linear range of their characteristics.
The test circle is carried out without a feedback line so that the third degree harmonics cannot flow. The
transmitting ratio of voltage transformers as well as the load of current transformers are selected in such a
way that their working points lie in the linear range of the magnetizing characteristics.
The measurement of higher harmonics in magnetizing currents is carried out with a Wide Band Power
Analyser, producer NORMA, type D 6000.

For the measurement, first, a required voltage is adjusted, usually 100% of rated voltage, gradually
increasing the value from zero to higher values. The measurement of voltage is carried out with a mean-
value voltmeter.
During the measurement of higher harmonics the power voltage should be maintained so that it has a
constant value. Therefore, in the Test Station, during this period, the above mentioned fast-registering
analyser with the memory in real-time procedure is used.

19.4 PROCESSING OF THE MEASUREMENT RESULTS
By using this registering analyser, the final measured values of higher harmonics are immediately obtained
for the test protocol.
Higher harmonics are expressed in percentage of the fundamental one.

Prepared by:
J. Bujanovi
Controlled by:
I. ulc
Approved by:
I. ulc
Issue: 08.2003.
Konar
PowerTransformers
Ltd.
TIGHTNESS (LEAKAGE) TEST
KPT-QTPT 020E
Page : 1 / 1

20. TIGHTNESS (LEAKAGE) TEST
20.1 PURPOSE
The purpose of the test is to prove tightness of transformer tank and accessories assembled on the
transformer.


Transformer is assembled and filled with oil. Overpressure of 35 kPa is applied on the tank cover and kept
for 12 hours. Welds and joints on the tank are checked on leak.

If requirements in the contract differ from those stated procedure and values as per contract should apply.

20.3. TEST REPORT

Value of overpressure and elapsed time are recorded with confirmation of tightness.

Prepared by:
J. Bujanovi
Controlled by:
I. ulc
Approved by:
I. ulc
Issue: 09.2003.
Konar
PowerTransformers
Ltd.
FRA MEASUREMENT
KPT-QTPT 021E
Page : 1 / 2

Prepared by:
R. Gardijan
Controlled by:
I. ulc
Approved by:
I. ulc
Issue: 06.2004.
21. FRA MEASUREMENT
21.1 PURPOSE
The purpose of the FRA (Frequency Response Analysis) measurement is to detect displacement (or
movement) of windings in the transformer. Usually the first measurement in the factory is used as a
fingerprint. Results of later measurements are compared with the first one in the factory.

TrafTek B&C Diagnostics, Budapest, Hungary
Test connection - 20 m long measuring cable (triple coax cable)

The TRAFTEK equipment is designed for scanning the geometrical and mechanical movements and
distortions of transformer windings using the swept frequency measuring methods.

It is known that a transformer winding with its stray capacitances and inductances form a complicated RLC
network. If we apply small AC voltage (about 4V
rms
) with frequency range of 50 Hz to 1 MHz we shall get a
typical voltage attenuation or winding impedance curve as a function of frequency.

The transformer under the test and measuring equipment are connected acc. to the Fig. 21-1.

A
B
C
a
b
c
N
75
75
75
SWG, 50Hz-1MHz
AD Conversion
486 DX 100 CPU
Display
TrafTek
Transformer

Fig. 21-1 Connection of the transformer and measuring equipment

The software controlled sine wave generator produces output voltage of max. 4 V
rms
with frequency range of
50 Hz to 1 MHz. It has 75 output impedance. Input impedance is 75 .

Voltage from the generator is applied to the one transformer terminal (one winding end) and response
voltage is measured on another terminal (the other winding end).
Konar
PowerTransformers
Ltd.
FRA MEASUREMENT
KPT-QTPT 021E
Page : 2 / 2

Issue : 06.2004.
KPT-QA.029E. 2/2 izdanje 03.2002.
21.4 TEST REPORT
Impedance value Z in k versus frequency or attenuation A (or damping) in dB (20 log (U
output
/ U
input
) versus
frequency can be plotted on the diagram with indication of terminals with applied and response voltage.

Examples are given below.

0,10
1,00
10,00
1000 10000 100000 1000000
frequency (Hz)
Z

(
k
)

-50,00
-40,00
-30,00
-20,00
-10,00
0,00
1000 10000 100000 1000000
frequency (Hz)
A

(
d
B
)

Konar
PowerTransformers
Ltd.
CORE INSULATION MEASUREMENT
KPT-QTPT 022E
Page : 1 / 1

22. CORE INSULATION MEASUREMENT
22.1 PURPOSE
The purpose of the measurement is to check and prove that the transformer core is insulated from the tank
and core frame.


Earthing links from core to earth and from core frame to earth (if the latter one exists) are removed
(disconnected) in earthing connection box (terminal box). Several combinations of measurement of insulation
resistance are possible depending upon the performance of core and frame earthing : core to frame; core to
tank; core frame to tank; core to (tank + core frame); (core + core frame) to tank. At least combination core to
(tank + core frame) or core to tank is to be measured. In all measurements tank is assumed as earth
potential.

The measurement is performed by by means of an insulation resistance meter (Megger). For each
measurement a DC voltage of at least 500 V (but not greater than 2500 V) is applied between pair of
terminal bushings in earthing terminal box for a measuring period 1 min. or until the measuring insulation
resistance become stable.

Measured values for each combination shall be above 50 M.

22.3 TEST REPORT

Measured values with indication of measured combination are documented in transformer routine test report.

Prepared by:
S. Maro
Controlled by:
F. Jurakovi
Approved by:
I. ulc
Issue: 03.2006.
Konar
PowerTransformers
Ltd.
POWER CONSUMPTION OF COOLING
SYSTEM
KPT-QTPT 023E
Page : 1 / 1

23. POWER CONSUMPTION OF COOLING SYSTEM
23.1 PURPOSE
The purpose of the test is to measure power consumption of transformer cooling plant or saying by another
words to measure losses consumed by transformer cooling system. Depending upon the transformer cooling
system this power can be consumed by fans and oil pumps.

This measurement is performed only if required by the contract or transformer specification.

The measuring circuit and used equipment is in principle the same as for load and/or no-load measurement
(described in KPT-QTPT 04E and KPT-QTPT 05E).

The transformer cooling system is supplied from voltage adjustable power source. The voltage is adjusted to
rated value for motors or acc. to specified value in transformer specification. Values of current, voltage and
loss are measured and recorded.

Power consumption for each cooling group is measured if the transformer cooling system is divided into
several groups.

23.3 TEST REPORT
Measured values of current, voltage and loss at specified frequency are recorded in transformer test report.

Prepared by:
S. Maro
Controlled by:
F. Jurakovi
Approved by:
I. ulc
Issue: 03.2006.
Konar
PowerTransformers
Ltd.
MEASUREMENT OF TRANSFERRED
SURGES
KPT-QTPT 024E
Page : 1 / 2

Prepared by:
R. Gardijan
Controlled by:
I. ulc
Approved by:
I. ulc
Issue: 07.2006
24. MEASUREMENT OF TRANSFERRED SURGES determination of transient voltage
transfer characteristics
24.1 PURPOSE
Measurements of lightning or switching surges transferred from the HV winding to the LV winding on power
transformer determination of transient voltage transfer characteristics

Recurrent surge generator, Haefelly, type 481, 400 V
pp
Digital oscilloscope, Tektronix, Type: TDS 544A, 1Gs/sec.

The reccurrent surge generator is the low voltage equipment and equivalent of a high voltage impulse
generator. Its wide range of applications includes the testing of models, the study of voltage distribution on
high voltage windings during the impulse voltage stresses and the predetermination of the circuit parameters
of impulse test plants. The components in the impulse circuit (impulse and load capacitances, front and tail
resistors as well as inductances) are adjustable in steps. The wave form can thus be adjusted over a wide
range with a high degree of precision.


The transformer under the test and measuring equipment are connected acc. to the Fig. 24-1.

A
B
C
RSG
TDS
N
a1
b1
c1
a2
b2
c2

Fig. 24-1 Connection of the transformer and measuring equipment

The manual adjustable impulse wave (lightning, chopped and switching) up to 400 V
pp
, shape T
1
=
0,06s up to 500s and T
2
= 2s up to 5000s.

Voltage from the generator is applied to the one transformer terminal (one winding end) and
response (or distribution) voltage is measured on another terminal (the other winding end).

Konar
PowerTransformers
Ltd.
MEASUREMENT OF TRANSFERRED
SURGES
KPT-QTPT 024E
Page : 2 / 2

Issue : 07.2006
KPT-QA.029E. 2/2 izdanje 03.2002.
24.4 TEST REPORT
a) Example of test report for lightning impulse for the transformer 48,4 MVA, 237 / 3,6 / 3,6 kV :

C.... applied voltage
A,B.... earthed through 450
N. isolated
a1,b1,c1,a2,b2,c2... isolated

A
B
C
N
a1 b1 c1
a2
b2
c2
450
450

Voltage
%
Transferred voltage
on the terminal
Oscillogram
No
Remark
+100 C 01 front wave
+100 C 02 tail wave
-5,35 a1 03
-5,80 b1 04

-20
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
0 1 2 3 4 5
s
%
01 Front of wave
-20
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
0 20 40 60 80 100
s
%
02 tail of wave
-8
-6
-4
-2
0
2
4
6
0 10 20 30 40 50
s
%
03 transferred voltage on terminal a1
-8
-6
-4
-2
0
2
4
6
0 10 20 30 40 50
s
%
04- transferred voltage on the terminal b1

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