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SCHMITT TRIGGER Abstract

This report shows working of a basic Schmitt trigger using IC LM741. The proposed Schmitt trigger was designed by EAGLE. It uses the configuration of inverting Schmitt trigger. This project aims at learning basics of PCB designing and layout. When given AC input it gives square wave as the output. The Duty Cycle depends upon the input given.

Introduction
In electronics, a Schmitt trigger is a comparator circuit that incorporates positive feedback. In the non-inverting configuration, when the input is higher than a certain chosen threshold, the output is high; when the input is below a different (lower) chosen threshold, the output is low; when the input is between the two, the output retains its value. The trigger is so named because the output retains its value until the input changes sufficiently to trigger a change. This dual threshold action is called hysteresis, and implies that the Schmitt trigger has some memory. In fact, the Schmitt trigger is a bistable multivibrator. Schmitt trigger devices are typically used in open loop configurations for noise immunity and closed loop positive feedback configurations to implement multivibrators. A comparator circuit, whether using an operational amplifier or some other electronics technology will work well under some conditions but it is not always ideal. If there is a slow waveform, or one with some noise ion it, then there is the possibility that the output will switch back and forth several times during the switch over phase as only small levels of noise on the input will cause the output to change. This may not be a problem in some circumstances, but if the output from the operational amplifier comparator is being fed into fast logic circuitry, then it can often give rise to problems as the circuit will see several low high or high low transitions and will respond to each one. This can easily cause many problems. Under these circumstances circuits that combat this problem are require. One known as the Schmitt trigger has been in use for many years, having been originally invented by an American scientist

named Otto Schmitt. The Schmitt trigger switches at different voltages depending upon whether it is moving from low to high or high to low employing what is termed hysteresis.

Working Principle
The schmitt trigger is an electronic comparator that has a slightly different voltage (or current) threshold for turning on than it does for turning off. This means that, once it turns on, it sticks on until the input signal decreases somewhat below the original turn-on point, and vice versa, once it turns off, it sticks off until the input signal increases somewhat above the original turn-off point. This is called hysteresis, and it effectively debounces the input signal and prevent short cycling. When the non-inverting input (+) is higher than the inverting input (-), the comparator output switches to the POSITIVE voltage supply. On the contrary, the non-inverting input (+) is lower than the inverting input (-), the output switches to the NEGATIVE voltage supply. The inverting input (-) is grounded, so someone would expect that the turn-on and off point would be the ground (0). The function of the ST comes from the feedback resistor R FB. When for example the output of the comparator is to the POSITIVE voltage supply, then the non-inverting input has through the RFB this voltage! The same happens when the output is to the NEGATIVE power supply. The voltage needed to switch the output of the comparator must be above or below zero (ground), according to thePOSITIVE and NEGATIVE power supply and according to the resistors RI and RFB. More specific, the formula to calculate the threshold voltage is:

RI VTHRESHOLD = VSUPPLY x RFB + RI

So, if the output is to the POSITIVE voltage, the required negative voltage that must be applied to Vin is:

VINPUT <= - VTHRESHOLD If the output is to the NEGATIVE voltage, the required positive voltage that must be applied to Vin is:

VINPUT >= VTHRESHOLD The above circuit is non-inverting Schmitt Trigger. It can be easily converted into an inverting Schmitt Trigger as follows: The same formula is used to calculate the threshold level. But the output of this circuit is inverted in comparison to the previous one. When the input voltage is above the High Threshold Level, the output goes LOW. These are the most basic Schmitt Trigger. The threshold voltage is an equal offset from the center of the POSITIVE and NEGATIVE power supply (usually this is 0). Thus, we can call it "symmetrical Schmitt Trigger The Schmitt trigger has the following advantages: High impedance input (10-12 typical) Balanced input and output characteristics Thresholds are typically symmetrical to 12 VCC Outputs source and sink equal currents Outputs drive to supply rails Positive and negative-going thresholds show low variation with respect to temperature Wide supply range (3V15V), split supplies possible Low power consumption, even during transitions High noise immunity, 0.70 VCC typical Disadvantages: For slow varying input, the output swing is also slow. If the input is noisy then the output makes several transition.

Applications:
Noise immunity One application of a Schmitt trigger is to increase the noise immunity in a circuit with only a single input threshold. With only one input threshold, a noisy input signal near that threshold could cause the output to switch rapidly back and forth from noise alone. A noisy Schmitt Trigger input signal near one threshold can cause only one switch in output value, after which it would have to move beyond the other threshold in order to cause another switch.

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