272 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ENERGY CONVERSION, VOL. 26, NO.

1, MARCH 2011
Series Voltage Compensation for DFIG Wind Turbine
Low-Voltage Ride-Through Solution
Omar Abdel-Baqi and Adel Nasiri, Senior Member, IEEE
AbstractThis paper introduces a new solution for doubly fed
induction generators to stay connected to the grid during voltage
sags. The main idea is to increase the stator voltage to a level that
creates the required ux to keep the rotor side converter current
below its transient rating. To accomplish this goal, a series com-
pensator is added to inject voltage in series to the stator side line.
The series converter monitors the grid voltage and provides com-
pensation accordingly to accomplish this aim. Since the turbine
and converter stay connected, the synchronization of operation re-
mains established during and after the fault and normal operation
can be resumed immediately after the fault is cleared. To keep the
current at its minimum, a control strategy has been developed to
keep the injected voltage and line voltage in phase during and after
the fault.
Index TermsDoubly fed induction generator (DFIG), grid
fault, low-voltage ride through, series voltage compensation.
NOMENCLATURE

i Current space vector.

L
m
Magnetizing inductance.
L
ls
, L
lr
Stator and rotor leakage inductance.
L
s
, L
r
Stator and rotor self-inductance.
r Superscript denoting rotor reference frame.
R
s
, R
r
Stator and rotor resistance.
s, r Subscript denoting stator and rotor.
v Voltage space vector.

v
sn
Nominal stator voltage vector.

Flux space vector.

sn
Stator ux at normal condition.

s
,
r
,
m
Synchronous, slip, and rotor angular frequen-
cies.

s
Stator time constant.
Leakage factor.
I. INTRODUCTION
A
MONG renewable energy sources, wind energy is well
advanced and is expected to play a major role in the future
renewable energy portfolio. Doubly fed induction generators
(DFIGs) are the most common type of advanced wind turbine
Manuscript received September 16, 2009; revised May 21, 2010, and August
28, 2010; accepted September 27, 2010. Date of publication January 20, 2011;
date of current version February 18, 2011. This work was supported by the
University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, under Research Growth Ini-
tiative program. Paper no. TEC-00403-2009.
The authors are with the Departments of Electrical Engineering and Computer
Science, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI 53201-0413 USA
(e-mail: nasiri@uwm.edu; oja@uwm.edu).
Color versions of one or more of the gures in this paper are available online
at http://ieeexplore.ieee.org.
Digital Object Identier 10.1109/TEC.2010.2094620
Fig. 1. Proposed WECC voltage ride-through requirements for all generators.
generators due to their durability, lower cost, simple structure,
and ability to adjust reactive power. One of the main drawbacks
of using DFIGs is their vulnerability to grid side voltage sags and
short circuits. This type of generator utilizes a power converter
on the rotor to adjust the rotor currents in order to regulate the
active and reactive power on the stator side. This converter is
typically rated up to 30% of the generator power. When short
circuit occurs on the grid side, the rotor currents rise and if the
converter is not protected against these high currents, it will be
damaged.
An easy way to protect the converter is to disconnect the gen-
erator during low-voltage conditions. But many regulations have
been developed and are under development to support the grid
during short circuits with reactive power and prevent discon-
nection to deliver power when the voltage is restored. Accord-
ing to the Western Electricity Coordinating Council regulation,
the machine has to remain online if a three-phase short circuit
fault occurs at the terminal and lasts for 0.15 s followed by a
ramp voltage rebuild to 90% of nominal voltage in 2.85 s (see
Fig. 1). The wind turbine generator may disconnect from the
line transiently outside the no-trip envelope but must reconnect
within 2 s and rebuild power output at 20% of rated power per
second. This new proposed regulation has been a challenging
requirement for the wind turbine manufacturers and utilities to
meet. Newer types of wind turbine generators are more suscep-
tible to short circuit fault due to presence of power electronics
components.
Recently, many researchers have focused on different tech-
niques to overcome the low-voltage ride-through (LVRT) issue.
Majority of these solutions rely on a rotor clamp circuit that cre-
ates a short circuit on the rotor to divert the high rotor currents
from the power electronics converters [1]. Some of the newer
types place a denite resistance across the rotor terminal that
helps in accelerating rotor current decay. These clamp circuits
change the effective resistance across the rotor terminals using
force commutation, PWM modulation, or actively changing the
0885-8969/$26.00 2011 IEEE
ABDEL-BAQI AND NASIRI: SERIES VOLTAGE COMPENSATION FOR DFIG WIND TURBINE LOW-VOLTAGE RIDE-THROUGH SOLUTION 273
Fig. 2. Conguration of the series converter for the proposed LVRT solution.
resistor clamp [1], [2]. In addition to the rotor clamp circuit,
to meet the requirements, a commutated semiconductor switch
on the stator may be used to control the phase of the voltage
applied to the machine. The major drawback of these methods
is that they are only aimed at protecting the rotor converter dur-
ing fault. They convert the DFIG to a simple induction machine
during fault since they create short circuit on the rotor [2]. The
induction machine draws a lot of reactive power from the grid
during fault and voltage build up. This exactly happens when the
grid needs reactive power to resume normal operation. There-
fore, using a rotor clamp circuit will further complicate the fault
situation for the grid. In addition, when the wind turbine is work-
ing in supersynchronous mode, the voltage on dc-link capacitor
dramatically increases. The rotor clamp circuits do not offer any
solution to protect this capacitor. An additional circuit is needed
to lower the capacitor voltage [3].
Utilization of voltage compensation using series converters
has been introduced and applied for many applications such as
dynamic voltage restorer [5], static compensators [12], and har-
monic compensations [13]. In this paper, we present a solution
to use a series converter on the stator terminal of a DFIG to
mitigate the effect of the short circuit on the wind turbine. This
converter, as shown in Fig. 2, acts the same as a series active
lter for voltage compensation. The converter consists of three
insulated gate bipolar transistor switching legs with a capacitor
(C) as energy storage. Each switching leg can be controlled inde-
pendently. Therefore, effects of unbalanced short circuit faults
on the turbine can also be mitigated. The converter delivers ac-
tive power for a very short period. Therefore, a proper sizing
of the capacitor is required. The converter continuously moni-
tors the grid side voltage. When this voltage dips, the converter
applies a voltage through series transformer to compensate for
the voltage dip. The level of voltage compensation depends on
the rating of the converter. Since the converter is considered to
apply voltage for a very short period of time, the rating can be
high for a compact size converter. The converter does not need to
compensate for 100%of line voltage during short circuit. It only
needs to compensate the voltage to a level that limits the short
circuit fault current. Typically, the converters on the rotor can
tolerate up to 300% of its rated current in transient conditions.
Therefore, the series converter can be designed at an apparent
power rating well below the power rating of the turbine.
Fig. 3. Conguration of a DFIG wind turbine system.
II. DFIG DURING GRID FAULT
Many references have discussed the modeling of DFIG wind
turbines [8], [9]. Fig. 3 shows the block diagram of a DFIG
wind turbine system. The generator has a three-phase wound
rotor supplied, via slip rings, from a four-quadrant, pulse width
modulation (PWM) converter with voltage of controllable am-
plitude and frequency [4].
A Park model in the stationary stator-orientated reference
frame, developed for DFIG in [10], is used to analyze the effect
of grid fault on the generator. In this model, the rotor variables
are referred to the stator side for simplicity. Using motor conven-
tion, the stator and rotor voltages in abc frame can be expressed
as
v
s
= R
s

i
s
+
d
dt

s
(1)
v
r
= R
r

i
r
+
d
dt

r
j
m

r
. (2)
The stator and rotor uxes are given by

s
= L
s

i
s
+ L
m

i
r
(3)

r
= L
r

i
r
+ L
m

i
s
(4)
where L
s
= (L
ls
+ L
m
) and L
r
= (L
lr
+ L
m
).
274 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ENERGY CONVERSION, VOL. 26, NO. 1, MARCH 2011
Fig. 4. DFIG-equivalent circuit for short circuit analysis.
Fig. 4 shows the equivalent circuit corresponding to the afore-
mentioned equations.
For the purpose of the rotor over-current analysis during the
short circuit, the rotor voltage from converter point of view is
the most important variable in the analysis [10]. This voltage
is induced by the variation of the stator ux, which can be
calculated by deriving

i
s
from (3) and substituting into (4):

r
=
L
m
L
s

s
L
r
.

i
r
, = 1
L
2
m
L
s
.L
r
. (5)
Thus, the rotor voltage can be found by combing (2) and (5)
v
r
=
L
m
L
s
_
d
dt
j
m
_

s
. .
v
r o
+
_
R
r
+ L
r
_
d
dt
j
m
__

i
r
.
(6)
The rotor voltage given by (6) can be divided into two terms.
The rst term is the open circuit voltage (v
r0
) and it depends on
the stator ux. The second term is smaller and it is caused by
the voltage drop on both the rotor resistance R
r
and the rotor
transient inductance L
r
. From (6), when there is no current in
the rotor circuit, the rotor voltage due to the stator ux is (v
r0
):
v
r0
=
L
m
L
s
_
d
dt
j
m
_

s
. (7)
A. Analysis Under Normal Operation
Under the normal condition, rotor current control technique
is utilized to adjust the active and reactive power at the generator
terminal. The rotor current phase and magnitude are controlled
to regulate the reactive power at zero and keep the generator
running at unity power factor. Sensed wind speed is used to de-
termine the reference active power of the turbine. Under normal
operation, the rotor voltage can be described as
v
r
= v
s
L
m
L
s
s
. .
V
r 0
+
_
R
r
+ L
r
_
d
dt
j
m
__

i
r
. .
V
r i
(8)
where s is the slip (s =
r
/
s
,
r
=
s

m
).
The rotor resistance and the transient reactance are typically
small. In addition, since the generator slip is limited to 30%,
the rotor current frequency is f
r
< 18 Hz [10]. As a result, the
magnitude of V
ri
in (8) is smaller than V
r 0
. The rotor voltage
due to the stator ux can be written as [10]
v
r0
= j
r
L
m
L
s

s
=

r

s
L
m
L
s
V
s
e
j
s
t
. (9)
Fig. 5. Rotor voltage with 0.2 slip and 1 s stator time constant.
The amplitude of the voltage v
r0
can be described as a function
of the amplitude of the stator voltage as follows:
V
r0
= V
s
L
m
L
s
s. (10)
During the normal operation, the rotor voltage v
r0
depends on
the magnitude of the stator voltage and the slip.
B. Analysis During Short Circuit
At the moment of the short circuit (t
0
= 0), the open circuit
rotor voltage due to the stator ux is given by
v
r0
=
L
m
L
s
_
1

s
+ j
m
_

0
e
t/
s
,

0
=
V
s
j
s
e
j
s
t
0
(11)
where
0
is the stator ux just before the short circuit.
The voltage is a space vector xed to the stator. Its amplitude
decreases exponentially to zero. With respect to the rotor, this
voltage rotates reversely with rotor angular frequency of
m
v
r
r0
=
L
m
L
s
_
1

s
+ j
m
_

0
e
t/
s
e
j
m
t
. (12)
Fig. 5 shows the rotor voltage behavior during three-phase short
circuit with a slip of 20%. As can be seen, the magnitude of
the rotor voltage v
r0
reaches its maximum value at the moment
of the short circuit. Using (12) and neglecting the term 1/
s
due to its small value (
S
1s 3s) for a 1-MW machine and
larger [7], [11], we have
V
r0
=
L
m
L
s

s
V
s
=
L
m
L
s
(1 s)V
s
. (13)
According to (13), V
r0
is proportional to 1 s. On the contrary,
the steady-state voltage is proportional to the slip, as given in
(10). Since the slip is in the range of 0.3 to 0.3 [10], it can
be concluded that the amplitude of the voltage induced on the
rotor winding during short circuit is closer to stator voltage.
ABDEL-BAQI AND NASIRI: SERIES VOLTAGE COMPENSATION FOR DFIG WIND TURBINE LOW-VOLTAGE RIDE-THROUGH SOLUTION 275
The ratio of rotor open-circuit voltage to rotor voltage caused
by rotor impedance is larger in this case compared with steady-
state situation. It can even be higher if the machine operates at
lower slips or at supersynchronous speed.
C. Analysis Under Partial Voltage Sag
For this analysis, we assume that the generator is running at
the nominal stator voltage, when at t = 0 the stator voltage dips
from

v
sn
to

v
s
, where

v
sn
is the nominal stator voltage:
v
s
=
_
v
sn
, for t < 0
v
s
, for t 0
(14)

v
s
= r
s

i
s
+
d

s
dt
. (15)
Solving for

i
s
from (3) and substituting into (15) yields
d

s
dt
= v
s

r
s
L
s

s
. (16)
Neglecting the stator resistant, the stator ux can be written as

sn
(t < 0) =
v
sn
j
s
. (17)
Replacing phasor of v
sn
with V
sn
e
j
s
t
, we achieve

sn
(t < 0) =
V
sn
j
s
e
j
s
t
. (18)
A balanced voltage sag at the stator terminal is assumed to be
a step change of the stator voltage. We dene h as the ratio of
the stator voltage before and after the sage as follows:
h =
|v
s
|
|v
sn
|
. (19)
Neglecting the stator resistant, stator ux response to a voltage
sag occurring at t = 0 is explained as follows:

s
(t) =
v
s
j
s
e
j
s
t
+
_
v
sn
v
s
j
s
_
e
(t/
s
)
. (20)
Combining (19) and (20), the stator ux can be described as

s
(t) =

sn
(h + (1 h)e
(j
s
+(1/
s
))t
). (21)
The second component of (21), which describes stator ux,
freezes according to Faradays law (apart from the slow expo-
nential decay). This frozen part appears to produce a transient
oscillatory stator ux that decays with the stator time constant.
By substituting (21) into (7), the rotor voltage caused by the
stator ux, in stationary reference frame, is achieved as follows:
v
r0
= |v
sn
|
L
m
L
s
(h.s.e
j
s
t
(1 h)(1 s)e
t/
s
). (22)
The two terms in (22) are different in nature. The rst part is
generated by the new grid voltage and its amplitude is small
because it is proportional to the slip. The second voltage is the
transient term and its amplitude is proportional to the depth of
the voltage dip and to 1 s. This voltage causes huge rise in the
rotor current. Equation (22) is the rotor voltage when there is no
rotor current. However, during the normal operation, the rotor
converter controls the rotor current in order to achieve the active
and reactive reference power. The voltage in the rotor terminals
that has to be generated by the converter is provided by
v
r
= |v
snormal
|
L
m
L
s
(h.se
j
s
t
(1 h)(1 s)e
t/
s
)
+
_
R
r
+ L
r
_
d
dt
j
m
__

i
r
. (23)
For a short circuit at turbine terminal, the aforementioned anal-
ysis is applied by setting h to 0.
III. PROPOSED SOLUTION
To start analyzing the proposed solution, it is assumed that
the generator is operating under normal condition when at time
t
0
a three-phase short circuit occurs:
v
s
=
_
V
s
e
j
s
t
, for t < 0
0, for t 0.
(24)
As soon as the short circuit is detected, we apply a voltage vector
of v
c
via the series converter on the stator, where |v
c
| = |v
s
| at
t = 0, and
1
is the time constant to be quantied later from
energy equations of the system. Vector

v
c
is rotating with the
speed of
s
and its magnitude is declining with the time constant
of
1
:
v
c
=
_
0, for t < t
0
V
c
e
j
s
t
e
t/
1
, for t >= t
0
.
(25)
Under this condition, the expression for the stator ux can be
obtained from (1) and (3) as follows:
d

s
dt
= v
s

R
s
L
s

s
. (26)
Substitutingv
s
= v
c
, the solution to this nonhomogeneous rst-
order differential equation can be found. Assuming zero delay
for the compensation, the homogeneous part of (26) can be
eliminated. This part corresponds to the transient ux. Solving
(26) for the stator ux, we get

s
=
V
c
j
s
(1/
1
) + (1/
s
)
e
j
s
t
e
t/
1
. (27)
Substituting (27) into (7), the rotor voltage induced from the
stator ux is obtained as follows:
v
r0
=
L
m
L
s
_
d
dt
j
m
_
V
c
j
s
(1/
1
) + (1/
s
)
e
j
s
t
e
t/
1
(28)
276 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ENERGY CONVERSION, VOL. 26, NO. 1, MARCH 2011
Fig. 6. Open circuit rotor voltage during short circuit with slip of 0.2 and
1
of 0.1 s at t t
0
.
v
r0
=
_
L
m
L
s
V
c
(j
s
j
m
) (1/
1
)
j
s
(1/
1
) + (1/
s
)
_
e
j
s
t
e
t/
1
. (29)
This voltage is a space vector that rotates at synchronous fre-
quency. Its amplitude decreases exponentially with the time
constant of
1
. With respect to the rotor, this voltage rotates
reversely at the slip frequency. Since the time constant for large
machines is much greater than 200 ms, if we set
1

s
, the
rotor open circuit voltage can be written in terms of the slip as
follows:
v
r0
=
_
L
m
L
s
V
c
s
_
e
t/
1
e
j(
s

m
)t
. (30)
Substituting (30) into (8), the rotor voltage connected to the
converter can be found
v
r
= v
c
e
t/
1
L
m
L
s
s +
_
R
r
+ L
r
_
d
dt
j
m
__

i
r
. (31)
The initial magnitude of the new rotor voltage at the moment
of the short circuit (t t
0
) due to the stator ux equals to the
magnitude of the stator voltage under normal condition and it
exponentially decreases to zero with the stator time constant, as
shown in Fig. 6. According to (30), the time constant of rotor
voltage due to the stator ux no longer depends on the stator
time constant or stator voltage. The time constant has changed
to the new time constant of
1
. The frozen component of the
stator ux that causes the second term of (22) is removed. The
rotor current will not rise due to a step change in stator voltage.
As can be seen in (30) and (31), this could have been performed
without adding the time constant of
1
. However, adding the
time constant reduces the requirement for energy storage size
for the series converter while keeping the rotor side inverter
current within the acceptable limits.
Fig. 7 shows the transient of the stator ux trajectory due to a
three-phase short circuit when the compensation is applied. At
the moment of short circuit, the compensator injects a voltage to
Fig. 7. Stator ux trajectory transients with compensation.
the stator circuit to keep the stator ux rotating at synchronous
speed but its magnitude decreases exponentially with the time
constant of
1
. Since the stator ux keeps rotating during the
short circuit transient at stator frequency, the induced voltage in
the rotor due the stator ux does not exceed its nominal value.
Fig. 8 shows the simulation results for the system behav-
ior during a symmetrical three-phase short circuit at t = 0.3 s.
The rotor current rises to 5 p.u. and the dc-bus voltage rises
approximately to 1.6 p.u. as well. During the short circuit, the
electromagnetic torque spikes approximately to 2.5 p.u. Ac-
tive power, reactive power, and torque reduce to zero after a
transient. These short circuit characteristics are what make the
system very venerable to short circuit.
Fig. 9 shows the system behavior with voltage compensation.
The simulation result reveals the effectiveness of the proposed
solution for keeping the rotor current under rated value at the
moment of short circuit.
The series converter does not need to compensate with a 100%
magnitude decaying voltage. The initial converter voltage can
be less than 100%. However, this will cause the rotor current
to rise. Fig. 10 shows the simulation results for a partial volt-
age compensation with time constant
1
. The results show that
with
1
set to 0.05 s and voltage compensation with an initial
magnitude of 50%, the rotor current is approximately rises to
2.5 p.u. As the converter can tolerate transient currents of up to
three times its rated current, the partial voltage compensation
guarantees successful voltage ride though with a smaller energy
storage requirements and smaller series converter rating.
IV. CONTROL TECHNIQUE
In this section, the control technique for the series converter
is described. The measured grid voltages (V
sa
, V
sb
, and V
sc
) are
converted into the stationary reference frame voltage quantities
(V
s
and V
s
) using the following transformation [6]:
ABDEL-BAQI AND NASIRI: SERIES VOLTAGE COMPENSATION FOR DFIG WIND TURBINE LOW-VOLTAGE RIDE-THROUGH SOLUTION 277
Fig. 8. Simulation results for a three-phase short circuit on the terminal of a
1.5-MW DFIG wind turbine.
Fig. 9. Simulation results for a three-phase short circuit on the terminal of a
1.5-MW DFIG wind turbine when a full compensation is applied.
_
V
s
V
s
_
=
_
2
3
_
1 1/2 1/2
0

3/2

3/2
_

V
sa
V
sb
V
sc

. (32)
Then, the stationary reference frame voltage quantities are con-
verted into the synchronous rotating reference frame voltage
quantities (V
sd
and V
sq
) rotating by the grid voltage angle of
Fig. 10. Simulation response of a 1.5-MWDFIGwind turbine to a three-phase
voltage sag with h = 0.15, 50% stator voltage compensation, and
1
= 0.05 s.
. A phase lock loop (PLL) is used to generate the grid voltage
angle
_
V
sd
V
sq
_
=
_
2
3
_
cos sin
sin cos
_ _
V
s
V

_
. (33)
The synchronous rotating reference frame voltage components
(V
sd
and V
sq
) are compared with the desired voltage to produce
the reference voltage for voltage regulator as shown in Fig. 11.
During normal operation, the compensator is not injecting any
voltage. In this case, if the capacitor is charged at its prede-
termined voltage, the compensator operates at standby mode.
Otherwise, it will charge the capacitor from the line.
V. ENERGY CALCULATIONS FOR DC CAPACITOR
During short circuit on the stator, the wind turbine cannot
export any power to the grid. However, when the compensation
is applied, the series converter absorbs all the turbine energy
and charges the capacitor. If a decaying time constant is applied
to the compensation voltage, the absorbed power and capacitor
size can be greatly reduced.
A. Case 1
In this case, no time constant (
1
) is introduced for the voltage
compensation and the series converter provides 100% compen-
sation during short circuit. We will have
E =
0.2
_
0

3.V
c
.I (34)
278 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ENERGY CONVERSION, VOL. 26, NO. 1, MARCH 2011
Fig. 11. Block diagram of the converter control technique.
where E is the energy delivered from 0 to 0.2 s. V
C
is the
capacitor voltage and I is the generator current. 0.2 s is the
maximum three-phase short circuit duration that the turbine
must withstand. The capacitor size for this case the can be
calculated as
C =
2
0.2
_
0

3V
C
.I
V
2
(35)
where V is the maximum allowable voltage variation of the
capacitor. In fact, the wind turbine delivers the same power
before, during, and after the short circuit since the generator
does not see the short circuit in this case. Therefore, a large
capacitor bank is required to absorb the energy.
B. Case 2
In this case, time constant
1
is introduced for the voltage
compensation. Substituting V
c
= V
c
e
t/
1
into (35), we get
C =
2E
V
2
=
2
_
0.2
0

3 V
c
e
t/
1
I
V
2
. (36)
From the aforementioned equation, it can be found that the
energy delivered is a function of the time constant
1
and can be
controlled by adjusting it. In addition, the capacitor size can also
be signicantly reduced. Fig. 12 shows the active and reactive
power of the turbine during short circuit with compensation.
Both power decline to zero after a fast transient.
VI. TEST RESULTS
In order to validate the analytical and simulation analyses, an
experimental setup was built and tested. The block diagram of
the test setup is shown in Fig. 2. A picture of the test setup in
the laboratory is also shown in Fig. 17. It includes the following
components:
1) dSPACE DS1104 DSP controller board: the control pro-
gram is written in Simulink environment combined with
the real-time interface of the DS1104 board;
2) a dc motor driving the induction motor at desired speed to
emulate mechanical wind power;
Fig. 12. Active and reactive power delivered with exponentially decaying
voltage compensation (V
c
= V
c
e
t /
1
).
Fig. 13. System behavior during the short circuit without compensation.
3) a voltage source inverter (VSI) operating at 40-kHz
switching frequency connected to the series transformer.
This VSI is used to control the amplitude and the phase of
the injected voltage;
ABDEL-BAQI AND NASIRI: SERIES VOLTAGE COMPENSATION FOR DFIG WIND TURBINE LOW-VOLTAGE RIDE-THROUGH SOLUTION 279
Fig. 14. System behavior during the short circuit with
1
= innity.
Fig. 15. System behavior during the short circuit with
1
= 0.1 s.
4) a 1 hp wound rotor induction machine simulating a wind
turbine generator;
5) a three-phase transformer (240 V:240 V) for series voltage
injection;
6) sensors for grid voltage, short circuit indicator, rotor cur-
rents, and stator voltage.
The phase voltages of the grid side is sensed and fed to a PLL
implemented in the controller to generate the reference voltages.
The actual grid voltage and reference voltages are compared
to generate the reference voltage and gate commands for the
series converter. The output voltage of the converter is applied
to the stator side using three single-phase transformers. This
conguration allows for independent compensation of phase
voltages. Inductor L
1
and capacitor C
1
form a low-pass lter
to remove the switching frequency harmonics from the output
of the converter. The controller also adjusts the voltage of the
dc-bus capacitor with very slow dynamic.
A. Behavior Under Symmetrical Short Circuit Without
Voltage Compensation
Fig. 13 shows the measured grid voltage, short circuit indi-
cator, rotor current, and stator voltage. The experimental results
Fig. 16. System behavior during the short circuit with
1
= 0.05 s.
Fig. 17. Hardware setup in the laboratory for testing.
show that the rotor current jumps to approximately ve times
of the nominal current during short circuit and exponentially
decays to zero with the stator time constant.
B. Behavior Under Symmetrical Short Circuit With Series
Voltage Compensation
In this section, the rotor current behavior is analyzed under
different conditions for the injected voltage as follows:
1) 100% stator voltage compensation with nondecaying in-
jected voltage. Fig. 14 shows the system behavior during
the short circuit with full stator voltage compensation. It
shows that the short circuit does not have any signicant
impact on the rotor current. The rotor current stays within
its normal value with small transient due to delay in volt-
age injection;
2) 100% stator voltage compensation with decaying voltage
with time constant
1
. The results of this case for two
values of
1
are shown in Figs. 15 and 16. It can be seen
that the rotor current decreases exponentially according to
the compensated voltage time constant of
1
. The rotor
current starts decaying after the short circuit from its ini-
tial value without experiencing any over current. Since the
280 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ENERGY CONVERSION, VOL. 26, NO. 1, MARCH 2011
energy that is being delivered during the short circuit is
proportional to the stator voltage, the required size of the
energy storage capacitor is decreased due to a smaller sta-
tor voltage. In fact, it is not necessary to compensate 100%
of the stator voltage during the short circuit to eliminate
the rotor circuit over current. The most important point is
to keep the frequency of the exponentially decaying com-
pensated voltage the same as the grid frequency during
the short circuit. This allows for the stator ux to rotate
with its initial speed during the short circuit and results in
keeping the rotor circuit voltage due to the stator ux the
same as its value during normal operation.
VII. CONCLUSION
DFIG is subject to intense stress during considerable grid
voltage sag. Additional measures must be taken to protect the
turbine and provide LVRT even at zero grid voltage in accor-
dance with utility requirements. Wind turbine equipped with
series voltage compensator described in this paper is able to
stay connected to the grid and limit the rotor currents within an
acceptable range. This LVRT solution for the DFIG also allows
for reactive power support to the grid during grid fault. The aim
of the proposed technique is to limit the rotor side converter high
currents and to provide the stator circuit with the necessary volt-
age via a series transformer without disconnecting the converter
from the rotor or from the grid. The wind turbine can resume
normal operation within a few hundred milliseconds after the
fault has been cleared. For longer voltage dips, the generator
can even supply reactive power to the grid. Simulation and ex-
perimental results verify the effectiveness and viability of the
proposed technique. According to analyses presented, the size
of the energy storage capacitor does not need to be excessively
large for the system to operate.
APPENDIX
The parameters of the machine and controller that have been
used for modeling and simulations are given as follows.
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Omar Abel-baqi was born in Al-Zawi, Palestine. He
received the B.S. degree from Palestine Polytechnic
University, Hebron, West Bank, and the M.S. degree
from the University of Detroit Mercy, Detroit, MI,
in 2000 and 2004, respectively, and the Ph.D. degree
from the University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Mil-
waukee, in 2010, all in electrical engineering.
He is currently an R&D Principle Engineer at
Bucyrus International, South Milwaukee, WI.
Adel Nasiri (M04SM06) was born in Sari, Iran,
in 1974. He received the B.S. and M.S. degrees from
the Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran, in
1996 and 1998, respectively, and the Ph.D. degree
from the Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago, in
2004, all in electrical engineering.
He was with Moshanir Power Engineering Com-
pany, Tehran, from 1998 to 2001. He also worked for
ForHealth Technologies, Inc., Daytona Beach, FL,
from 2004 to 2005 on an automated syringe lling
device. He is currently an Associate Professor in the
Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of
WisconsinMilwaukee, Milwaukee. He is a coauthor of a book entitled Unin-
terruptible Power Supplies and Active Filters (CRCPress, 2003), and the author
of numerous journal papers and conference presentations. His research interests
include power electronics converters, renewable energy systems, energy stor-
age, and electric motor drives.