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Kor pi
x
I nt egr at ion:
By Par t s & By Par t ial Fr act ions

I nt egr at ion by par t s is used t o int egr at e a pr oduct , such as t he pr oduct of an algebr aic and
a t r anscendent al f unct ion:

x
xe dx

, sin x xd

, ln x xdx

, et c. . ..

Fr om t he pr oduct r ule f or dif f er ent iat ion f or t wo f unct ions u and v:

( )
d d
uv uv uv v u
dx dx dx
= + = +
u dv


I f we int egr at e bot h sides and solve f or udv

, we get t he f ollowing:

( )
d du
uv dx v u dx
dx dx dx
uv vdu udv
udv uv vdu
| | | | | | | |
= +
| | | |
\ . \ . \ .
\ .
= +
=



dv


This last line gives us a met hod f or int egr at ing by ident if ying t wo par t s: a f unct ion we know
how t o dif f er ent iat e (called u) and a f unct ion we know how t o int egr at e (called dv).

Let s look at each of t he examples above:

Ex: 1.
x
xe dx

We f ir st have t o r ealize t hat we can int egr at e and dif f er ent iat e bot h f act or s x and
. When one of t he f unct ions is a polynomial, t he r ule of t humb is t o let it be called u, and
t o let t he ot her f act or be called dv. We can set t he pr oblems up t he same way ever y t ime:
x
e




x
x
calculat e t his calculat e t his
u x dv e dx
du dx v e
= =
= =


Now we can f ollow a pat t er n f r om t op r ight in a backwar ds z pat t er n:

x x x
xe dx xe e dx =


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Kor pi
At t his point , we have par t of t he f inal answer , but we st ill have an int egr al. Reevaluat e t his
int egr al and int egr at e it by any appr opr iat e met hod. You will f ind, however , t hat most of t he
t ime, t his will be a r out ine int egr al, as is t he case her e. Cont inuing wit h t he r ight side of t he
equat ions . . .

x x x
x x
xe dx xe e dx
xe e c
=
= +



DONE!!! Go ahead and ver if y by dif f er ent iat ing it . You should get our or iginal int egr and.

Let s do t he next example mor e quickly (wit hout as much comment ar y).
Ex: 2. sin x xd

x
x ( )
sin
cos
so
sin cos cos
cos cos
cos sin
u x dv xdx
du dx v x
x xdx x x x d
x x xdx
x x x C
= =
= =
=
= +
= + +

Ex: 3. ln x xdx

I f we f ollow our pat t er n above, we would let ln dv xdx = . This means we must know how t o
ant i-dif f er ent iat e lnx, which we dont know how t o do . . . . . . yet . I n t his case, our hand is
f or cedwe must let and ln u = x dv xdx = .

2
2 2
2
2 2
ln
1 1

2
so
1 1 1
ln ln
2 2
1 1
ln
2 2
1 1
ln
2 4
u x dv xdx
du dx v x
x
x xdx x x x dx
x
x x xdx
x x x C
= =
= =
(
| || |
=
| |
(
\ .\ .

=
= +

A lit t le longer , but st ill pr et t y dar n nice.



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Kor pi
Let s go ahead and see what t he ant i-der ivat ive of plain ol lnx is.

Ex: 4. lnxdx

( )
ln
1

so
1
ln ln
ln
ln
u x dv dx
du dx v x
x
xdx x x x dx
x
x x dx
x x x C
= =
= =
| |
=
|
\ .
=
= +

Can it be t his easy ever yt ime? Of cour se . . . . . . . . . . not . Somet imes we may have t o apply
t his pr ocess mor e t han once, maybe even mor e t han t wice!!!! Oh no!

Ex: 5.
3
cos x xd

x

3
2
3 3 2
cos
3 sin
so
cos sin 3 sin
u x dv xdx
du x v x
x xdx x x x xdx
= =
= =
=



At t his point , we must r epeat t he pr ocess t wo mor e t ime on t he r emaining int egr als, not
f or get t ing t he par t s alr eady int egr at ed. When t his is t he case, t he t abular met hod
(popular ized in t he movie St and and Deliver as t he t ic-t ac-t oe met hod) wor ks ver y
ef f icient ly. Follow t his pat t er n:
SI GN (st ar t wit h + & alt er nat e) u (go t o zer o if you can) dv
+
3
x cosx
- 3x sinx
+ 6x cosx
- 6 sinx
+ 0 cosx

! !

2

Following t he ar r ows and wr it ing down t he pr oduct s of t he diagonals we get t he f ollowing
answer :

( ) ( )
3 3 2
cos sin 3 cos 6 sin 6cos x xdx x x x x x x = +

x
C +
(t he next t er m would be zer o)
3 2
sin 3 cos 6 si n 6cos x x x x x x x = + (t he +C is t he Cher r y on t op)

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Kor pi
Par t ial f r act ions also wor ks well f or def init e int egr als, j ust f ind t he ant ider ivat ive f ir st ,
t hen evaluat e t he dif f er ence at t he endpoint s, j ust do it as t wo separ at e calculat ions wit h
t he pr oper not at ion.

Ex: 6. ( )
1
6
0
7 3
x
x e dx

( )
6
7 3
x
x e dx

SI GN (st ar t wit h + & alt er nat e) u (go t o zer o if you can) dv
+ 7 3x
6x
e
- 3 6
1
6
x
e
+ 0 6
1
36
x
e

( ) ( ) ( )
( )
6 6 6
6 6
1 1
7 3 7 3 3 0
6 36
1 1
7 3
6 12
x x x
x x
x e dx x e e C
x e e C
| |
= +
|
\ .
= + +

+

so
( ) ( )
1 1 6 6
6 6 6
0 0
1 1 2
7 3 7 3
6 12 3 12 6
x x x
e e
x e dx x e e
( 7 1
12
(
= + = +
(
+
(

6
3 5
4
e
=
Ther e ar e var iat ions of int egr at ion by par t s wher e t he t abular met hod is addit ionally usef ul,
among t hem ar e t he cases when we have t he pr oduct of t wo t r anscendent al f unct ions, such
t hat t he int egr and r epeat s it self . Cur r ent ly, t his is not t est ed on t he AP Calculus BC exam.


I nt egr at ion by Par t ial Fr act ions
Cur r ent ly, College Boar d r equir es BC st udent s t o be able t o int egr at e by t he met hod of
par t ial f r act ions f or Linear , Non-Repeat ing f act or s only. Bear in mind t hat t her e ar e ot her ,
mor e involved par t ial f r act ion pr oblems out t her e.

We will be using par t ial f r act ions when our denominat or is f act or ed int o t he pr oduct of
linear , non-r epeat ing f act or s (or can be wr it t en as such). I t involves split t ing up a single
f r act ion int o t he sum or dif f er ence of mult iple f r act ions (which can each be int egr at ed
separ at ely).




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Kor pi
This simple example illust r at es t his simple concept of adding f r act ions by get t ing a common
denominat or :
Since
1 1 3 2 5
2 3 6 6 6
+ = + = , we can say t hat a par t ial f r act ions decomposit ion f or
5
6
is

5 1 1
6 2 3
= +

Easy, huh? We all know how t o add by get t ing a common denominat or . The secr et is how t o
decompose (going backwar ds) when we ar e not using number s, but r at her , var iable
expr essions.

Ex. 1
2
1 x
dx
x x

(t his pr oblem is almost a nat ur al log u-subst it ut ion, but not quit e)

St ep 1: Fact or t he denominat or
( )
2
1 1
1
x x
dx dx
x x x x

=
+ +


(not ice t he denominat or now has t wo linear , non-r epeat ing f act or s)

St ep 2: Split up t he denominat or s wit h var iables, A & B as t he t empor ar y numer at or s.
( )
1
1 1
x A
dx dx
x x x x
B
= +
+ +



St ep 3: Now t he meat of t he pr oblem. (I will show t he cover up met hod her e, but t he mat h behind it
can be t aught as a separ at e lesson.)
a. Take t he value t hat makes t he f ir st t er ms denominat or equal t o zer o, in t his case
it is . 0 x =
b. Now, on t he lef t side of t he equat ion, in t he int egr and, cover up t he f act or of x
(t he r eason we get a zer o) and plug our numer ic value ( 0 x = ) int o t he r est of t he
expr ession. The r esult will be t he numer at or f or t he cover ed up t er m.
1 x
x

( )
0 1
0 1
1 0 1
plug in x f or x A
x

= =
+ +
=
c. Now r epeat t he pr ocess f or t he second, t hir d, f our t h t er ms, et c. For our only
ot her t er m, make t he denominat or zer o. 1 x =
d. So cover ing up t he f act or in t he int egr and and plugging in : 1 x + 1 x =
( )
1
1
x
x x

+
1 1
0 2
1
plug in x f or x B

= =

=
e. Now r ewr it e your int egr al wit h t he values of A and B f ound in par t s b) and d):
( )
1 1
1 1
x A B
dx dx dx
x x x x x x

= + = +
+ +

2
1 +


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Kor pi
f . I nt egr at e each t er m independent ly:
2
1 1 2
ln 2ln 1
1
x
dx dx x x C
x x x x

= + = + + +
+ +


Pr est o!

That s all t her e is t o par t ial f r act ions wit h linear , non-r epeat ing f act or s. You might come
acr oss some wit h mor e t han t wo dist inct linear f act or s, but dont f ear , j ust pr oceed in t he
same f ashion, and have f un!


WORSHEET ON I NTEGRATI ON BY PARTS AND PARTI AL FRACTI ONS
Evaluat e t he f ollowing int egr als wit hout a calculat or . Show all st eps and subst it ut ions.

1. 2. x e
3x
xe dx =

2 3x
dx =

3. 4.
3
ln x xdx =

2
0
sin dx

x x =

5.
2
4 41
3 10
x
dx
x x
+
=
+

6.
2
6
1
dx
x
=

Somet imes it is necessar y t o do long division bef or e we decompose and int egr and int o par t ial
f r act ions, t his is r equir ed when t he degr ee of t he numer at or is t he degr ee of t he
denominat or .
7.
3
2
4 3 5
2
x x
dx
x x
+
=

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Kor pi
WORKSHEET Cont inued.

Fr om t he 1998 BC Mult iple Choice
8.
2
1
6 8
dx
x x
=
+

(A)
1 4
ln
2 2
x
C
x

(B)
1
2
2
ln
4
x
C
x

(C) ( )( )
1
2
ln 2 4 x x +C
(D) ( )( )
1
ln 4 2
2
x x + +C (E) ( )( ) ln x x 2 4 C +



9. cos x xdx =

(A) (B) x x sin cos x x x +C C sin cosx + + (C) x x sin cosx C + +

(D) (E) sin x x +C
2
sin
2
1
x x C +


Fr om t he 2003 BC Mult iple Choice
10. ( ) sin 6 x x dx =

(A) + (B) ( ) ( ) cos 6 sin 6 x x x C + ( ) ( )

1
6 sin 6
6
x x cos
6 3
x
C + +
(C) ( ) ( )
1
cos 6 sin 6
6 6
x
x x + C + (D) ( ) ( )
1
s 6 sin 6
6
x x co
6 3
x
C + +
(E) ( ) ( ) 6 cos 6 sin 6 x x x +C



11.
( )( )
2
2 1
x
dx
x x
=
+ +

(A) ln (B) 2 ln 1 x x + + + +C ln x x 2 ln 1 3x C + + + +
(C) 4ln 2 2ln 1 x x + + + +C (D) 4l x x n 2 2ln 1 C + + +
(E)
2
2 1
n
3 2
x x x + + + 2l C