Honsberger - From Erdos To Kiev, Problems of Olympiad Caliber (270p) (Dolciani 1996)

From Erdos to Kiev
Probkms of Olympiad Caliber
--."lICE ..... --~ ."U<A. U <:H .. ':mN~ W AYOIJI

(!,)WARD I. IARIItAl)
I"LC.IIVE/</S
From Erdos to Kiev

Problems of Olympiad Caliber
Ross Honsberger
Un;".rsily"/II'"",/",,
"""""'" M.J Do#",""",.,

TilE MATIlUMT1CAl ASllOXIATION Of' AMERICA
....
t,
'_~_f
.-.
~
'-4"-_"-_~_"'-
_..--,_
... _-_......-_-_-,,.....
,.",
Tht
OOt.C'''''' "'''lH[.."nC'''.
ExPOSI1IO.,~
n.","_,..""",.
,....._pn
..-.,.'_of
"'.., P
r-...."'
_-
n.. """""",,,,.,
, I,..
c"",,,,.., c,,, IJ
,"' .. H,
."..""""""Dob.o.., _
_ .. "
~" ..
d.N!
...,..,,, _
_
.............
,.,., .. ..,..,.......'''''...''.......-ofl..''''''..''''''''
r"',,"""... _
.._,..........- ...,..""'..
.... Y
,. . '
'lI<
.."
"'1
'-
"""'d
.....
r"", ""
_
._
"
""
...'.............
.,. ..........
bo ,
_~
.,.,.......,
""k'"
_".,j
"''''..... ~
' . . . . -......
..
' ..
oo<l E",
"'-.., .. " " - ' " ,."",."" H"",,d E...
...,_. _ "" ,_.t:oJ..- , _ ..,."" _
..
9............. . e-.III.~_H_..'
'0. .._
U .........,,,.. U .......
~_
.......
H
H
,.1-'
. . "' _.._.,_("......,.r
I. " . t : _.
"..
oil< _
" .,.._
_. ~
H bo'..' 10<1 I
, <1
" ' _.., .. " , . . - . ,
H
, <1
,,"'"" II
N!
"
, .,.........,... a-'",~
,l*._..>4 _""of'...
".., ".. a..o<l,_'o.....""......
.,
".-''''
......, o f . - .
y~".
110<, "" . . - ,. t< ..........., -....., r..- ,lot
_,
.... ..,.". "'"
' ... """"'_ ."h
""<laO r.. ".."

'. ' ..... root"
' . .IrunO>I. T'
"
, _
t<, .. , C _
- . , 10
Tht - . , Oft n
...'
,"1
In. . _
oM
ll_'...-
" ""'-,"'n t-..",-..... ..-G.-",_ _ ......,.V"'.. I(I

5<.. w.,.
11 ....
_,....,.._,,_.
,__ CU
ll._
') F.~.,_ .. t:......... "" """"., .. "" '_ _ ""D"...... 1l-.. "',
~
,-
" "'" ..'. .... _ t:_, " ' _ ..... 0..... 1 GoIb<"...".
"
1(.......,.....
-<~
'-"'" H_ _ MJ(),I".- U - . .. " " _ ,. (''*'',_<1 ...._ " I'

_5......' . ' _ ,
.J,.. G..,L"k............ "'''1l ........ ,
'''' '-- .~."'" ~
17 "-n'" "1,,,""':,,,
__-I0h_._, . .
~
.........''''.1 "
Il~
W
ll_
,_ of " .......
S"..... NW
IX" ""'...
,...,.mI""", f"X
'"'''',*l~
ll..._...-
Thi$
boot. is dtda1ed to 1M Uk""', d
1_ "rdcss bentfaeton d
lhnna!iQ
-UOs-w . . FM""
1MfOllndiug blors d 1M probl<. Ill.ioumoJ
en<.< }.{a''''-,i<o<wm
Contents
S<Y<" SoI",;o... b)' Grorre E.. a<\<>POIIIOS

A Oecornpo,,,,,,,, 0(, T......
AIME-I9IJ
A P r _ r""" l!>< 1991 AIME Eumi..,;o.,
t;;... U"_ P r _ (""" ,I>< I9\lJ Inte<..,,,,,,,,1 OI)'mpod
I
Il
19
15
Two _
29
II
f"'m
S'J
(,om ,I>< '911 USA ~'"poad

,I>< 1981lnte<..,,,,..1 Oftmpad
A G<o>m<tn< Om> ofo...... DeT..."..

AI( ..... OI)'mpiad Probkm
6l
$<>In< Studco' F."""",

F_ Un_ I'f<>bI<nu
71
r""" II.. ,m In'. ...''''''''' Olympiad
f",,,, ,II< .9\11 AIME Eu"""",,,,,,
61
1'1
9J
An U....... B"'p".n P r _ "" ,I>< M<4..' T",.p.nd ,I><

G<'<p",,"
T....,
Tt"n&l<
Sol.,,,,,,, b)' Jolin M",..y r""" Ih< ''182 l.<fMnp H,1IJo
S<t>ooI OII-..-d
Sol.'''''''
T_
b)' Ed
f '''''' ,II< '9\17
" f'f<>bI<m
99
10J
00<>1<,"<
s.-."" OIl""piad
r""" JolI,"" w.It"
f""" ,he ''187 Ila'~ OIl""piad
V.""", "o<><""t
Qu<>''''"'
F,om
Com"",,''''"'
T....
r""" ,I>< '966 N."",",I J""'" H,l'h SdI<><>I
M.........'''" Com"",""'" or ,I>< Po:oplo:", R<p<>l>I.: 0(0"""
IOJ
III
119
12)
'27
,.,

From "'" 19*6 Spo...... OI,...poo<l
Oeometri<
C""""",....
...... I_bl. '0,01""1 Lc>J>."'hmo
On ,,-,,,Its R'JIo,-AnP:4 hdol Tn._&!<>

Two Pr-.ns f,om
19U "'""rion 0Iymp..d
From ,II< I'IU <;.oudi>.. OI,..."..d
... P.obl<rn on C1oIl S<t>
from ,'" 1911 ...... m.l'<>lloII Tum Compe"'...
T_ p _ r""" III< 19111 ....... ti>nPotioh totllt><moti
t""
C""""'",,""
An Enpp,,& !'Top<ny C""",",,"I <I.. Ir><ir<lc of. T...np

On Floots and l;cil>np
T"", ... _ " " from ,II< 19&1 [""""bonol OIpIIpood
On ... ,,, ...... ,1< I'rop<""""
II "'opmy ofTrianp. H..-,"lIo. A.'" nf)O"

from Ill< I'IIS 8<>1&0....... So>t>nl Com....""",
M U
In.....'''''''''' OIympoad Ptobl<m r""" 1lo1...
AR"
01,...,.... "'_I
F""" ,'''' '9$oIlkIlp"'n OIympoad
Er<:\OI.....-..
F""" II>< 19IIS 8<>1&0';"" OIympoad
Two
From 0 0.,
e""....
A l.p" .... T .,.. G>m<I')' " ' _

Y_ _ from ,10< Stoond BoI~.n 0Il""p'o<I. I'lSS
A Prop1y of P<d,1 T,.. OI<>
Th... 1>10 S"IoO""" by 0.",., E... ",lopO<lloo
TIl< _
lot .."
'''''luab'.
'"
'"
'"
'"
'"
'"
'"
'"
m
'"
'"
'"
'"
'"
"'
"'
'"
'"
'"
'"
'"
'"
,.,.'"
M
<!
~;:!I"qH1'qHi!jn!jP
l~ ~
.g.n-~;~~~:df~i-q;t~~ 8~
51
~HflfJJH!H'I!J~~h!~ !t
iii~~;r~~;~~~~~!~f;jl:
l/,l'fj!,liiil d;j!J '1 I.

11~2Ii],9f~i~il~il'it5 t!
i,!l!l,lil,i!j!ljtttil~l
~]i~ ~~!-lElj~;~i[!~!:~~.J
lJJ~i,~l.8i:~i,~~i,Jit~lf~
~=~~
~~~6,,!,,~
~%
n
!~~t.ijl~ .ll
~
~
v,!;
;,..!~ -[-o'~g;:;g!"~':!i~j!~!l1!
.8 ..-c~
__
~~
....
;.I; '<-!'o
.
.~~ d.; i;-P i; ifi!j rt~~ P ll!
jfJ~ir~!E!~~~~~j-S~~~j9!!
!S-
~~J
~~",
tEn ~
i~f~~
g. ~ -
'o"L~1~~6" ..
:ii
n!
::.i
i!~-i~ii!~i~~i1!~;i~!!;-I~.
,.
~i5
! ~! g..b -~ to ~ .- J
6_;1:
...... _ _ ,
_~~ell~.
r, ,lit' !Ho! ,1<> !H\IO-'

1~
~~.~
J~
'-'~
! - "~-l~~~~

.II. , - .............1I00h "p.>l>6<h<d by ,II< C.<>a<!"n M"hrm.';"ol Soci<l~.
,bo' ;, .....rpmod 01' ," kM,d or>d pea' <m:I"
II ~
coni""",,, , ,"
'" On
,.",.
.-It..,.. All""'", ....nf 01' my ooI,,'' ' ' y p>a<d

"'' '1>1,"'""" ,h,. hllf ,he ....., in III< _0'
collol:n"" OJ< or my O"'n ,n""'K><I. Whm """'00ft " ,he _ k of OIh<n..
alone <Oft'In'N)oI lmes. _

bI,~
...- .. ,
wn<.... I~
'0
'" ,II<"...,.. oftt>< <>PO<O'_ """""",,t. ~1IC< 1 ho~

t my><lf. ,...,.", _ """"",bit for ,he II>M..........
In p<a<fI100""'.
1 -..Id lik. to<>tmd my""""" dunk> to [)on Alb> fo< II;, """"sP..
....,...,..._, and ..._
~ "",". )'<an. It" 01>0. pko..... ,. 'hank Ill<
Joe 8ohl<, and ,he m<mbtn of"'" DoI<o>.. Ed"""", Boord
ro< ,II,,, _ , , , . .......... of III< .....
f1... lIy. ",no ,honh ... d",
'''''''"<ha,......
~,
.. Ptd""o
"'' ' 'i...
_.pt.,"""""
on<! ~1 R_ fOf ''''''

of n......"",,'" Ill"",,,, ,I>< p.b1"'r.,.
pen...
pt<I$>.
,,.j
cam.'
Seven Solutions by
George Evagelopoulos
A' ,he
n' ,iM< (19'H) ~ E
A'he
GKrtt. H, ........,....... ,
~1oo
p<a<I""" 'n.. 'naI ...... ,n
,n h~
roo4 tlnl
, da... . . - , _
tId
...Iu""", """ f."""""," he '''''"

of
" , _. H"o
pi< of h" ...., 001....... ",,'
0
,he )'t.... The .. f<<a'I<<$
..."'0'"""",,,,,,,,,,,
,....."'"
0.0'1' .. ",II ""to......'

,he G,.. ~ Ollk"", of ,he _
, oro" toM< <100"1

_
.... ,n
~
'"
c..
C"'" "'0'10.-
' ... My .tId " ......n'I, ,he EdilO<'n-O><f a{

tId,n. "",mol QI-,.....
I. Problem I
(n.., fi... ptObIm1 C<>fO<O f.- ,he 1911 ..."" ,...." OIl'""",d. It ......""..1.-..1
byC C"""". C...to.1 M,,_m Sr... Uno"""y.tId by
J'*'" "'_.y. 001....
T.... 119lI). I'll
In , .., . "'" lG.....n. of..,.....' ,he..... 71 ,.h,1< ballo.tId U" bbrk

o.....tId b<>od< <he um". bo. pol< ofl>lo<k boill. Now. ,he f......... ,"1'........"
"",,"to"" .. P"fonn<d _'<dl,. Fino. 'w<> ba'II ......,hd"n,,'O_
f""" <he um.tId II....
(,) ,f,...y."boIh I>Io<k. "",of,,,,,," ~ pol< bocl.tId I... "'...... ;, 'h'.,...n .....'.
(b) if "'" i, bla<~ tid II" "'...... """". 'M "'..... "'" ;, "'" bo<lc .tId 'M l>Ia<~
""',' ,hrown .....,.
boIh ""'''.
boIh ,Now......
blad boll f,om ,he
pol<" pII' ;'''0 ,he ",.
(,) ,f'.......
'M'...
,.tId.
. - uD(Nf TO .,...
n.:m_...ho....., ' ' <OI<,,,...,h.....''''' boll>"", - . d f..-lh< ....

nd only """ .. pill bo<k. 'hoo r.,h"';q "'" .umber oftoolla in tI um b)' """.
lb<n. II>< "'" ";11 _
'Il< p<>IOl of <OII.. i~i-..Ii.p boD. Tho
q_ioft is "Wh.o, <010< is Illio .... boll?"
E. . . ,oaJIy.
Solution
, to _'hal ,I>< numt>ct""_ ball> in .... wn olwoY'<1wIa<s by Ofl<"
{o .... i. ".... (0) aCId (b~ and po. i. cur )~ Si_ th< """
0(10011> is i"'''''.l>Iy
In _ he """,lotf ofbIKk bolll mUSl
.....,..l! r.lIll1
all I
150.109
1. and perttal" .........O'
ll<l<I<Ib _ hkely ",,, 11 10m< ~
_
Si_ doll', koow ..hoi"" ,"'"
mWt1 bt IOmt ","", bolls lUIUnd _Iho .um\><t orblo<k bolh , _ ....
'hild,_.,. .. _ ~ to"-" It.< " , _ , .... _ " lh< ... y in "tt>:h
11'1< .urn
of whn. loon... n .honF.............,... ,lles ,,".... ;m"""j;"dr. n'.
'on Nd
didn"' Ihlnk of OOIIsi<leriIIa
in ,lit t\no ~_
Tho "_lit, .h,'lti1o _ is WlC!la.Flb)'..... (oj and {h). ond il dmps by
,.., und<f(,~ H-.:
numberol" ..
balb ....... j'> ,he 10....
Si_ "
<>5<1 10 bqjn ...,,11. ... md>' 11. it "'.... .."..;" odd 'hlOU"''''''
...........,
"'" ..1Iiboll i.'bo .....,.I1""""_ n..morc,h< ""boll<>n~
. _ bani ""'".
0..
0Ih<r hond.
be, or..h". bolk" , ... l><pnninl bocI-.
..... il would be """"H... '0 wind up wi'" uiop ... tu boll (.n _ "u'" \><Y l,
;",pl),,"1 ,IN: la>t boll ....,..Id ... block
II is
<OdI
._ton
_"til
"Ii.
,10<""",0(,1><
t'"
if,,,,....
'"
SlV"," SO",'TIONS .V """OCO 0'ACf1.OPOUl.05
2. The Cube and the
Ch~kerboard
(FfOIIl ,t>< '-too<ow OI""poa<I. 191) 11990. l~
n" p>bI<rn >D<tin>. l(I x l(Id,.<kboal.,.j. ",Ix ..t - I........ ,t><

um. ~ 'll< ......,.. on ,he booed 8<&1""'"1'" ,he """" len <o,nt,. ,he
"'be ~ _ " " I f roIle.hl;ou, _ 0('" "",,,,,,,Iv:- '" ,..... rfOIIl .....'" '"
......" ..",,0<1 'll< boa,d, ..,,.ji.,. "p ~ ..1Iy ,n ,he _ , . ""nt, "'_~
-..,. 'h< be;' . 1 _ ,.. roll only ,.. ,he .,,1oJ ... ., ,he 1>0>01 E",," ..;,~
, ","",-)'1 , .. >hull\< 'll<.9 _
,h<rt ' " .. ,II
hI'" ""h 'h< ~
'h<"
N
'" th<
"pwo,d "CPS n<>U1)'''' rn<tI 'll< owo>i" ""..,lin rKl.
<:l "'j'<, numb<r of 29 <6&iUl.

" ' _ ,"" "'.....
0(0
""mix" I. 2.), S. 6, .,,,nFd

14<1
"
,I><
_
l""
11y
_h
roc< _
... _
of th<
,ho, ,he numlx"onowo>i"fO<n
.p',,? 1>I"....-."_'IIa'.,,__ ,he"'be ..o<I,on.oq..... ,...

be,
'" bot""" loa "p<>nl<d ... ,ho, ......... so_ ,he "'....."'" .110..
,.. ,<t.,n ,
,ha, " ,I""d, ".mbe,ed...hen .11,1>< ...... nl;,
'
1 0( I ~
9 99 ... ua,.. ..;U ""'1)' .n ,n...,. Who, ",he
nd 1<
01 tb< ...,.. SolO- 99 ,"....,..-t
,.,.,
.. ..... -
;.
..CuRE I
Solution
Tl}'l"l ,.. ''''''lin< .0<1 lp U..,k 0(
~"'''' ."""",moo 1"""'" 01
,he !inl k-. roll< in
,ypoco! potll
' .... tl""....,."" "'" "'~, 10

p;e."",.11< l"0t<'>* ~Il)o <lo:>rlylO_'h< hy 10 ,II< p<oblern ... he
r-..;". "",pi< - . ....,."
>i"", J'OU can', 'urn back ",.h< Ief\ 0< """" <lown ,,>< _td, W<>.
1>0<""" ro <on prin' ;'odf ....... '"' ano<bet ........ of ,he
.."" fino
I<> Ih< "JP of ''''' <lib<.
Now,
r"" COOI..,.I". ,Il< ,nlq<f ~ is "" ,10< lop of ,he ",bo: 11<
OPPOS;" f_ ;. pr,n'inl 'he>rnplem<ola'l' i."1<' ,. _ x" ,he 110"010 of ....
<lib<. 8<00.... foa _
>nor ...... lOI> - . . pri""", .p.... _ _
btt....., ~ 'WO """"ren<><> of ,II< ;n'.." ~. ,h<.. ""'" """" 0 7_ >; UI<l
000........1,. _
...... _ . - y ,..., """',........ ofT _ ~. the . . -
...... C>w. Tho, is to ..,.. in .....,. pUh , . l", ..."
/. ,"" """Ilk"",."",, p'''' (l, 1_.) .~<m>l< 01001 ,II< IOQ'><IIC<
rious in'.....1s,
belin.inl with ..,..... ""mbet 0('110 pa;... lhe co.. ""'7
A' .... en<l "faU
. - po,,. (a. 7 _ oj. - . "';Jh' Of "'JIIt "'" _., .. ,,, Of ,. - . . . tho:
""' .......""' .. on .. , +~" finol po;'.
_n!. ;,
~~
...... 1_ ..... 7_ ..
. ..... 7_ ..
~ ~
... 7_ .... ,1_. __ ...
__ .1_
1_
Tb.... f<>r <Urnpl<. to ,II< np.. "loU'''' '"" .. lui......" poi" (I . 6). ,.....
ca. """,. in
hcf ""
of I '" f>, 0< ~ ,I><
~'" mom"" of .... ron. b<" lor. 6. Som,!>," for
ooho:roompl<m<nt>.y
...'.. fl. J).nd (l. 4). So""',...... "m"" boo _
'hon ,h"" ,""""'...... pao", .,
_
Itt"" 01 ,"" \19 num""" <'n r.,1 to boo boll... up ,n <dti.. pUn
Now, otMo",,>, ,tu< polnO'\lPl'.n <_ numb 01 II.. 99 piau> In ,""
10'1"""",, . . pIy,nl
m.... boo 'n _
...... boo, 01 ,""""'
poln.
t"".......-...
'."her """'
,ho, """"
Conaoq"""'~' """" m
boo ";l!><, .... '" ,h"" ,""""'...... pol",
"nl
""""",.... f""" 09 '"

,I.. pUn.
So"", 'boo numben ,"
h pU' 0<1<1 up to 7, 09 \>U" _14 ""'" ,ibo.. to l!><
sum S lOtIl 01 09 7 _ )'ol, w'-o:h 'boo ~ .... onpo,f<d .".. In...., _14
1""",">< by "',
1,2.)," S."..~. In lhio QIO, ,,,.,,, S ,
'n JoI9.
..,.,,,,,,,.\40
Il.,..."..
"",.,ninl In"
PO'" would
""",rit><>" "7 _116 '. S ....
II.. ,h""
"""""a.... ,""" _h or 'ho: po'" (I ,6). (2. I). (l. (). 001I14
.... _Sby_I'"'n~+S + ."",byle>sdu,n I 2 + l.f"' ...."mum

or 116 + Il lSI ..... m,n;"'... of l16 + 6 _ lol2.
" ;'.n
y .1cioo to """firm',"" lb<o< h.." . ".....n.........bl< ('h..
I, ldl,n 'ho:
,....... nll!>< _
.......
,ho: ~oif<d "'~'" In fOtt
III .... J.Q.
,ho,
,
II""' it ~",.bI< 'hal ,be
<norTT>OIl<
no""". of """" of S.
(:) _lS<716122_W1017lO<ll6OO,
of ""I)' 10 ,n'<f"n'
all r.lI in 0 .. mow _
J. Problem M I056
in 19C7" '9Ol1 ..."" M ;, ",oJ n"",b<r of
I S_."", 'N' 'h<1< ... ,,....I>a~
""f<r""~
,,,-".n<!
10 II"It the
1)'
up'n
l<fO. Pf<>.., h<n. ,h.. ,I>< ...... ololl til< <111'
on" cO""'" "<"<O'd .917
Suppoo< 'N' .a<h
<0,')'
...."'"ud< "'" ,>I,",

"".PI
bn
1"",.."io
2, 2IUbrna'", _
Solulion
odd,", ""
Z" 2 ..'''''''In. can b< d",<l<d In

,II< ..., _ in M.
,m",,'" m,.h' b< ,. '''r.w ...., ma.y 2 ,,2 1Ubtr"o<c< ..
~bI< ,nd tw>p< ,hOI "'" """"
1911 ,
f< I<f\. ;f~ul. ,Ik
<!<>ired
10
b<" _
0""
<)'
S 1 II<J>nn"" In lllt boll"'" I<f\ com<l',
Oft<
n "",,,., OIl'
""'" .nd <o'wno. of 2 , 2 _.,." unhl "...nti", I'IU " , _ subrnaU.. ,n
II,..
Unr""
.,.. Ita. ,,;" 1<
on_,.tl< .. h<>k fi,,,
,ow.nd 1>" >Illm. of /If...,." ,",2 19017 _1 '
"ho<h .. r.. """"
''''". <!nom:!.
'h., Ihn opproad1 ..,"',
be .. ' ..y '" ,orr)' "'"
we hod hop!
$uf<ly.t1,o".<ho:<li..".. ;e",of.l"" many""","""" 1 " l ..bm.ot..mo" ,.," .., 10 II< (..-.....".1 on ....' 001""'. . '" ,I>< probln. no. d,lII<ull,
",b< ,n fin,lIo,.
M ",h"h.n.. d"",nj,"I'"
,I>< 1" l,.bma'oi<n. Ir
,....n' ",....,.. m'ria.. howe,.., .... n' ,1><..
m,p., ... ,.0 ..""
,n'" """" 'h.n 1'1l!7. Geoo.. 001..
&0 .... 'Y
on",
~'"
<0<1<_ ....
,he.
,ho"
,hen.
""''J'
nil""
,..,,*
cor""" d>sa_.
'.,,""'fIlI
""",1cI._"
de<om""",""'....
,"odd""
,""'". "'UhrU' J<M!

<;"'_0"1'1><
....1,.1>< ........ M <an ..

PO""'''''''' '0'" Il'W1- '). 9'JJ L ped poe>. u,h of """'h 2.nd of
Irol,h, J. ,. J. . 1'111. _'''-.t,. ,11"'''''.... no.
L pI
poe< <on b< run"" d,<lrd '0'" .b<I",oll xl""',.... ",h"h
,Ionl
_h
.m> '" """"
v<T)'
finl 'n'IY
M_
,,,,,,,,,,,to<..
po< A "Iu<h ,.,.... 1 " J """'" "",h ,to< """.. I<fI
, ,
,
,
,,
,,
,,
,, ,,
,, ,
,,
I~.,
1\1:
, ..
"
'I,
~ I
,
I
I
,
,
':DL-JD't:]
nGURE J
<n'
C<In'><T""~ Th..."" .um S of "II ,he

r><> '" M ;, Ill< ,..1.. of". fi'" mIrY
pl.. ,lie ...... In
Io9l.".,....poeI A,_
",<
B., " ;, _
di!fi<>olllO _ U.I' 'M """ of
CO""" ..I 1,
"
a b
e d c
f
,he ..... of I!I< m,nn 'n
-r": A,
A,
{4~ ~ .. <+ ",+)+ ... !
.. I
+k
(I
+(H-f+,+d)+~-<i
(I
..
.,- ...
g h
nos s s I +9'J3(2) _
"""",n.. In"'1 _
~2.
IWl. OJ
IiflCt
(I
+~_d
lAl.IdlSI.
~ ...._
4. Kiirschik Competition
(Hwtp'l'. 19lIJ (1919.
non
COOl5O<l<r thqdynoo-Ifl.) ..""'" _aM .... codI\<,."".", I 00<1 "''''''"'
,nl<f"<1l'''& ><Ifi<im" ... 'J< "n """"'P"""

flo) - ,," .. a,x''
+4>."'-'" ..... ,,-_,a. I
,
If,... <q"_fh) O.... ppcrK '0 have ~ ..... .-..;,~ 00< mnark... 'hal
'Il< ,,1.. of!!l) ....... htn ht ......., Y"!
Pr....
Iikd~ COIIoequcn<c; f(2) ~ )",
<"" ..
Solution
SitIO< all, he oodficimu
~ O. U.....bI.ti,Won of any """n<&> " .... " ...1Ief
f... woold mak./(a) a'lt
I. ;",pI)'it\l.ha' 01' lilt _ofj(.) 0 .."" ...
ncp.~ numb<....., -'lo -'" _., .-'. UIi.,. ,II<>< .-. '" 1_/(4 ...
-"
/(.) _." .. ~,J'-'" .,.'-' ... " ..... _1 ... I

- (x ..
_ x"
"XX
"(II" "
,)(
TIl .. tach <odf...,,'
,,) .. ,(x .. '.J
<.j.'.' .. (_"1 .. 'I', ....)J<_.'+ ..... "" ... '."

b)o
... 'Il< ,om cf
(.'} prool"'" of ....
r-. Iaken t alo.im<
L"" "'."
Abo, ,...._IIl....... '1"'-",-1.
No.., oppl)O"I Ill< orillun<lo:
.."'" ' ....1 "",I "l' ....... ""'.. n
m)
... E"Cr'"
ric: .... n ;.......Ii'y '" .... 1.1
[II ......,. I"W .
." ..
_'")[II ' ' 'I"e).

Aolm'Ut<lly,'hio _ ' , ..... In lie V<f)' p<om;"nl. Ho_. 'hi. ."k....nl
p<odu<.....,,, .,,'y"""'~<ly
h lilt bril..... -......,"'"
Ib<..
is no pr<r~ rm ..... '. 0
r _ ,haodI '. """'.. In ,he
I"odu<l IIl< ....... "",bt. of
'h ,he _,. 'hal
'IIa'. ""'"
_her."
"'OI"'hef, ....
0,,'.-, ,.-(.,,,.. S. r"'-....pooi1,"' ..,.... ,.
- I'.
I.
'_"_~O~I.V
N_,ko"ly "'.. r""" 110" _ 1. and .. if_............. 1.1....... at>ol
... """Id _""'1 .....1(;) .".l (:J....k,",
... ~G)
r",.n k"O,U. __ ,n.
.-.
{(j-E ..x"-,
..l ,II< .. 10.. 01 fll) is " .... b)'
.. (I
+ 2)"
L:;' _. ",2'-', S".,. ...
(;). 'hn1
by Ill< bo""",",' 'heo<mo
_T. .. _ .
5. Problem 5
<_1"'.IlOl.... pr_f"""A..... h.ll9C~.lOI.......,.VI.,.,..V. N. Mo"y.
p..,"'",..... SUI< U"'....1I1~
No ...'''' """,. ral _umben ~,. r,. __ .... may\>< """'<oj ,n ,II< 'Iot<d u'"'
OtwOl" ..'" ,..1 n _be.' In
''''CfYaI ""h
,t>< ........ u""&f\<d
"'" '" ,be " .. <>.><111 ~
inrvollO.1 ~ _
'ho'
'h"
'h>',
,;Ll<-a,'''l.
..,
.....,'----+-----+;--~'--I'
-"J
_'.
Solutlon
,.
..,
!IOj-;LI.- .,I.
,
"",.~O._,",
..
I
/(Ol~~LI-~,I"~L"
..,
r"',.I.......
,.j
("nc<~.~OI
,
.
/lll--LII-',1
~
.. ,
,.
--L(I-,T,) ("""',.EIO,lll
~
,.,
.~(.-t
.-.
.)
-'-/lOl.
/(0)"/(1)_1.
<0'' '
I. __ <>1', ...... "" ,w<> """'/(0) ond/(lI

U<h
, '" ~
provi<lIns 'w<>
_al
.,,.,s,s,, ~ on """
"".. '''"' COI'lunu,,~ 01 'ho: fu",""", ,m~/(,'l-l rot ""'" ~ 1><1
0
.n<! '.
""U""'" ,. ,,,", ..._. '" ',,",II
'v
I"Gl)U'
.-~
...
"
6. Problem MI043 from Kvant
(1:_,. 1"1. do< '0 S.
v. K... ~>&i" (1m tOlD
In 'lOs ptobI<m
mod '0 _ _.... i' ;, paooi'ol< '" ,,,,,,;,"'" ,he
<n'i", ... o(;
(. > _1.0. 1,2. , )",'o'~_,j;oj<N" ",_in such. ""1
IN". fQt<ve<yn. II.. '01<&<" n. (n _ 1O). ...s (W .. I9Illa.......,.. ..... in eao:tI
dthe,h............
Solution
",""i''''',
LeI", .... pr<joOF ,........... bu' II)' to CONlN<' ,he oXso'K(I

I' .... be
"""",noon, ,. summa"", 0IIf _
"'h Ill< f<>lloooi<l& """...,.,:
,1Ia' '"
,ha,...
1 .. _ t .... ,r.
,<>0:1 ~ m'" bolon. to ,ht
1M. t, ,) <1<_
t. &t>ol 'btlo<I& 0<1< to eao:tI of,he ,
..t>s<u. 'hoo (00, ,) . . pli<>. ro< 'unqIi<.
..,... ....... ..,th
or t.
at>d ...
,j;1f<
'ho' ,__ ""'Of In tho
,,'Il<r ..
LeI', bqjn "';,h tho .... ol<d.RoM or'''''' bW<: ........ "hi<tI m
,,'hol<\ f",
...,. ~w .... or pon"ioni.. ,lit inlqm:

(0' "_ (n +- 19l1) (i
f.,.
,.,. in,
n. ,he in...... a<MI (n .. 19J7) moo'
......Y' _
.. '
;" U
obo) .,.j
(h).~(._11O).
(a) n_(n+19l7),
Sino< ,he r...,.""".., p<Op<rt,
in"It" ......
~n."
_n-.l,
"""".10)'
(n _ 100, __ lll,_
Th< r_ _
(n_~.
+- 19lJ)
.nd
n."
+- 1\111) ""$1
by n_
fo' an
ond n" 19U,'u,
(n .. loll. " 1917
'lIa' In .. 10Jl) can"," he in ,he sam< "'
21911).
"'lII (n - ~)
,... _
..... ,....." ....1>"...." ...,,,""., .. "';'10( I!ltTI ..' ..... B.... i

(. _ 10 1981).i' mo" be;" .."h .,... .... ,h< ,hr.. n"",ben (. _ 50) .,.
(. + I\lllT). B~ <timi"",;"". ,-. ~ ..
be ""', (. + 1917) iI ..,'10 ... i".".
Tho' is ,,, lOY. r.,. """J
,II<
.hl........, I " ~
(n. 1931).( 21911)... mo" h.;" ,11< ......... bo<!. 1. """",,,"".111<
cnti.. - " " ' (0. 19J1.119l7. )
, be.a 'O&"lb<f;"
me ..._ ,
os,
""'*'" .
"'''<
,1I< ..
"",,(.),."'.1>Il$h'... '1I<_
W......U""'k' _
,hil
,
h
property _ (n _150) ""'10
,..11'<100 '..., 'hel"~ (. _150).
(. _2 I~I......,.....)'
,
'i,<I~ in ,he .. me ... bs (i. """"",I,,,. ,II<
_ " " " (64/; I~ -50).(64H~- ~).(6U 110 - ~l .. ,ll.
"
(bl~~(~_l~1
W.ho"'.I..... y""'td'Iu' (~_ 100. - \(I ~ 19)11 ,""" hold. Son<un

o''''l'"" ..,,h(n + 19)1ph"J',-<>(n - 100. - SO"I H_ foulln,'h'''"
"""".1
Mn ~ ..Id, (n _ 150 _ 100. _ SOl.

tho. In _ lSOI
., on ""h
"" , In - 1001 '" (n - SIl) In.'<W of tl>< ...... bl,>h! In _ '00. _ ~") .,
1<>110
In - lSOI mOO' .lwa,.11< .."1>,,
Now ''''n. )'0" mu<l II< _noJ .....,. .., <p..I . _ ,Ion< numb<..
19J1ood 150. Th< r ..n',",O"'''''''
,too,
'ho'
1Ol19J11 _ 606(150) _ 50
_<4._.
Btu.... of ,10< ."I... ~ or ,II<

we '"',-, ,lI< " .., .....,_.
O_19Jl_219l7~
~""II50)-l(I
"""",,,la, .nlh""" .. 1""1"'.,;00.
_ SO 19)1. 646( IlQ) - 50

_ 0(150)_5O __ SO.
'ho'
6o<S/ISO) - SO
,,.,h<t
""""'na
O'M _XI moll II<
,n ,1>< ...... , .. bt<I. B",. fCK". O.
,hoi .. In d ....
or,1It .... fId.o,O<Y 4" _ SO,_._ + 1~1~ ,m"""1 ,10<
"<>la,,,,,,
l""fI'I'O'l 1"'"'''' " ,mJ""lo>il>l<~
Oeo<,.',
T!><f< mol' b< 'or""", way. oflOl""lI 'h.. pm"..... t.., _",l
001.'"", do,pi.ol' t", ..,., ...... ,hhl< ,,,..-".. ,)'1 W."""",_ U,,, h"'c >110<.
'''''' .."h.he 'olklwl"I"'l' problem.
7. Problem MI057 from Kvunt

IK, ...... t9l!7 11'l\lO.10Sjf
SurPO>< 'wo p(.ol""" fi .... A ..... ,I>.fl 8. (.k< '""" ...,," ..
* - ,-01''''
In"""ub!( '0 ,11< (wo '.'"
"'".f
i'l no ,nO<&<1
<01 an ov-I upon 10m" /., .....
l"l no ,.0<&<1 '""f be. di,,~# or. n_b<,
n..,
~'"
FOf
A
""" ~l>o" "",,1>1<
.1",,,,,._.
to
play" (lit loot,
mpl<. fOf. limll of L. 10. P""

".
w"h
to ,<Iom,,,,,,,.,.n
""-'.1 J, . ~. 1.1...... 9
pl.,..
""$h' l"O<d a, fol..,....,;
of I. 2. I. III from play.
."n ,,-.;ul>l<k
~
lnol <Iomln..,nl.n.'h,nl bu' ",.. "><If.
" ..,nl J. 6. 1. I .nd 9 ....,.. bIo~
_ _ UJ>lJs TO .,'"
"
7 (lu"n,J. 6.1. ond 9~
.nd B play> I (1<"',., jw J. 6. .<><1 9~
A t<pI""
~"h
Now, If ~ <me ~ ~y"""""'" ploy 6. <10m;""". . ''''' l. Bwould";n "';,h 9: bu< A

can n,n ",," ,he J. rot 'h<n boOh 6.0<1 9<an b<pIay!, ,h<f""" by 8.nd ,1'1<
"'hrr by A
Thrt<l"ot< II .. """,,bit for ';,hn pia)'<\' '0 win. Pr.,... ~"
r",
.--y hm;' L. ,""" ..;".. ...;n....
We nnp/>o>o",
SImpi)' ""how
lll<fi"',.I\o
""'tI, for ....
,No.
'ho' we 'n: "'" 'l\lit<d '0 fuo<i. "';on,. . ""'<tY ro< .... tM./'
'ho' .,.,. m'" "," Sine< oom<bo<I, m'" WIn ( 'boyan" boIh be
bIt ,. p1ay~ if
can """"
'ho' th<.... no ....ni,,& bot of

'ho' ..
pia, r", B. 'h<n ,

mn" to<
lin< or ploy
an odo<>t ... h",h Ih
...b&< '" ""noll< """"""'ully. <1.&1 i>. '1'I<f< IS 10m< w'no,,, "'01." fo< A. We
pro! ""'''O<Ily.
Suppoo<. '0 ,lit """,to".. t>rn.
'lorn: ;" ,.; nn;n..... l<lY 10< /I. I. th;"
~ B _Id
obi< <0 p"IT)'
~'" mo>Y< "'""" by A. Now. ,I>< "ombtr I.
of <>'<f)'
can OIIly be play'" 011 A", wry fi", ..,.,. 'f " OS
. _ to l>t playa! at .11. "'.
b<.bI< In "",.jl< 'h,>, say by f'fplyinl
.,;'h
p, J, ,n _ I ,n + 1... ll.t<doe<d
'ho'
Oft,
'."'p.
""'I<$)' m'"
beI.,.di
',,,,,n,,.,,,,f,,,,,, ,"'
"""">011&) d,...-. 'ho' n m'hl "" .

On Ill< 0Ih<r hand .. n rtt< '" tqon ""h .ny In..,.,. "P'n L,.nd ... miJh'
,boos< '0 ..." ...,h ,tiro PO""""" ''''rc<''~, u.r"""na'dy. tI." fi", """'"
by >
"""ld _I< B"';,h ,
-_.
"1'0" A ,. , ... ""I< w
..Il'y >11"'"
'll< _
1<.,. fOO:...
tqI., wllh ,. Th",. "'""'''I''''''IY r", 11 _ _
""' .., 0( ...... 1 ""''''''' 110" If'"..... ....

A
0( i,.
ow. dow.r.II.nd;' '..... ro.. a. ,,",.... bIe
w' 'OS
....tqy;, lO'h<rcold"""r"" r", A. "1'-"''' il""""'cn ,,',ima.. """"" ,.
" .. ,"""nti.1 '0 _, ,.." "" ..... r""'" 0( , ... '';'~ 0(.
,... q",,' for a wi"",ns
""'''ll'. i' " , _ 00 h,.' _ '0 find ......
A Decomposilion of a Triangle
I. An Easy Warm-up
,r yOU ...... ""'... '0 ",bd,_. 11''''''' oq..... ;",o. "1
bo:
8", ,f 2. l .,. l .. b'of.i' b<ca_<Kh of
b1l_
''''''.n: '"'''''y'''<q>l""",-,'''
""'I '.'.~'<I& of ,.. ob"""""bo:<keO'boonl q.."'n

"l
d bn ..... _~)'\>'I """'Id 1Ia~
,""""
,m_b!<, f'ro-<. ~""., ....
"
yOU w<>uI<ln~
prO"<
'1Ia'
Ii""" "1""'"
<an
bo: _P<<d ""0 "
","""",,,y.n ,'" An>< .."'. fo< ,n. ~'.6. 7.1.
"I...... "'"
" ~",pIo: q ..."'n<l& of .ny ..1Mq..... _~y "" ....... ,'" """'.." cr
"1 ..... by
'k"" ,r.,.. or< ""n! bul ,.., _"'" "I""''' 1ooI~ ,h ,r.
- . -".,., <00'"'.'"1" oq .."" I,."..... b!<. '" ~ ,.. .,,"* ..,6n'te r
FlGlI.~
,,>,
"
. - ........ roKItV
"
or'*"'> l~. " + J. " + 6. " + ~. __ 1- e-q..n~1.;roo><cmo!ll-""'_'"

oc~''''''''''CU<lab
4.6..... 1.II'h<ca... inqO<>lion ",1Ib_:
/4.7.10. U ... 1./6. 9. ':.... 1./1. II. ,<0, }.
w. ""'.. _ody ..... _
'" do " 4 nd 10
~.
mi..,..
B.. 1!I<x
...... i... only'. 001I.... 6
'wo...
,""' OIl' 10 be
p<ot>I<mo. I <ad> of
""",,"idnof
;,di"'" '0<0* "l...1patu
Slripof 1 equa' IQu.= is boOh
Iioln,. _erof2t _ 1 bu.lo:oq......... obuo,nl('I.........
o'Id ODIum<> of "l
"""rIap in 0 camer "'I.... ~ With ,he oornplemrnlar)'
"l
thaI 'ttlWn. of Ih< Ii'" ~Iu.... _pooiIiM
2i .....
oq
P'Odooed. Tho> 0"" ,.." .. ....,ht<l .... pljo by LUin& i ).,., "
1lI<";... oq
......._"It
.DoI.
= .........
, .,
,.,
I I
lI-
...
..,
2. The Triangle Problem

Tho: to<=po<><i;n&
_
",olIIm> or dt>rnpoo;OC
,n.w!yb}' ""yp<t><il oh - 1 ~
"'...... _~"""'I""'"','_m
'rioup; in'a ...ub-,ti>nlk' ..
""..,., ..... trian&,<'f<Io'n' """'... ond

ndtdd. U.. ,.... ...,

""luit! to ha.. only isoI/t< lrianJl<s i""
_posit""', Tho: b ,,~ ..:,ioo "'",_ be poos;l>l<;r""", '
Of ,h...
" ...po ... ClIlkd roo. boo, " .. nm me.. mnuk.b!< ...., <"Of)' '
_I<>.uian&l< _,." ..;0" r.,. 01' ~ ..
"""" lba,. Ii- trianp co
.";"n"" rOf
<"<f)'
"""'i... ,"'
hal; On
ys lie dc><:<>"po,.d in'an_'"

2: .
"
.,ed .. po"dP,_lOO In C..... JoID'_oro<-.['9'76, llO)'n<l
TIm __
tb< (0I1owi"& clo",,, sol.'"", ..,. Go~ Sol.""... or Ot...... (..... Uo So.....)"'..
""blnhed ,n 1917(1J.f_lll). You~, .1",,,,,;0,. ,t.: do><l, m.1l P,oblem
IllS. p<>s<d on 19$6. p 210.......... ,n 19111, p. '89:
De'mn;". ,II< _ " , " - . " reo .. tu<h I...... , ...... &'00 "potil;"" or
on Iu,I.".., ,""
to D 1",10,,1
Wh,,. ''''''' of ,he .1"'...... moBIl' lot 0Ul_.
,he 011;,_ to lb<
!on.." ...... 1.. ....... ,,';<<1, 1.1>(\< It>< ,.... "P<_If AD;' '0 on""''''
or
.._ " .."&I< AK on<l E.nd r.f< the
of ,he 011><, ,..... ""'" ,11m
AD. DE 0<1 DF "'beI,>'d< AIIC '"'0 r"", ..-.
<l'Iiol"",,,. or
,t>< hypoln'lu" 01. nJ"Hnp.l ""np: .. "'I
, f""" ,''' Ih......."'"
,;"'" " n III< """""""Ok' of,'" 'rian&l<l. Thun., 'fiofl&l< eon b< d<>rnpoI<d
.,," fou, ,,"""'... ,,,.......
' ' '.11<>.
"""p"",,,
''''''&1<.
.It,,"""
''''''''''1111<
-"'<
i-~~."-
nCliU.
Moo"""". if .n~ ...
1>,,,,,,,,,, of. 6.,.,..,c>cil"", .. IUbd;.O\<d ;.,0 (ou,
"""""Ie> " .." ...... ,1>0: _umbo, oI'.... n&I<> .. '..,....... ..,.
,!v<t, ,__... ,.
,'" .......up Pf_ on "1"''''' 10M"", of ,he c... of 'riaf\&le> ,""

",',,;011, c.._ ",'h It 01.... h"'<in~n", f
'yO( """t. D ~ J.n 6.
I
con. . . . .h<n. Oftly ,he , .... of"
,5. nd &..nd ..
"n:od1
W,"""
n'"
_ . ""iFl''''' 6 mM'.
B", 6 ........, .><oII1"of. All" dra"; ,h<;",
11""""
AD. 'h,,'
AtK ,.,. ,,.., n&h''.lled 'n
f"rI
1:<1,,,,,,,,
""" of , _ '.'0 ,..., '-:d<5 'ri,nJl<o by- ........ D '0 II.. mod"",", of II..
parl'''o,,,,,,
.L---l.(---~--1.,-~~--",
h)'l'Ol<ft_ hay .o~ .""
...\>d,,,",,,, tht other '"'" r(lVt - . . . ,n.nlb ..
For ~ ,,' ."',,._, .. con-. .."...1<1y <he - " " o..t

..... , ..."... All(" d <q .. la,oI.
..""" , ...
0) In ..-.1. ABC d"", ..."'..'....1."" ho PO" <>fo_..' sides. If

.. " < BC 1<1. BD .. SA bt <vi otr''''''.1IC 10 p .. _ _ ,,,..p, ABD.
s..W,vd ... 'hc ......'''''''" ADC;,nlO""'._... '........... 'hcn. ,"<o!>Lo,n Ib<
'0'" ..
dc>irl _"""""",
~ ,n.oJ'<>.
(., CIea~y ,h.u_h """"', WO<~ .. he. ABC ''''lull...",. N""'. .....
hrnmc<o'lltr 0 of ." .......'''., ,... nll< .. "'" ,I>< """"",""" (.. I><", lb<
.h~..-k> """'), ,he ,-.1. and ,he nt'<'Od - _
"Y
"'n'.... of
,he ,"onl!<. >1........... ;r.,.,.
,he
AO.
,he
"'Jh' ,,",til<
d,,,,,, """" .1'''.....
hl'l< _ ,,,
flGUU II
"
'_d
'h'-" "M
_ ' " lid< IK"'o ..." .. o. 1l<l

c.rdo
Co ttl<
",d. ~,II .., ..,.,.., b< !>o&<...,.,p '0 ..o<h ,h<
A. bu' ",II "'... AI'M
AC m
C on<! F ,.hoell, b<cao" of,... ob >us .)'mm<l'l'.....11 <Q( <>If.....,
A On(! AI'. ... k,n, aACf 001 Ion roaOQ.ilo",..n n... EF,
,.. ,~ DB, DC, DE. ond OF.
,he J<qU"e<l_P">I'1OOI of <lAB(" '.'0
pol""
'"'trpI.
fi..
,,,,,,,,It, ,,,.nJl<o.
pi""'"
..~~.,
flGU~[ "
AIME-I987
N"", 1<1 '" look at 'h"", pto!>l<ml ftoM ,he 1917 Amcri<on 'n...... 'kmal
M.._ ..
Ed"""",.", (A'ME).
i,.
......... ,
II ;. no< di"""'" to """'l<V<ryodd pOSi';'" ;,,'can 1.t + 1 ;.lbc ..... 0 ( _
..rinl 0( _ _,. . pOSil,.. 'nt<..... If""''';'''' <b<. Ul<.. ;. .two)" lbc tri...1
k+ (k + 1).1.t + 1. Bu' """" odd 'nt<.... _ . . . . , . 1 """'''rinp; ror
....mpl<.
11.10+11 .6+1+1.1 +2+3+0+3+6.

10 th;. problem W<.n: .. kc<l to ck,..-m,ne ,t>< Ionllh k of ollo ....... "rin, of
""""""".. potot,.. m'...n th.. odd up '0 J"-
Solution
If. ""'1<>' ouch ""n,ofkCOftlUt;.. pooiti.. ;n...."
.....M .. ,tl<
"'''It' o.
W< hI"
o + (~+ I) + ,.. + (0 + k _1).3".
~(1.a+k-ll.l">
k(Zo+k~ll .. lJ".
"

fl,).l'... )" ,I,I},I-)', __ ,2-3" 1_
tI,., ,lie
_ I< ~ hardl)' -.no "",'h...h,1t ..... 'ion,<>&. it ;'",".;nl, ''''"

fi", "umb on "", "nnl m", b<.t 10:0.. I. m>.kn'I'''' '011I""'"
1.2
+l_ll(*+ I).
"""", ,.,.. .....t""', n', """'h

l(l t I)
A' ........ <On """,10<1<
III'" ""'" '''' '011I)" ~ !l(* .. Il. 11""'&
_.t' ... !> 1-3" .. JSoIl9oI.
'bo' m." be .... ,,",. ,''' ......... . - of 2)":
k<:"Il~.""n16_...
k <: Ylll.
11 _ ,.... Ih. t.u ...... mo",.fIef 011, for '""<I'mo,,,,'..roily 11011 d It!<
2 poooiboli'i<>. leo....... ,..'
t {(I,J,9,1l,I',2<J,I.6. II,S-. 162.086}.
_.1<0',
SO"",'hn<do<>n',_to
"art <h"d'"1 ,
'urn 0", to be (
_bo~'
Y"' ..., boundm&cond,'"","""h<

In t1.. """" ""', 00'It of'l>< boa<>' or tI1II ...n
bI<.
w, "".. in .11 ""... llul

k(~+k_I)_2)".
ood ' ..... fot< ,lie ......,,, ...,., k. _ _
2)"
2.>+"). /.)'
2.>_
2." """,Id lead to
r .719,
2+1, ..d _ Ill. ".nll" ">qn.
0. <l.ll"", ~'" .')'.Ihm.... Iuo.. f<>lNld thaI k 46 "f....bI< nd

.... pa.... poooible t. Tho CO<fftP01IOl'''l >tria;.
m .. 12H --- .. 601 . \ ..'36(2...... OSI}

-IlH')(12l1) )',J' _ )".
;.<1<".,.
"
Problem 2
"'.1>10""
,m,..'"",
.lbo,..')'
'0
1". ., ... " ' _ .. tho: proI>I<m """sOh b< tho:

of tho
h """"",n. "'" or tho: tI,ly ""',.,. ",.-Jut rOf
, of
"umb... on
t><_ _ An
de< of tho:
,0<1<,",,* _, "",ltd.
"~mb<" .. hh'ylO<O<I'.;"m.ny""_,'ha' '.....rF' "umbtr ,"'>det
......1.... _ . and "'" .... "MI ;,., ",,,n,,,.. ",,,,,",,,,,,,, ro< _,"."", 'ho:
in",,,,,,,,,, and """"'"I ,hem. on<.t. tim<. """,
on,.,.,.
11<11""'....'"" ...... Of<k"o. ',. '. t ,II<
by
"""'PO h"l lilt "Umtlt", tn tho: fu'$l'"", pIac<o. ('" ',I. ,h<n ,II< PO" '" posi<"""
1 .... J. rQ_~ b)' .h< PO" In poolliono J .... a, and '" on W!I<fIe.., a"
,"..,...,., " r""n<!, 0<1< .. mply undot> it nd p><M' '" ,he
PO" of
""",.-. Su<h " , , _ .....'" <I... ,ly don ""' >kip - . ..... p: wnbrr. bot
"-,,,... ,, 00>01 un'"~ " .. 4p1od b)' On .... bluer nYmb. Th
on ,''' fino
p"" II...".,... numb " po<k<d "" som<o<lI<<<
d - . ,II< on, tJou<$I numb .. <otrii
I<>tI(\ 101' lib ("''' In'''' bo.I''' ......."", .. 'ho: o:nd~ and ... (0011>. or_ ....
In"'.......... '''CId<n,"y . - aIona ,II< way ho: bo& "umben .r<
pd.d up.t ", nd,
To ,II........ ,II< """" ;do" ,II< h,,, t..bbl<"... OVd'.h< ... {I,9.1. 7)
'''''''J<
,"....-.ft
_J/l."'"
_'''&
.lon,
""II<
_"r
"'OUld proch.,. ,he .....
1..!.I.l _ 1.9.1.7_ 1.1.9.7 _ 1.1.7.90

.n<l,helOlld pa.. _1<1
"""pIt1. U.. ,.._.
1.!. 7.9 - 1,1.1.9 Now
1.7.1,~
_ 1.1.1.9.
'0< ,he probItm.
S"rPO'" ".'1, . '" . . . . ._
...." ..... n'
or...,
d,lr.~'
n"mbor>. Wh.... ,he pr<>boboh'y ,'"" '" ",II I>< COIT><d r""".,d
,., end "p ;n pMo"on JO.n..- ,I>< ~'" t><o_ pa..?
Solution
"'. "" U'" ""'eel. bubbI< pa.. p;eko up. """,b.no! eo,,,,,,' I........ ,d.
"_"& , n _ ' , "n';1 bluer ,,_I><, ..
e>o<h "S-&". ,I><
""m.... "",,~d .... POO""'" ,- """"",,<oil ~"~ ", ""';"'1 """""'"' or
pMo''''''; .. 1-. l.e.. (,.m"' ..,.,). ;mpl)'i"& 'hOI U
, ' ......... j'I,...
biII<>' """,1><, <ntW",tcI "II co .U, po"," ,. slI eolrO.
_"n,.",. "',
II..
"','<", '. - .... (,.",..... J.
........oOS....,.,...
"
11><.....,..,., "'
' .. ,.... <e>P""& ...., .... " .... be< '" 01.0"," 00<,1 it ;.d<f..lOol
In 0 <OfI'II'OMoo 'h.
"umb<r When ,"" "''''''''''' ,be ""' r r,"
- . . . . , .... l\no.l """"." In _ , _ ;. '-c_. III< -1In.1,.:" ,hbo_g11 ;, "in
i..
II.. di.",,,,_ ofbei.... ,he _ , of rho " ... be<> In ,'''' fu>' 'F'O>''''''''' Th<
10'.' ,,,,. 'hH
d<uly ,lit
"omb in Ole fir.. i+ I posit
.
1"""
'Il.tI(lmd "P" -wi ...:"

....
be II.. _ ,.., number in U.. fin' )(l
ond flO "",r be rho _ ....
numb '"~ ,II<
)1
Ou, " , _.. ,nd<",,,,,i.. ,he ",_bi~'y"",'
,I><>< ,.., fa,.... """'" i<n '" II """'" In 0
pO"...... ,
n"",ba of' ........ 01 w,1I <><WI in
I"" of ,I><
fino
,he ptObob<~') of
,be p ..... In ,he fin' Xl
po....,... " 1/)O.nd ,I>< r:-ob>bohry of 'J' bti"1 tht bollC"";" ,II< fuu 31
III I So"", II><>< ,,0<1< ,",'''' or <On"~ ,I>< pn>bo.biti" 01.
C_","'Iy
""IO'.,...,."fo.,
JI'ISi'''''''
ru.. po$""""
to"""
P'>"'''''' ''''' .....

I""",."", Th..
_,;"no..
f,,,,,,,,bl<~,,,
.."""y
1'''" "
u."" .. "" "'
bel",
"'"
,,'y'"
'J<
"""". 3
In our ',"'d pmbIem ..... n .<1<<<1 limply Ie ""kula ,I>< ... Iut or
N
(10' .. 'lolll]' .. )2~)IJoI .. 12-l)(06 .. ll.)(sr .. )2.)

Ii" .. 1:~)II6' .. )1')(21" .. 1:z.t)IP''' lZ'j(S2' .. )1')
Solution
So"ly ,..... m.... be
yoflac<on ... ,....... """""'~ So"", l:z.t 11'.
..., m'$h'''''11 be
,nd<d of lht ""fac<o<.bl< forni, t:'. IJ' .......... lI'.
H".."""". ,n ,... _,oak.<a<h fo<'Of i, in'''' .... 1 fornl'" .. 'I'. whl<h ""
_ . , ... ~ ....k. on .U""", to 100lOr. C"",pl<o",* 'ho "I..... ..., ..'
..... II'. (t:' .. II)' _ J6oo'
(t:' .. II, !\o)(t:' .. 11-100)
nd 00 ,"' ......
"om"'" N. _ ...., lot ,onU. . .,

". n' (IG .. Uk)' .. II',
... (' ,1U)',
I"~
is Ii.... by
Ii
i_.
((10 .. 12k)' .. II .. 6(10 .. 12J<1)!1 10" 12k)' .. It - 6(10" 12k))
[I... 12k)' .. 18 .. 6(4 .. I1tJ) [14 .. IItl' .. " - 6(4 .. 121<))
'n
.... (1_'..
0 _ ' .. 112k .. 171)(1_' ..
ea-mnl ,he
eq'"
,6&1: .. SI)
1_ .. SI)(l_',,:w< .. 101 .
(o<.on in ,he n<Jrn<fot"" and
.f>OfI'l'"'''' Ill'"
'n,","")I2k,,n
'_',1...,+10'
1< ....
wll><h ....... ~ d t _ by
In ,..... lIN, il '.r... ".,
ti,., olo ......:
4., _ I.... (~ .. It' .. lo(l .. II, 10

.1441<' .. )12k. In _w
A Problem from the

1991 AIME Examination
.jl-:-~-,----~~--~-'
.,
.,
.,
11
Cl<a'I~.
fo<
<>'<f)'
,.'<&
> I. 'hn< . . . . ; . _
."",b<t
""''''''''''~ 11.. ,n'v>.1 (0. 11) ,"'0 """"""'~ ""'"

_ I d,ff.....'
0,;11 do"~ Now. ,t.. ....
'.nO< ""'."
$.ll'l-
.. a fo""'''''' 01
..I.... a. ,. .._
,I! f"""'....,
..t,
0( _)'I 0(
0,.0, , . "
I'.Y
JIll< - I)' +;,
,t.. polrt;,,,,,, p_ l.,.,. ...l.r<l

""" .11 po!oIibk "',,;,"""'. l.< hl'Pt<'l'O><

or. ';&h''""o&l< ..,11I - . (a _ IJ and ... ....
S.('"! ,1Ie .. moo UI<h
In .....
1)' + oj
_ma
h _..........,tI, ..." 'h>nk'"I_.nuy, and ""h ,hq ,""'or........
101<'' '
Ib< problan II .. ~, oo/Yoil. n is, fUSOIIIbly .....1I .I0,
.. '.11
,
............. " 1
Cl<lrl1,
,hen.
s. ..... $,,(1')
'hcltnl\hoftho",.ur'p"'h fromiO. 0) 10 ("'.17)
_.;", + 17'.
'+11'.'>,
""'k,n, ("I, 17, I) Pytho..,..o. tripl<. Now. , _ ;, 001
"hi<h ..... ka of left&Ih 1,. It " f'o,;r1y_lI_"""
'.pI<
pt1hororean
;" yea.. ,try
n
eas,
io.
'0 ..nf,
'ha~
1')1""_.
if .. is _
(like 17). ,.....
(... j("" -1)Il"" +m

lripk. _
(17,1~.1'}) .. n.. dairl .npl<. p.,n,
or' _ l~ .nd ~ _ 11.
Nine Unused Problems from

the 1987 Inlernational Olympiad
I. From the USA
c_. ,he ._he,

lC.....
M.,_~.
1917. 2711;.
~mila.
"""boll;' ';". ,. 1989. IJH
02 Sl6,. I 1919712.
,he l</t, clea,l)' ,he <I;"" f.A i",.

mt>o<h .1'....... 'Io"llh< ...... hrr,
As i' " """..... from

drn~ ... "n~
,
,
,
16S41. U9. 91
~. '.'''''~.I
..d
.0<1 97]2,
,,
N<>I """'" ,. >Mid<r alo"l"ri"l" ,W(> . . . . . . . . 'bo"'"1 ........ on<>.

....... ""'I "'" ..,h _ ._
"rifop. ,~ .. ;" on<> wt>o<~ to d ,he wa, 10 ,he
...., oha... .,( d'''''''.... Th._,oa,.. a.y ambol"" .. 10 ......
what
....... "".1 . _ <:on
HcnkH'h. I<t .. _ 10 .""h """ .. ol
'''.0<1
,le.'''''''.
.." ... "",ply ""'''.-
roo.mhe"
h~<
t716JS399I1. """'''1 .........,,'-'dy rcp<;t,od dop'''

<OfIlph".,iono.
_~
I.
P'''"''''.''J<n ,. wh"h
diJr"'f< .. ",.)'O<I,~<nI, finoill'." ,. tI><
~n, ...mpl<.I<''''
'h< _0& <IiI" '. he O.
,",rod"", ~.w> .....
ad_,
.0<1 >0'" ..
. . "'" ,""";",,
.11_
"
........008 TO .r",
Tho q ...."'" is "Wl>o' is til< ...._ _ 0/..... ;" """ an .....,,;,

;nl<'
Solulioll
111< rollo~',nl bu.' ,r\ll sol.. ion;' d", ,. my coIleaJll" I.n Gooldm (U R1VCfSity
ofW....""')
i.'.,....
CI<oo1y Ih< """,I> or """ o-diIi'

is N lG<r-', , _ ... 10
<1-"" for'''' fit1l
bul on1>' 9 lor _10 '-'na dIp', .U.,. como:uu..
repeIi'ioN.tt f " , _ , n... ,h< "'luit<d
d
di,,,.
III< <o<al _
..I.
Tor
N
all N In......
-li"
Th< proIIlcm is to ... 1ft on T.

50... _ ,onan_llIy ........1"'_.1<>0 ,...1 NmvJ<-~
way or_'i". T """'"d b< to odd up
(III<
."",b<f', of Nn. ,"", bt,in.r til< fit1l dip')
.(,11< numbcf " of NM 'lYo! tq;n ac Ihr _

{'he numtJtt " of "'..
,ha, '0<30" "
(.he n..,\I<t '. <>f ...... INoI tqon "
'N.I
d'1l0
'h< .h,rd d;ll,j
,II< .. h <liI').
;s.
T." .. " .. ,.. '.,

In ,hcse l<nns.
""'""','C'-',', -"-Ii'
or"
,.,
'he ..... FA.
a.."1
''/N'' ,II< probobolo'y that an in..,..- - . at .._

""",1><..... 0 be founol ,. "". . . "'" ,1.." lqio.,n ,he "h .......
probobihl} by,.. ,II< 6not<d , _ .. "",ply
''''''' ow
o.no"nalhK
A"L'"
,.,
Th<i"<K<. Ie< us tum ow ""n'"", In lI.. <&l<.olo,,,,,, oflbto< probobih'... p.,
Clearly"
I.,j"", ,II< -..,0;1" ol_.y>btl>'" ,,,,,.and,, ... O. ""'"
til< lui d.p,
- . . It", ,I>< '"'<00< pIooe< tI, ... ''''' <h.I...... boo' <II<><"
<Aft \10 -.....nl rrom ,... r _... ;0......,.... app<oa<II.
"
'" cnl<r tc dcaI \Wi'h

i n _ 1'<*'_ I. """"*' ,10< "..,._ oJo><I
.-I._of'"
't. The _ n l " '......."'lIp... 1how 'I\<OIIlyr"",
tilt
.n~
dIll" in 'hI ocljoom'
~;,
_)'$
"""'fOIlS <In -.pon ,h<tM<I...
II \\
'"
'"
'"
'"
111",. 01.. middle dip\. 'n position I. bq;"" ... oeI) In""... ()Jot>d (.). oneil!><
proboto'f
,. .. p,ob (l) .. prot> (I)
""Iou"" d''''''Y. boo< ...
n,;, q... ti,y ,,. P<"'*'" to

~n .. 'l' poio' of.;.w..
~ly_,nod
r""" Iho
po" I ~
~ (1)-+ prob (l)l

.'_Zprob(I),
Ii-...,. .y""""",. "
io~
'ha'.....") aM (1) ha.. the _
t_
ptObobiMy_
(':l
SiIlOt lh< lh... d,,... 'na.. (l) _ " iII<rea... they fll'" b< ......flb<
.... of th... do"'"",' d,
(,h<r< d 0lIl) '"'" _y to ......
,n ;0<.... ~"1
-'1. Now. t.... ,_I " Ix. of .... )'$ ,hn< >nomoI'" pIIa> <In b< ~Ikd io
109' (10 _y< f.,.. ,he I\no plac< and 9 (Of ..cn of ,t.: .. b<f 'WO~ .nd ..
P.'"
en
11091
"9
- Z.'iii'9!- I - J Z 10."'" 1 -17 "11"
qu.".
r.,
'ha".
1111._ ..
Mpho< '" ""'.
I _Ioln", ha.. 'hou&hl
_1<1
b< ",,<>NLO.' rOf all n _ Z
pOoO'ion/; on<! ro< IllI ..,........._In ... y<....
'"!<nO<
,t.: ""lui..,.. ...... ;, lh<f<fo..
.. ,
A_I:,,_l+(n_ ZlP.+ O
"
_1+j1 l n_2).
COlll...... nts
In 0 294,1" in_. ,hen, th<f< .. on ''''oa< of 20 'UM. Tn. ""'''0<011,
".,"'_ ,n"","", Iok< m,t><. <his __.re<! ,. be
II>&h. (Of j, _ _ '0
q,,"

;",p1y On . " . . - . , ""'" ...."" ~,. ot
~"pu ""'_
: .. 1-4S
SilO
II
no! On ,.... .."b<.,.,.., 'boo ..._ .
"",conOlHlu,o I .jdoai"
, "",, -... .nob
"'0
impoo<iblo: ~l"'ion. Of <ou
,loll ,mp<1
'Il< 20
nu,. Th ..
~ .....
d,.'....
l<>o.. 'iom n<&l" 'ho r....
'ho'
'0I<,1lt<., 19 pIac<s ""'ictl _0' double 'owanl th<
,.ns .f< _
......"" 0( , ...
>0>11'0 ...1,
nnt.l.""'" <.0<10 .. bot~ .11< ..... 01_ ""' ..... < bq;n..... of ,lie
,II< '''''''F .....h 0'" ,un iuc.... lly

29+ 19 ..
~iiH.
hkh io <nUl"'"
Ch~; ..
r.... blo. bot "h",h ..in .. ,u<~ me .. non< "'" bolo
_Ii' in'...., ,he ............be'< <>l'
1. 27(SoI) ..
nI. . . .
........n , _ "'p. of
S6+31
94
----W- .. J9" 2.'Ol5ll ....

With ~ "'",;""" hltlo: ... pr<>........... 'hi., 'hc.. _
10'''1 "ch' 1. ,he _raJ eue,

dip' ,n"F' io
nO
I...
hilI<
pol'"
I. no!
A<:>rdo....,. U.......... "'(lh of. run .......
(n-ll
os.t_lI
a-II
(._l)1'1oo_ll-'9_~'
..lU<h oW-loa ,... _

........'
11
" orlt_l,l26l ....
f'<'hopo ,he p>bIom II
'hinkina
,U, '" 'emu or ril-U& fir'='
does noIl.k< ;",. _ 0 ' Iht f..,. ,hoI no NO can ,>I 01<0&110 of 10 eli.....
s..<dy "'"
IIoitIp
plays
in _
... _
,'"
........ "'(l~ or. ""'. Of CO\I ,'" ul'P'" 10..., "" ,he lttI&lh oto "'" can b<
...... by acini , Wilt' "umb<r__.
10 _
101. ro< ""....,... _ """"" 1>0...
'bo'
<>_
"
"I>',r.:.", ,....
1_2.
('rl
'iiii"iiiil
.1_ 1101-1009\1
)-1101.100.100
9\1
l)
61
.1-).100. 1 -100.100'
od ,ho: o~ . . """,bt, c( ,.'" ,ft 0 100l4,1P'

I~
Th.. ,...
'""I'"
"""Id bt
I~ (10001 ~ 611.
''''''1'' ....,'h c( 0 tu" if> 'l><h 0" ,.,,"" """Id bt

1002.610 16n
611
~ i7i" ~ 1 4'11
t'"
.. tu<h ""'y ..,.. '" " ' - till"

"ot< of my ..,",,_ "" """ """tcf1l ........
...".. ,ho 0 I tI'''''I''' ~ - . A" ho: "'" c( daorol" "Il .. ho' htl" confid<n I hoY<
Iefl........ k. 0 _ . - 0' ~hy '"'''''IS ,. 10,1" ho", ~_ W. hoY<
~1-2
"
(:J
_1_ 2/Jl6~1)(~-1)
~
)H(6_1)(6_I)
-I -)~6 __1l)_ I~Hl-6~ I)
, ,
-i+)16_I)'
...I", 'ho' dof<.... ,oj .. 6;..o_ F.,. 10,. 6, ,!I<fI, ,ho: ....... """,bo,
of
I, 'ppro>l"",,,', 1 +1(0 - 2). 11"01 UI o~ . . I<oI&th c(
tu.,
.+ (0-2) J00_4 I_I

1+ (O-ll-l;"':"T-l_!'
..hoch is ..... ,~, ror .....y rrom ,Il< ""'PO "","I><,
2~
2. From Great Britain

(C"'.
101",_""",,". 1'111. :z.lJ: 0 "m;Io,
001.,_. II".'" 111*9.9)
TIl< .Il!ljl c( ,.... opI<ndid II't>'<m .. 0 .......io romily of ,o~""c ...."''''''' of

""',,;.. "ol ",,",ben
(.,I-l"~l,,',
- 1-
-~
Ii.
- +~.
"000 ,;,,,>OS TO .,EV
.. ",no lh~
, ... po$OU" '"",.'".
For a
bi".ry _ . / . can ....
iDokIim",ly II.IC. for ...mpl<, {I. I. I. _. _I ,....
1.1.-.1
f.........,.
. . v.,
.,11+1 ..... +1
v"
t:
l<$I
tn'''1 ".mp!< .. (I'. z'Y. . ,0'
.ho<h..,.. '0 "" with.,
1.
H.,...,.", ;r)'O\l"I<~ ">I"q_ in Ib<h each l<mI;, '''''1'' .. Ia" ..

bo, .. 1llI ,lit pt<Vico. I..... P'" lOFlhcf,
.
+ ...., Ior.n 2,1....
~.,+.,+-
lilt. I. - . "'"
ti.-l .....b<. <. ""
"'" .......,.j. In foc<. / ............ ony"_
"et ..
,1wI."',.....
ho' ,II< .... 11l< of ..,.. whlth ><qoe<> ort"" kn>ol

m'Jh'_ '" """ ""h. In lh.. ptOl>I<nI ..... re .... o<l '0 d<I<m"n< 1m
I..., uppcf bo..... < of ,n tI.. I ....",I", ,hi, ."..,..1 f... ily of 1eCl0<llC0S.
)'OU
Solution
or
If lilt 1.. <II><l !Io

00' ou' for ... on _ n t ",.,
In'''' poobl<nl. "'" woold ",II ....'" CHu"_k

"" '" rxo ,he ..... upper _
0(11'1< ..I"", 01
f.- Si... , .. ..,. il"""........ _Itd ... ,h ,II<
_,,,,,,,,,I
bIo'
oflf"<...,....
"" ilS ..h.. !><for< 1'l""1 _ . '" "bat,"""", appear '" to< ,
ol" ....1>1""'.. i" <1_ ..... Ob>i<>u~,. ch<ck'"1 "'" an,
_
1M '''''''"1 P<<pKI 01 poi$ibl. boo. . . """pIrI, ..... ,<
j<>I'
problem
put""'''' }<Ct"'"
","..nl, _ . httl< ""'" '" ,... adven'.". ,no! moo!
or
>0>
"m<. TIl;'
redly -=<10....... '0
fK<' "'" r.;.h onl~ tn h,,,,", promn'.I_t><Ji1 .

Th<
<OIIdoticll._ ~" A, + ... + ,H ,"""
' 01<01<>1'_
,. do< ..I
T. l< _ 1..... 1>1< IMI ,to< 11""" b<I_ ,to<
1..,.... "h.
0'" 11,." "';.,mum _1>1< .. I....... ,', - A m''''' 110", cri1"""
bo.nl\fl on ,tie .. I.... of
IS _ i"""""".. I>I<.
'M' ><qlo<"'" ,n "hoth
,...... _
..... ,,..,,. .. I....
1O .... 't<n'>< -,<Iof on<! .....
r. "
'" '" ,he .U<t vollo< of <_ _ dO.... ~

><qtom;" wln<lt. al\er A,. _h A.;' a
"""" '" A, . . . . , > ,: r", ...mp!<,
'h<n.
r.
""""""" """'pi<l"~ M"&I>'' ' ' '
11 .. poooil>l<, 1M' ... A. i,...
m<&h'<"''''''''''''
)'<
S_{I.I.2,4.I.16. ... 1", __ J

("","III'l.i'.l'.-
.1"'_1"_1).
For .hn ><qtom S.

j;
.-
Ii. Ii v1. Vi. 1I'i+ ... ,n;=T
,I1.l.BHh .. ,.2"!
'N" ...
f I+I+""+~"
,j~
+,/FOl
.,
fOf " odd, 'h" II'"
-",'C<C'C' -' C' ' ",---,'C' '-'<\'~"'-!'" ,'C'C'"",'----"""-1"
I +P' _1)+ ""(1' -I)
.1+v'i('- F)
ThtrriOf<.
a. ~ _ '"'.
f"., _ 1 ./i.
FOf " ewn. "'" No..
-+ 1')+ ./ill .. l+'" +1'-')
1';11
"11''' _I) ./i(1' -I)
}'A
an<l.p,n
f.,,-v'i., ..
t~ ...
Th.,,'" ,,,,,,,,,,"'u. I ./i ,,(or I,.... a ~',Id ._

n<l, """""J from.n
,,,~ ><qut""'. '""'"
a,,<mpI ,,,
w,
I....
.f< a'bo,,,rily , ' - '0 I +
n<l ,I ... , ......
""'" ,h4, f
"
I +./i. ,ll< _JI """'.~"" .,,,,,Id follow
o...ly.
..,.. ''''I.
"",,,h10'""''''''''
'ho'
,><d.
.".bl,'"""'''''''1
.n.

nd ,....'"""'" woulll appel"o be I ......,...bl< ...y 10 oPl'fO'l"'!o It>< problom.
Acnl~Y.
,._
'"
and let '" It)' 10 """" .hal
..
/ "'"",""'+6
7<, .... _+ ....
01>0 s I .. ...,-. flO'" (A~ ... _
"'. boundh.bi,.,'" r", ""h<o-oflbt
..ti.,+ ..... ,r>;;:; or ., .. a, .. ,,,' ,.

"~ho<I&I> oppel"'"
,. ""PI' .nd<si.. bIt <Oollplo<a'"",,- IrI ... _
.... p::i)'
II"">"''''''. '?: ( ft, h!i,+
1+J1
.
f,om whi<h ... olII';n
(I+v':li)( "1._
:<oj
(,Ii, ... ,... "".,)' .. (I .. ,/l)'.

T!I<lo 1h<<lelired 00ftCI.-... f. s I .. .ri.
("Ii; ....... """.,) .. .,fA;, s
rollow if ... cool<!"""" I!II'
";(,po ... " .. ,/z , I' .. (I .. .til'....,
Sq"'rinJ'- "'" ;, oqu;..." ,.
(Jii"
S (,Iii"
,/x".,l' .. 1.,fA;,(,fiO ....... .;;;:i) .. I.
"a..,)'..()..
l,ll)..o.,
2.n)....
.. ~:!ill .n I"I.T..
l"I.T.f,fJ, ... ~) :!i 12

"".
_T ,
~.
'"
Now. f""" ,... illd"""", "''''',...... V,~ ... hal'<

" " ... ,fiN S (1
R<pIoci"1
b)'
.n)"!,.,,'.C.C.C.""'.'0.,..
"!_.,, .. ''''.' ,n 'h.. b)',r-:, ,...... , _ ,... d<>i....

"" + ,.. .,1.<._, S II .n),r-:
(Il~
'ha' /...
s,,"" .11 ,hot< ....... t< t<.....bl<." fol""'" b)' illd""'"",

1<
(/\0" 0< ... ual '0 I .n'o<.n".IId .11
""""'" olld ,.."" /.an> .,b"..n!)'
clost '0 1.
""""11.1,2.. 1., .. :1' __ 1._
<OoKiud<
UP!'<' boun<l <" , _ <quol'" I +,Ii.
,Ii."_"'<'l """
,ha, ,... 1<."
3. From Iceland
F;.. d;,,-....'" "umbtrs.t< dr."", at ralld"", r""" I u, .01..,... at. II....
...,,-, ~ , _ Show
probabih'1 tha, tI" fin' 'h"" "..... btT>
d...." .' _II .. all fi.. "um
,." bt .m..... ,,, 10m> a" .n<l",,,,,,
'ha, ,
prO&t<>IOOft ;, ...."'.
'h....
(0_2)"
Solution
F,... of .II,"'-",oun' ,"" n..... bctofS-l<ml.n'..... 'O<~;ft.. ho<h'''''

<:om"",,,
dill'",.""" "th< _ "..
'"''11''' d
If ,he~""
'<nil ,,<I. thM ,he fifth

'em>..... old. m'" _
<.......... i....
.... 0<1$"
.0<1 oSo-oId.
n.., ,,"...y. ,"" ~r.. '"""<In be.n~or'h<,n1<'" I.l.... _ "<I,aod",,"'"

n"",b,,, or.uetI_" mpIy. _ 401.
""AI. 1", ,n_'pt< 'ho: poo"bl< ..I... or d. The
bop...
>nd""'" .... old <
,-,
,,-,-.
nd .._
...... be .. "".. L we ""..
..h<<< ,he
"I.'"
, ... l1<
n.
<ht<l wlo<lh<r 'h"
lo,,... ",I..
""'"
IH[(~I)I:!'I+.,~I.
"" " ;, <ku
'ho' d <on Ix .oy oftl>< ..,."."

1.2.l...
['-'I
~
Tho, Ih< "".1 """'b<t ofS-1tnn .." hmd;" ~ (t,. ". I" ' ,) in
!1.2..I ..
"[';'1-'(,.,..[";'1)
.,['; ']-' ["; '](I'; 'I' ,)
[';']('-'['; '1-')

'"'0
Now. when ,lie " ...ben d".... <In be Imina!

I S0",11_..
~ ""',.1,, r tIl. In Otdt, to "". . ,10< lin, ,~ ... ,h
" .I...." Ill",
caplbl< of be'olo",n..., ,nto on omh..."" PfOIK'''''''' 111<1< 'h"" """,be<>
,..,.ld h... to <on$<""l< _
of ,II< rOUt ....
1".1,.1,1.
(",1,,1.).
(I""." 11,.'.. ',1
Th< "" 1',. r" h). fOf ... mp!<. """ld be d,...... In on, of ." l' ~ PO>~bk
on<! ,he ~ .., '''''' "omb",. I, ."" I,. <O\Ik! _or",
Of<l,,, , ocd '"
<I'' "'
.,,<!<n.
,lie
fi
"
6-: 12d,W."n' ....)'O ....d,h'nl'....... l'" ',.',.',.',1 ,n "tIoctI,h<

ben d,,"n "" I,. I,. I,. In """" or<kr. s;""l,,,ty roo <.. h or Iht
fot&lQf.lof4 11 4ft otd<r$ In ...ho<ll ...h
Spro&JaOoOII.an
'h
k>u'ca
be d"
1"0.,
'"
01>,
of,,,,,
om""" ""n .1", to< '''0ntt<l

In ."'h.......
Y'of dnow,"1 fi",
'ho' ,lie r.." Ih
TlI.... ofollth. .(. _ I H__ 1)(0 _ l)(o - 0)
nurntlt" rrorn (1.2.... 0).
,.
,,,,,,.tt <liS
fQf. ~bol;'y
r........ 1>1< ""
_I_ - 1)(_ - Il1__ l)(" - 4)
[_'
1 ,........
._.__._.
Il ....... ,". '" <5I'mo til< -.,... of S
I. d"'W'"1 ,t>< fO'X,,,,,,.1
_
.
".:."U>d
....
,her
1'1 l
i'i'i'
Of
pin
_,._1.
_ , . In or<kr lO It'
Qf
J"
[_.'J- __ lbo'""' .....
i" en -.- .. """..
1
__ 1._1._1
.-.
-.-. - , - .......
Of
Th< ''''''''''''''';01 ..I... 0( S .f<
(.1 (-~ 11(._I("~ I)
_I)." ;~ _.. -~. 1__ ;
.- -....
I.-ll(_., (_.')
"_2JI "'- .... ._,., --- .,) --_.
I
_~I
1
... ~ .. +~"
1<)
"~)( __ 2("~1)_2)."'~)O_"-~+9_.;l
.. _ .... l
.-U_10.'..
~-.
'" '-'(
-,- ,- '('-'J
-,- -,)--,-- , --,<-.
--,.
.,>- ..
">_&.+16
-,---,-.
.. - .... '''--OJ
,,0<__')
, .
... 0(0-4)
Pi!: ofo _ 1)(__ 2)(__

I
1)(0 _ OJ
-.
(0 - 1)(. -ll(. -
"
(0_1)(._3) .... _
<,,'-
("~l)'.
,
(0 _ 1)(0 _l)
> (0 _1)"
" , '
(0-1)(0-2)(0_3)
.
>;::--;;'1.. <!in:<!
(. _ 2)
"
4. From Russia
(C"'"
M.,_,,-. 1'll!7. JI09; ...'moll .. ..,."',""",....,," 191'1. 1<11).

1''''''''' ~''''''''' of .... 1'''''''''' on..,.,. . TlIcn
.... ,(~) <1<..,.. 'ho _ _ of

.(1).',
Th< "'b;I1 of
>'(l)_2. ll)
,m, pn>l>I<m
1,
'("J_3..
r...oly of ooq"'nc
,I>.
n, 0), 1'(>1"1). *(>'(.1))... ,
.""h
in .hoctl
l<nn .~",II< ~ '" ;. ,II< numb ofd...""" of' II< pkd;o\& """
Fot eumpk.
SolO, 2., ..
~ ,.",h ....._
.. oompIt"1J'ddenn,noIl b)' ".fi", l<nn... h",hcon

k.n~
~ ln.. probl<tn;, '0 ok."ryII.. ""I"""'" ,n ,"', r.... Iy .._ do"", """.,n
prrl;;tt <q..".
_".. ,n'.., ..
SoIIl.1on
If'lIt pt'or.< _ " " " , , _ of.;'
;, ;,a,. ,,, ...
.",:-..;'
p~,
II ,
.(a) .. la,
+ 1)(0"
.) . . j .... I),
'.1 ""ea<' 01 ,he f"""

d_/;,I:
p~
....11 b< d;...... of .. i( and 0fIl}' of..".. of ". , . _ " h, <..-.j 'I>o:_~
opond'''f.
on n. 'hal'" ill
<''''''''.....
TIn.. " ..", ... 1o, I)

,nd<pc~' of """
<_
5"5 ... ,
fot '" .(.., I) rot 1>,. <1<. and .._
folio.....
._Ioef.
tho: r"",,"1.0
N_. '(0) ",R _,r o""onl, ,rea<hof
bt
,f.nd only ,f <ath ... " ...... Hen

.nd ooly,("".
>quo" Th
"",f'
,t.< pono<>ul <""", ..,II b< ad.._
d"...' '"' .. a ",eviou>
,... ", ."
'IJ foe'"rs(... + lI .. odd. 'ho'd.

1>0.. ,1'1< ,Mp>t..., mol'
"_I
,r
if.nyk,," of on< oIou,,.,.._ .. _ .
",'k<t oq......
'ho'
.,odd
or""".... ,"'w,y~ .... ''''''''
"no. aM..," _I"'f""$$ibl< '" l><co na ,.,.."""<.. "h on
"
-,..
odd noml>cf. o..M<l<
of,,,,,,. ""--. "'.... ,..11
Now IrI. ......_

f""""",,, for > 2:
.11<
lJ ",..-..u
"'pooun' powttty lIl.ot .(n) is
'*""'""'c
.(nJ<" r.. ">J.

If ~ is _
of n.
dlrid<> ;"<0 ">Om<
"_1>0> of
~_
k ........ ho...
_n.
The" io _ . d i _ o I....... (",k}'. . poitofC<lflll>ltm<nt&ry4m>on. _ .
....,...Jd boo: > ., on'ho: ",her
ha..... ,hey...,l boIII be .... 'IIIn
';'II<r. (0< ,hen .. < n. Th.... poir of
unequal >rnpItrne1lt&ry <Ii"""" Iw II(> - . bu' t _1< ..1". Of ~
dolo...,._ both 4."" k...,.=<d y;, for 1!Im ..

,.r,;
II>< i,.I"" Ih<_bob,y of, ... r-.pl<m<o..f)'m.....1,j;"q", , ; ; . _ . ,.

Ib<
of" bani> pc<fequare. (We mil/ll -..... in po><inllllal.
llIe
dl...... _~11y poi, .... w;1lI. _bl< ..In. di
,/ii. ,!lis , ... "",h<t
'*'"
sm.:c
>in) .. <>del ,r ..... onl, _. is
Now."_
,
U<h
.. ,nlq<r "'" ...-j,nl "r.;. ,..... <an"' be
_",*n 1..r.)of'lI<m(i ... 'he,n'.,.. pon of ,fii).>UtIt'fI&'h< pouObIo oeI'
<Oi......" .......,. pair (,Iii,,r.~ ..... it fol"""". fo< on n. th>.'
ptOOf of "'" ,"" thaI
<OfIlp!<m<otMy pOir "'.... c.,.".in
>in)";
1[-"'1-
Now. ifnio .......... ll>oo,;;; ".dh"oo<, bu. ","pOi.("r.. ,Iii)"""tribulonIy

I to
>in> ,,,..-1 01"2, ""'ki"S
01-) :s ll,!ii!- I " 2';;;.

If." 110I .......... th<oI ,r. is "'" on ;nlq<r. implyina {,/iiI < "r.;. tnd
I""
n)";
11""1" l,r.,
T1><f<f.... nj"
fo<.n._
Now. r", > . cl<>rly ... ,," 'n ..... 2';';" n,
>'fn)" n, , ..
>in)"
t>oIds r.,." a lood. (,(lJ a 2 < la"" .(aJ a) < al..........
am",
.oJ""
ho .. flnall}' ""',
an > 1.
n.- ,II< ""l"""" ".'(0). ".(oJ)... ia ",""I, """'''''''''' 10
,,_) <"
fOIl
_,CO"
""'* a, ....
....... mna>n
'ho n 1. But "" tum ,n a o<q......,.
1 ""'" 1. The on'>'
posi" inlqa,.;!h $10<10....,.;, I.antl .. a I <au
" Iftll< ptnin..
t<mI
I. >tnpIl"'l 'ho' .... ooIy oeq-.c. ,,;,h a I is (I. I. I ... ) ..-hI<h
...'"
,. Sua"", oeq_ tq;n ~"h "
> I. U..i, .... ,1<><
posoible
_i.
"><"
".".,.;, I . nd';_ .(.)

<k<...N.1 f"",,,on f.... > l. we
1
propmy """....,.
m"" .....'>OOIly <l<a<_lo It>< ,...". 2. of...
...ho<h" "1'<0" ,ndrilm..'y.';"", >'(2) a 2.
Now. e'mly .(n) a 1 if and only If. i ,._ _. Th<t<for<.
1<11.........
bt.._
<10 .......... , ...... ",,0<1_ perl"
,qUO.."
";,h 1'''"''''
'h.,
'0
,.2.1. U. U
..
H""""",.,, "" ....11_. , Ol" ,I>< only onn.
""'""""'"in'<&<,
S,,_. ''''' ' 110" ""~

"" i. 0...............
n. ThUll
4. ond. "'" 1><'''1' 1'"
,-j.)",o_ I>< I. ond .. ,"" ,ndl< '".nd .... n
doo<>.', 1><1'. "oUl" ...." ,"" 'h'nl'""" ....... ""....... ,"" on'y_y. 1,
..... .. if ,II< pt>iouo ''''''' ... pI'>"",. Of <0\1,",. ,"" "''''''''. . ''''''' coukl be
I. b"' ,I"nh I.. m<dio,ff, prtdios ,I fi'" 2 .....101 ..... 10 I><
11<0.1 odd. ,"" .."" . _ of Ih" pnm< "'. I>< "",hl.1 "Is< b<o<
perl' IQ..... Th .,,"".. IS flO ..-1'.1' perle oq ..... lRO.y ...............""",
._1><0..rtf"",,,,,,
...... ,h,.. 0<
mo" '''''''' to """h
.... ' .,.,.r"" oq

S;"'"
pnme ..,.... of
<1<1,,,,,,,,, ,II< o.'y 1Q"
,II<
fi", 2
on odd pI'>.... lit< r,"1 1. 2.2.1.

III< only.,... '0 1'" ,I>< 2',
.f_ ....""""" I. ,"" fo""Y.
".,,1 <om... ,....,
S. From FraTlCt'
(e,., l.Ia'_'k',..... '981. 206)
_"
<0._,' '
,"" pr<I<.tO,_ of 0 ptobI<m "lwtful'y .......... _ . ,II< Jilnl1
polh FOl
",pI<.
follow'.1 ",ob\<n'l
.,!S::L.~<
...,.. _
From 0 poin' 0 on U.. hypo'..,... of IJC .... nil" ,no.p<

pt~"'"""
TO OJ""
"fe.
DE ..01 DF.t< d",,,,. . . ,je an<l ,.8. _"V<1y.

0
wh"h iF t.u ....
ItnJlh
0.,,,",,,,,, ,'" pool'''' or r""
m...
Of,,,,,,.., AFDC it .-<cu"*",, .0><1 it", "'" EF bu' tilt .."" 01.._ , AD 'ha'
.... """'1<1 t>< 'lunlinl'bou'. Obo>ov>ly. AD ho. miNm"m .....'h ......... () .. '"
,,;,,., ,he problem run, iI.

In ,lOs ... mp!<.<Y<ry'llu",lunF'on.1I< f> ,"", A" .. ' ri$ht 'np. ro<
ADo"" ..,)'..q ..' If._,,,~mpl< .. h<n lI.A ..
no< "&h'
'h.. "",n, ,..,.. ot< ... lIi<otnUr m'I;<11 II}' n...
...mpl< ro<
10 pr<><m tho: ..._
poobI<m ~ by F "",.
Ill< fOOl
or ,he .It,'odt from ..t. - t i l _
'h<n'hed,_,.F.r>d
""'hao<.,
.~.2.~"
ncu ,.
w..... _
to<
In ..ni..... lOr for an .,bou ..,. 6A8C'
SoIulion
s...vn~1.1"'.n,_
..."" ."....... _D '-ldlO" '... '_ofU>t.,'''.....
(,om A. ond 01"" ,r. boca_ ,I>o.., ... t>m .. " .. """,.." II"""",. ,he
""""""'''''' btl...... F and AD .. "OO '1",1< 0 _
a.""..... In lhe ...mpl<,
.11< ""pc ",
00< ,..111
"FDE: do""""" f10n&l<. bulthat
AfDE
)'1' 'f'/J<. F".. ..ell posit"'" of 0 on IJC. F' , . _
'"'Is..., ,he hmlmf<m> of'....., ........."'...
4". 8u'. clea.!)'. ll><
""",.... ,I>< ,,"", ,I>< _
I I>< _
"\ F ;eu~ U). 5,,> II>< nth' .nJln."
f.nd" "",I. AD. iii........ oh<"..1< o, ..... Il<>l .. t><n AD .. ..... n'.
PO;""
'ha'
""md.
,he-..

If 0;' _
.11owed '" mo.. "" BC h<}'(>nOl , '" C an<llf .nll< , or C ..
01:<.... ,11m th.. ''l'"'''''' " "oil ....lid. bolt

obLo,nl ,,"'" () .. "' ,he .. fin or tilt
In
'bl< """ ,h< ..... 1...'
""'0" .......
,,"* ..
.. ~
rtGuu
II
6. From Bulgaria
,,,,,,,t!
50".,.,.. ~ "...t< at< choo<n .nY"'''' In the pia... atId K:CfI"ICfI".t<

b<'1Wn ""'.... 1'1"" or.hem
""'lit< "hdl. or ,I>< pow"...... bt
11<
<011''''01 ...... )
1'0'"" I""" t ... np<. Who';'
,10< .....
"umb of ".",rn" ".." 100" b< ,n"nI '" ",,1'10<.. Ibn _,. n<l
_ _.ldonc._"h>clo.......or'$hcHI1d
'n'm.., .....!
""",t<!. "'JM<!l"
,1<"
ncURF. "
""lla,. ""
or,....
"",_,<1m!'" ..
...,.. ..005 TO "ttY
Solution
ollma _fi&un'ioo may be
a".ph in ...hi<h 'be~

~ peNn"
,be ..... _.nd ,lit i...."
_ n " .... lbe eda<s, and It>;,
no"', be
fdma '" d\ln~ '" '''''''' of _ of,1It ""'pie _
of pOph
,......,.. Roaoll II.., lbe n_bet of eda<s" a
collod ,be <Ie_ of 0
ot>cI ;, _
~ d(o). ......." ~_ <.o<h
Iw ''''" endpeNn'
of
..._ """ritM.. , '" d.. <Ie_ ofi" .nd.,... i, follow> ....'
of
,be <Iqleeo of all ,be _
....... Iy OOIIn" op all lbe endpoinu and io
,lItrefore juu ,.no. ,be n _ of I. . r
C1."'ly ,be
cadi) ola
...00.:0
'rio......
,..,.r,om Ilf""" "rioJI&I< and. if X .....",.lh<

,be "'her l come rtom Il and ,~ ... <Ie.......... a
('-,')
flCtJU l1

1 _ .jfthi> is.
"".""urn cas<. ,II< q""""", of "'
I..... ~(y. W. woold hk,

("; ') 0<1....
to""'"
_in"'. "1',
h cdI<' '0 in>el1 fed.- '0

, ""h k>o~ ,hu
'hal)'O\l can',
If}' ,.,
obu,.
_,
","'" "'"
......pI_ ,luI"'" 0\0 , , - ("; ') _I 0:1... " . ,....,
oS: (";
lh<n ,.... """ oron ,I><
II><
If
I) -I ~l(.-Il(n-l)-I.
. . - to<
:Edl.) _:l..:S (.- 1)(" -1) - 2 .... - 30.

and 'M
."'Of" ""..... s: ;(.,> _ '")
SO_ "'" oil ~ can l><.bo<
_ J,
c<. """"
_t.".
m........
d(olSn-l,
01"",,_, .M,. E... if.,".
.. "_case... _01""10<:4 "'at

I
joineII";. I<HII< 1 tlu. f"""
ld
_ " " " " ,hot ,'" odto: b<o_n ...... 'wo .... _olll. is nU,.;.... Tlo<
....
..
tlutt ~m"" co...:

(IJ tht
lUI In
<dft ",,, m,...nJ.

al&< ." is m;u.nl at x (0< I
(Uil On al&< n':, .. "h .... ,her <nd
I<n'I, ., ,~
0<
'0 ...........
Cl<o,I,. ,. 1'1. '., r.,..,'h ........ Z II
qoa<l,.pI< (0, ,."z) II"" r.... ,.

C<IfIl... ,t';".&I<... <Ion (,. ,) in In) ond ( ', .-) in (;;;). Th.. ",,I..
,"
fIGURE"
,.,
, _ ....... 'O~I~V
<onb"'''''''''I'_ R.,mpl"n,.n (" ; ') oJilSpoosibl<<dF""'"" " _

...."I'I>< ... d """ndo<t.....
7. From West Germany

Now lei us _
pr<>bI<m 'hOI .... ~ by
" ... ;"'......"$C<IIIltOn.._
W... O<rma"~.
How """l' .<h..""'....... f< t1.<"<.<",,,sitti", only oJ Ill< dili" I2. l." So. ",lu<h od}Kl' doli" .1",,)'> dill.. by .....,y 11
Solullon
" .. 01-,. ...... '0 boo';". ",-.n Iole ,h" by uk'Ill" okl.iled Iool< ... ,..,
"""., co..., r",
,,_ I:
,,_:t
" "J:
in'..,,, ... p,l,',','l. for "".1 of s:
tI
1Ia.. {12,IUl,l2, )oI,'J.'5. SoIl. " ,",.,
or ,:
'" (121, Ill.lI2.2)l. 2)01. W .J2l, loll. JoIS n,.:w.

4SO. SoIl. SolS). toI>l of ".
1.<,,;", .. _
'hMe whl<ll mol
llot n_, or
,n 'h< d'p,
,o,<it" oflon,'h".nd "'.,i) ,'" numb<> of
i. ;, ..
,Ie..
,hoI
,,0,1)_0(0_1.2)
<>(0,2) -.0(' - 1,1) + -to - l,ll
a(_,J) - ool_ - 1.l1 + <>(. - 1,0)
", OJ _0(' - I,ll
+ 0(. -
I,S)
a(. l)_a(__ l.ol.

Wi'h ,.... ;"",., vol
,.bI< may II< """"n
r_ 11ot<>... "" I, 2. l, . _ . ,"" [<>I......,

f.... _,ib,
.. .. ..
,
,
,
,
...,, ",, ,, ,, , .. . , ,. , ",., ,.

.. " .. .
,
,
,. 2)"
'.'
,
,
,
,
..
n
"
"
. , ,, , .., , n ,.. ... , . " "

"
2)'-'
2-1'
2-l

Cb,ly'........ ,ym""''Y'''''~I''I'''~.I) 0(0. S)..... "'. 21 ",. 41. W;,~
a' I. 'J lHnd., U. I ..., ol..ody ""'1'>'.10""1 m)'$<lf ""
50
bel".
WfJ' .. to """.... 'u..
'Iu' 0.. " ;, ''''''r< Cot.la" "ORl"',. _'_

(.)
I
Ho......... ., 11~ qu;"\;ly bro~l m< to.<k to "h. lor ,II< .... C"Wn
"""''''" ~ In I" '.y",... " ,... o<\<n, ,..., ,1'1< .. bit ""'.." .....,'.. lIyol")""
,he ,"" .... U<fI>
!,l,U,9, 11.27.
1,2.0,6.12.11,.16.
.J'.: J' . . It ~ 0).

. ' J''.2
t ... .1* ~
II.
N"", 1<, .. PfOO<l ... ,11I ,lit follo"';"1 ~'''&''.. 'nd """"" For"'" U'>d",,,....
",po'hn,~
olll<n of
>Iumn, 2k I and
II: + 101' ,II< .. 101
l ~ 1 TI.,.. " n ..'mp!<matl<r ,n
rr"", ''''' '.",non 'hal ""'.n'.... In """'mn,lI< .. hnd 2.l; + 4 " ...
>how. In 11","1>1< S,n,h<><b."" ... _ I...... l1I<~'"... nl""'."
col"",".2l I and 11< ... 2. ...... """
be",ou, 1>,001""",, )0,,<10. wt
<On<1,.k b)' ,003.,,,,,,,, II.l! the r""".I
10<1 ro<.II' <: I, Tho<. b)'
.....p1y _;01 ,he .n'..... '" ,I>< ."h""
obl.l'n 0, S. ond. lor' <: O.
""'" ,tt..,
,.,,,ry
'h<<1I""'I'_ ,..
"'0<1 ,....,."",."".,
1lIoy.,.
_,..,. I
J'
...... ll+2)''.
SO...,. ,.......... mcmbk uct> 00><, 0<1 <I".. ly.... COn r<>lI 'hen1
,II< .. nllt f,,",,~"
,,,,,,,I> "'...
.... I )1 0 ' ' ' ' ' ' t (I - (- W) l"'~_

whn. ,II< "i...... t>..."l<o. ,ndo<&" "'0"1'" port,-
8. From Australia
0" O,.ond O,.rt lb< ...." ... oI'h.... "'...... K,. K,.otMl K. whoch PO" 'hroo""
peron' P 1'"10" 19~ n..., """'tMl POO'''' 01 ,n""""""n '" -I, 6 .
nd C. o. , - - . From on arbo"..y poIn' K on K,. KA " .... oded '0 ""'" K,
0' Y. otMl KC '0 ......' K, .. Z. F",on til""",, 01 K on K """.... 'ha'
<0,",""'"
1') Y.6.ond Z 0.. <:0110

(nl ,!no 0",0 of lI.XYZ;'
0,0,0"
' . <><1 'ha'

,""'''' 'han fo~' ',mn ,!no 'nonll< oIotn.....
. _ ..005 TO m;"
(il Choo<Inl X .. Ii, <IeIrnni

Yi8p1o.'''' b... XC.nd rll
"'l.. m! '0 <how
'hcp<><i'' ' ' of Y on Ii,. and wi'h booh X and
, _.XC<r..... K, .,Z.Dd_ ..
'ha' YB.""..,.. 'lu-oulh ,h;, poO>l Z. In o<her _

_ld ~u '0 "'ow ,.... XC.-I r"ow'''' ,10<,;",1< K,.
....
_ . ir,,,, ansi<>" it' and Y .r<.".-.l y. as'-. ,he oppooi" 0fl&It0,

CrA in Ii, ...... ,j~.;" Ii,", <Mo, ..1IfIl<m>1S 110" _ .T and [80' _ ,_ nn..
,h< ...... CI'B,,, K,"
XJO" _ (ISO" _ oj _ (1110" _ ,) _. + y.
;",p1l'<1a
'ha' ,he ...... no ,t>< I<pl><tl1 of K J cI.''
"'I' - (T + ,I. B.,.""""ho:""&I<>OI it' UId y
'ho
0"" oide ofc_ lK:
ndy....""'...... ,ht~ ...

XC ond YII ......' __ 'hq will ronn ""'''&I< "ho<h hu ,he .,.p
IfIG" _ (T + r) ., ,he d\ln! ....n, ,110, n ... lay. ,I>< ,h,,,,1 ell will
... UIfI< of IlIO' - (x + y) at """"";"t of """-,,,,,,. 8<101 ,he "")' onp ,n
or K, whodl " . . t <>II' t>y 'h< chool Be. ,.. >n<hod< lNo' it'C and '.8
Ii, .. 03<sim1
,.bnd
,1><...-
mUSl """'" '0Sd'." ...

(a) 50_ ,II<~ .. of <en..... 0,0, .. ,I>< .... ""'oj....... I1"..,'''' of''''' >m""",
chon! Cl'oK Ii, and X" C "'h<"';'"", """. of 1' .. 0,0._ H""",
"41'Q,0, - l\, CO,O,.
"
S,,,,,larIy.'
~;"IO
oft
O,o, . nd we bo..
tI.
'0,0,." .00,0,.
4"0,c.240,0,o,
eu. ,n 11:, ,he .np .00, C en <~Of<l AC .. ,..... ""' .np- ~
X
0<1
'M' AC ..born"",
,ho ";""'"',,.....,.. Htn. in '" 0,0,0,.
Simila,ly.
40,-,_
,hertf_ .....
',,""p:> Xyz.nd 0,0,0, ... """'''I"Io,.nd

lor.
Now. 1<, p<fJl<ndo<ulo" a,M ..d 0,,, be oj""" 10 Xl; and l<1 I'll be
and ,...
,,,,,.U<I '" 0,0,."
- . . . n- M and N." ,II< m~n" d < _ XC.od

ez. makon, liN ""If .. """" n. AI$o. in poroll<lop.m
hoY<
0,0,. /IN,'he h_ _ of nJIII '''''lip liMN. Th..
/W,D,". ""
0,0, _ /IN 2: /.IN. IX?
U q
0,0, l _ Xl; .. PO"'''' ,. 0,0,.,11< ,ti. .p, AloiN >Ill,*" mali~ Ill' _ loiN
and X? _2 0,0,).
T1I.. ,h< .. ';oor_mp>nd'n'.....'. ,,_.. milo, ,...O&It<do<> __>.<dl,

and ...... the
of .. molar
~"",., '0 ,"" _ , OIl
~;.,
"" "".. ,II< d<$o..-l.
'''''01<>'''
~xrz S 2'
Ul,O,O,
9. From Finland
(C..., M.,.w.-K.>n.m. 1'Il!1.)(I9, .....I.. I<IlUb<ln
l.oI A
10, "'" " .J "', ) be,. In~n".".<f<
1m. 161J.
fl&oeq_oI_"..
;n"'..... ,n ,,1Udl ,I>< ."",bt, 01 ""OX fad"" of eadI 'tm>. Nn".. P<"ed
r""on. II "''''" _ ' h 19C7. p""" ,,...,,, ..
po>bI<
I,,,,,,,
''''''yO
'."U"'"
"
,,,..."""ho,
........'''''.,..,...
/lk{h,<b,<"'l
""",,,,,,,,,j;...o< rho, h,) oS ,.... -- . f'" <Y<'t)' poo;r.,r
/001.,.,
S.."" ,he .......be, of prima ;, ,,,Ii";.., on< "'" ~ "'" ..... of

""~
"''''''bin"",,'','''' ,he ,....... of A. If'he"... befofpm"..uoo<lcollecl'....lyin ..
,I>< ....... nol._fiN" n"",b<r. _
lilt.. -..leI b<Oftly.,~1.,.
....h .,rIll< 19fI
In II>< _ ' o o n 01 <o<h ... 'och rOCi t><;".eo'ber
,.,k.
f...,,,,,,
_ ""m.''''..; ,.....' 'II<,
""'of'
I
I.and" ""'old b<poosibl<l<I""",'n.<,
only
' olIfI....." Ie""' TIl .. On .. lim",
A "'lu,'" tho, On ~,
dilr
' 1"''''' to:
pI<>yI .. ~ ..........,.,.,.
or
Now. 01'''''.." no
11"''''''
I'f""" an """'" ~ on... n",n 1931 ,,,,,
on.
po"""'.."...... ea<lI prime In A mo. be ..... '~'''''J'I<K>1'b<o<qO<n .,<>1'1 ..

'h<" ,...., <>_
ritl> ") no _ ,
""""'let. on... in ,he 11"""".
desofl, Cleo'"
01
(0) ., ..... on< pr
p"""''''in'''"'e!yol\'''' .00001'lI<f><l""oI"'......
I..ot .. """_ ,lin< poosiboh'... In 'u",.
Otturs
II'Il\Dit~J
Of\<tl: In "mea
_oII<ft ,I>< 19I7 ... _,pri.... r"""",ofn, m'at" 0<1, 'htO
C_(l) No prime p
of d"l1~t",,", """'" ot<rm .. _h"h con"'M II>< .... of,....".
no ...,....
' ,he .....
n...."Cry
....... > .. n ...." ...ypn... (on,. Accot<b"".,lt< 'h<d<si," ,ubs<q"""",,,

"'lIn ""'h h, _', and '" on, <u<h "r
1"'''"''''
_10,'Ulhoprot>ninlo,
_term .......-.. h>ch.1I ,he
l<........ 0'" ....""'Iy prim< 10 bcio ~ ooM! b,. l., .. ,b".,.
",10 "",I, pnm< 'o_h 0( ,''''''. It follows
po;' (1),,/1,1 m"" be ..10',....,. pnm<. line< on< 0( I>,,~, m pI'I<
,Il< "''''' ,. ,... ocq........ and ... _bl< .. b>eq....... B .. 'h
<1.
""""."'''CIO.hooo<
'ho' ,"'')'
c.... (ii)
0
ond,,'.......""
b,.
.11 ,...
f""'""
"",-oil"
At lfts( 0... f'rifnor I' Ottul'$ln~nil<lyorltn: ".y pri....

p, '110' OC<\In ,n!in;1<fr oIlno ""'" OC<\I' '" an ;.fi"~.
On since ;, uti',
OC<\I' _
,110. 19C7 to"", '" 0 on< 0( lJ><m, Now. in ,Il< ".-,
de<o<n.
pooi,,,,,,.of'''' ,""" .. "hi<h p, -.... ,... po..... ,; "",')' ..1'0 ,,;. a..
'" ,...
fiN"""" ll.l..
. 1917) . no! 10 """"
<x_, " must ""'" ,nfi.,,ljo
ofIrn, '1Ia' " '0" y!I<f< " on ,"""" y oh,,,,,, ,n ..bIdI p, O<CII" <0 o,,'ly ,he
...... PO""', Let .. d""'d .11 oJ>< oo"" It"'" of A o..t _ _ j\O$l ,he
HI'"'.
",bs<q""" A, of
boo< pn.... <lompooil""" .11
iI,'.
ObvIoully. ,hen. ,n
l<m1 of A,. ,he ph.... p, 0\>_ " d oJ>< 1911
plo<n r", r ",,- Now. in ,he " ....
0(, he "''''' ""'.... r0......
"""" pn
"
olio"""" infinll'ly ofl", Iho. ,..... .j. ., roo p,. ,"'"
""" tIt.n ;n~n," .ubs<q "" A, 0( A, ,n ... tuell"
ly ,he .....
A,.
11""""""'"
"'JII'
O<CII",,,.....
,n ~"" 0'" <OOIIl<I<f>,""'. '0 A,. AI"""
_
p{. In 'h" ..... "'
"...,.,. "'" ,,,,\,,,n,~ pn r.."", 0( A,.IO'" ph"''',
ofl", ..t1t0/l
,n".. pr<><I
roo ,""'
u, '" ._he, .uboool_ A, ;n
iI,''''p;'
~'ho<h
H~~,. ,he.. ",. hm" '"
JIII
O<CII' ,n6n,"ly
"'m1 _,."" ,'"
''''numb 0(''''h pn..... p"
""I, 1911 p...... foo ph.... ro"" .n .oy "'m1 .,. Thooompooi'"
r"I<><" iI,'p{ .p; """'P'" '1 +" + . + " 0( ,he plo<n in ....y ....... 0( ,'"
......1" ....uhoeq...... A, Tlm mull ""p ""'" 0(.11 \9111 pla> oo ,to<.11 oJ><
""""of A, """"" tit ,he ......
,he .1 J<a<l y......,....J<d,.,d p,. p,. . p,. 0\>"; "'hJ"'ly oIl<n""""l ,'" \<rms
0( A, Ir''''''"",n'", '" 'he>mrnon r... oo pjl,' .. p; ..... ,hen,"',_1 A,
moy tit .. h"",.n ,he rorm
Tb"""'" """"'. ,............ no"".....- .
A," I....., < P<, < ....., <. 'l.

In ""' <0", ,'" " ' 1 _ d .u.;.....,. r.. <o"
Cl,,<<)<<,<
... ><q_
i...Iu<h -:h
I<no"" """'U<' 0 ( _ ""'" ,han
19\17 _ ("
f..."" ..t .n .. ho<h
,"'". C
+-, + ... + '.)
"""'-fir""........, iofi.u""J'of,..
HI"'''' 'n .ofin," ,ubol_
8, ""I< (;) ._.
1<0,.<"\
i<l ... hich ..~..,. pO" d ",rms .. " .." ..ly pnm<. Fin>.lIy. ,hen. ,'" <o<mpon,hnl
'ubw<l"'noo 1/ 0( A.. 1'''''' by
l/l
1Ia. ,he _"y '1Ia' 'h<

(............,);, ........n'ly
<P<,<P" < ...\.

IhUIIOO
1 '" 1'.
di.. 10< " " " " - pOi' 0( '" """'
Two Problems from the 1988

USA Olympiad
Prob...... I
S be ,lit ... ( I,2... ZO}.
label r""" S ,,,.If. TIl",. fo<
I.<t
'I. U. U. 6. 1.1. 9)
10' .ach 9.._ , "'Mol of S be.oaip<d.
m""'.
moth'
be Iabollod '.
11.2,).', S. 6. 1.1. 101 .."" .1", be Iabelkd "
am
{1.2. 1.', 1.6, 1.1, III .."" bo labollod 11..... '" on.
Tht..... (~. 16l9Wd'I'r<...' k
' b><"ofS.",j"'.on,IIt .........
ach of ll>< ZO labob lo" -.I 1m "
.
Pt~
no ....n'" how'.....
bo ....If'Od. 'ho:.......,
..m IO-<l<m<.,
T of S ~','h 'ho: _ n y
,h.,
'u_
"bol. m'I'" ,Iu,
..........n' of T .. 'ho Lobol ro< .ho: ..._

olo'mn,nod by ,lit ot..... 9 dm><nt. of T
SoIulions
In ''l'''-'' "' ....... h" pn>blo:m. I f~.'" m""lf ..-.JII,nl ba,......,.1It d' ....
.... ,...,..." "Pl'I'oocllt., r.. I"
'" ",.....,"'" T 1Ii.....1y by wIl""""1 fo<
;I'l<O<np"-';bk "'mboth'
,h f.oI
'0 finol. "",,,O<Ioa_,,,.1It
'Iu'
TOn." 0"'. 'ho: fono "1 ""'"

,_ 1"'<1 'ho: 'mpo.......
'ho: poobl<m .. "",... 1}' 'Implo Bu'
~. "'l' m,>Io"".1 ,mPf<>lKln. rot I
...... Ion& !l. . . .".,n,... 'h" <nl;lht<n<d "",n' 0( n<w.
<1<0.., of
,Iu,
__ ........'O.,.V
~'\I
""''Y 111
:r.......ti
,ndOK<OIy.fin .11. , , , _
' .._
of ,10<
(:>
".."..m.' ..."
CIt"', 9
,h., T,.".. "'" .>is<. In 'II"
on<
M'" <nt>i
lU<;h "\><II'I>.
-.... of ". A<rotdift&l~
,0<'''''''
<M<.
l>s<l
;"
..IIo<II.a
11Xl<mM' bo<" of S'f< ...." len In
IX J......... ;0 tb<
lob<! .... p<d ,. n.. 9-0
, "",,""""nuf)' ......., :t:
M. nX:.).(y,y).(Z,<). __ 1-
NO"'. ,b<t<'r<
><fr<lCO" (~ ,0<
I~I
""'f (:I -......, ..\>0<" of S.nd 1>.... ,lit II""""""

up ,.
It><
mMkll< 011<, . . m<ty
m M tho. ,,,,,", ... Okl<m<.'
<:l. '!o<r<.", mor<
,.b$<l. to I" or"""",,

'kI<m<.,
Tlw:r<f0f< """" I,..,""W'O.".od f In AI m.... o\;<pby ,1I<"m<

...-X:
A (X:'l.
B. IX:,).
Siocc A and
<1011". ...,.'.....' .... fm"" bodil'!<"nt .. bel..,.;...... '" ,,,.
..... kl<m<ft' 1>0<1 X ..... "" Iu."" "",.d}' ,..,tt>rd 0
to
"""I* ,"" ""uli<ln.
""""0<10<1"'"
Ltl...,..,..u bed,..... from tho ;n<en'n I '0 'ho ..... isof t>.AIK to pO",tioo
'''''"&k If 0,. 0,. 0, . " ,I>< "~l<Tl of

"''''''''''''''In of ,...nJln D, 0, 0, and "Be
'n:"-"" 00. ,too, ''''N' ,h<<i"umtrn'n 0 of 6" II<: 1S.1so ,he "'''''''''''''''n
,lit ,....... "',. 'h,.. "",,11<.
,II< ~ " .. 'n........ "'''''' tho, ,110
of 60,0,0,.
fJGUU :II
Solulion
50"", I" 'ho io:rn,.. of "ABC. 'ho 1<1:fI'I<'I" f""" J '0,11< ....,"" boson
lb< a"... 01 ,II< '''anp, In "JAil 'ho:n. ,'" onp<>" A.nd , odd op '"
IIA + II < I(A + I! + C) _ 90.. ,mpll"<1&
.np,., I .. obl
Now.
,'" c;"'o~l<' 01 ... obl .... " ....... I.....,$0(\< ,'" ,,,.,,... nd
0",
"'"~Ot "ABC"""""'1I sm...,,,. forO, .nd 0,. ThI,ob><"" '""''' _ """",I
'0 'ho ." .....". ""'" - . .... ~< ,h,,,p "'~"y Mmpl<r.
8a .... ,'" ......"""n.... 01. " .. np, .... .,., ,'" "..0<\0001.0. _,or 01'
...,h ..,.. t>o<h O.nd 0, <i<.,., ,'" I'<rp<nd"'.'a' l>o>e<1or of BC. ,l'IpIl""1
00, 'Cl""II~ .. ,II< 1'<'1'<""""1.0, to.... or of IIC Somola,,, OO,.nd O,O,.t<
,'" 1'<'~I.o, to_or>. o-<>;>"",Iy. of AI!.nd II! l.ob<l~nl poon" 01'
,nl<r>e<'''''' ., >hown >II F;'Uf< l'. ,II< <q"'" ",no<olly oppooOl< '''II<> ..
;mpl, 'ho.".....' hnd 0, "' "~'".. nP<> DO, E.nd DI!F ....Q l.ond ~
'ha' ,'"
'ha'
40,_40,.
' ' ' ' ' l<>
....k.<I& oo,.nd 00, ,II< <qOO' .rm, In

,,,,nllo: 00,0,.
Sim"'~~' 00, -00,. mol,nJ 00, _OO,_OO,. nd 'ho>n<I"""" fol"",,".
'
i<::'J.><,-k--_":::Oo..
'.
f1GUU 11
From the
1988 International Olympiad
,1<1",_,,,,,,,,". I'IU. 191)
(6...
Show 'ho"I>< ...
or ..., "umben .. wh"h "ouT ,I>< ;noq... h,)
"
..
LX.l
~i
,
union or d......' ,",,"'.... ,I>< >11m or..- I<n&llls
1931,
Solution
II', .-.a,k.hI<""'" II..) ....'.11) COfI'l< " " .,.;,~.,.,.... ",obItm ,".01.....
,I>< numb or ,... ,.,., or ,I>< """'.... I finol " ...-..11, m,...."1 '" ,h"
",olII<m '110' ump!< "Umben ~ 10 .nolj...., '0 ,um or
,~.,
<.<O<'1y 1931. 1 ha.. no ........... ,...) ... ,..... proNe.... b<>l,~~ on<'"
10><1, ......
Aller .11 lmd, 0( rr."le '"
'1..""'" I molly p .. mo....,""'"
'"l<"'als
"
..... .
Or, rUn<l"," Sl,T).""", _'.

""h
~.
v.ph, w~o<h I.. ptma", or ,..."""_..., dOl ,n ,... ~"" pI..c< 0 ..,1" ...
allttl, .... '0 ells'U"I'''' b<ha..,.
flrn<ltOll" d""",u"u",
, .< HOI' l 1,2
10. I>ut """"u"uoo.o"ft ,...
open ift'
bd..- ,
,......... AI",. , f""",_ ..,.. '0 _ '" ., ,
._
from b<
nol,o + 00" , . W -.... t from . _ . TIl"" ...
""ph_,l><litlO,
_or'l><i."".I>(t,* + IIrorl. 1.2.. .69.
.1,
.. '.
For ,. > 10. ,I>< lOU"" "mt i. S(.l, .. melT 1lI_ ......,...
;~
'mil,.,..I1 .. ,
""""'''1'110' ,I>< _ "...... ".n "J"'l'l1"0l'. Ther<f.,.. fr_
,- 0.
,t
,11\
\
.,..u~[
.......
...
..
"
"
II
<k<t<h of ,I>< ....pt. 01 y. S(.x) we .... n
'ho' ,he ... of ..lues of
fot
.. '"'~ $\-.) ~ l"""~'" 0(711 hair..",..,. 'o

_op<n OIl ,I>< ltfl.nd 'lo1<d
011 ,he
"11 btp> t<>pea'..... " Ih< 'nks<' ""'nil .... U ... 1(1,
In r"". '0 ,II< ","" of, .. S(.) _ ~ 'h<1< in""""" ""'"" 011 ,he
..
.... ml<JVllk b<I=> k and ,he """ x,
<qua,;on $(.)-1" G lIo<h heo
.1Il'- ....
0(,,,,,
b<\-... hod ,tid .. l. 110< ~'h .... ,... *'11 ;'II<fYOI, 11><11..... mply., _l
nd ,I>< "m of.1I 711 ;nl<rvab ;,
(x, _1) .. (x, _1) ....... (x.. -70)

_(., ,<>+
)_(1.1+_ +10).
-1-
II ......,.... ,..... Oftl) ,. _

'hal ,he
01 ,he """. or S(x)
0 ;,
19$1. (1 .. 2. ,.10) nwM.'ly, lhio
nl .... l<u.. 'iooI
fc<, ,r S(.)
6...... -". ,... 'um 011'" ""',,;, .mply
CIeo."1 of fn<l""" ;.
,aiI',........
-1- ......
, , __, , " ,
._70'
S(J)-~
..
~+
-,_1
.-2
.--
-to
-1(-' - 2](. - J) ... (0 - 711) .. '-1(. _ 1)(. - J) .. _(, _ 70)
.. .. l'O(.-lll.-lj(.-$)-S(.-l)(.-l) (. -70)_0,
"'i4.' .,
- 1<" ..
2 .. ,.. 0.70 - $I-I - 2 -, -7OlI' ,.... 0,
- I,"' .. x"i<!1 ,1 .... , .. 70) + S(I + 1 + .. , + 70)] + .. ,. O.
- I'"
+ 9(1 + ~ + ". + 70)"- + .0,
.
nd ,11< ......
or ,he . -...
911.2 . . . . 101
I
_(1.1+
.(1+2+
+10),-;:(1+2+_
+701
10 71
+7OHj:-,-
.(1 .. 2+ -+101+2111
.(1.1+ .. , +70) +
.9U.a._reel.
A Geometric Gem of
Duane DeTemple
T1I< 1><>."r.1 ....1' of ,.... 1<_;' 0
d~ry
of Duo". D<T.... pk of
Wa"".I1Oft SUote U...."".
l.oI ,,,. .idos of"""... q.... ribteral ABCD b<<>.. nd<ol ond ,II< "....:to<>
_to<
1""."
poo.'
of,1I< <>,<rior a"fl<o """" 0'

K,. K" K,.and K.. 0.1how. SO-a
Oft ,II<
of a. a<>&l< .. <q.HI.....' (,,,," ,II< am" of'lI< ....... K, ..
I...t","., r""" on ,II... of tb< 10... A 6. DA. 01><1 C 6. ,,, .. K, .. ,II< ttrll<t of tb<
. _ uoOlS 10 ~II;V
."",n:l,,,.""'h ",.. I><> A.6 ."'.....1.,.. ond .1,.,...1> K,. TO" K" Ie, 'n: ,he r"",
...""''''.. of ABCD. """" 'IIot K,K,K,Ko ;, .,_,. " <y<h< q..... ri......,.
Now
p<~lat;, d",,," r"""._ K, to;U .""",. ",<1 Ii6< of
A.8('D. Ilia, '.. r""" K, '0 ... .6. from K, to JC. <Ie.. '" ("m..no,1!<f ~
010....1
p(}/lS... _ , ...".. ,he """",k.bIt f>o<t lI , PQ~S .,.... j'<
on ;0<0,,*
otI<lll"" ,ho. .......... _,.. _n'rio "",h <he 0"'1< >lOund
"'fII'O'"
K,K,",K,.
Solution
to""""',"", K, K , K.o ;,
..m ......"kod J;' __ "",f ,he ",.no.
" ;, _ doffiou't
)'$ <,.010:.
o_\lIIlO'_A);
",,00.
the ......
,.t K," ....p1y

,'JO"-~-l-I(A"'6).
Similorl,. the on....... K, ..
w_!lC+DI,
flGI!l[ ZO
R.mNl,.o F~ 14,
A. ,""....
_ ,_<>
K,K,K,I:," <)'Ch" lIeeo....
,+ .. -1(,0 +.8 + C+ DJ
~p60'"
180".
Now. in ri""'","&I<> K, UA .nd 1:,,0 v. ,... I./I&leS ., A .r< oq... ~

,,,,p1"n& 11,., ,
,., K, .nd 1:, ... '''''<qul. Thi. "",k<; ,nan&!< K, K, Q
_ I n .nd " folio
tho: _ .... 0( lI. Q '.
eI< " 'h<
p<'p<ndoculo, ";_or 0( , ........ K,I:" 8"' K,I:, ... _
0( ,... ""."
._nd K,K,K,,,,. ond _
'Ius I""'p<ndi<\o!o. to_or iIO<'
,I><
<enl.. 00( 11m """',,
y. ,. QllOdrilal , t>Qt!S.OQ b..."" lI.Q.
So"';I&,I OP. Ot!.001 OS.r< ,... """',... 0( ,
I./I&leS ,. t>QtIS.
_ " rel_
Q " <quod","., r""" all foul 0( '.. ..x.!
,h" "...
,too,
'ha' .. , ..
'h..,.,.,
,too,
D<TMlplt _
I'to(
-X-
.....
,ha' ,........ """""'"" ....

~
t>QtIS
'o. pOIn,. ,. ~h"h <ax... you m,"" <>p1. ,... pOIn' ;, ..... p1y
,... ""'
0 0(,... a","
K, K,K,K, He.bo - . . . .
oI1op< 0(
X,X,X,I:,
J"-"" ot*, thon ABCD:
too,
.boo'
'1'0' ,...
Ctl who""" , oI1op< 0( AKD. K,X,X,I:," ,]'<h<;

(iiI ....... AK D pa.. ll<Io&r>m. x, X,X, 1:,,, not only. p",'le\oIJ.m b,'"
",_I.,
(ni) ..... AKD" ...... &1<. K,X,K,I:,;'_only.l'Ot:tan&I< ...., . _.
A Kie" Olympiad Problem
1__
lop, _ , .
....... r,
II
<i,d
.. p
~h'oo_'IIo,..-.,.ltin_
North II
IfU It
I ~
<II". ,
,...
olT"'l"IId fo<
" '.K';hod,. _
,"".p
'10",",,",_01
r_, __ ",_
,~
;, CItaoIIIl<fibtd _\lOu"",
".... thai
_ _ ..,..,.-", ot,...........
lot.......... ,............
"

Solution
of''''
I. J<lI<fOI, l~'" """"" 01,10< >q..... Slick"'"

trion,,",. l.<llh< 1,<1. "" .. Imll'" . b,<. d, ./. and , ...
cu, (,om,'" ........""..
n- ,lot ........ h .... p<rimtl 'ha' Ii<s _
f.'.', "",.n<l
Ih< tn'oJ!< ..
(... b) .. 1<" of)" (/ .. ,) .. 1<

..he.. , .. ,he rod;", of 'h< al<lo...... Ill< """m.... ,hal ;, "",10k ,II< tri...... ;,
oJ .. ( s) "(I. oj.
,....p, ........ U.. >p<aalt<Io''''' "\I,
(,+
~_,;.. ri&!"_~
(th<
no.
e-
of tI......) _ (,he h)'pOl<fl_) _til< d;"....... of'lI< incird<.
(.".. F~ .. n.
lIy ........
(,+t)-(o.bl_dJ
('.')-(,.of)-<I,
(, +~I- (f . , ) . <I,
nGUOE 7l'
..I><r< I,
,d"", .f< ,he '<>PM"" , ....._
of ,he
""''ria.&I<>. Th..
(,+~) ..
,~of ,''' ."...... ppo"1
('.'1" (,.. .., -1(... ~) .. (~+d) +{/ +,11
_",,+<1,+1,.
Subl,acl,"1
Ji"<>
from ...,h _
('+.)+(.'I.('.")-~'+.I.(.+d)+{/.,).~
. " . " ' .o',_%<,
;,<..
;n'" peri.... 'er _

Il
t<fl>I;",
only '0 >bow
0'''''' p<ri1I><I" u - (<>"
,ho. ,,,.. olirr<f<fl i.
Th<f<;, no <ImP.... ,h.,,, - . ..
.. '" .....,).
_,,~.,... "l"'''' .... ,!y.
",fonno'_.bo<>t , _
_""
<> of ,hn< h"k
,f~1
'ho'
'''''"Ill'''' em-" In 'n , _ ",h ".w '''''"P,",,,
4io.............. Jhl I>< Mnl '0""""" by-
t"" <Od;."
of ,,., "",I<. F.,..
and q (FiJI''''
23).
,"",
",
)'<>\I
,,,,,,,pl<. ooooiok, tho: ..... ,""
lor< <q. . t to
'h I<p,
ncuu ..
Clearly.'hen,_hof''''' .......'.... d d,.d, ;.""'
of
or ,lot ;"c,~ of ,ud1 ... _ _ ~.l...,.... B

of_+<)_t,f.i
_ f'(2 _
.Ii)
_<(2_l41f2 . .)
,
-S"
< (6)
"""*"110<4,.........
d .. jusl
Some Student Favorites
'r<"_
Tho pr-.n. io lhi>....-bon

from. mi=1..neo.. _"",<oti,1od
Fony ~ "'_"'. tha, - . l>'" lOf"h<t by ,..., "udtOI<_W,_',
F.. o~ D'lppo,"IO ond T",,,,,,o', Ray; V,ka, A, ,... tn6, 0'''' 0Ihn" pooblo:'L4
from ,lid collediooI .t< Ii.........<rao<s.
Eaoh 01"" ...............,........ is
s ,.,.
1"_
oi'.... + I 0< _I, If ,........

,.. + ."
'A'.' _0,
'ha' ma," t>< mul"pk oI~,
Solution
oi,"', ..
s;""" uch', is
I 0< _ I, eadl ,<mi
, .. ,100 .. ,1'0 .. ,
.. _ " .nd ..""" .11< ,um 01 .... ,uo" ,.."" is =<I, .11<.. mu," t>< III< 10m<
.umt><r of ,.."" <qual '0 + , .. equal ." _ " ........, ~/2 '" eadl k,nd.
of'''' ,,,""
Suppose that P01""'., .t< +1', S;_ _ h " """''' ,.
nt><,
01.,_""""" rac'o< .,,<qual"''' 1
'1Irou&I><>td ,II< ,um S. Each l<n'II that .. equa' '" .. , "';11 ""...,........ """,bn
'" r..,."" " _ +,. ,nd uch len'll equa' '0 _I ,..;n <0<110'0 0. odd oumb<, 01
Ih<m.
,II< lOtII .um.... 01 Oun<r>'lof. f..,......"", + , is
,,. ,.""r< ...
lOla'
A'''''''''''.'11<0.
r"",
10
. , . (. ,um "'./1 ..... 'OItFfl)

.. (a ,um of .fl odd '01<,.,-.).
"
,."'" ,..._
"
TO ....
''''''o<oJ., is ...... ;, r_.,ha' 'Ik
S<""'a.'..md.... ,n..,...is
.... <>f II", _/1 odd mq> mUS<
..1
to<
0( odd 'nq<n ...... only ....... ,......, .. On
I>< ...... Nk,"S w ",0101'1< of n,
" " ,he .urn of. ",U"""",

or 'Iw:m. H<nc< nf1
til'"
"'-,
l.dfl~)
"he",. is oft.mI posil,.. in'..... ond ~ non. 'hrouI;h.~ U..

pooioi'l< 'M
1.2.), . Th< d~""" /(1), f(2), ... r< pI>.<<<I
to ronn on inti _ , y.:
eno;l-,_
n .. O.l1176412S116M) ... ,
Is J . . . ., ....._
"om"" r", .n~ ..I.. of.t1
Solution
Tho
.n....,. ;, 'No. ...... ,two,.. i
IiooW.
Tho _ " of 10 loot< ~
'" _ .. m ''''''''';1, IonJi ..rinp of
<OtlS<CUI,. . O"~
1(1(1") ..
_"',n,
1/'" _100000
6.' "" .....,..., <!,... I

om",,;ly Iont """P of >N:I''''' 0',
.-pI '<ffI'Il"""1 <kamal. Th., ,n _
'" be ,.,"""',. y. """lol ha.. ,"
,...."...... Bu' <Y<r)'<oo'nt>llt"", >:"!Iq:I.. ",th.
fIOtl><rn
dipl. _ ' " I .lul
y.6on"", .....,.....
p""",," ,
""at
.., ... ..., < 40.01><""""""

<_.n'" obfI'm><r!o '"
......... d>< 'l

lea" 10 " ....,
."..
IIZS. P"""tha'
, _ ... """" ..,...
m'"
0<CI0< . .
"
SoIl1lion
!klln.,nl ",'h eo. any of the
""~"
G,
con b< obu.>ncd by oddonl ,he d,rr"'n<
,0(,."
.....,.",.", ... <4,_

Sinc<, .... .'. .lId,I!,"'. ...,ho( ~ I Now.,fno..I.. -..lO""'OI>'
olI<n .. 10 ,,_. ."""'. ,he <I.. then. In ..."ocob,.o(, I >old <>0< OU' ""'"'
'ha09.,....... nor ><lid 01, l.ot 1. or. n... ,h< J6 ..... ,!n< I/, m'" .moon' ,.
al ...... 9(1 .2.1 ...).90). Th<
1<... S.
and we .....
remot",",....., II.m"".xto b<.,
'ha'
9(1 .. l+H4).'UJ ," 12S> Ill.
... 2co"
Th......,.".." ," 10m;' of 12l on.......... .I.""",.... 1<... 10 ,,,.....
Two
co"'
cir<1< """'
lO"&"'" ., poi"' T. A ,ho! All of ,I>< ""',,,.

,he ;n.., cir<:lo ... he "",n' ". PrO"< " , .,." 0.1.... )'1 _
n;
;n'.....Uy
t,.ATA'.
"-', ~-----".
1.<1 A 8.,,<r><lod ""'" !he com.... _"< .' Q. UId lei. !he.......,.... z.,flCl '"
be mo,~<d u ,n Filii" 29.
nom Q1.flCl QI' o:<eq... I _ " lei ,be i....., <in:!<. mokill& ' .......
TQI'..-:des .flCl
..-'+ ..
Wi,h "P'<l 'o,to. 00.>,.. "...<1". TQio .......,..flCl 18...._ . 'h... 1b<
. . . bel-., ,h<fn il"l.. l ,o!he" ,n ,he _n'on ''''",her''''' of!he
<bonl.
it.
_6. A,
<"".
N_, ,to. .. rior.".I<" of <ri.nal< A1'1 is eq.. ho ,to. """ of <to. interior
onPs" ,he o<h<t '''0 - . UId _ ha..
,,.+6. .... ,+z
Conoid<, <to. ,rio of ;,IICI'" fU,Il). The """,be, "h;ch is ..... 1m ohon !he
p<o<l.... of lwo of lll<1n io io eadl cao< peo1~ "I... n"
l(S)-1.9.
2(ll}_1_2S,
5I1l)-1_6O
....,...-.....,<ha'<hO.io
'he. . . if....... pooihvc,"".., d i o - . '" <to. 'no, i.... ,,,",
'han ,he p<o<l.." of..,.... 'wo in'...,. in ,he
quad"",.. (l, J. 11 .II ";11 ra;1 '" be "I..... foe <"<f]' pooib" ......' .I
Solution
.-
Sin "" _ I if. peefOCl >q.... roe.1I <h<t<<hoi<e1 of eUld b f""" ,he orip,ol
<rio (l, s. Ill, _ _ only '-1haI, I'O f <"<f]' pooi.... i"",... d,,,,,, ot!he
M""
fail
1.<1
4, a >q
,.s.r_I, __ 0.1_1
, .. ld_l.
<" be. prof> "I
. - . lhe
0( d """'Mo a, W. -.... lhal. _ok>
io ......Y' qnJo<rl1 ,;<her '" 0 or I; (2<Y _ V flCl (2< + I)' _
"
+1">" oj + I. ond ''''''
.Iw:r<f".. ,"" """ of ,.., "l"'U, "'"
""'11''''''' '" 1 (modO).
b'... "'..."
M ~. 0 '" 2. In 1M. """..... 1<1 _ I l . nd " ,hoi "'" >qua..

(ul J - I '" 2 ond no< "loa...
'n 'h;I<''', <I ........ I [", """" .n".., k ~ O....~'..
I_I " . I
I " 2(1/< . . . . O(SA" I)., .IN'. 11 ..
New'" us " ' _ .ho'
Ilk 1.
'1'Jl'" l).
til ,h_ oh.,<. nd 'co,. J""[1 oqua<a.nd ,'}' ,.
<Itd_ ""","odo<'_
'IS/< "
J ..
''''""Of>...
"l<
1<1.....
I ",,,,,.100 "'. 'II"". SO_tty fCK ,'" fact",
Ill.) of:. ond ,o<h of8/!+ I.St+I..nd ')I,.l m"" "' .........
A<I<'hnl'Y "'''"1
If!' ..
~",.t)
I) ... ".,r... I<l""... 'h<n. bo.
Sl+I_b'.
l)l+l .....
.... oboe... ,"'"
0' ,It' ..... _ I J '" 0 (mod'J

SuO '" "b' ;,
~, Input., ,. J (mod .,. "
f<>llowl ",
",.b' .01_ '1_

S"... <..,h 0( ." .0<1 '" io 0001""'" I. 0 or I lmod +.
,h.. ",oil can OfIly to<
..,,1<"1 if
.". "'.0 (mod 0)
Th>., ;, '" "~. '" ."",
.."",.r .. SA- + I
to<
On , .... """,btt. Il~..r, .11....
Pre.. ,hoI
2> ..n ).
....
_.
..n_
__
'n-1).
n
". --.--P
<1<."" "'" 00.

SoIulion
The ~ rooIS of It' 1 ... 1......' .. , ..... ' .........
1. _, 1
.... <00_+,""_.
It' _ I. (x _ 1)("'-'
It'., .. , + x+ I).
Sinoo ,he fador _ 1 """"'." for tho tOOl _ I. Ih< >n1p!<m<....,. r""""
"''''' 1''' _ lO .t>< ",he, tOOl.. ,,,.j we bo.. ,I><
.n
''''''on..
...., +.... 1 + .. , + I
_ (x -wHo _ ..I) .. (._ ....-').
"'''i!1&' 1 ;" Ih.. ol<oli,y y;.kk

(I _w)(1 . ' ; '... (1 _"""1
_II - ...111 -';1 --II - ....'1.
It .......'" only '" >how ""',
II _ ....1. 1". ~_
.'." "'
n 11 _JI
"
n.: '",oel< of _
_on I
_,
in ,I>< ,,-pl<. pion< II,.." io <kl<<m'".,j by II><
aocl I - .... ~ " ' - " In Fit"'" XI. By .1>< ..... or """"... 'M
of 1 - .... IS .....,. by
11_.11'_1' +1'_1<0, 2,k
"
.. ... <I<$od.
II - J I ~ hon_
a1Id ,11< ...._
"
",lot"", follows d,re<tl"
Pro""'"
.nl. Who, ...1It ....."P "",...",r
la, ,n,.. "oJ ... 1""".10'''''' of l',l,),

w~
S ..
In, - a,l' ... (.., - nJl'
+ ,. (.... , -"oj'
"m. ...,.11 O'! p<mluu,_

Solution
l.t< li.j..... "Y _'11""" r_ 11.2.. ,.nl. T!><n '1'I<f< ... (.. -2)1
_ ,..""',,"", ...., .. , ....., .. j ...""I(__ 2)! " ..... wilt. ,lit lInI t<rm
of S io
(0,-..,)'_(1_))',
rOO". <Oftlnbo,o,,,,,, of 1_ - 21'(; -iI' to 1M ...... r: s." ,n

..m< """ (i,j) cau
'I<h or'II<" - I .."", (... - ..... j' ,
<'.'In'bu,"'" to r: s "... ,,,,.1 or

(n _ 1)(" _ 11'1; -il' .. (n - 1)'1;- il'
Add,nl ..... on - . . pai". ,I>< 1'''.0
rot
","
1. on .....,
,t>< po.. (i.11
,,,,.1 r: s .. _" by
Es .. L(-- 1)'(1 _Jl ' ,

(Of .o<h " ... In.Y<fJ'
r"" or S. The
S b<Ooap , . - _d PO" (i,l'.
n""' ..
.. ~ [21<. oj_ +
_TO.. . .
1:20 .. I) _:[0(0; Ill']
.. 0(0: 1)11(20 .. Il-)('" 1)1

010+1)(.-1)
. ("')
, .
Th. ""'" I<nbo"'ON1
, _ -.bo....,...,
"",k.. _...,.....,. _
.... ,bm;,_
"""', '''''' 11"<5 'hr mull q""kly ,00:1 ...1)'.
Exercises
L If ~+.+< .. O. _
'lor "_"I ....,.,.,
"'+~+<' .. ("'+~+")(h~+"')_
1. 1'..1....
bl"+P+'"
wi'" ,n'.,.. .............""
). \_, fOnd. poly"""'"

ha.;"I.,If .. "IJ
(bl Find. po/yno>m>Il,..;I!I;",..... _lII<~.." 1o,,,,nl,fI .. ,I1
.-.
I'0OI.,
4 Ifx' .. .r' .. z' .. Oh>....... '_'n;n.... rs.pr_''''''''"'''or~.T,:.m. .. b<

....Ilip!< 01"1.
Four Unused Problems from the

1988 International Olympiad
I. From Bulgaria
(C..... MOI"'-I""'.... I'IQ. n~)
~
Ih< ..... o<,,
{ . . };, <k~necl ~
.... 0.0,."
.nd
fot
~"'1 .....
/.0-, ........
no.. 'ho ..... 0<" bo.....

O. 1.1.'. '1. 19.10. 169,.... 98).IJ7I.l7". IlltD. _
.... r., ,hi, .....1I ....pI< 1"<'. ,m.

<oery ><>no! '<Im. !qono,,,. a' .,. "<6",,bIo: b, 1.
.001 ,..... a.. 'ho """""'" '''-''''' d,.....bIo: b,l:
~ r""nb ,..... bo..""'nl ...... " ,s;.. ~bI< "" .
nd , ..... a..
,t><"".......... t"-',." d,
bIo: .....
"',,","1\&" ......
oery "1Mb It"".

d,
bIo: "" I.
and
" tho on!)' It...... ha, a" d'''"bIo: "" ,
II
&1 ....",.tl. lha r"".. """',~ ,"......
.nd ot>l, ,f w , If " d;""bIo: "" l'_
_
*... "d,,,,,bIo: "" l" ;r
Solution
'm
..,.,""a"" '0_
I
no< . . .11 "'.. ,hat ,tit """""''' <>p<1 ,II<
1Om<lh<". "'lU,voltn, '0 ,II< follo>o1". """""0<0<1 al'l"_b boa. '" ""Y
"

~I. ~
... ...,."ioo
"'~
'" ""'" ,II< poobI<no. We ..~< QU''''' r.- u..
<"""'..
,....,......, oJ ,II< F i _ 00<1 L"".. ooq<><nces ,n

"""iuI/ c;_ lit (w,l. 9. DoIcI&n, Mathrm.o,""
The ~'" "f ,,,,11;., f.""",,,~ "'" ... moy.11o ~

><'l' "",lI, .. follovo>. If, ... . - ot,... /"*'_
,.'_1.<+1,
,..... r", Ill" 2: 1. _Un ,".Iy I"""< by Indue'"",
,ho,
.......> . . . . ,.
th.. "
Ii.... '" b< 'NO rot ~ 1. 00<1
if ..... , _
",.,x" ....,.
,~
...... ' ....., " 0..,.' ... ".,.'

. . . . ,(l<+I)
_IJ
(1"'.1 ..... ,)
,,-.,
""--II, i.. of x' _:z.. _ 1 _0. ,,,
do.'
.1., ..
,,_1 .. ..n .0<1 8_I_Ji
Not. 01, nO __ I. H<no:<.1or ,n. 1,
eI' "". d..,.
N_. d".-, of x'
,""we .....
". - f!' - ..(" -1Jl.
-,
... - n-JJ'
Cboiy ,,,;, .1", bold. for. _ O.,.j I.
1". ., ........
I.
"od,.,.. """'po"""' ...._
(b.ldcfin<d by .. _
bo ...., ....,
I.. ) 0,1, U. 11.:W, 70. '"
z...... tor
.
("I
n....1_ .... _
2, 2,6.'-,)f..ll.
................. _Jorlo.:
..-..
-,.,
.-'
-r
... - .-11 -,
.-.
- -'-1(..- ..... ') -(r"" r-
-.
.
. .
,
O"_D .. + _ _ ..
_I
''OJ; - II .. <>/l.IJ~ .... -(0 -I!J.

111...... o;mplr
.,. .... -tl~ .~(o. r).

.. -II
..... ,II< <noaoI _
0-"
.....
~-~
10 .., .. _ _ '...1_ _ 1..' .... '*..... _
.. _a.. J\.,
too '
ltI._. _l.o._ lao
........ I' "'_1.

~.,
.. ",," 4:....., .. "_I)" (:10. ..... ,)
"51 ....,....

,tl,o. bo., and b., t.a.. III< ..... pori""o>d <i_ both b, ond
F""" .hi< ~ rollo-<1;
.. or< <....I'~bo is .... n~ i, foilowltha, />,
,mfI""W' ptOfI<t1y ftoo'll ,tid t<CoW<i, ......

tM' i>. two on _ numb<r. 'uw-
is
.M}'> ...... 8.,..."'0_
1,,"", I>., .. """oj'> j'" """yna..
ODd h.., .. ill,
b"., _ k
who, ond d.", <><!d. ,t.<n
/>, -
2b..., + ~, _ '" + U
_ 2(2< +
dJ,
which .. ...., ,..... on odd """''''''' 1M""""......... foll_

bo ond b., ... l>o<h 1-1.
Th~.
.... fl<lo< />, .........
....-AA.r"",,,..
pron.Ia <U<tly .,...
,10<-"",,,,, tNt
1.
T~nUnl_ ,.{.. I. it fol

is""",: [,0lIl
1d" +
,
..... 0 is
TIl", th<
on. similor "'1 that joe.... if.1>ri'1. and >in
00 " "'" r", 011 n, lOti 0, .. I ;, odd. '" ;, '"'' r"" oil,..
<od p<OI""'Y -2' <livid<> .. ifond ""If if l' diri6<o w~ .. .,,1Ol fOf
t .. 1.
"'-'li"l b)'
_.
~",,;o.
11'"
cbvdos
r", ........ ~ O!:

, ;r
if and
N"". 1'-' can', poooiblydi_

r<qui.... 10 be <wo..... ";, no'n!
......\'> on ..... "umb ;" ,,"'" f _
We haY< oboeTvod dlll1. in
2, 'hal
r t divid<> n.
;, .......nd we have __ lhal . .

ifi, io diYuil>l< "" 2*"_ n.us.;'
..,
.. 11.
....... -4,b"
b, ~
<>.oCt., on< fl<!o< 2. Il r_ ,""'. 'N'

1!' eli
if .-I
0<1"
if
2""' c1i"'S<O ...
_ i n l ' " .... mel""

hyPO'h".... -..or. 1'" d,vK:I<s ... ihn<! only if
2'-'
,hat is.
d1_0d0<, '''.If.
r-
01;--.--
...... j .
... oqw ..aJ<."Iy.
H'n.
t>,. Ind"",,,,,,.
1" d , _ ... IrandMllyl( 1" d , _ .

2. Proposed by East Germany
(e"",
M.,--, 19U.1171
Tholock on ... It<o>n>isl.of,h.... . . - A,II. and C._h ofwh,,~ mo~ "" ...
m~'
posi......., 011<"'0 _
in 1lI<m""""", ""'_ ",II Op<ft
..h<n any' .... ollht .. 110:<1, Of< In tho corrce, poo;,..... n onyb<><ly can oprn
,t>< .. r, In 64 ,ric> (~mply It, /I to. U"""", .11 pooOtI"'" rot -.I of 1M ,
O<Iliftp fo< At H~, t.: .. ClIn
be _oed In r r......
''''''. Who' ;0 I!I< "''';mum """,,,," uhrin
be ... fool<! ,ooptn Ill<
,j;1r",n'
''''''Y'
r.
'"n ,"".
'ho'...,
..r.l
Solulion
(Duo ,. my
II...........1Scb<llt.be'll
If'h< corm" combo..,,,,,, isla, ~.4 fo, .._
.,11. and C. r<Spo<l'...y.'....
ony'nal who:ll ...liL<$lny .... lh< Ofd<ro<l po;" (A. ~ _ ( b), (II, q 'b, .j,
(C.AI
HI_" ,ho .. Th...... _lOdt
. , _ r.,.'<>l;"I,h.
._)..
r..
poin ,.... "'. '
_ ..<h ,. .I(
("C). (C. A)-which

miRlmum .umbo. of
"flo<
bel.. ' ..'
II.C)
plU' for <a<IIof(A.~.
..,.". _ _ oflh<kqpo'nino
po.
II... do.... '0_"" "''''~ boca... tho """'1 OI>IlIbi<II'ion rO,b. ,j
""""'n> till.. num...... ,he poaeon_ prJ"""" ,mpI;os ,ha,

til
oom< , _
of ,he "umb<"
l., _ ,..... of,,,,, """'lxn
C(Ifl'>< , ' -
ri'' ' .
(1,1,l, .). 01
I,,,,,, (S.6,1,1).
l.<l .. connu".,emporo,ily. '
00 ....'nl ,lit 4'. 1 6 _ pal" r_
11.2.l.A)'
(1. I). ('.21.[1 ,J) ..... (4.'),
_,cd pi'"
'a""&,n"""
bl<'''''' ,h,,,,,,.1d
p<>oi,"'....
U<h of,.....
ndo
of tilt Ill...
for "".1
of J 16 . @ ...... I'i"''' i..
b. .,,,om~ ,n
16
'nolo ir"" "".Id on!)'
'0 poo<k... """";,, 'h.... (A. I. Cl '" """ ..,h
ord<fed PO" (". rl
0"'''' (A. II. orl'''' (I. q . Dd O<IC< 0' (C. A). TIl<
....1ool",ion oIlfu'probI<". ,lit.. woWol lIt.l 16o",y pt<I<rihofllI6,...1o
,n whICh ..,h or<kfed po;'
on , .. h port 01 rows (A, a). (a. C).
(CA)
0."
0""'" ""'"
:f#R. illi:j
a1
.. 1
C-
.. 121 .. 1
.. -
J."

It ''''''' " ... 1No' 'lid .. Quite cuy '" .n...... folio....
Sine< w< _nl ,ho """,bm (1.2.3,41 .horouJIII, ""..,.. up. 1<",1><1"1 b)'
4 h"'~l. oo-alltd l.o""oq
)in .. hlCh ca<ll.- ..JeacII
OOlumn;"on<
41 2.
of, "umbo.. (1. 2.1. 4). Tho... f<
....or _ys ,,, do ,.. ~ r.,. ... mpl<......pI< "n,,,. (""" .- to """' 1''''
""""""""$'
of''''
ptml"'"''''''
I
2 1
l I
J I
I 1
I.
New. On O<d<rI pol, (~.', can be c_m!",!>< lho '010..... ofell I.

'lUo anal"
II
.,) i.'",,,,,ed ,n """' ,c. >1_,.
i.,o.o_
Th<mOf<.... _h of, ... 16"'.... <dpoi.. (,) bt"""... n<d

(",J'.<) b)' oPll<"'!i". 'ho ""mba ,. <ell I )'); r", ..... pI<
,,,pi<
(U)-(2,).l).
A...... blint Ih< ....
." ",
p<es<",p'......
-_.
(>,2)_(4,2.).
and
,,,"J .ripl<o i. <Glum.... , - . .......... _red .".yof 16
IA. I,C): 4' ..,..,.Ilod
""hoJotLo' ""'rl
I I 1 2 2 2 2 l
11'
,2l1
2)
)
J
,
,,
" ....."od..ddiRdly'...' _Otd<ttd poi, __.. c.... ly~in-"poi,
Thcm",<.ih"" ."",ben of do< com"'..'''''' (a. b. oj b<1ool11O (I. 2.3. aJ.

of,..... 16 ' ........11 open tho ..r. 0"",.,....... """'" '''''''''(o,b.)..mtn< rWlll (l.6. 7.1). and til< J' 16." ootrt'OpOnd'"1 '0 , ..... "om"'"
<0"_ r.11 '0 ","""",, _
.. ,"",. n., _
.m... obui_ from 'Il<
.mo. rOf (I, l, l,.l simply by oddo"l. '0 n<lI ...,.., Th.. 'Il< oaf, <a"
Il< _ _ ... 12 Of f""" " ....
In _ , 10 ..... bI"" ""', II "' ,Il< ",;ftimum, '"'
'0 _
II."., no
...'l<r
, II .'''mP''~' be mode.
combo""bon (',b,')
..ho<h
been m,1OOd com
,..., '" """" of .. hot< po;" (. b). (b,.), Of
( Q)
hot" ,.. lOtI, To 'hi
..,". k<q:> ,,><k of "'" "u "" ,".n I ~ I
"".Y R t>:r nt"m,. ,Il< "umbe, , of
,,,,,llQ, b, <") ,n 'Il< n "h <"00"'10.....
,n _ .. <WI >Ium" b, Th." if "'" 0<11 in _land <ol.mn ) - .
<>lit
","I)'
,h<,,"'
(.,b).''''' ,,,
,h<
,h<
'Il< " ..... be< 6,", mum ""', on< 0( "'" ,u"'l'" ....
"","bo..,"," (2. ).6).
W. """ ,... , If w< " '.. _ r............ to .110 'I)' 'Il< OI)II'Ibo..,,"" (1, ),1).
."
q"'~1!lJ!"'fq
!~ g'~!liif~~i~ ~]
.o~
~l~"'~~l!1!~~ti
_0
-~
I :i;
I!
t"1
'I
I -,"
~~
~I
:i>.
~s
-.l!
i~I"L~,;;.::!>,.H
l,l;~'S
f~;~~H~:~l
.Iii
U
j
~~
!;:::j" ~
"!"il!~'!
E.!,
!"'~~f.ll e~~.l! ;'ili."f
ill ~~,~ ~!:H :j ... ~ '"
~;jl,:h;j~l
:i~ ~~ ~
c8'i1c_~e~
. ..;_~z. _~~
"&>
i1
-1111
]j l;"~l!:jl;d.l!l!'I,
" ~8.l!~f~
' ' ' , '-.:~"'h
h " , l' j ' j l
~=
!i~lH!;;l~l'
I, I:: I:
' i l " I " , - 1j;!;l
".'''l;'''~~,
.... ,.:
1~7i Jl~.Ai:'
]t ~,E
~l'
:~1i,:~"",8;;'.l! ,.l'! ~
~~
JlE-!"'"j"'=8
.n .. SLI~Hrn~J~ I ~
j.l'!
~
E-.~..:,.:g
-,,,,,0=;1 ..
i lli H;i!; i
:l!",
ha1
1.5
__.._ro.,..
Thi. 0f&U"'C'1' 1'><5 'hfW&l! ""~ .. leu' eq oal f.,...,;" ,II< caoo< ," ..-tU<h.
'Ow'" >I""", C<IfI1".'<.xtly 01'1< 'n'f)' or no 'n'f)''' all. SII"" )2 lnab would
be _
,. "'wly tho:. <OW> or R ";,h
y os. <n"'" eadl...... 31
,ri<>.lt
onl)- '" ~ .11< co.. of _ ..lIo<h con"'" 'UClIy 1 ""ICS,
"""'''''''''.111<0''_'0'' ,."tonomor< ''''ft)
",mo,,,,,,,,,,,,_.
Ii!)!.""""", J<lW I ."..."" 3<.,,><> ,n >I..""" I, ~.nd l, .. ....,...... If

>I"m 1.1. 1 ...,'" , . _
l)' one or <>'OC"1 ,wo.ntries,
"". d,,"" WOI'ld be ..
ll by 00>< oIlhe p"'............ ~.'h<n.
tI, _h
Iw", ..... l .." .... for. ''''01 of .. 1<0." ~ In , _
........... "',,'........ Th< 00"" )>1"", ... ,I><n. .... - _II "".. os "'.)''' I
,nIne.. ro< ,bm: OJ< only nor f<We' ,,,,,b ~ on.-. n", _"',_
.....of'_
bs<a.,..
oI'_ooho"""
",,,,,col,,,,, m"" ...... or r....., mtn.. and our cone'.""" (0110......1100<.

If 1 '" ftKK< or."" 1 ,n'"." In
"'w I "",.,;" d" "me II. """ .........'
;',';nlor<ed,
,""" .."ies;" the .. "",,:<11 ,mpb<s not """" 'han 28 In lI>< 01'." 7<olwnno: l
<n"........... l"'Ib;..
6,.,11." l
I<o,,"I _ _ ,... ":!S
In 'Mod.., 60010"""''' .n)'~.0<>< of ,II< "' column. mUll ha.. no< """"
1M" mU.... and til.. ooIomo oncl ,_ I 1><1
, _ do ..,. <on"," oil I
._-
plOt>., .....
Th<mor< '1I<f<;, olw')~ "

",,1<11I b)' .ny .. rico oJ II ."
m'n........ ;,mddn
one oombo oa,,,,,, ,..., mil,;", >mpld<ly

p.. 'n.".... 'h< .. r. ond " fol-. ,..., II><
3. Proposer Unspecifiro
1<1",_",..-. 1_. 1601
l.<l S be ,he .., or.1I "'nory ""I"''''''' or ....I'h "
(C"'.
S
l.<l the "umb
(00000oo.0000001.
f.
or pi...-.. ," ,.hoo<f> ,tIr olo>Loo> be'.-.n
w"'"
bel....." ,tlrm......_
_h ,,.,, """,bm " .. I

P<o.. ,...., T ..._
"'''''' r
.1111111
, ),
"""" ,..... 16 """'be"" .... COM""" """.
,.h"b "". 16 """,bon
Solution
,lit"." 70.'1......... wh"h d,fI'<, f""" " ...... "'I"""" A in "
a ....,y
pI>; r",
'''''pIe.
.... ,Iy_
,tIr 1 "'I........ ,....,." d,"'o> one f,om A ~0J00(XJl)

." IOOOOOO,OIOOOOO,OOIOOOO.(lOOI(l(I(l.OOOCIlOO.OOOOCIIO.OOOOOOI Th .. ,lie
"'Iu<no or S I" 'oc<1l1t, '" ",bod, or 1"""""'"1 or. lluo:n A .nd <I, 1
1WOtl...... d'",''''' I..... 'lIt ... bod fOf Abe tl<noIl by,4,
s,."pooe T "", .........,,, l A,. A"
. A.I . nd - . ,tIro ..-..$rI, lA,. A,.
. A. I. It "CO"
'0 ...,"', IH> ,,.,, or,
if. ""I"'''''' B""'.. to bolo,,!'o booh A, .nd A,.'"

,.... tIIo, .... d,....... bel
A, .... A, >ulol
_0....." roo-
_.><ftd
"'" pi> '0 A."
'''''"1'"1 _ _ ,
,h'"I'"I_
Ahoc<,tIr,.
mo" ,
'"""..,. ,"
lilt
>n',,_
1. on ,bH co...
BI Bcoulol b< A,".. Ift.nd
B"
A,
,""".,IIt. """,ben orT "....,.. 'l .. "h Iod,lf...." "'I........
'" S. So_ S 0001, l\u. 1OI.1 or l'

10 S 128.
TIu>" ,tIr , ..,

..._
Iol
T .. for
pot,
~ Il:8
."" S 16.
or,lIt 'I
I,,,,,, ob-"""."
ll_. ,tim
How '0 m'"'''' .... h. '6-memb

y.o _
l>op<1e><l>- .....
'0 one',
,""..10"'''1''''
Th. p<obl<m.-.... """",,"<e<\ ..rl, ,.,he.~oreo<l',,!'hrof>'

.......... be .. I>l .<>ynily by ~".I'lIeoo-<>l\o<l F,........... 'Fi..." JJI l.<l
,tIr "~mb<" I. 2. J. 4, ,. 6. 1 9_0, ,lie 1 pIo<n ,". ""Iuo:n or S. n.. b....
," til" filu" (one or"b",h ,uf"!....,..1, 14 61"""" "' " - to
r,<on 00000oo
w...... d'
>n"""'.
orJ "'I .......... hot< d"..""" r""" (l(I(l(I(lO(l . . . .~ J.""
r""""on""" ,b"" or ,t,.
ncnE JJ
nom"'.. 1.l.).'.~.6, 1,.nd .11""noe<l'odo"'Opul r.'n'...... pla<cs.ndlr

.,."ywI><r< _ :
, , ,, , ,
,, , , , ,
,
,, , , ,, ,,

X <On 1~" _'nbutt I I<'l"""'> '" "'" _mJ IOb><1 T. Fo< , ....
t """,I>. of T. "".,." "" ,....
of'll<o<.
Ill<
oeq""""
b)' inl<f<honJi<>a II.. (Y. and I'..
n.;, ""
......,"'' &
01>",,_
"""'plemrn"
, , , ,,, ,, ,, ,,
, ,, , , , ,,
, ,, , , ,, ,
,, ,, , , , ,

'ha' ...

""""\><nor Y .,,_ _ ' .....'.,.11,) .,..O... lh<
lb<d:i"."" bt
.n,oce<Iml>" I or'. n.. only q<JCSh""" ,,1In1lt, 10m<

;._,1\>" )'O$OO'l'l<m<mI>'" of r Th<n:dor<n"'''''''' to be.n)'
d;"
bel"
0( X
"""'
""'1 .r<>Und JI"" many <Ii_ <0lIl1'1"00II>. and )'<HI ....1 pr<f.. ~mpll to
<bk <Xh m<mb<r of X.... 'h.a<h
bt, of r atId b< doo>< ,."h" H.,....".....
'."'''p''''''' ,'n bt r'l"nl<d
""h
1 ,n 'htlollo;wnnl (""",
Tho cornpl<....'''l PO" P OOJOOOO ....

1111111
_ con......
50_ _ """,1><, of r
r . ''''
''''
m<mbcf of r ,,", ..." ',limilo'ly f"
lea"
(tom
mcmb of
X. AIIo. Ibt di1.." " b<1_n YI<Q
nd >I, JnIpItm<n, .. 7. and 1<1 iI
<<<<1_".""
1>0." lr,,,.
d;',.""".
0"1
f<no"'"
""""n' ""Iy'o <lK<k 'ho: ",,,.n be.","", ",""b<r or IX - Pl'no!.

I<QUoC< ~ from
l Y - ... 1 wll><h;, "'" lI.. <OIIIplenwn' of A.
bt,.....,
Of"" ......
A d;t1 <t"d ,",,,,, ,"", ,lit d .........

A and ,.,
b<t
".on _,_ (X - PI ".I""y. <>KIly . '''''' "',, ..y. ,..., mnnl><n of
IX - PI",.... "'_''''''-'' J pi<, ,0<1 d,l'Itr 'no. Si"'lao1l' foro.y two """,to.
of I r _ 1"1 __ <",,<KIt, .hta>rnpl<m<ft, A' of A. A' be....,. ,,, y. nd ...
0(,,,
""'" JU>l 00I<d
'ha' 8' OJ'> ""h A' ,n <uotly I ploo .. .-. Sin .11 Ih<
A',---" .-
,he.
"", .. _".",
pIai ....' . - .......... "1 ,,, II'" A.

A m", d,,,,",, f . - II' ,n <u<o1~ a,ho pIo<n .. od .,. od ,he 001",,,,",, compln<.
4. Proposed by the USA

1""-' M"'_'oto.",". 1981. 1l'1)
A n,""b<r of "1..1 h
Iob<tll ,n 01<, O. u
PO'" " - I ;I.o~ .. he,
n:
"l","I1~
spoood ''''''1 __.'Y ,.. I~ " ..k.
.'lowed '"
It.,.;". _
~.o
r.. ~ ,ul<. ,...,... _

un ,he IMl'h uf"""k be'.....,".od
,he roJ.......". .....1, H"........ ,he" 110 k..., ,",he "",.be, ut,...,.. ,,,,,,,,,,.
be pi 'kl """"",l<u" ... _I
,od ,he.. her , .... ' h". ,10,,, 'um '"""'"
lI>< ...." ...";,,., of" .. k 1M
'
'" pUon,.".,nnod lut.~
l!I'hI.
?:
1, A
="
A _ofrl<>lb, ,...,., "'"" b<dri
rfO'" " ....10'" "',,")0 E><h ""'"

',".~b.,. d''''n lHI' """".", >pml., .11 11.... . . - " " _ _ I by ,II<
r,,~ ,~I<, Show
"'prd.... of " .. <nd<,
h"h ,II< ""., ""...' be
"ro"l!. ,11< ..... ',....... 11 <1.1"t b<,...... ,II< ~, .. ,... ,n, .s.p."llt< rfO'"
..
n"".
.....1O'M'''''''' ".."., or" ..)" "1""1 o.
,n ...
.-.._>0.,.. .
Solulloll
Tho _ _ or , ".Ino <On l>< <ha_ IIiooly on ,~_ ",_ph ..

~1"'It.tod (F
J4)_Ill< ..... h.ra ..... k<d ........ in"""'" up ,he,...us
and ,he
<ro<k<d tiona ,he ~~~ SilU tl.. 1pd of. " ... ;0 C<IfIlI.In,.
il. _
"'..,., _.,., l>o1_ <OIl""""", si&n&1. is Ii_ by " ......'
_ , . and ,II< ...
Il. >iop< the fl.", ,ho " .... Cleatly U.. ~'" 'mn is
0<Y<f _
up on<! P ' ..... ,&h' loa"'" ,n .he _ion> ,,;,!OOU' 01<1>)", bo, til<
"""no or
''''n OIipoI ....u bt Ii... Ill' ,.;,..., pl'h on ..- < port>
por.nd to 'l10
m,.".am. lim< ",,"n' ..
f"" Ill< ..... IC<HI of'ro<t
Tho Uy to Ill< pt<Jbkrn, _
io ,he r..,
,I>< _ ,......
"he..."" n~, _ur In Ill< po<k
Iw to .... Il " o.y oiJll*l; .. ,ua!ly .....
iI an im<n<dWo O<>f<>Ilo.,. of 11.. _
&1 ",,01"
,p,,,
oj".,
to_,.
any "ao. whICh is Ilow<f 'lion ,n
,ho.
pr<Wli". 11";"1 is ....." k,,,, wailiftl;
.,ony .. pal.
W.
~ by
Ind""ioo..
obotrYl thaI Ill< "'" lnI;n iI ........ hold upOllol "'."" <101m is
W
1id
"" lhonh , in """", .. L S _ . r.,.
i!: 1. <ba, ,... >tlI
is .......
dcIoy!. Impl"; , p<rle<tly ....."', ..,..... ""oN ...' .... pI\. and .hot tho
,
It... "ho<h is
th< "h
is ,lit "h ont. N_. I..... ""'1 11<
....b of
on bft"""" , _ , _ .. ...."." on.1I< lIfu"', Si_ lh<"h " ....
is ""
'h< nh ,,010. ,II 'htln,,,,,...I,..".,nsm,,,, b<
f
'lwI
in, In thisea... ,... p.p/lI of,
,., + I.' +2
lIplO
"ai.
*"" .
,han
'ra"
,,_'ho'........."....
''''n>
'''''nil,..
..... _
;1l<locI;nl , ... "b " ..... yield , o:onIil

to~ """""",,I.. ~1J"l' ' .. oil ,...
...n and , """ ....... "P<"ted., <>'<'Y ...... Th
,
' ON ''''''I ~Il l..qUlI '" C ""'
IuaI '" DF "'" ~I I." foiloM Itl.o,
,;O" ;n ..tU<b ,
..mono
_-;"oj""'''' ..." ..... be,~ ,...
CD. CE + ED. ON
+ D.
(Of .U"""'. '"
DF .. ED_ EF.
In ....... ~. ,..... w'--""''''I'',r''''''''dly lbo,
<la,,,,..,., i"" b<low Fo....
~.)
F;pr. J,ot,
I, oin ON;' ,,,,, d.arly
A'
CD. EF. (So< , ...
"''''' .. _
...,., ....,..,., of
" ..t";l1 be p.... by, 1<1'""'" ha
,
slope 'han , slope AC _ slope
IF of ,rain'. It (01-' ,ben, 'ha' ,,,, ""'" of, m.... <r<IU 10 1 at poin'l 'hal
1010'... 'han ,be " ... F. i<wloeo"nl 'ha'
0" _ _ ~ .. ~11 ......
>oU<q.... ~y _ at 'ny 10.., In<l rith<t.
_.,'".. ,;, - . . 11'1., "
, nd ,
',"'n
Si_ Fir.. ~ .. _ q
fiallf< JS. _In<b '" ,be
I,;, ...._
'ha' A /J
l _
'yp;<"o"UIlOon "p;o,uml In
OO<I<luhon..... J'I'<'I........ ,... 6...... "tin<

<: IN.
00UIt IJI'<IJSnI
"OM.DI$'-- ,...........""""'c ....v....."
.'
..,
,
-j-,.4J'.t'''-------.
. . . CD.n
.U .,.
..... ID . . . . . . . . ,
. , . . " .,. .,."..
flCUlE J5
To fi,"", tI.. ooI.,ioft, 1<, 'ho ~ , ,,,, b< .... nl'd ,n on,_ .nd . _
tha, t, ;, ,too ';fl>l ;, lah. "". ; La ...... on< _ ... o(,... k. It ,,<It.. ftoon
Fi.... J6 ,IIa"o< ,_I utne r la~<n foo ,too '0"" mt<<priIo an b<
'<a<ed."""
"
the
"mo-u....o<I;r I,;' ,he ,;"'" "" ,... - . . 'rain, ... bo.. lim"'" ,l>at
r-:2:.,O-I)I,.
..hodI ......fIy. >nIl.nt
.-
~~-
' . ........
<....
1,- " ..,_.:

"" "
..........J
,~
From the 1988 AIME Examination
''''''''It
y .... fIt< .... I .'" .."".... " ,tit ;"J<"I""Y ,I>< In'>p)Ot"
'0 pod ;"'0
,tit
1...,,,,,,,,,,1 M.........'... E...."",,,,,,. Tht ",-.....", 01
",,,,uk. bit _,.;, y n<! Q" h'y .n<! "".1 mutll pita..,. to ttlt ..",. mo, ....
...,...1>m"' ;l~, $0_""1)<
"""1S.r< .1_ r", "q...,....... ,lit
d ,ffit.1t .. oIympiod probltmo. ... ,
_I. _ ,
,,,,,, ... o>f\<n <I<"... ,r.lly ;nv.-.
"'"""""n
,h,..
pn>bItmo.,._ ..
,lit""'""
,.
f1GU~[
II
"

Probl<m I
11;' polbl< '0 1'1-
"""'i.. in....,,;.10 the 21 '0<&0' ",1l>O('''''IIi... S I
.".y _. mFifw< J7 "" ,110' ,II< ."",,,,," i...eII toW.M;n <a<h >I....
f""" ... an,h"""" PfOIm'I"", Do,.",",,,,, Ill< __ tot, 'ho' m'" __
,d
~'1Io
marked '.
,.
~
"
,,'
,.
,.
"
Soluli<Nl
nw: lin< <Olom., r,om bol""" '<>'.". m", be (n,d. 24. u.~) (Fi&\,f< J,81o~)_
In tmn> of d. ,he
....... 1>...... tb<;,
x and y in filu" (.)a n b< (\t.tnnu>l ., U... "<""",,..
Jhbon .. foil_
(i)
10)
x" 4+
__,_'
,,--,----.-,
("(
_i~. Ill<
x+l'
" .. IS'
COft'l""'" d,II"'m><>< of lII< _ ; " 'b< ,hird_ ..

_1.1 ,
O_y_U .. 2S1
__,__
SO"" ,"" 1S6.t ,'" mol of lhn . - ;. ..... pl, 1;1 .. W. "'" haY<
U+(2SI_ldj_ISIi.
~l .. SI"""" an be

,I>< l>'OV""""
11,. lOp ,ow.t Sl, al..
Thus
I.:., "",... on Fil"" Wb).
'.''l';'
.nd y .. 66, f,om _
.Ion,
Probk'm 1
Th< r-. of ....."', poIy!Ie<l,,,,, .r< 12 "lUUU, ! I<JIII.. he..,..... and 6
rqula,
C<LI_.
At ..o:h ...... o('h< poIttle<lr<>n "'" sq.......... lit..,.,..
..., "'" <><1>"" _t_ How _n'.......... ,.hooh,.. po.. ofwruo "'.1><
poIyh<d,,,,, .., in 'Il< innOf of.1I< poIyhl.... ,..her ''''n .Ionl an II< 0<
0<...,.. ft<><'!
Solution
II> ,mph'd in 11.. PfObl<m. no< number of..l""'M'
of Il>t p<>l\oll<'h06 is <imflll'
,ho, .,...,Iw<>uJh til< ; n _
D ...Il< ..... ' numbet of _ " " wh",h "" po;' of ..,,_
_ I'''' "um"" of tdp) - (,ll< """,b<r of (a d...-.I.),
Eo<h or d"l< q.... 'i
;, wly .,....... led rollow>.
(i) "'" EdJr. EodI
110. 0 ~ <OCt> h',....,.. 6.od <0<11 octo..... l. ro<

......,0I'11-.+61+1-6.I ... od.... Ho.......... neo<hodFIieo ..
dl< ,.... r""" it _ ' " eoch odF;' <o tod ,...." '" 'hi> ,.... 1. im~
'110, lilt octool ...... t>n or oil. . ;, only
n.
Gl-
(0) ""',_ D/opoW EodI ....... 1Io.1diqonoll.eo<h ""'......

6. ,
d.." . "
IS _ ,.. 6or .._
... od. .~ ond<odl
O<tol"" 110,
I ~. rOf "".1 or
(al'_""
Cl -
ill.
112 + I" +6
.116,
;" wMdl <odI dioaOfW ;, pn>p<rly _.led

(;0) 1lw V..,.......
"""'.
F",....,. _ ".. ro=, lilt ,
J ."",be< o f _ ; ,
124+I6+6.J .
Ho_. ,......." ...ay 0f!I)' If' .... ""~ i. ,"" pOlyllod,,," boco.1< ,""
_"'" or ,"" r""" <Om< ' _ " ' " i. l', ,"" _ _ of ,"" pOly""'_
Tbetd'Of< ,"" ""'rod .","be< of
di.I_1I ;,
i.""""
D.. (~)_n_1J6
_ 20'07_
n _lJ6 .1'1.1_ J_ ')
_:ZOJS .. SolO.
'i>t4 0, if. _
6 . . '""t<"s _6
lloal
..,s - ~ -
I "0/"''''' 0(
",," + 6x" + J.
Solution
By ,II< roctOf "_,,... .< - <;,. rl<'Of of i''''I,,1 pOl)'l>OfOiol /(.T) ifond 0<11)'
"/).0. Ir,lI< 'OOIS of ..,s-.<-I_O ...
p. '!Im..,s _x_l_
(x - aX. - m,.od ,r..,s _ x - J ;'o(l<''''of" + 6.<" + I.,_..,i."",of
.r _ a .od x _ /I od ... """,Id 110..
".fIll
... "+ ..."+1-0
011'+ bIJ" + I _
O.

Sol"...
r...,.... ptoot<d
..,""" .. ",,"fI'.IJ". 0.
"","(1'.1<>"0'" + 0". O
nd >ubi"",,,," Ii_
-"11"(<> -II) .. I'" - <>oo. O.
I,,,,,, "h"h
,," - po<
" .. 0"""(0 -l1r

50..,." .... (J.t< " ........ ,or-" - - I .. O.t"'" pmdU<l"f,l __ 1. ",,>o'tu.
rod""" to
o. ,,"-If"
0-'
Th< ..,.. or" _ 11.... ~ly ..I<u4l<d'ob< v'J, bo' n..."",en'""o" _

is. ("",,>dahl<
"P'_ In , _ or n.. ;,..,"""', ..lues of "
.'" ,--,-.
,- '"
,""t"
t1"
aDol (J:
0 _ _, _ '
II "",,,;m!y po)'>, ,hcf<foJ<. to k _

oncl{J.t< tilt """"..... - - .
,n 8,,,,,', l<><mulo for n.. F;t,onam """,b<n:
--~
H
I.-~
n."'' ' ' """"" ""II<,""'"I"....ir<t4ilyfoomd

01'''''
n""'1>< ""I",rod
\Iy "",k,. . out ,lot
~'"
161<nn,
Fihon_Il""""';
I. 1.1.3. S.'. IJ.21 ..w.H.l!'J. I".ll!. l17.610, m..
to b<"7
An Unused Bulgarian Problem

on the Medial Triangle
and the Gergonne Triangle
m"pooo" ..... W. cor"" . - or t>.. 1lC "

or ,I>< _ .. I"""ok""...11<1 '0 ,I><
_I<.. .
The ,....",.. <I<l"",,,nl b)' U"

..,1<.1 ", _ _ ""fI$Ir Or. t1y .""h
of t>.. K. "'~'''I ,I>< If
4 ... 6. ..,
"''''''01.'''-
6.".4".
4e_4e'
], ...n ,mp",..'" P'op<n, 'N'~'''''OJlr-..... ,,,. ,no",..

,od '"~ .-1..1 ''''''11< .... I~.)'I p"rollrl. 10< ...., ...
.'---"'f,..-~
,~
.he bite<Ion of ,II< ......1........, ~ 0..:1 ,f ... "l.. Uy

<tit<CbOll of AllonelA".
;no:~""
10 tho _
""""I<
""'.Ii
II .,.;,IIl come ... mild

tha' the Ibm: ij,... from Ih< ",,,~.(o
lrianp "IK: to .11<
of"""",,, <>II .t>< _ ,....... ,"".... d<1rnn'....
by tho
or< .1>Qy> """,~m:nl" p>on' G ""ltd "'~" "",n. lIl<r
lhe Ff<1l<h
J".."" Gorp".. IP11_11~) (FII.... ~J. SO"", ,'''
of . - ""'"" of _ _ D. ,F
_ 0 - 0 10 _eli!)' ...1>1<
lenni. It ~l Oppe<l by <:en", lhoorem. ~ can olso be ....bIiill<d ~ .... ,1)' ..
,,,,,,,,l<
10<>,,,,,,,
...,.,.....r
'ha'
,-
.... ,
1.. n
" '"til< mcir<1< r""" ,to:
or 1/., 'fF
, .-.llel _
.. ........... Th<tI _rl) F
II
11'''''_ _.
len&\hs".). one!
_,wi,." A,,,.nd C
_r of F'"'' of ,II< . . - "' .. 1m
G"X ~.y). 'mp,.;.. ", 'h. .
yd<fn of ........ OJ "'I......., '" ""'......
GD.,
+
Fondl!,"' C. Tl>t""''',ofaral<i.yol'lht ~._ '1""'" ,_, m'"
be oom<'O'ht",
fo-"
""
Fe
B., tho Am<" ,"" of 11 ond AD. and ,he
',.,"""'"
'"
"hholo&h I <*""'" .lo'm ,,,,,,,,,,,,,",,,,,,,, pro<'o 10do.., """'" 1><... ,0<01
b.......
<all'....
DEF dt"'..... nod by Ibn<
of "'"'lOCI ~'''b
" .. _I< II", ~ ''''''"J!< 01' l>A /JC. AO<Of<I,nll 0 boa.",., p<obl<m
_~ _
..\>nu' '011. r }'Uri _ by Bulp. lot On ,n"""",,,,,,,,1 oIympood.
bod "'" -.t.
b<
,1 In.b< r_,"
"" ,........
"".11<
".1<1 ..
1""""
m.o.
In ony'
n.np. pro.. 'ha' h..... ',orn IM ....... o> <>lIt>< _ I , n ...p:.
who<h On:
"'P',,,,ly
0<,,,.1>< "..nil<"
pr<p<n<l""". 10 ,he """"".. """
.Iw.y>
..-'ow_.....
"I<
'l'<""''''''''''''''' \><lo" ""
On
ro old .,M" do<so', -'" '0 be ony
medial '"onl!< .<><1 ,he Gcf_....'ooc"'....s so W< "'JIl' .._
10 h,,,..
0( ,he
en """" ...hol<.
Io'npla,OII001
....'oonsluo_ Tho: follon,,,, "a."",".'

Amllem. Tht N<I"'rIon<lo. ","'
1'111. 7S~
en.. M.'_....._.
ocI.",,.
_b1. "'" .." '.""""nc
,he
1.... d", to j. T G,or...... of

moll d<hJh"'" ... rpn"'f<l'O'lod ,.
.L------1;"'--1.,-------,,
AF .od A mob O"F I _
IFil"" 471..""
tilt bI>'... AI,. of ,II _"",I.nll< .. pr~, to
'ho: _ FE. T1I>' .. to .. y.
tho ..... f oft"" 0:;.,_
AL
Tho: ..."', ......to
,h<f_
,. ,''' ,0<01<1<
,n....,pr"""'" I"
,,,..... ,c. ,n.h< ..",. do""'_"
. _ .. OOsTO.'..
'"
"",0< of a'" In.1I< """-"'I ,....0ll< .. "...lId
1M ... lOW .bove,ho"b< ..
t. "m
r,om of' 10 FE. H.-. It>< til
lO'h< bos,oro( 4 .... ncI'ht.. r.... ,""110_"..0(

p<rp<ndic"""" q_.,.,
'" [",'be"" ..1)'
ptnd;NIo... t<
timply .IN: ,oPe 1Io00Mn or ,he mod.., , ......... 001 'lI<f<f"", 'hoy m< .. 'ho
,he ...,10.1 'rio.p_
."""" ... r or
.L
nClJRE "
-"(,---
,.
--'"
Two Solutions by John Morvay

from the 1982 uningrad
High School Olympiad
Ie.....
M,,_"-. 1911. 101)
I<>hn M...... y II (,.... Dalla>, T.,o~ olld ... ,""~ hool ma"y ""'1lOf'ldOn&
pobIl>!I<d '" 0 .., M",_,,,,,,-,
_"&.. . . . . . . .
Tb< fml
"""lKO'lll
f"", It...,. of." ,oIi",1t "'I"'''''' S of dtamal d~l1o" 1.9.1.2. ..d

by ,he fi...1d"" ,n ,......... of'''' r"", _
.. 1<1)'
pd'O& l1m>1. Th .. S bcl'm

1,9.1.1,0.9.9.0, 1.6.l. 1. ( ..
Do ,... d";" l, 0,.,', ..... .,.,.". "" """"",,,,,,I. ," S'
SoIUlion
'~'''I
f,,,,,
to 00'> .. ,,",, , .... ""1"""" io complel<ly <I<,mni..... by """

f Of . . . mpl<. "'" "".."" , rou, It...,. I, 2. 0, 9 ," _,"""
J ,.~ lo:od r"
'd '" .1I1a'.. l<mI>. bu"
oil pc<d,o& 'ern'kO.
too, Clcorly
Tb<
111>0<,,"'" ,
,"'pl.,,,,,",,... II.. <10..' of
Ioo..,......"
)'. , 1.1. O. 9
~
.. I .. 1 .. 0;'9. f......., ,.... 9lk, ..tuch ,he
lui d,..' of)'''' 9 .. , .. 2 m"" be O. mal,"1!' _ 1 In ,..". ,.... ....,....,. S ;,

""rd.......... nd1 of'""I"""" T
,m<Io ,"fi"","y ror In boIh ..._ _
,ho,..
'0
o.
and rOIl' <-.ri>o< It""" 10k." ""l"'h<f< 0""'&
~-
E.t<nd,"t bo<b"nls ffOlll S ul< ...
T"'''-
,lit .._
,> we find
__ .),0.4,4. n.I,2, .. ,.
,p,""'" ..
rOIl, <ON<QO""'_
f<"<ol,~Ihot ,h< oIo,e<t of"", ,.....

_y U>e
J.0.4.0, cetl.,n1y ooxu, in "" '01111...... T C_"~y.f T "pmbo:
,~_"""',"'<n""'l<nslll. ,btl> l. O. 4. 4. """lcl ""'Of InfiMeI'."...." In_or

~.b<>_.
ACOI)fd;n&!l'.... T be pof1,'1OnOd .",,, .buu",& _ . Off""" ICII<C\I';'"

d'I>" ".,_b lode oft......... lIloc:k 1.9.1.2.
-,-
.. 1,0.4,4
1.9.1.2 0.9.9.0 '.6.1.7 ...
s.."" '........ ""'>' ,0' d;""'~' \>Oo<h pOOIibl< ... It.. do<o"",1 'pI""'. -...
bIo<k . b.<.~ mu"
In T fo< _
>unt,n,''''''' .11"".. >porn T .... be ,..,...ot<d r""" o.yl>lo<k. ,II< bIod. '"""'"
I' po..- lht 'CPCO'ed ""'u""""" of I, ~. ,.~
me!)' lI.. bIo<ko ,n
posi"on
_ I .nd n _ I, m...."" be ,IIe .. m< .. <><h "'
I. ''''''. af....,. lht bIo<k;n pl""""''' _ 1 '" be ..,."
_ion __ 2,ond 10
on bo<k....nl.n,I. r....... 'd. 'h_",,",' 'ho
knllb of r. Th.. T
"pc"";"
nd _""'"',. . ,,",, S - . , _ """10'0 ).~. 4. '" r...
".'"lO.
t:ri<l ~ <...."...h"her fI .,.. b1

l coIomOl m." ,n",_ ;n 9 I~ or ,
"""'" tI,
<olor
Solution
Si"", "oly 2 colon ... _ . ohe po_1Iolt pn"";plc ;mplics '''",. in. col"""" 01
) <eI~. _ orohecolon ...... Otto.
JoI,... <el1o.l<1 'M ....."."y..
in., ..."
fo< <a<h or " .. 41 """'mIlL
Ap,o. " .... ,......... onIy l<Ol<n . _ ,
>lor "" _
oho coion
m"" ""..~"""l ,,, .. 1<0.. 21 01,
41 ma,.roy<oIo<1.,,,,,,,or
col
"'........ d<>r<pf<l
'Il< ",Il<, >h.omn> "P' roo lOy II of'hem whl<h have 'M >1m< n>aJO'''Y _
,m
In<o<h 01.- 21 <ol...
n,. _ ..y) 01 ," 'OW' w'hl<h """'''. '<d Ib
(,..... moth' be '"0" 'h.n J ' 0 ' _ (,om) O'".p',j; .... 11 oo"" II, ,n ,.....
coI_ "" ... t<d""'<l 10
.._
~I
col..."" <a<h ,_.,n,nl J ,<d Ib ,n-",
01 ) 01 ill ) '",""
Now.,he... t< OtIIy

10_bit ,ut.<,,01 J ,,,,,,,ha'<.In to< "I<<d
(t<>III.ooIymnof) row> (l( I.l.ll.( 1,1.'1 ,... (l.', Sm. TIl"", 0011<_
oIll ooIu,""" ., ..... "'" 01''''' 10 _bit ,_" (0, ~.,) ,"y" <>xu, on J '"
""'" oI,he col
leo....... ,). (TIu> ,-..,,""" ,I>< ""'" 1'",,,1 (""" 01
U" _hoI<pr,,,,,pI<' Ifb + I
d,,,,,....... ;",o. bo."--,,, boo
m", COOl"n ....." k + , of ,I>< 01>
"""u" ,10< lOU' ,,,n, could noI
'han k "",,"ado<o
)
u'"'"
<>bI"'"
''''''''.''0"'''''
,
Thuo
,he
",II, of ,"ltt>1io<1 0( , ..... ,..... Ond
>I\o'n"' ....a t<d.
To "ha, d,,,,,n,,,,,,, w o.,ad ,I>< ""'Y ha", 1o to< .. ndrd ," .. d<, to I<"lOn. .
"""""",""""" ,ut>co<l 0( u" if) <don ." ....r.

(1"""'.,"lIy. oM ""hap> "''''',..... Y. ,10< Ia'F d,,,,,",,,,,, n 'he)'<O, my
born.l
'"he, _
Solution
To;",..... ""''''''h''''''''''''"..t 0( .... 0 0 w"," ,<don ... ",,,,,,,,<d. ,he
''''Y n<td. 10 b< tnla'..... '0 ha", d''''"''''M
[ ("'''')1
<{o_l)+'bj'.(._l)
Fo< o' "..t .n'h J >lot>. 'IO<n. '0.

Irid ",'h' <:oIor>.
"" n<td 0 17. _
+,
'S'l' ......Y .. ...."'t<d. rot 0 l S
O"'y,
_,in
i,~~~
II
\(I
I ~,
(~~ lit;:;, i;i~:'
~-~~~
~.
:.i ....e:
'" '-
2.':"1'".!::<
,..,~!.
r"a
.
~;::l
0
,,&.- ~
e
~~~ ~
,. 1'
.
~.it
~l~
~..
il.l"
;~
'-
i,-=.
..~
w
~.~~
~il"l'!!:.
!J!.I
~!;'!!.
2.
~~~
2.
i,
- -
~I~ii
~i,"i,
T.~.
f;j~
o
'
'~I
~ ~
~;<
!Ii
i ~
_2.51
li'-ll:lf -
d!
"91~ !:
I in! It
;I"
i'l
- ~!
H
~
"
~
~
i~~i~
~"
=
I"
~'!l..
i"" ..~ t-i!
1~ ~~;
.~
"i~~
:~;.
~J~
I.~
c
3
p~-
ici"~ ~ ~~
~ 15 ~ ~~ ~
.-0 a
;;-1
i-
;:" 1iH!
!r!;I!-i
=:
e~;!.
.I l
'-1
i2._
..;
g>
C
go
~
~
l:!
's:g"
-.
,.
Solution
or l><,n"'nl! 11. tq;.. by 1IOIin, ""',.......
l>ooIi,,"" _.,.,;, _hI"' _
.,psted ... boll&l}' doc....,. ,II< ...,'" 0( /'i """'.,ns On i.fino"
._t>
of I'"
/'i_1.01l01. ..
if 'h" ...... _
,11<",,,,, ,hen, b<)'Qnd ..,.... poon,. on Ii>< d~ .. "",.Id b< til< 00IIy
'bo'
01..... po>oibo~'f........,' 0. r.... ~I"lI In , 1<,m,..""lI<k<imal 0-.1 ,mlll1'''1

/'i"
,II< boouy ....1<, muh,pkatiool by II>< bo.. 1 ....,.... "'"
<k<>mal pOO'" on< pIo<e to ,I>< nJht:
",,,,,,,,I. _."
2.n. 10,1101. '.
_,.i..
I',/}. 101.101 ...
,nfi"". "_II ol,"s, 'h<f<;s on 'oMi',...
/'i
In
PO"''' 2' ....h>:h<arr)' ,h< _ ,
ond 10 forth. So"""
poo"' 01 r/'ij.... to ,II< ld\ "ro 1.";"

2' /'i. 101 101. ,In hoch "-' ,II< .r--,-' 1'<"" of r./! .. on " " ' - hk, 101
be""
'h. I nih' afl<r , " " _ , poon' ...... be<o.... " ....,....Y' "''''' r. Iol<t In II>< "_on. bo. . . .10.. ,bo_
.
.,(I(l(IO(IO(I , 10. 'j"
0.-'"1 II-.< r"""",.... PO" of. by I. "" '"'...... bli$hal, '!><n, lh.. ,h<r< io
. . _ (1,1,. _.l, ..h"", ""My
... ,nIirn" ... or ........ 01 ~>
12'./2"1>1"
thon
Now. ;,',_ .l11)'! 'ha, ....... in'

~ <Y<f)' V>l.. of. ,n U.. iftl\n,,.
led in_ it". I
-:l!- Sin 'h",,1es<
ll$o .. ,<>fin
."". '='''n. 'h< - .

0< (I -ll"/'il),/l < I.
-til"
C1.. ,ly.
q"""';lf -..1o;;;h II b<l_ 0
cony,.,. to tt", nu, ,"".... a<MI so do _
I to on ..,.,.. m <10 _
part Qr,.... " "mb<r:
11"" ,"",."
rOf 0 < ~ < I, "" + ~l ....'II' ;"".... m_
,.
Thtrtf""'.odd,n&( I _ {r,/l'll,fl,ol""
"
don_."",...,."... 1'1...<><1 ....
[1''''' (I _ (:,,,121) ,iiI_ T"
So"'" 2"" '''''on i.'o ,till" J1 J, ... <on .. ~<..., ."""moo (""or of II,. p"
[(r,ll -
. -
{l'J2) .. 1)
...1] ~ r".
,,_. mn<>VInl ,II< ',.""on.1 PO" ftom n~m"", In ... "", ,II< 'n..... po".
_
.... tu ..
[([1'.11" I ),liJ
2"",
FiNny. _mil '0 an In '<tt' pon I'1~mply, ....Il< 'n...... po" or ,lit" ""'b<r
,+ I:
1.+,_(.+').
1!1',Il ..
I]Vl]
roO.
Th.o'" I" ..,. re< tho: 'n....' k. (2""'" 'J,

~."
Son d,..-
"...,
",Vii- r" . _on.

' .. I... or n<1.. <1, ,ocld d''''~l ..I
",e ddiml ;"fin"1 or _IS or 1 on n
d l. ,I>< ;"~n,"
><q"'''''' $.
... A
2. A Geometric COIISlruction
A Problem from Spain
........I. 10' ,II< cu':"m.'" and O<tt>ox<n... or. tnanll< """"Iled o.nd H.
mpe<".. ly. Qu. p>bI<M " '0
,,,,,oJ!< ABC ft<J<rl tl>< rol.......,
<00""'"
".
fll<lM DOs TO"IEY
.L-
-'.
""iii""
ocan'yWonnalion 1_' A._ OH, aU _

is ,h<if
fae< ""', lbe)' ... potollol. (Of >W'tO, lhei. . .lIti.qwl,"""
_
_
Ii
....
1M Ci...,~ or ApoIloftIlIIS
_to
[I0o;,I;,,1<', _ I l l ..,...."'" ........\h ony ..........' of .... """"" Ien&th (Of
"'i,.
.....ncIlbefl ond<ttakes to
,ho p<IOi_ 010 "lab"
n _
....
" " " " _ iI .. ';1) """pl<t.... An _ . _
tllroo'" 0 i
per_
~1I. to_ of MI. Tho prObkm lin in ftnclinl _
comlNClilll<
_ _11>0.
<0""""".
II '0"" "'" ,III. ~ i. _ dilli<ul' '"

polnt M .. It! .... J"opOn)'
,halO is ,.no:. .. far f...... " " ~ is r""" AI, Now, ,II<
Grod<
_
.... ApolI<:>N... 011'1:,1' (16J-19S .. c.) di_red ""', tl>< _
of.
nC;UlE ..
11'''' .r>cien,
'"
,ha,
f""".
"""" ....bi<:h...,... ..
~ renWM~ lim.... r..
fi.! po;n, Sa. it;o
r""",lixIpoin, rio,b<ci..., ".;,hd.. mn XY.. ha. X."" r or<limpl~'h<
poonI' whod'l d,..s. S1 inkmlily oncl ..,,,,..ny In til< .. 'io t-I. SO"'"
..,.;Jh'<dt<.ocIcom"......._'odiridt... _.,'n.,;....."oo..<i,d.of
t.
A""""", .. <on -ad<'.,.\>< <00""",,001 !Of ou, point> .. ,r>d M on<! ,he ''''0 2 I
fI'O"Id< ,be_1ocuo 'h""'lh 0.1.<1 o,d,lf'tU bh<!t)o. '!><n. '" .. ,.!>bltt
tI", ...r.I.hoom'n of ApoIl"";.,
Wenee<l'.""",h.. <.,poin' ,...,hodl" i _ _ to bet 'i...... r""" s
f.,
.. " .. f,om T m... lot on w.a.. lo. and <011......1'

is ...... lIy t ,;"'" 00 f.. r,,,,,, S .. " io r""" T.
.ha, ......,."""" 0fl.1I< cotdt
1.<,', 10k, ,bel< pon.;" O<d<f.
(I)"S" t,pr
TIl< p<oof in ,hi. _

.. _
on ,II< tI>oomn tI , ,he inrna' ,n<!
....""'I bio<tton
, or.
"rik,.to.
in til< poon..
.."'ch do,* " i. lIy
In ,!I<
of tho 0<1." 'wo...x, of Ole
,n.np,. On ,he ""ncth of tho$. /'$ _ t 1'''' ..
Ii'"
''''''&I<
.PPO"" .....
""""'l1l' "'N>
media"',
sr.
SXI
iT"i
,leo.
and
Tr"j'
1...11Io......' "'1 ",~,,,,<)' oubj<cl ,. '5 ,..,., tho: ~Otor 451'''......" dmd<o S1 in tII< .. lio": I on<! ,h<rtfott olwo)'l"'" 'luouafi.II< .._
X.
Ibole<l<>' ......J" to<' lhfooJh Y. and " .. _ ,
",," l\. XI' Y .. """,y. one-halfa '''''11I''0&1<. ,..... rill'" 0"&1<. ;",p11''Il .ha'
, olworo 1... on.'" ",d. on 4......'" XY.
poi.' Si",,""" ."" ........

(0) , if poOl'
of ,lot <;.<-lr
E".blis"'"I'''' con
know
f,_,"'"
_ ,..
xr
itt. mo j"_"'"1 chall<qe. Thl,,,,,,. ""

d</inj""", ,ha. X ond Y 4,_do S1 ,ot<,,,,,lIy o<l"""m>lIyin
..""' ....... m.'''''
'"
l, l . .u><l _ _ 'o"-'ho' PS a .t_PT. A'Ioo$lIh< "ch'a.p"

Pimpl
n... nlb f and." X .nd r in 6Xf'Y 0<1<1 "" to. ",'" .111<.
If"'" ,""'odueeol .. _~,.'...... b,. dta"""'l TV atw3 TV
po.. 1101 ,. I'X
PY.
,ben ./>VTtI .. 110. nJhI.np.
n - po.. IIeIs_',........" ... ",;"l , I
h.. Su folloo
,10<
'ha'
,_'vd>'.
,opo,"""'"
Sf
SI'
nv,i"
,L'XS-,~,
ncuu .,
CoN<qu<.!Iy ;:;
~ ~~. li'"'"
I'U .. VI' ... Iinl
-,,1><
~n>O'<"'" of roaII''n.n&!<
t""
..... do"._
.....ny,
1'."" midpoon,
'"
of ,t><
VTlI.
omunnt<, of'h'''Nnp. P i.
1.-.11 lhl<" "'''-' ond ~ cone""" tI , n s pu.
U....
~.
, ... . - n
N"",
le,..
$1'
I'u"i
p:I 00 with
lI_lI>er<qu,J<d
,I>< C<lmUoct;"" of 'tiafl&It
Solution
Iii_
cirno'lK<..... 0
""".'n1y
fitI....
hn...", 10"""_
_",.<1,
SI' l
,r-iAI/('.
in U.. JI"" inr.......'
",,,,,,,"",,,,<1<. Th< .1'" ode ell ",...
"
h'
.w.lOf\&I..do<sOC. ,II< po,pendo<ul.. bo_toter"8IF;",,-..1). n..",f_

110..., DC.r< ....lItl. SO_ ON.nd A".".Iso
tho: qoodrilo"',01
DC 011
"""nl!<. 00<1 ,lI<r<fot< tI.. I<nroh of COli p1y
1<01' h
011. Th
of ,"" fI'="bod I<nlJlh
con I\nd ,he rruolpoonl
CO.nd 10, 0 'ho: ..... l<nC'h 011 , . - C' '"
,h< po;n' D.Th... _
"""'lcl.
OflO.,_'
""""""lObi< _
A/ht , p<o", D
A"
'''''Ii....
*'
'
'ha'IOO',h.""ch ,he ,h"d "".1<. C "tho: pc....-......'"
otn
_ _ ,lv<>IIgIIC,II>.."'","""_
tI p<fpendculo
WIll
tI.. "''''011><'",1< ;'",If. ThbI<m ....""'"
Ih<o. 10 """'."1 ,I>< ",nit' O. or..,..,... 'h.. r<q "'''' ("", Io<$< ." 'ho: ptrptndoc...., booed.,.. of AB and =ta,n
<IfI
circ"
or "'pol"""'"
'h<n.
F"'1I1.
......""'" ","",' M thol ........
ON< """"
10 ,II< ...,....
or """'''.. ,10,
,n ,to< prd'm".,,<y d........-
<
.~----,;f-7'
f1Guu ..
w . - '0 .... ,to< .nP&i!l& _"Y tlIo,. if, to< ollil" CD ~ ....-.. '0
""'" 'heci".mci,<I,,' .'''''' ,he rOOl D ~ thomod"..", 0( H. i.<.. HD D
(F;JO'" qJ_
nno" .."'b1;,hod .... ~. b)' _
... tho, l>IJH ~
,.....,,1<>
...,.. ....... ro.,...
'"
<""
beaI".. tho 1>0... nll<> " 1/ 'M E.t< equal (,....

.h~_ BO bi-.. ....
t>o.. ~ To ... 1M.'" n<ed ""'y 001<
oach .... 1h<o< 1>0" naIe> ~ ....... 11<> ,II<
..... A ,n tl>< '''''oPe
'ho'
cl<"!l' lhe 'na!<> .t A
ti,,,.,,
'M ... n<\ "" tl>< <h<wd IK: of 'l><

AC. tllt.nn>
on<l_',,*'J.o, II>< .10'_ 8/1" papmd......, <"
of d" boo< ....... II ...... ptC1;.df ".,pmdicul.. '" ,lit .nn<

of ,I>< ""Il< A (. qua".,.,,,,"
II _101 matt 'lI< onns
.... d........ at /I "'f'',,,,'y parallel '" til< IHla Ae.nd A.6).
.bo.,
Th .. 0 ,,,"" _"",.. or IIEo.nd ..."" 0 .. ~ po ,... lto 011 In >011 #: ,I><

..... DE" <fOStOd ~ AD" ,"own m"'"",n' M (. ~ .. f . - III< mHl"",R' " ' _
..... 01. 'rio.p. 1'",011<1 '0 .1<ConcI1OSt. bdects ,he 'hif4Ii<1<). Thnd'ot< 'Il<
d....""" r""" 0<" "' .. __holf''''' ........ DE..M. 0,01 i.. run fHi", oflh<
aid< HIC< 0 m'" ... OIl ,he " .... of "poI",,"u. "'th fi><d po>o""" .od U
.<>oI ..,io2,1.
;, .-.
We ......n' - . - It>< I"Io<t
,ho, ........nl}'d ltI<a,eoj n.. poOn' M. no.
or
<.~"
~.lty -...". ,11.0< OM. ;00";01 <ho mod"",."
...... 11 .-1 DE ,n l>OIl. ;,.,.,..h.,f
"h<po'oI........ Olf. ThUi M
coo b< _,,,,,OIl lty 10""1 air .,.,..h.lf<h<
Itnl' h 011 '!on& OA r""" D.
,..:I ,I><
of l> ABC IS <o>mpktfd oS ..... 01 ,boot,
<OnSI'' ' ' ' '
From the 1987 Spanish Olympiad
fOf
<O<~
po';"..
'."1<' ~. pro.. ,
....(.)
........'ly .....001 <.
be,
, ,lit <qUO''''''
'-2.<+1.0
0.0Id I. ,nd &,......... btn...,..<._
Solution
",1>0'10,.. ""'" ohe

,,"'" 0
..,.j I. '...... m.... cOfnd.om'... ""...,fO<1Of
, - b + >._
'100'
~ m'ih' b< wonh",,"lo ,""". '''' ~nd 'm "'
fOClo<. Ho~
m~ to
.bou'.....1 'h" IOf~"'Y"""d' """'. " ,,,,,,_hi. ri "."y'''' ..,.,fy ,...,
Si"", ,he <om 0( ,he <O<fIi<;o""" I _ 1 + I 0, ~ 1
l.--.. nd x _ I ".
b L Tho prof>CIO<d.--
r..'or ....., _
<10<
<!Ie mul' "
_..
.'-b+ 1_('_1)('''' +
,.+---+~~ I)
(..... 'lI< _ 1 .. ,... <noll. Tho 0Ib0' I ''"''' .... 011' OIl"";"'. ,........ 'lI<
Q.(~J
.'."+~.+ --+~-IO
_.Q.(OI. _l ....... ~""'. + I ~ 2,'.....I...... Q.(IJ~ I + I _ I > O.
8ocou.. pol,"""';... ,,,
(M_.J 0 fo< ""'" ,be,,,,,,,. 0
I
COOl"."""'.'.....
hy'he
'.,<1_..1... ,lIoorem. Thu,1'.(.,) 0-. ...... .--<.b<l
..... I.
'"
'OOM
'"
II .. <I'y ..... ,
<O<IlIneol I
Id
.bo yield
"..'.,.
,-1.
'h_JI>ou'.nd
," .. y" .. ---.y<.'.o"
Now. ;r y < " ,..... ". < "
."",,,_ioo SlIn'lollyf""
,,0.1,
> a. w."mnotd'olhow.t>o-.....'..." _ Iii
'ho' ... ,"", . _
.1>0 "",.... bIe.

<... ""'. M"'''pl< ,00<.
_ . mul';pIt . - ;, .100' fOOl or th<
obU,ne< d.o;m
,tit V.ph or y ....(.);,
,on"", 10 'h< N';'~ Ir <
'" b<. multoplc fOOl.... would ..... bolh
oq"""""
,ho,
,:"'-1<.+1.0,
.~
(0.2)<:"_2_0.
equo,;o" we pol
From ,I>< _
l_(" .. 2)<:",
onol ...l>sb,.,;".l!oio;n '''' fi", "'''''''"', we obIo,n
<';" - (n .. 1)<:" .. 1.0.
.~
TIn... ,I>< fin,
,'"
-'
" .. r .
"1"';0" .. jus<
,
"+I-
le.+
I - O,
) .--.,
<.--'('
I --"
"+ I
2(_. II'
..l ... lis<> '"
,0".
~
')""'
(2(
1)
'"
" ' ) " " -;j";"'i'
I
( 11-+1)
10+1)("")'"
". , _r'.
(,. _,_)M'. l""
.+r
"+1
Now. II d .....' k"""""
'ha' ,lit I<fl 0" "" than 2,11 ". It>< tro.. of ,I><
...,,,..., Iprn"""'- It>ll
'ht.er_
-"
1< J,
""o>Ipn, 2'" <)0.6, "ho<ll rta,n!y fiOls for ~. 2.).... Thus fot
,,~l.x_ <. " .... multiple . - of I'.(x). II. SoI_ I',(x) _ 0_rattly, .... quo<kll' obu," 'h,.. do'".,,' . - ,.j """"ooje
<... _
m.h,plo '001 r", .11 .,
'ho'
x' _
I',l.').
z... 1 .. (.x_ 1)(<'. x_ I) .. O.
_1.,/l
ompI",,*x. 1. not ~ Thus <. n ,he one.O~
10 i.
'_'"* to
~ ..
foroll .
u. ,hotlp air ...,h 110< "',....., ....,
<.<1 ,0<1 <:"_2<.+'_0
hm<'-i"
'"
no. ,,,,,,1>1< ";,h ,hi. is tho' <. _ . ";,h. UId. ror'"

>n<ei... b1~ be f"'" ~ ....... r _ bk<
W<
<.-,--,,
k......... coulol
_e<l....,
"
....hKfl<u ..,.ld own-/! I, O<arly, ,..... UIis'-IOb<

'-''-1)'.
Willi Oft
,.""
was ..... carli<f. ;, is "'" d1l5cuh 10 show IILot <.
d<crUS<I
'n<fCajOS, SO_ t ... mol of Q.{I) _~.... ho",
'ha'
<::1 +- <::: +- , +< , .

No
'
;r <_I ""'"
JIa'" ..... Of tel'"
to C
Ih<n
<:., i!: ~ thwuPou~
l""&
<::1 +- ::i ...,-H
..
,l <: <::; +- ;" ..... +- <.)
-'::1+1"',
< , < <"
Fo< .. " I. ,hen. ... 1>0...
~"t
. 1
! +-!
~+! ,'"
1
1 '"""
"
22"
whe.. to
i,. <otlI..., < I. and ... p'",","Y ooncl...lc ....'
'
<'-j>
A Problem from Johann Walter
w.... ;ndobd ,o"""'n" w.ll... (I"""y, for "'.. _,'1;......""" Germany)
rot ,,,. (01
P.-o><,
d<h&htf.. 1><_.
"
l'ythqo
noDddIlO""" ;n......... 1. I>II' ...tU<h .. "lfy''''

,,""
(.T ,,)' , ( . , ,)'
.V' + 'I'
Or. w.It... 'uppl;ed ,... (olk",,", f.. ",.hn;",,~ .. hkh " .... f""" ....nplc
d;"",._h'o.""",,ha< top/u..... 'od .Il..,l.ln<a<h ,_, ... .-.""""
.. obIa,nod b)' o:>ntrod""",",
11w Siml*t:l Solulion

In ,... ...,." ,..., 10m< odd
~,;..
;".......
,.20' .. 1
_'inn...., uId ha ..
2.0+1. ,.l/I,I.
...... '0 ""P, ,,,. ....n l'yt.....,...n
<2.0+2lI+l)I"(~+2o'.2)'I
(.+~. I)' + (a + I)'.
. I .. l.o< + l.>' 20')
."., +c> .. 1.2bc.2lI .. 2o'
l.' + 1A!o ..
l.o< .. ~. 1 .2bc.
'"
,.
, . Most Eltganl SolulMm
(d... to O. Knq><rt. AI<b<n) If _
(x. Yl '
(,' + 2.<y + y)
""",I.. ,,,".',,, x, T. , .. " ...~
.. (x .. 'J' ... lY+<l'.
.. (x' .. hr-t r) _I +lyt u'
.<'''V+,,,,
AM;". y' to <a<h 105< 1'(x .. 1)('" ,)
11"_
8.' U... i<".poMibl<b<nu><... hol"... ,

,;,; ...... ""'~;nl'... l<ft.."
d...
bl' .... hilt ,II<
10<1< is di""bI< only by I. ~_ y ond f at< o6ol
,.bl<
'oah'
A Vari.lion uf
Kni~..."'S
Solution
(d"" lO J. W.....) Co.",""'.. 10101>00 M from U.. eq. ."oo
r"XI.'''''''
,,,,,"""'''& xl on<l fa<lorina JI'"
.<Ix .. ,) _ ,(y - x)
.+'
y_x
-,--'._,-.
So_ ... y and J' _ 0.. boIh , _ ; ' ."" ' ; . ". tnl<l'" ond , ....
'pp<D1
to< "...r1I, in 0_. 110_,,,
<dlly ........ On odd numb
<"
,to,
, !.!.l
Y-'
.r
.nd.n ..... numbef.o<
1 ond -,- ." .. oC'Po''''p''", .. _otlt><
r....
'ho' Ih<W d"f~ is ,,,,,,.1<1 "umb
To
A Men Sopbl1ticale<! Approach
,ho,
The booi< theom """"""U'S I'ylho,.,.... '~pI ......

(,.~.d Is.
Pyt/>a&O<Nn ",pi< ,fond onlyi(,_ " """"'V< ,nl<_*'''.'n<ln, .........
Ond ".V<
pnm<. """ of
..,j" ....... on<! the Olh odd. """
""">'
""'t
'"
Fo< (P.f.') Ix .. ~.X .. <,y .. :). _ """,Iol III",
..- .. , . ll.....
and }'" ="' i("" .. ""_
..- .... t(..r _ ..').
Now. I' >.yJ>d:.re an odd. ,hr. . . . : _ld be

l(""
II
,ho, t
-" an <v<o
C"al,
mallna
'""'F'
"'and re of OWOOOI< po,;'y, "",,10"" _ .... odd. n .. " m." be

...,.
In 1M< at<.
,jlt... yJ .. (.... :. - (y+:l). i,[2t...... al"" -" - a(..' .. 00')1

..-. l(__ "'I.
apin eq"""IOn odd and an ..... in"'t.
Dr. W01..,
lc/'1 a,
'Of con>id<"... ,to< <>p>$OOO "" ,I> of

~ritIClI a
oil al"ylllap'<>n ,,,,,olio
n.<. a~, -"'""PO '"''''"I ,n"pol...Jn). ond , , _han ,n'odi .. " lnown ,"
t>< on
In,....
Ths ",_ _...... ,n J.
h .. mrtd..... n....
W.I..,',
.,.pt,
"0"'" ....
",,,,,,,,It
doer PyIh..... ""hm l:a~I<n'nP<l" In _ ..., _

,"""...,( "."".-welu,M,Mi<'"
vol .... pp. ,jl~S6,
an
bf ,he ."'''''''...
"'On ,.."""', pof>mc<riu'"", of
En&I,," ".n>lo,_
lhr 1')<">'&0""" '<>pin."
'Of
lI.",,,.o,.
,,,led
_'ac< lhr ".'hot
T<IIIpI<f&"'bcn )S. [>.)100.
"'""hen. c.e
,.
I..."., rUl M.._"k.
From the 1987 Balkan Olympiad
Proposed by Bulgaria
/(, ..... h
n'..., a,.e,
Two <ot<ln /(,

_ _ ., A
I, "C .. ,"'"",""of /(, ~
....... of .. C
'ha, 0, .... 0, ... 2
o6o 1 .... ,It. _ ,..!y.

_,td~ It,
Dft<ntIo......
""".
"
Whoa , ......t<b .. l<nO<I. ~ ......... IIy
........... r_ _ of IN fIOUIl< of "',
10 .... _ ' ' - ' " 10"..
_. "'" ,II< _ , po.... ,'"
'"
..""" ....... ro.,...
'"
OWOSO', <nat 8>. Abo. ,he ><&m<"' 0,0, be'_o ,lItcrn'onjoo .. the m>dpoi."",
,lit..,..
"p
aowl" '_.'"
0,0, .. 1. ,..... DE .. >, .1><1 ... ioow.n ,h,..
II>'f .. ~ DE. So..,.

,;0" or ',,"np AD:
.oDE.
AD.nd A," .....
,,0_1,
-<[_N'i, Of .
Ir DO, <t..... X, .. U, I.....nll< "MD ~, "op. _k,nl U..

.._ , O,Mfrnm,ho:_"."( K, pe~""OI"'<I<l"""C. Th", M ..
,ht m04p<M"' of,...
ACd;n lot' tho: ,hofd .hos<l<nl'h" "'l'"-d.
Si.... AC .. lAM. 10' ...... <nru... 'b<l<nf\h or AU.
Sl_ AU .. On .lulu<!< of 6ADO" ... ""..
_.nd
1'''"1
IfM .16,000,_
00,
Now. DO, is.
,~-
rrood". of 6ADE."'" h<"",;, bo>o<o. <"'.... of t>AO. ond

AM.~_
00,
11I<<>n>bl<m,,_nlially_ " . r"'lIooh

or. cUly <al<ulated ...... 'ho: ,h... sidto of.
nd'
""op
ImI'ho
k..,...,n.
__
,_,HO ,,., 0AU<... OL...." ......
(i) Th<""';p<t'.m<I<t of"'ADI':'.. -1(1

~
+ l,n + .l- l + ./! olld """""
H<fo,", 'oomuto.
"'ADE _
.;r,"C.;C;"""~(,C.C","""C,-_C",ffi,,,-_C,C,C"'' ll _ Ii.
(0) APflly;O& ,II< 10.. of coso... '0 "'ADE .......

_A -
AD' + AI':' _ DE'

lAD AE
4;-1_16
.. 11 "'-hf.!
s.nuLo~y.
oPflly;"I ,II< Low of """... '0 "'AlXJ, .... obto,"
00; .. AD' + Aoj -lAJ)'AO,,,,,,A

_4+1+.h'~_I.
Fi..lly'......... ho..
'"
AM_~
From Various
Kurschlik Competitions
J. From lhe 1982 Competition
$ul'PO"'.""h 01'.... ,nl<JCf'''_''''' 0I1004;II"<><n,'-'" ,n """".

~~y
,ha,
l,j ,,o<io 01 ' .... 100 colors .. ""'.... lIy _ ......

(u) ~ ........_, '"" ,n,.." I~. bl.n<! I'." J.. ;,h m... I..... I'""," ha.. , ho, _
"""~.
,.,,~ /o<r..... ,1t< 1</1
,.,,~
,..J"" ,'''
110<- _ . - (,.,. ""

"t~, ."M ,II. _
,_h,... ,", n<! d
.'il~
........... >10, ., '"' ~.lId .~ ,...., rIw .~"'" """,.,[,
d ......
II<, 11<, '" "'" 'ho>;,;

,olDnd......"'d
1""'_. ,ha, ... r", .""~ .' ,n ,hot np: 0 S ~ S b - 0, ,II< ,'..' 01 'n'",,,
.. ~ ., ..... < + ~ .~ ,II< ...... >10<
""'.. ,h., ,.... ,"'..... _1982.,", +1982
..
m." ..... 4,1fm,., Ilon.

,n
,.
.."., 1>00; TO "ltV
Solution
Pa.. I
let. pOi, or ;n"'..... Iuol<itl& the 10m< <OIof b< <>llI
.. ..._ po;, and
di>l."", bel......, ....." _h,Oft\Itio: dI"."",. C _ tWO - .
ctl,om''''''f'I'''lo, b) ond .41 of<Ol<>o>, .nIlj. ~"'Y. landj ,II< ....... or
dill"""", ~'ho<h tuo"" Ih< '""'" moeoclll<>ma'ic ......"'" ,(F1JUr< 12). In 'II;'
eo
Ill< in'<rVab ~. NY <Ond".... Iii)
t""
oil""'"
Ji
in the ptObI<m. ....... )1~ tI, II><y
TI><rtf"", ,II<
.f< <QIo,..t
MIM1;a,ny .h""'po....
m".."
,.ocIb+l
"'..... to<tI........ <OIof (t)
. .-lond~+l .. ""tJ<,I>< .."",_(m).

h.ndb
b .. 1 and b
",... b<Ih< _ _ li0p'n).

I m'" 11< .he ..".. colo< (l .pin), ond .,,,,._
,,
,,,
I I
,. \,
I"
I
II I
".
ncU" "
Tin.. 10, <1 .. _
!>I'.bu'tinl_.n<h_,.lh< ;n..,..' "',bi. whi<tl
.... !<ft&th . (lr'h< ......hol"l < """.J
pi...,.._
so_ thor< ... ""Iy

in~1 of
101 i
100 <olen, ttl<

priociplt irnpti<o ,h,,, ....,.
..,... m.... <Ont.in ''''''' .." ....
10m< _ . Si"", 101
of'''''
On inl<n'Ol ofl<n&<h 100. sacll i.......1 01

d;" the _
.."t< (1.2. " .1001, A<:<ofd,n&!y. ofl\' ;,poi.. '.'....1 "" ,... "",bot II...
00<110;,,0."0 "finil~ of.bo";". .. ,"ol<rYab 01 InIJ1h 100. 11'''' rio< '" ..
- . . . " " in'
0fIIy _
I<ncth 100 "
to ....... 0<>< _btorna,i< d"""",
'"
i<lIi.. ,y of .uch bo<I_ mono<hu:on>.uc d,.....,..."" >n>t"l""""y " .....
_ of ,II< d,"'"", " m"" -.r Infi.. '<ly ofIrn """ It.. '0",,11,
Part 3
Son.oct. of ,he 100 >lot> ;0 """"II, u>l. lei an '."p of <t<h 0010< be
, .........0<1 ... (" ,I to: .ny~n"< 'n1<'....... h;do _ '.....11 ,...,. 'n....n, I.<l
1>.111>< 'n'er....1,... , """.... bolh(p.,j.nd ,... ,.''''.'1_1911, 19121('11<
.'~d1 b< on (p.I'I). and _ ,.. n'.... _ .. of I00 '" '" "" 'oth ood<
of 'l><>< ;,,'....1, If 'JI,
",I<,_,
.,
By _ion 2.bo-.. ,.... 'n~,",. ,
"""1" "")';'" me 10 . ,..o_ct"""",,;,o
<b<Lo"'" d. ,..., <>ttut> in/ioit<ly <>11
and .. ..,;luly ,I>< ;n.....1( _00. _'n ' ...
.1} b< ,.." _h,,,,,,,,,,,, PO'"
";Ih d",._ .I, ;"
I,. <>0). Son 'M'" Of< ;n~M", mo., weh .",,,,.1> in I.,ooj. w< COn . _
"'"' ,No, ........."'l<d I:" 6O<Un lila, brIO
h~..... """"" on
0";<"'" I . _ . 'he;"'<&<" ktwr<n(o.hj
I<.Jj
Jlo
by"fl<''''''''''
ofllon,. ,lit ,n''''''I''&!' n...... 1:" .. k,.*Io.I>I'..d I<.Jj._"l<Iy
""jO"'
f.. 'PO" 00><11:" __bn... ""h

blo<k, of
h d,
'luI ,lor",
..... mono<h""""". "",.-. in ,II< ",fin,,. 'nt
1I". 00 l "h"'h
equol to
.....y fin,.. molhpk *d, of d, IF;lo" S4. Somilorty. ,n (- 00, 'I t""
"
_",n""'"
of
~"''' mol"pk!. of ,,. infin,l<ly <'Urn...
d,,,.,,,,,,,
.11
~."'" d"
t _ " - I
It foil;.... th<n, thot til< .. ou<h mnno<hromo '''' moh,pk d>. d, ,n I,.. 00)
.nd.n equo! mnno<ht<Nn>'''' moll',*, 01,.4, ,n (_ oo.~~.nd _>n<I..... 'b>t
OM
. _ ..DOli TO "'"
1- 'I"~- I
." . . . ',.,,
"
.- ...
I
. _.
"
" "
"
u, ... ,
,>
,hcf< ",jo< t"" _h""""ric poi.. (I, and (., .),.oclI wi, h """"",h""""tio:
4isuncc ~,II,. on< "" ea<h _ ot.,," "-I<,,j (F~.. SII.
"'n'
Tb< ;""....... ". '" and I'. . ~ .. atM".,. ,n'<fVOls. B.,
It.lj jud' i< _
$imp/)' bJ
d, >pi<, of. blo<k , of
'h 11,.
Thad"", thr-""'" 1t.0I. ,I>< IIonol;' _ _ by obutrinl co
of It<s
.bo'''...
bIoo:k .
"'.;Ii.
,"""i..
Sin nd "noddle
the ... 'i.. ,.... -...I I<.n;, __ by
"""'"' of ~ olld 00 Ill< 0<111 "'k>n
In 1~.J1 <:ome from
B., [~.Ji
<OII~" ['.ol...._
...I f _.......11 IOO>lon. Th.. 11m... _.-;n u..
III l<nI.h oil ~ 1I1lI." follo ,h.ot '" IOO.nol '110.
fi,od .,...........' of aU 100 of".. _
, >Ion.
'0
.Iu, -..'
>lon,.od._
,i.-...
...
,,, .~
.,
so"'" [x,y!...hKtI,ncl_ the i<I"..... [_ 19U, +- 1982) ,nd. bolfe, of.i .....
100. IS , _ by'
;,,!<tnh of
1(10,
obuU'''I>pon of he ooIor 011 -1981. ""'0";"'"

U b< r.,..od .piII OIl ,'" i."FR
- 1Hl!2, - I1n.. _12. IS. 111. _,1911. 2018.

bu' _
+19U
<>II"Y io.."", t.
bo,.....,.- .oJ.... in pi"icuLo, _
"" the in....
'"
2. From the 1983 Competition
Tho
fM'O"" 1',.,.".
P ........... poIn' Q.... ,.~n In ,""
pi,,,,,,. If ,I>n<
""","Of. ~1
lI .. ,hat fo, <o<h poll (P., ,,) ,her< i.. 'hit(! III'" poIn. 1'. ,hat
"""pitt... ' np 1'.1',1', """'.. n,,,. tho point Q In ," ,n,erior. fIfO.. 'hot.
-'I><~,
LellII<. ray< QP" QP,. _.. ClI'. II< >Iorod bI...nd
Iulf,,,," .boo, Q be _
--
,h<.
,hri. mole> - . ,he
(I'" '....... r< doul In Firu" Sl). a...",

bI.. tly< PO" "p ""h " " f'tlll"<l'''' '<d 1m&&<, t. fom>" """Jilt
,0(1
"
Now. in the ron o
Y'.bout Q. ,uPl""t_ t_ blL>< t
,II>, <an
QI',.o<I QI',
' ' 0&1<

_'''.'''1 Q In ," ,.,<rio<. woul<l ho,. <0'" In ,he owooik _ ~
be'<-.. ,0< re<! ,...... ofQI',.nd Qf', 8u'....... ,,,",,, rl ",,'<'
....
""""""'".. in It.. f,n. <II< ~
bI... '0' in"",-" ,I>n'o.nd ,
.
COO",')' lo.he I"'" condl'ion. ,he" ",old b< "" poon, 1', '010 .,,'" ,he Pol"
...... '0 to<
1',1',1',.
<M>H><I,
In tho< cal<, th,rd p<>n, 1',
0(1
<Oft...,.."...
,h.o,
no ,.... bh.. fir> ,n ,,," fin can bt

N",. ... _".".U II>< lio<> from ow"...,. and ptotmllO pul ,h<m t>oo<k
time;" on, ordfr. kO<J""& .rack " ,1<I<"'If or I'" nom", b of".,." <f
. - . " i.. 1>Iw ,"!";" ,Ik ....,..'"~
Wh<oIll>< "","bot "h...... 1 2.,';'
<1<" ,hoI ~ mu>l bOlylh""
WIll" ,"..tIo<h ........ h.... co."
,II< ~"""'I:
(1'. 1',). Tho';( follocJM
_at.
r,".
'"l<f
""""bl<
(i) t>ct_n 'w<>-.mdi", bl.. ,art<

(ii) t>ct-. a bl.. ray on<! a n:<l ..... '"
(iii) t>ct_. ,w<> _ _ob'" rl ray>,
..
.;:---- -'----~,
.,
'" b + I
_n
'w<> con""",i", bl.. pOin 'r<

11.... "~- """ is 6<i,I1'Od.
in <a>< (i). b inc
orurl ...... ,I>.
".b + I ..'" wc........... ol' UiD&!< ......
,. "".. I;'). h ....n in"u

con_"',,,, N.. po..;
in ca><1;;;~ bd'""" 'Db - 1 lin an ;"i... bl.. po;" isdo"'yt<l by

,
_', rl
"1.
A' '''''l'
'''' ,... ,....,~ ol' b d"'
SO""" ,........ be. of tinn """
CMDFOr""" "0' + l .'coch
boIh I d b,Mn.. pon,y Tho< ,11< ......
of 1ancl b .r< ti,.... of ,
pOn'y 'h""'&l>o'" .... "'Or< """cdY1< Of 'he)'
... of """,,"l< pOn'1 'hl'<N&b<>ol. SO.... b 1 .."'" 1_ 2." to.... be '!>all....
1< .....1' ol' """""" "."",.
""""""'Dati'. ,II< tft<l of DU' """"',... "",,",,0". ,lie
UId b
pO n' y. B'" we ha.. __ ,hau' ,""
,II<.. no"a;n
ol'<onI\O'''' bl... "1' ,n ,I>< r.n. F.. ,II< II~ <OfIIia 'ion, ''''''. b 0. an
""" Doml>, ancl , _.... " '"0" be_.
'"...."'of"""""..a'
Wc ......1..& th.. _
1'111 """'peli'.... ,
"""''''to"
'r<
........'h ,I>. cn"r< sial< of ,h... ",Db_. f..... ,...
on
(An oll<mo""lOIu'o<Ifl;' .. '~ in 1!'91. 1.14)
".f',
An orto....,. In"" In .. 1~,.,., ,. ..

f'. ;, " " " , _ ,nkl n _ I
by d..",,"._ - l non->nl<1>l,"l dOoilOft*ls Pro..
,II< '10......
'''''fill''''
""l!
.... """om_'.2.... _ I 'n.u<h ....y'...' ... " ......".of'.... np,f'"

011/_1.2. ,,0_1.
SoIulion
'''0 Y. """"'"1"1&".... q"*<lnlo....ol." ;, Mdrn'
Ilo<a ... lI><r< .1< Oflly

''''''' ,II< fiC..... ''''' ,be
u,
... l.
..
'"
nLlJllb<n.C<An .1.... )'> b<
0<''''''''''_ (Of
<1>"
p
>',
" .
"
'
"
Si""" tl1< ""ul< of, h< pr-'" _10 In"''' on ."em", by ,he _hod 0(
,"""""on. Id", .... m< 'ho,
ui.... ournb<l,". . . .,.... )'< ""'"~ fo,
P,I', . p._ I. "hot<. _ 1;: J. or.! ,om ,.." """,,;0., '0'
In<. (n .. I)...,.. ,. .. 1'.f,
F. ,.........1. ,hrr< ... monr "',"" w.... h
"'" PO/)O"", <an bt ..... OlUlltl by ..,.,n'<f>"OI do ..,...
mu"
" - 'M' Ih< ...... ,\ "W'l'l""nn. can b< I<COfIlplo....... ,n ""'y c
If", 'n
In .. 1).",_, ,he nom.... of d>fr<nl " ...........''''''. " ,Ik (n _ 11th ea.. la.
t'" ....
""""'. pol,,,,,,.
"",""'" f '"
1)0.-,)01).
lnctd<,
'("-'J
- I
: . ""'" " " " " " .....
,".ppIy ,I>< ,lid"",,,,, hypol
,n my M"......." '
V<mO
I.
'""'" ...,01'1""'".
Ih< .....,(n' l/-p .. '0 ."......._ C/. Il
ldb< .... ir""""d..JONI
...... '0 <u, off. "n&l<
r'Oft' d ""'<>n. ;" ,10< CO"...." .. bI<
would b< ob<o,Ul umply by "'1<""1 ,,,. ,,, ..,.. "."", .. The
&",.. , P,.,',., woulol ,hu, _
of ,lie n<w pol)'"", <l.ud
.......lIy. ,n otd<r to.ppIy ,lie ind..,.k>n h)'pOl
_
n<I., .... to
01..,,_
_t<. "
,-
.fOUnd Q. 10 ",lab<I'''' """"'" P... P, .,. . . p I,..... boyond P, .,. wi!h ....
natllor<l"", _"0 II< aolj_ ,h'" dtl<'al .....-... happ<o.1O bo

';,ho;r Po 0< p._ Ai "" ,,",U .... _
, ..... """tin""""" ean 0)....'" II<
100..' _d_'
. _ . ro< C'<fJ"';'.J\llo"""
,.1Ucfo<guOlh un""
..,t<.... hl<h io n<,lh<r p. nor P.
0<><1)'. each.,. ""'" poInoo P bolonll' '0 """" ,';.n,.. in tIl<_
"0'''_ .,.,,. luIe" .. """,bl< roo-.U 'h,.. ...... of. ,""..... 10 b< diolOOUh. DO
,""
""n"""..inmn.. 'lun'.......... "'Ploollw_ I ~ J.,tnpI..... '''''"
io
no" '''''.'''), Them.,... ,'" w .. I - . of' m..... b<d,,,ribul<d.,..,.
n_ 10< r.....,"
'wo _of P, S;n ,
nd ... "".,
uetl_
,....
oa:alio<n,.,""..... m..,,,,,,,wn
oId "".. '" b< aoljan' ,n P. ,"'.. or< ..
h "" off ".cI< _"" r""", 1: .nd

,'"
..,...'n".,.."." no ,.... """>0 ,h", <g, off.. nbo ad,...., m P.
~n
..... IWO dio_" ,,,,,-,
d i _ '",
'wo
Ken ., ..... 0<0< ' " ,'"

Of " " " " ...." ' " " " <>If m".. f.i1,o b<\<I<Il'o ....
poi, (Po.P.), 11 Follow<.
hooh or ,'"
,
""slo' b< ....,. "" .,....'" """,bIo< 10
(n .. 1)"'" P 10. """... ..-aoo Q p.p, - P ,;n .. ""h ,'" ""~ p ,. _" . p.
ad...,..,
,"'n. ,,,,,-, no ...........
'"I>..... 1'''.
,.......,.10,""'.
"
.,~ ..
".
",
,.
tqood tbe cl<lele<l
......m<41..
",nor
,o" .. hicb;' _
"""""..-!y
.f' 1.
U~nl""
,ha.
indUClio<l b)'fl<ll....... lei

,tiI_&!;n Q b< ..... b<t<d 00
f , in Q
V<fI<J<, mpUlivdy, or 'narql<
1,2, .. , _ 2. Sine< the .1<,0<1 ..
P, .. neiU.., ,. 0<1< ,. ; m.... be '"'" of
Ox
1,2, _ ,n - L Now In .........b<oi ... of tt.: ,nanp. In Q b<
""osfNd to ,.. and'" '''<kkl! trion&!< 1'
be .... JII'd .... numbor
I,
Ill.. _ _ ,....... "';110. _ I hapPly"""pI<~ lh<
....b<ri.. of ,he
from I 'brouJh "_ I
desifOd. 0.".....-""
; S _2. 0001 ........ <IdItd ,,"til '''' 'N"JIn
_
; .nd .. ,tilup
numbored" - .
Tb< , ....... y. of COW'1<. i. to ""u'"bot ,II< 'nanl!<> /./ + 1.... n _ 2 of Q
...th .... """,I><" ; .. I .... 2. .n - I _ i " , y : ""'" Q &"",11 mt><..
IIWIp< 1,2... , _ I. tho <l<1Ied .tiln,.. .. "...bor ;. ond 11, ...".,",",
each or"",
"",;on f',.",
._bon
,1<,
,1',",,,
un "_ ".mbo"",
"'''II<>
......... in Q. ""h "';'h it> ."",bot ,"",oW<! by 1. label
I+ I
.. ,.
Ibo,.
''''.&Ies
2..... n - I. Il..oll
rOf l E li+ I,'" 2. _ ."1......." .. 1',
m>amed P , i. ,he fonnabon of Q. Th
while 1M 'rioocl<> ...
_ _ '_Qoot"""'" ....".. of~k _ I
' .... umberin'i>
.....,..,1 ..."h ,ria k - I (f.,. l , .. 11tioft oflb< ...".. oflll<w lrion"" f""". _110 . - ""'
In 1'. it is 1', lIl" ..
In
IictI Il>o
q.. r<d .....a..tioft of ,., witIIlrionp .
..~.
-.~-...~. -.~.
\L_~h.- ~ - ~-,~ ~"
-,',
-,-,
-,-,
-,.,
'-'--_ _ r
,r
flGUR[ "
8>' ;ndUCl_.
tire.......
10>0I....
,ha, ,Ire '"'lOlled "_w'", io 01",*)'$
pOIOibk.
4. Probltm 2
pooi"" In'
,. Foo ,>_ pro_ _,.
Ire <&11<01 tire powe,
of _. nd Ire _
by $(n). Pr.,... ,bo, ,her< eo;"
1_~_'l<I1 many_".. In"'"" _ wh><h or< .... 'bon Ibn, rpb" """"".
_ . i ... foo wh"h w < S(_).
l.0$ 1'0 .,...
Solution
0... ...- ~"""" _ d,l6<Iol' ." ;.""""".1<1..... '''& pmbIem in
IM)'
'-1 m'J/l' bt.nd .I(_hlt pmbIem
knod, .. oIw0Y"
...
q _..... 'k HOM..... ,he pr-.n.t hand haI.n<.qIOionallyq
ot>d
''OJ' 101.""",. fo< w .. 2'" +- 2 ... - $(0) " W(01 ""rj' p",ili", In_ ~.
of'''''
"""'be
>w_l'''+2_1(2'+1).
....IIdII odd rO<lOt l' +- 1..._ .. ", lew l.n ........... _odd pnme
0\;",." f ....."'" ;, .Iso .t lea" l. 1 _
_
$(2'" +2) l2'" .. ,' ll'" +-)
> 2'" +-1,
and It>< " " " , _ foilowu'fCady.
<_.ft.. . .
I, " . _ .....y to ... ,hat w" 2p.

Th<
l' .hrl do _
tlwlll.olf ,II< num\ln"
1fU'''' _
,.n odd 1"''''<. "10 ..

numbe,,,
,;,(;eo S(nl > n.
.'''''')'1'''''''
Ir. <IfI ,I>< "",,".. y, 2' S j. a..... 2'" So.

_hodocl",& "'"
mo,,,.... <IIa,_. of 1'.
f."." .. li>. ,""'-tl>< J't"'.... _ , 1'..._d.oa _",oood n...... be_I
,""",.
2'" ,_
Si""',...._"'",...."....
1, " ,., .. ".. implyin.''''''''''........_
,,,,,,,,,- " .. , i'...... Hrno<
or, ..1I>dl <10<0 _
$(0) .. Sll,l" 2'
+-,,, P+, .. 11''' n, .. do.......
Com......1S
Clearly" .. p. pnmo,)"<1 SIn) .. n. and .h", <..... is an infi";'yor""",;..
..,,"" ..h"'" "''''' _h of Sin) .. " In<! S(_) " . If ,he [01_..... atl}'
'heu",""o.'nlloily
'_,.... ".......,......."'........,<1'1' ' ' to_,"",

or 101"'""" or s(_) "
._
By 8<"... 00:1', ...,., ...... ".... , ...". primo n....m 1>e1
.-yP'X''''' inl</l<f. i! l.1.pbnny<>oSd """'Und"

2p. A. '"" wll .... ~ '01_
'ha, ${poJl < PI.
pt,
~ 00Id :!>O. lot
I>e1""""',....
1'.-, <: , <: 2p.... ho"''' <: ,., <: 1,' <: ,'..._ , ~ l. Iho~,nl 'ho'
,II< pa'", ,.,...... of, '110' - . "'"
implY'.1 ,110, ,II<
of ,
I/U"" _,
.,ceo<l ,., i. ", A"" ,., <: qq. 9'.
'ha' -. "'" '>.l ~ .. , ,,$<II. Tht..f""
S(,.,l . " . ,
Now.'.. "".1><> be a. 0<1<1 pn.....n< ....... 1.

n ..........
,-,~l,
",-">q,
,110'
'I.
IP"~ p('-'l~l,>"
-P<l'''''-''
,nd
".q",."
SlPfl""'," da.mtd.
5. Problem 1
Sowo,'"''''"'" of ltd.. . . . ABC" m'ooct<d ,. tI.. _

'n
IIrz
'"I''' ''''''hli..... pnon" II> r . nd <: Pt"""ha' '"

_
.. ..",h
a. A.. ',.... ,"" .,.. "r,1I< ..." ..., ,
.. "",or 11><
of'nancl<
&1< AK.
Solution
,.11,_. "'PI' ,nan&!<
I.<l ,"" .... of' "a~ A ftC be d<""'ed bl' 1>.. So_ U><
AK ,n ,"" ,......" ... P<> XB<:. rAe..nd ZAII. ,II<><
flClJU ..
'''''"P<> al><> 110..
,.
nOM uo(oJ TO lin'
0'<06. 1'."., tho:.,..
ot,""..... xyz ;,.,_
and II,. ,""" ..""....-1riM>&I<> CKY. A
l>.xrz
n,
;ol<fllUollh<>< cop;e.of MK:

and ilK .. '01_ (F;pn: 63);
l:L46C ... 6XBC -+ l>. YAC -+ 6ZAB
6A yz t>.,ZX t>.CXY
4.l> "''''An l>BZK l>CXY
th_'.............,_
........ _hol'h< ....

10 be.- or,ulltfO<l<d .. "'"
....p<ol'rio"... ABCd,c',"es, I" II.. "'.. oI>own"h<~... tWO """'ld h< o6oJod
and ,he 'l'Ior<l .. bI""'ed,
S;"", - " onp of'rit.... "O!(" OOM' Ill
, ,he ""k> 01 tho:
_
",,<on _f,om F;p..6J
'h<odP<tn''''''
_1><
,ubi
wllm l8 < 110" ('ho. fon:a II..
to I.. oulJi<l< 6X yz~ _
wh<n :w> 1110' (pull,", Ill< 1riI0.&I< , . - ll.XYZ), ond ,"", it colIa.twml<uly '" or,.., .... ,,11m 18. 1110". R"",n;", ,II< r.,.,.,ulo
un R ,...
,t.< .... of 6f>Q!I no;l
,,"(:lW" _1lI). _ .... U.
,1.0,
!rio.
I'"
'ha'
,n ,he".,._ ...
6XYZ. 4.l> .. l>A YZ .. f;.BZX _ e.CfY

_ 4.l> .. ~b<';. (:lW" _ lA) ..
~"'''ft IlI" -
lB) -
~06"")C
I . " , ,(-2"",,"J8,.
' . lC
... -2.....
1
A ma,l<, ofra<t. ,tuo<>pmo;on I:i~ ,h<<Orf<<,
of {}.J(YZ ill aII~
.A
...... If > UO".wllichca.. 'h<~;.'''''te<1ria0000IlIoold

be - . " d ' ;, orpb......ki"l -",,)I 'J'P'oprIa'dy
""""IoC.
..",," l8 < ..... callin, I", 'ho< .. be........... of 'Il< 'rioolle. _ .... JI.
obi;,.".., _ " ...

T!><r<fou.inOi<r to"-,IIa, <riO"P XYZ ...... amoIIn""' .. moeh ..
s.c..... . - '" <how 'hac
-
~It<sin JA _ ~ ... sin l" - ~ ... >in)C < lJ..
It.,
0< . . y or , ... (01"""nl "I
~lt<sin)A
..
r"",,~
sin l8 .. ~""si.)C > _ lJ..
,.
~~l .. n A _ ~oin' A)
.11)
i""'ll""C ~
11- sin' 81
'q > _6.
- '/l,;"' A lll. _ '6 .."' 8. U. _~ .. n'C > -6.

106 > ~( .. n' A + .. n' B. Nn' CI
~>""''' ...n'II ....,C.
.n ,nl<K>l'nl ,IIoII<"F
A fi,.............. bIi>h,"lI ,"'" .... rda';"",
'0< .. . - ,ho,
lon' A. 5On' II. 5On' ('.2. I_A""Brooc'
>in' A .....'" . .in'e. I _ <0<' A. I __, B. ",,'e

_1 + (';.' C __'" -000' 8).
To """'pI<l< 1M fu" .,,'" ,hen. "" _
..
to _
lho,
l"o<,nl'IIa'
1_'roo"~<of\'+')+>S('-')'
I_A""B"",C
..... "+B+C_I,,,..
-1rooI" + Bl + <00/" -
611_("
<O$(IBO' - C)=C, ros(A - 81_1:

~_, C. <0..1 - 8lcoo!l8O" - I'"
_ - _ , C - ros(A - 8)C<IS\A + II)
Bli
. ,
- _ ' C _ i:l2ros(A ~ 81"""" - III]
-_'C - 1(<0<1>1 ~ rodB)

-_'e - !p"", A _ 1.1>0' B_ II
___',-_'..1-_' 1
n -<or" __, Ir
~ ..n'C _ ' A __, B.
.. """.....
(I _ _,
,.
,,, " - .11>,
To fi..... n.. \all< we _
,
1+l<os-'ooo.a"""C"2'
i<.. lha'
. . _.t><-.
2cooAcosll<osC _jooolA .. lI) +<Of(A
pooi". . .n&l<s'II>,
Now.A.II._C ... _
-lI):_c.
..... up'"
IIIO'.S
,_ <Jr....... lay A .oolll...... .., be unequal. In ,h.~. ,1><0<1"'"........

",1\... of A. 11.0<1 C _
"'" pr<M6< ""' ...,......,.,
1<001(04 .. 6) .. o:oc(A _
"';'h ,he ...........,.. " ;.
(A'..... C"). p.- b,.
...
IIll_C
co"..... or....m,... ror 'h< 04iU>ll ... or..,...
"'.,,-,-.
C: .. C.
keqlcos(A' .. "')0""<OIC'._,..11," It..... ",.-al"", .. cos(A .. 6)0'"

'0 <00(04' _ "'J- JoIO .. 1 \ .......
><c. but Wot,.".. Ill< ......""

"pr<>5'OO" ho..l,o:oc(A - 4)
,be
')'In""')'
limila"~
not
'ttm
1lw> I ~"'" A .nd ".'" .<><q".,~ f _

of 1""""",,,II_C," follow> ","~. mo,;",.", ..I... is
ne of A. II
C art _u,l. 50"", ...
the fUn<lion do ha
''''um ....... """ ....
,ha,
oni".,'y
",,,..10 " -',/I,e" 180".... ..,..,1106<
'ho'
",U(Z_A"",II000C)_l<e<fd_6Ct_6OT_1
w,""" ..
....n below ,t>< propoood "';!ina or ~ .<1<1 "'"
(1')'- .,'
.flU...... io """,pI<I<.
Two Questions from the 1986

National Junior High School
Mathematics Competition of the
People's Republic of China
CC"'-' 1>1","'-'"",__ 19U. 1)(11
Qunloono 0' ' ... j\o..... "'ch ",hool
""'.f< _ ' I l y ......1II6<n'1.<ho.l....C-
'0"'".'''''..
',.... bu, ,lot ,""' ....... _'f< "" ,_.h,.. _"lly
'ho, I u,', '..... ,.....
""C
,... finl _ .
1'"...... 10$ A/USC. CD. DA of
r<Ip"""
<In<"bes "'" r_'I'" of~..
~.,..jn"'''''1 AlICD or.
WhO:tI of ,lot ."'--. ....... b<_ """""'"
1.9.'.6-
ItO..........
(;) Qo.oodriIo"'lOl AlICD u, to< """ml<"b.d obo<>< a,d.

(io) Quo<Inlo'<t.1 AtlCD ......... b< ",,,,nb<d " 0 ......
(;0' 11I<"",-,1o AC.<>d".Io, l5i.... oono
(,.) AnI!< ADC ~ \10".

('1 l>KD" . -....
k
(;);, '.....
(;;);, f.ll<.
r.....
, Ii';) ",..... ("1"

C: lou)" ,..... (..) " r,II..
Dc (u);, r.I... I,n} ;, rob<.
(i.)" ,,....
(.1 d ,,...
(.)" f.....
(OY) d "'"
SoIulion
S"""",,,..nl'''''
tI.<><I ",..... ,n 0 lObi< .. 0 to. "'Ip ,n
~IIF'''' of''''' ..' ..'
ond ... <ybod. k..-. ...""
poe"" .
,""0.
bol"
bout
,,'
,.
. - nDOs TO
't'"
- '-
, ,., ,., ,
, , ,
, ,
, , ,
flCU.[ ..
F.- ,to. .. bit it os dea, <Ill" ....'"""', (i.) IIpeI ""'" proml... tty in ltv:
""'' ' 0
.",wen
4"DC~9O'
H-l0
lei
In ,
riJll'."1Ied ,
btpn by 110';01 _
.. (i.~ wbdl - U
, tha, f,AOC.9lr, ,..... "'ADC"""'" b<.
op. wllh hypon... AC _ 10. NQW, AC 0<0'<amIy
can', b< an, bop<r ,h.n 10. fo< 'Il< In,np< '''''looMy p.....
"Cfi"8~fJC.I+'.
Th<f<for< t. .oDC > 90' .. "", ofll>eq...' ...... 001 ,fl;.)_.. '...., to "OC"
0<11) 90'. "Iu<h _Id """II"'" ",,'A.fJC and co.... ,he q..... ri....,.. ,.
<I<&<"",,'< '"'0 ,,,,,op ".;u, 6 Oft III< sOd< AC (FOp>< 6ll
. 'i-",----,.------""
ncuu ..
.... mu1~ II.. ci,,10 'hfOU&!I A, C. UI<l D ....... foil", 10 'hr.,.,.p II.
,Not ..."""", (,;\ is <0,_ in
"inl -oBCD is "'" <)'Cti<. 111&, is lO
"Pro..
..y.
I;') ...ph.. (n). tnd '''''''''0''
A ..t f) <an"",
......'"'01 two ......... _cia;"" (v);' '""oold ,II< 0<11
b<
_no_
orlh<
'ha' il is f.l><. Sinot
th.... "" ...1, di$bnc1;O" ............ , ........... _ ; I (v) <an h<1p .. c _

bcI-. 'hmo.
....THEMATICS COMnnr.". Of 1H[
""'OIX
Of CH_
,.
s..,......." (.) ....... II.., f>BCD .. is<Id<I. au'

aD$BA+AD.I+6_1.
od ,Iotf.,.... ";l!I d,. <><Iot, . . . of ,I><, nane'< t.a

<ha' (0) .. rol>< under .11 oo"d"KIftL ThO<CI .n
J'O"'"'' ;"'eF' .nd
l.er be
I. _ (. +
..her< ,be
'hI hod 9." ..de.,

'. '!><n. mu" be C
I)'+~_ [v'(. + I)' +. +1
><I""'" bI.d... <1<..,.. ,he 1"'''''' ,nF' f...........

A.I.>Gfo<.lI~
a.I.<GfO<.n .
C, I. _ Gfor .11 .
0: I.
n_.,... poOO"".
t><&Ob.... nd .. ro .. I....,
Tak'" look ... few
i."..,1..... of I........
1, 1-(.,161' _ '-.-1;
_1..
[,Iiii' _ 11 -9 _ 2;
1,.16+) _ (v'iil' _ 19_ 16 _ l,
I, _9 + 2 _
'1>< <onJ<Cl"'"
1. _ .
["(~ + 1)(".
:)1- ~+ I.
,.
. ._
. ._
i<..
[JI"+lJl(w+ 1)+
IlJ. [J(~"I)'+"+ lj.H I
[/(0 .. I)'.. ".. I]'. (0" Il'.

1._(" .. l)' .. "_(.+ll'_~. u .....,..:t<d.
Hmoo A, I. ,. 0 fo< oil " II.. COffl on,wer,
TO .,. .
from the 1986 Spanish Olympiad
4""'-' ...._ _ 1931. 61)
or n.. ..,., or ....,. ,"""l!< AIIC ... "'''pm. l.<l ll><

,he CC<\lrood G '0 ,I>. ........ PO"""'" ,he, ' '11&1< ;"to ,lor..
Suppos< II>. ......'"

...,...,.. ,,10..10 p"
.-
.......... ' ..."J!<>...;U1 .....
,y.''''',. Pro.. n.., ucII or.,. ot>ol, ;0.., ......
SoIulion
,.. , ""","'"" liven '" e>.
_ , _ . '990. 17 I The fi,... h,"'l
to ""'
,~ hul< , ..p.
011.1>. .._ size.... _I~ \l>.48(' [0'
a.", pit. """ion C'(" to
l>.4 tIC'nd .._
'11' rood "'......
,"
_.
",ho,
"""'ltl.""
,he
2 I
Jl>C.4r J 'jl>AtIC' _jl>AtIC'

Sinu""~ fo'}'.nd ,. Hmcc "" ..... " " ' r _
'ho' . ;,."....., '"II<".
,.
,.
_ _ l;Jloo)s TO .....
F1Cl.'lE'1
N-. ~ is f.my .....r>tty
k..,..~ old I
p"".'" ""II kf>OWll 10 <>Irmpiad
C<Ifl'.... n... 'hal ,II< iDlqtn ~.<. in. P)'tha&<<.n 'ripl< CO" t>< .. ~ in
''''''''' of ,I".. IK"ilivt
a
In _
"_n k. " .oc! " .. r-.,
1_. 6-ll"> - "'I.
< -ll""
+ ">j.
..............mnl t.C ... ".."onp
_to
_ ~6".8C.! ~ .... l'-l"" - o'l

l
l 2
...."..ll>cn, ,110,"", <>nlydots Hi".,. ,his ".......,.. N bl" ,110,2

&> also 1'" onl<, In make" <WII). Bu< ,
''''np.n .. ~Iy O<C<Impl_.
W.
('J Ir';'ber .. "," .. ,j;.ioobl< by l. ,""'

, " ' _...," " ok I (mod lk
Ii............ I (modlkmok;"ll"" _".0(""'" Ik_na'lIo'N;,
...><>idabl, dinubl< ~ 1.
1. .. is N; othcr<o;", .. and .... bolh odd,

....k;ft& .... _ ......., .nd lb< OI."me," is COIIIpi<t.
,., If ';,h<r .. or. is dl';';b!< b)'
A Geometric Construction
(PII'"
C,....
M"'_,~.
19.... l1J
Hn. ;, kw<J, 1;".. _ " " """',""'_ whith tw
..n',.,'r.,.....nl ..,."'"'" ,r)'O\l an only "un): of II.

In ,he
pl."" of.1' "Cn <i,d. K. ,,"h _
pen",,,....."'"
... Q ond ,"",..... pOIn" A.r>d 80..
'fI<cilIl. CO""""'" <honl PQ of K '0 po.",Iu""l!' /I <nd ,.hln>d 0nth' ""fI<

.. A.
"Tho, pn>bk<n <OOnd

'0 G<o'F T.""irulTh<olonok,. G<r<)
tho..,....,..,'~
...
'\...-----~
'0
. ."'" u_
,.
TO .,. .
Clt""",F "ny <I<W pou1' ill OII.he I'IU,J<d ,b,,," . - b< """"'d. BM_
..,.... the pn>!IIrl. Th< q """"" .......,
011 PQ m'g/I' to<...,., ~"h'Ie'~
'0 1o<>!0l'"""",,,.' 'p>*l pOOn, on .n,<_ 01. ,...,1< os II< modpOOn, M.
r", II>< 1<pnrn1 MO '0 the oml<1 .. ptflI<n<l"ula, 10 U.. <hord. In U.. <I" at
P""'
..."".'h.. -.u'oll<.np<cially..,.,.,.<h"""i....... of'htodolil><Hl&lfaet, ,

,II< mod"",., ""... hypo",,,_ of ~(.lrio"p. .. iuod"".' f . - ,he 'h...
........,.. II . . - opp<>'. n.... ,. be WIh '!)'Inl '" fiO<l
loci
I.. l<n<a
" Ih< midpoon' M of /'(l.
Si"", .n&l< BMQ.,. rifI" ""lI<.... ha",
,hOI ,h< ,."'.. OIl iKJ
.. dWn<I.. _ '......... M.W",l>op< Iho'O<h<r~mpl<f<la'"""in'''''firur<
..,II ....,... >on<! 10<.. ,hat 10<' lhrouJh M.
'wo ,ha,
""_"'ely
rn;~'l[
In
"
"&h<-'''''n&l< OMf,J.
,1'1< PyIlup<on.-'" Ji.....
"_OM'+/IIQ',
.nd .."", MQ .. MA ..... h....
"_OM' +MA'.
_cf.
Swprwnt!Y..... ha.... ol><ady JU<he<lIh< cnocio 1.....'100. r", II , ......,.. ""ly to

'h,nk or tilt qu,t< ...,n.k_.. 'heor<rn U...,
0{'N _ . of"'.
,1.<,_
,__I< iJ....,.I '" "",,", ''''''I'*''''''''''__ ,,,,lor 'AWd _Ii'" -.Io>If1M
___ on <lot dOnI _
Xy' + X<" .. lXIV'.
I YZ'.
,I----f---'.,-----<__-'. ,
(Th,,;, ...
;",~'"
_uen
of oppl";... ,... law of cosines '" " .."&It>
xrw.nd XWZ.l
Th"~ ,r /oIN .. ,he mod... to 0,0 .. """Il< OM,. (F~ 71).... ho..
, .
.. _ OM' + MA' _ IMli' + ~OA'

r""", ...'nth UN .... to< 6<""":....:1;0 _
of,,,,, k_ _",
..,j
0,0
H..... I"" ....10 with k-..cnol Nand .adi",MN ;,a_1o<Ia Ibn>uJlI

M nd ,he ..,."'''''' .. compl<\<.
ncun TI
An Inequality
Involving Logarithms
(PIIlJ. C.... M",Iw:....
",<><_. 1911, 102)
("'-... (')("""~ IfQ.b.Bd, , ...ny ...1nwmbt.......... ''''n I. _ . f... ny
<A_' , > O. ,..., lbt ,om
Solution
F....
01."
, '
dIoold
nol. , ...,
Inb<
Inb."', Inb 'n,

In.
ii1O. Ino
n...n,~....,", ....,..-..."...,"" ""." ,""'l"-"",........."
-.-"I I
lob
Inn
~ (1''''''1 "",1~........."
" Impl.~ In,. A luI. TIl..
",*,,10<. r.;;.
t<-, by
1os.1 _
In,
Inb In,
In.
l(lnh 1ft,)'!>
..... 10<:<:
'"0
'"
'"
em".
(Ioc"b<l' > 7(ln~' In <fit .
-
lloto'"Y ~
. rim.
2"(1tI<1tl~1"
(Iot,,'""l 2c
Ilob(
H<n Ibr ..... S .. bl>undt<l
lob)'"
(ltI'f
1'("'. In<)'"
..
(104
1'('.<1n4)'''
1'(loa'lnb)'"
II.-)'
..
1106Y
..
(Ind
F'ndy. pplrm.; ,he .... lot .-G. M_in<q..111 Y 'n lilt ..mu "" the rishl si<l<.
$'1;
,
'j" 2:
[1'('0& In,)'" 1'(10<'"4)''' 2"IIU'lnbl'/Ij'"

(In.)'
IlnhY
(lnd'
s 2: ).2'
s - L:
., (lot., n,,,
......,....,',... 1' ~ 0(0 - I)',
On Isosceles Right-angled
Pedal Triangles
lrI2l~.
C,...,
"'",Iw""JI~_.
1911, ,:Ill)
pol"' ". ,he

of,."'" h
,",.p
If """",nd"",i>" .... d.. wo '0 ,he <In or

AIIC f,om
,,,,.p f<>rml b)' ,he f.., D. E. f ... <11111' he ptdoi ',;"op
t:.AtJC 'Tho
J<1.p<eI '"
pol.' "<>0. bt ."htr ..<01< '" """,do 6.011(", ". ow. "" , ""'_
In PI2J~. I. T GfOmm,n (... m........ 'Tho Nnll<rlands)

'.Inf"rcl"_ 'bo.' pt<l>., ,,;,,"~
til< foU"""rc
.,L
"'l.L
",'
"cun tJ
G,,,,n ,t:.,OtJC. whe
"".p< " .,. _
W<>II1d,.,.. pod< ,he p"'.'

hQI' nllod '''''.....1
,. to ,ho' ," podol
'"
'"
Solution
w. "",n "'" '''empl to ..,.'" .h., probltm o:ompiet<ly, bot ooal\n< """""" 10
~."",,w. tJ.ABC.
The p<rp<n<loN.>ts PD. Pf:. Pi parti,;o" 'b< 'hOOp "". three qua6ril.l",.h. _h ofwt.ooh ;,
'f<li<. ThI.....l .. ,ho ~I.'" On
01
..No'miqI' b< cal..... "1>1"1,,<1" _~I""""" Iol>q.... 'heorrnI
_
,he ""","'.bI< foct
1', ",. , _ ",/)i_;/~
riot - .
Be. AC, ..., A6. ""..."-.,,,. of l'." K. ,!Ino ,4,,;',1.. A"''''. P, 1Jp" P, f',C
. . 41.. _ " ' , .
d<>.."
,td. " 1',. P,. _
~7~.,------'>,
The<ooI;,
itlltl'>rdio",: ""-"'"01 to FiEll" 11.;r P;, tilt inl<nl_
of 'ho .... 10:> ,h,..,p, A .n(! 8. th<" ,II< <)'<10< q..... n..'...l< r<I<I. _, .....
_:, 1".01'.:. imply;<\&
.110 Cy<lI<. I'io calle<l ,II<
and 0.1',1',1',
Miqwll"""'''of
N.,..., Iht ...... p"'0' ,. It>< M ;q..., pc;n. f<w an ,.fin;,. ramily .... lot;qud
_'" 61',',',.
,,.,CI',;'
/11-'
i,.
P.
'ri,n&I<>, for any ,h<>oc<of,h< poon' 1'." ;><a, r<Om ,II< fi,ut< """" .. """
"1',
"""""'<)"0<' II.. ,...;", 10... pt',. f'p,.

to moe< ",." _ , ' " Iok<.t ""
...... ...,"'. TIlt pbl """lI< i';.... Ibt M "Iud ,,,,,op ltd., ......"" heft . -
onJl .r<
.JII1 ".p".
~. n
10 hopp<ns tho, M;qu.1 confipt.bon '''''''l'Ietljoys tho '01""""
'''''''"I_''Y:
hBn:. 41',1',1', +".
,.
;~ .
in Fi&u<e 74.
"'r"~'
Thio hal "'t)' ....... n"t)' ",..""ro<W>.,d poof .. blCll I
loopt
,1\.0, I,," r<>llowonl . _ h m'&/II .Iso be <>f ""
In ,be <y<';" q0a4nl......ls. .... 'Ie"'~
/,. 61',', _. .nd
""...
n "... ow, ,n ,h<

L
"',',e _I.
',f',.
"'ow.ltt A 81>< ..... <I.bo., 1', 110"'...... '....&1<' to brio>&~ on topol

N.., ... " befunll<r ,,,.. II.bou' f", 'h",u'" 'IIeUl&l< _ylOClt<)' " ...lO
"""finally, lei i' be """ ,ool .bout 1', ,hKlulll .n&l<' '" bNI&" ..,. 10.. ,,"lh A C.
Th< "'" <1'1, 01,11 lh;"" <".d.._ QQ' lOU ""I .... f<o<o'''' d"""oon'" A 8to
Ihol 0( AC. ,.... 'h""'&h on on&!< <q. .l '" -I. It follow>. ,hen.
1"',.
'ho'
._y"'.A. ftd , ... _,+A, 'HIo",.,.!

TIl
... n&h>
i. 'heaa of
"" //C
iooocd<> """ .. ".11 p<dol,no"p"."h ,'" '
of
""'old
1d
~k.
0.1:\< J" '" be
.n'" TI"
"'l'""'ol'< 8o"ClO b<9O" .. A. n.."

oay. I'm"" 10_ _"'011 ""' ot<
Ii "(oa,,,'" on.he <1>Ot<I BC .... ochco.".' '....npr9O' .. A. BUl'.... n.....,.
......... To "" """.,,, T. i' ., ""If _ ' Y 10
6...:1 C
<qool to A (Fiau.. 1S10)),,, ""'...
In onlt, 10 .... ko DE:F iooo<cIes ""n.;" Oth<t ....... m"" b< oS".
_ _ .. "",ilolly _pbshtol ~ ~"",nl l' 10 h. on <he .'" L I'. ,m,l<
on ,hoffI.. inin. ,II< .nll< OJ'
('" ,b.. <_. ,II< Moq"" 011&1<
_rtf";~ t,. CPA. _ , .. 6). Tho
1so .. ~ly >nolN<1t<d (F;....... H(bl
00<1 )~
co"""",.".....t
,.
nCuRE
70(0}
L-,!-
lb.. i' .. really. oimpl< .... tlef to Ioco I' at .he in_ion of the ala K
...:1 L, .......
tha' P .. the ......
i _ ..... 8(" .._
Df "on _In&l>' 'no.V< wtu<h
01".. ri!>,.np.t 0""
1tC. 1.'" with h)1lOlm... F. "'i'h ""
pos;bon. of P "",..,po<>olinllO
h _.... OF ond DE, "'" ""'" Ib< ""I)' Ibm: pOi".. I' ....... >AIIC .. N<h
...... t1.. prot>lnn.
;,c.....
Y"'"n'
No.'.... ..".,..
pod.I,"".'"
'wo
Thd;' .. rat .........111>"".. It>e ....".,. <x<qlI '" no ,hal , _ ."'....,

'hr 001'1 ""'"" P ""',,. 6A 1IC.,..j II, ,... N'
I'Il<>1<'tl in pai"..
follow<.
poi""
'"
.c.
If P os .... poOn' iMide ,he .riaft&I< .. ho<h 1I'I"'he h&h' ~ " D ""
lben ,he >n:of'O~'" pol'" p' ... ,1><\< 6" 8C. """'h ,,'" P"'> tho h&h""11< 0(
II> ptdallria.OII
r""nd by.>tcndina ,he OJ< X.
'"'0
.c...
6<o<r,becl._.
,IS en',,. 0;..1<. and _inJ d' m...-<,... ""II 'ho ~"< 01' ""'"... l' to ....
<>o<UmOI1I.... 0 of 6ABC lFilurt 16) (It '""" "'" ."", ,. an<! ". 'f'< .."',..
"';,h _
'0 lh< hm.rno:.,d. cr l>A Be. aDd ,11"_",0<1;0" ,...ld,1ht
,n_ " of p oi"", ,... <in:\< K is orIhOtonol 10 ,he <imI.." ..", lo" '"'1
poi."
...w"~J

Austrian Olympiad
""""" ,
(,_I)(x+2).0,
,;.;". ,II< ,,,.,.. 1

.."h '""g<' oodIi<
_2 E..,je""y. ,ben. >' + . _ 2 ,. . "...."opoly"","",'

" _ho<h
,1'1<
tl'l< t<ICHO d ,1'1<
ho. "'_fI& _"y .ho,
<0<""""""'''1 "l-'_ '" ....... <Hh<' "",,' ". OW" ~ ...I <o<lfo<...,,,_
AnoIl'I<, .>.Imp!< os
....... _x_I.O,
>'(x.l)_(.,.')_O.
(>'_1)(.<+1).0,
"""'.-.1._1
_1.
In ,hOI p'oblom
" "'l""ed '0 6..... 11 "o<h pol,............
<l<l<mIIno.1I mono< poIy"""",b ..i,h
<o<lIioo".~
'""g<'
....1.'). x. o,x' ...."."

_h
.ho' ,II<" ,,,.,.. d
.. "......
....1.).0 ... ;" ...... ",If..;,.."
"'.<t:. __ ..
,.
,.
,-,"-ro.,...
Solurlon
t'" 10'1'''''.''
Thu ..... on< o(,~"" p>bItm$

in ,1m oIyropIod ...,'" p.m
'!lIoun '" _. While" _ 0 ' , ..'1'"'< ... '0 "om ",," many of
'h<
ool...... 11 1M oflh< " ' _ l<lon',,,,.,.j od"'''''"1
n
took cotIIi<krably IonJ<f ,..". tt", "''''' ..."..,..,"'" period for me ,,,,.. ..
,II< ...., .hfO<lll dli. on< prolIl<m.
_b1ylOft>' of ,t>< ,orlfoc~n"
' be ZCf<I. If ''''' ,.,..,
of
001"""",& " .. 0, ;.. _ k. ,he eq....,
(x) _ 0 _
II....>.o<Uf' _ l
o
>en>.-..nd ,""
ImIIIOI> (1<,'" 01 x no p.(x):
""",0(
<011'<''''''
'ha'
n_
_"""1'
P.l_)" ,"+ 0"'" ... ""ox-
......(.....,.'_1 ........ 1.
ThdlMlo _ her..,. or P.l') If< 0.. , +14-'" .. ' ,... O. co..,;.,.""

n _ k I<f<fIi<i<n" ~'''' 10 U.. ....., , _. Su.:. ,..... "'"",...
_._
rOf ,lit run I<Ilpl<m<n. or,.", ,,,,tr.cot ...>, .11 ,he _
~'"
1, .,.,. . m", b< _0_ Tho, .. '" .. y.....(.) .......
_
of
-... of. "
"""''' pOlynOm.., 011 o( .. boo< , _
~"'f<
The
pon or P.(o) ..
""""""
P.(.) _
.....,".1
x' ...,n'-'
fodfll'l<'-' of.",11. pol ynomiol

'(a'
.lthoulh
_III<
'M
"01,0'-1
,II.. poll"""''''
... ... ... 1IOIUCf<I,

ill <e<lfoc;, "" ',. """ 11>< ...... ;.,........
"O).
r", 0# '.0.1 ... ;
'1<1.,. r .n',.,..
I .... ZCfl>s<n>o"l ,II,,, p.(xl x ..
fo< .11 ..I... of., i, .. <.... tha, ,II< ptolll<m ml..,.. to ,II<
d<I<mu,,'iM of.n """ polyn<i<oiab P,(x)_
1..', b<P" ,,;!h ,II< _ , - . ..."" tI, P.(.) .... 'yO ,,,. . th<
<o'~'nl ""'" <0<1\';0..." ..
''''0"''''';''' r _.......
P.(x).x.o,x-' . _. . .
Eli""';"1
'_.1<
(x_.,)(x_.,j .. (x_ .. ).
tenn........
... \-1)'.,., ..... ,

on<! ..."'" ............... '''.. Ii_
.,., ......, .(-1)'.
'"
Ik<>
,.,
_WI,.
'lid i...... Ihot _

c( ,II< ""ft'n"..
1 or _ I 'ho , ,d.., ..l<.,.y b< .
,be .", ... in
, "'Ol' b< ..,
""'c~,lI&roC,.o( p.(~)
- . ,ho:
"""'lot, or +1', _'0'...,

f.(.l
<" ,. _ I OfA .. , ..... '''''"I;

1
hi...
(. - Il'(, .. 11""'(. - .. ).
whtn , _ r.. ton ..... ponded ."" ,1'1< mollipt;ca.."" porfonnl.

"'" ~"", ..... "'... '.rn ... ,. bt do, Bu'. ,f, \rt,. 'ob< 'n, 10".,.,.'11< Mol
l<m> In t. - Il' "",,101 b< .. 1. 1<001,,,*
~
or - une< I' .. II' , ,
aWoys"'" in .. I, Tt".wookl
p"",., 0.0<011"_ _,
Ho:n; ...., I>t odd,
In 'Iu> """. " 1<0" on< . - m"" ... +1 . od ,1I<"f ",(11 O. TIn..
~ow.
I., ..,
1'1"'"'' _
,...,.. "'+
On ,lit ",II<, hand
1'>(.). "" >
,I><
'h>.'
L<o. .. _ . In po
M"" to lilt
0 nd ., ..
"'+
ua';,.. ,II< cocfficom" of"

IW"l
_1.
-, ;" ,II< f",,_ r""" of
of ,lit ".,,, ;s - 0,:
.,+., ..._- ..... -.,-
then.. 'h< ,n<>d<n..' .. ,.11
"""t ""..
,ha,., ........t. I.
.. __ I _ (a, .. ", ....... ",.,).
ot><! ~ _ _, .,
<011
of' .. I', and (l _ I _ I) _ r.. ,II< "'''' or
d," .,.,,.",_,_1_(._1_;) _ _ ~+b+ I.

"' .. _I
+~_b_1 _~-li-1.
'b) _ (~- 1]'(. + 1)""'[. -1* - li- 111

Sin;, ,.. I alOod ".. 10"" 0<1<" fOOlln, by lock,...... 1ew ,not,,1
co.... Id', <01100<1<' ,he fi'l< f"" .. Ion
of~.
_I: Th~<&.. " """1"....1. fo< ',1.')_ . n, _ 0 .....,... ,he .-.11'0<)'

""" " '0 Ix _'" fomn,., .. O. ",,,",,..:10<10. 11'1.. ,her< ~
'.1') ro'
~ _ I nd theonl)' '.("1 ro<o" I;, ,,(.,) .. ,.eon,,,b<M< "nn-e.-.. I
~
P.(J) _ ....
~ _ Z: In 'hi, ..... ,he o6d ;nl<J<" i ean on\y Ix I (.-n, < *~ mltin,
n, .. t _ U _ Z __ Z nd y..ld;na
,,(J)" (., _ 11'(.'0 1)(' oIl _ " +J-l.
,oM"",,,, ,he ~'I< .umpa. "",n ,n ,he pontJl<tn.
,.
. . ,. .0_
'fO .,....
l .. ); A..i"..... <>ddin...... r"""""I, b< 1. 0<1 ... "" ....... i _ 11 _ 2 __ I,
."~
')'
,.,(~) .. (~_ I)'(~
oj-
x' .. .<' "."l>l<m.
Il_
"""fi"",... lIle _
e:umpl<
*.. '" Th" """, ''''"
.,.........bIy be ei'!I<f I '" J.
F", / . 1. - . . . . ,
in ,he
'" ..... l _li _ 2 .. O
_>,a'"
F",I_); ... ho
x_ I,
..,.,.o<b<l"",
".(x) .. (x - 1)'( 'fl' .. oj
.. (x' _ 3>' .. ).0 - lH... +J

_~
.. "'_9.. +1I._4.
" ' _ . , .. _ 9.0, .. 11 ... _,'" ....... ><d+ I '" _ I Th... t><rt 0.11<>1'.(.)
rot l .. 4.
""(0) .. (x -
n'(... 1)'(. -
1)
.. (x' _lo .. 11(<' .. l...' .. 10+ 11

_x' .. .-'_w.
";th ,he
'flO""""""'" '" .. _2-
W;,h i .. J.
1',) .. IX - 1)'( 1)'(... )

.. (x' _
J. _ Ill...... h .. J)
J"' ..
_ ...... _6<' ... ,

wilh", .. _6. Th.. , _ ; ,
no 1',(.) r.. l_ ,. oil
Auhd"",.'<HI< .... Jh' _ , "hh<rO",....,... (.)..;II..-bt r _ .

Uof""..."'ly.""
prOOdoonfin'l'l;nl
so_
our ~mi,'"
bom
111< ..h.. of", ho. becfI f. "hy...... hap< ...
<an Ibo.. ,hal. fOlI&r .... "',,",oU...,....b< .. 1 '" _ L To 'hio
<f'd. In', inoo<po<. d.. odd ""my of' ...'" "'" (omI.1a for 1'.(.) .... h ,II<
_<Vi6<ft, '-'"
.'pe..."'" "".
.,,"",t.,... /. l} _ I.
l_ OJ. aDd ... hoY<
'ha'
'Iu, ....,.,..
,_<>,,,'"
Then j ... _ " ..
;""It'. and .. _l _ 2/_1_
'"
_110, """'y in de$.o_, ,h<f< -...1 ..."" '0 I>< ."y way
._0<1AUho<J&h
"p>.nd.". , _ 1"""'"
bolo"", ,he
and olCl<JOlly
'rnn In ,,"'.
_inlr.....'
1. _ I)"'
.x'J.' _ (lj _ 1).-.""
... Pj - '~lJ - 2) ."".' ... "'.
(J+,),.11.,..".(l_lil.,..-I,., .. (l-l/)(l-lj-I',.."
' ....
. - .... ,.-(l-Il
Tho fi... It"'" In , ' . ' pi"". . . .
llj - IJ(l/
.., , ,
1
+Ht.aiH-'
fot ", ... ,
Of _
,ot""'"", of
21+ 1 (l-ljll-llj_II]H (i- l illi-l,-I)
1-(11 - Ill" 1-(' - 'jIH~' - 2il"
I. ,111..... ~'""Id ""'"
(Ii - ')(j - I) - ,. -lill2; - 1)+ lIt - 1m' _lj_ I)

_It_ 0iJ(2j - I) - (t_ 0,)(*-1/1." I 0< - I,
Ii' - 31" I -lJl aj' l_ 2i' J(t' - a,ot+ ai' -*.21)

.. ljl-.j' _l .OJ _l' +61* - 'I'
a" I '"
_I,' .. oj< -1* -l". 0 Of
_ I.
2.
16,' _.",.k + ,'.00,
'lui". ,U'."
Ii) 16/'_'"".(l' )_0...
,n"6J'-.,,t.(l'.l.',_O,
!'<ow,1 II' "",,'i ... I.p. ond ,_ _.;n
tho d,,,,""',...,,, D mus< bt
IJ
1IO<l!1<p""
_~,
,,,,,,.,,1><1<
In <>><101
_ 64(l' + ll __ Mk
,.."" for j.
..
< O.
..... .. "".. Ii,)........

D _ Mk'-64(t'+ l_.)
__ 64(l_').
''''' .,
,.'
l ~ S. Thn< _">d",,,,,,.II>o~'
n<! ,"', ,hue . , , , _ "",nth p.(.) to t>c r""' .
Tho,.{""_,,,,,,,hodt ,"'. P.(") ..."",, J . + ., _ I, ,J +
l.ot On)
"ho<h ;, oh<l .....""

.p,n on """f"oblo vol
,I><:
.<'(.t' x_ !l. '" .<,(...' + .' _., ~ II.
,r _. _
- . 0( " ..... """ 0(
P.(.)
_.<' ' J ,
,_0. U ...
_ _ _
'"
TO OJf;>'
.......... ,
C"", Mo,_ _ 1919,260.)
(An .1",,,,,,,;,,, """'"'" "CO"""
j"
n". "'obI<m>n
x,x, .. In .._
0<1,......... 'ho "u,"l>e'< of ,hoot
til whi<h
U<lo x,;' ri'h<' Q.~. On
........
bo.. I<nIh n.
in) btpn.nd ........ t11 ,I>< I.II., nd

i;;;) in .. lU<h
..,~l
dilf<O<"l 1<1,
SoIulion
E....."""... ,hi< _i<Id of JIf<>bIcm " .... nol.ofd tOp< in <Iemm...,. """to..
_f.,
otoncs." .. _ h t....." ..P ..... <haU<1IF.nd"

d<rnon><",
PfO"l'I<>.n_".. ..
,~'
and popuI&r "",,"'na,<>rial .oclltOq....

"I ,,;,h II>< "'" m.'-'otal ,...."..,... 1<1', loo/l _ , .......
In _
........... 01'. few .....11 ..I... of. l.cl 'he"umbe'ol" ........... ollrn.llI" II<
-by,..
",
,,
.--."'--",-,
_.~
......e<bu
'.,
on<"""'" ha.. n. b< pm" ....rp ,,,.po< .........."', _

lho' ,.,....,.. 'Il< ...."""" {I.]. I l _ . In .u,rnpl,",
!>ow ""l"""'"
oIlrnCOh" nuJhl be ""'' Cd f""" 'ho.1<'."....
m,,'" _i ,ha, ....
F""" ,h;' ""'" .. bit.
to _
1m.'
on<
q"""" of
h eon lie obU'...... by .".hn'll .. ,110:. bo ....... ot ,II< ..... ohny
...._
cr ...... h " _ 2. F... <umpk.
~
-<'-..
~---' ./'_a.
Of <Ou
II,h<p<able
""""'ol ..... h" _ 2","'";" .... 1..., l<rnU ....
,.
4ropp1. TIM'''' """,ton ol"l<qotn<e>
or...,.,
h" In ,.b><blht ,Iu<dlo" 10m> IS
Ih< I<lt<r ... 11 ,.

rot''''..., <>fIll< >tq...-..orlo:nl,h n. ,... t~",I.Io.. It"" ....,...... ~".
_ _h >i"""'" <>f'1m l
pI"""".~"" I < q _ ofl<nr<h.~ I by
....s>/)' ok""f\l ill 1tOOf'Od-1
"TIt"
." -ro._n_
n
IJo,
,btt_<> ,n,
(flO, _ .Ilow<d ,,10m '1><'."410,, '''''' IS'''' ""'" )C""~lf.'11cf< IS

only on< poMIbI< lo....
COn be ,.... ted bo'_n ",. Ia" ,
of.
o<q. .
doifl& 10 d'."y ..
<>f ......'h " _ 1 ,,,
'" I<nlJlh n.
'ho'
_.<>01
"lid, "'"
n..:..r.... ,h<"." '., ..,._oIlml' ''''''ho<h '1><11u.c-Io

t ,.j ~ I>o~ "'-'1Ief 'ho'
l." ro., .. 2'0."
hot
P<>"'. for ,II<
FOO' -... comp;.on u.. dil!'l<uU... _

be .-r .. llIos
of _h runioou " _<I In man) olrmpd4
_ _.... Howe"". ,n ""'" tho: "'""'" ....",..... ""h ~
}'O'" lin..""",, It! ",conlid<r ""'" ......, opphcalion of
_Ion< 001."""
or
'''''''.11
load ",.
ro< '.
If M ....h ,he unl""'" numben I. "' ,be
""'"
{('J.',,,,,,,,,,,",,, ...
no;"'".
;, "'" .,
""""'''''1'.....io.._
'<m15 of. 1'0_
f(')"
I.""'.
,~
1..... 1(.).
21,."'
.. 2,._,,..-1 .
S<>l>o.oainl tilt second and. 'h"d "'

t. - '.-, ~ I, " 0';'"
(I _0 _ b'l/(.)" II
from ,he ~"'. It>< -.,....,.,
+ (" - I,lA
_l_~
(<allr,_landllmO).
,.
. - ........ mu..
E>p.ood;,,* ohio "",""""," ;"10
~.
I_I
(I-bl(l ...)
I
for , . _I .... ~
",""..I f _ .... Qbu;n
.--.--
_J.
-l
I-to
8
I ... '
A(l .. x) .. 11(1 - hj.
_,<I"w< ~nd 2_JB.ndj_j ...
IP"'" .. -\."" 8. j, Th..
J(I - 2.<)"' .. j<II>:i<nl I.'" .'.' ..
,
t._)'
r'- +j'(." .,
.Z""'+ll-lr-'
From the 1988 Canadian

Olympiad (slightly revised)
(e_ M"'
1m. 163)
L<o. s.l.".." .......l 1>< ..... '" pooiU.. ;11"

_ .. ,'"nJ ....... ,W<>
meml><... f.,...n1 no>n<m",~.u_"_ { ..,
1"'S.I<I,o(,o)_.,,.,
",col"" '" il> ... m...... ,0(") . . . ..,
L<o. ...(S}
1... '"
,..... produc.. ,.~." "...., an _1"1 Sllba. of S.
I>< "'" ..........
,.
,,_,I><
_ ,.. In"I<'"
S ....h...(SJ _ Il
, __
l(I ,I><
o<\d""'"
...(SI ...(... .., . ,
"'!
..,
i... """'''''...tU<h lh<

I""OUKO '" l(I d>< .. I
.
.a9;
) _ ll.
) '9_
$olUrioJI
f"""
~",h
L,o(A).(.,+..,+ ... )+(.,..,+ ....-, )+-
+(.,.., - ...)
(2' _ Ijno{S).
N<>w.;" "'''rm''';OI
L ,0(,0) would be 'ho old
'ho
E ,o(A) ,
r""
'ho ad (.,. ",,, ...... ,,1 oh< ....

><d by 'lor "hI>ll _lainI... ,,., now
'"
,.
Inl<l"I' .... ,.
n...
..1_,. ,..,.,). 2")_ I [old EI'I'" "'"
,(., .,
...... ,(~'''' .... ,.... ",,..H-
, ,loid
2'" _
_
~-
~ [{7 -
2""_ I
[(2' -
[1 ... (1' - 1)m(S))].
l)ooo(S)'"
I)IJ
(.,., ., )1
,(1 ... old Ep(-'l)1
Ep(A)
2'" _ I
[I ... (7 - I)- ul]
+-
oI9(Y" - I) _ IJT _ II
,(I).y _ 12),
1.52' -)6
""-11-2' _12"
1'1_.' hal '" be. pooi';", , " _ ~ 2 ...h",h pnl""".n j'"<f<.I ...... for
...,_ TOY;na':z..,. F'

1l4_.111
:WO_.111
'-114_12- '2_12
J04
-"ii'
;, "'" on H11<1<'f;
(", I._find
I.ll - .III
"'-1)-1
680 - .III
60W
12-'()ol_11-9r- 1.
.ha,
'M ;, UIIiQ.. """'tion. 1<t .. puB" I!lo

_ _ of,.I.nd .... 1.
Wi'h' _ J. ,II< I""of r _ I;' 7. and
WI.:Jt ... <1001 kJH>ow
OI(S).
EllA) -
E~"). 13.
(0,,,,,,,,,..,,,,, 1o,., ............ "",,) ... (0'-') _ 91.
W. _ ......""" '0 ,lid <q"'';'" In pooMl.. 1.1<..... (0, ' ... ' oJ). Ad"""ed1)'.
I"",," h~<o ...jobIem, IN,
of, _ 'ymmn<
<all1
,hi.
,he""',
r-..,.,
,~
....p bill "'" ~< .. ,tunk of ,he >lan<lltd .. _
f,om It>< Ib>ty of
"l.""""
to .. 4, H' .. e,)(... ..,)

.. .<' +- l....., .0,1.' .. 1.,0, "0,0, ...,.,)....,...,.
F", ... I. ,htft. we h>..
(1 ,)(1 ..,Hl + .,1"'" 9' .. 91
_poOl""" of 92" I 2 2), ,II< OfIly 001.'"", on _ "..
Sin ,I>< ,,""'"

,nits<'" II II. I, 21),
TIl..... J .... _
is
_bI< am"""
.....' .nd
twa d;.. ~n'
"'"
~ud<
,ho, "n
S_lo"",, ...... ).(1.1,21) .
la, ,.o,
n.... n
..... all,..., ,
doubl
,) .. (I, I. 22. 7}.
'ho' ,bn< ",,1."""0 .... ""$I .. I). bill l"m ........
.n.. COfIfi""'"I 'hal ..II. I, n. J) .. 4\1.
""1.1.22.7)"1'~ 1111
+1 tll t 7)+(1. 22+7+ 22+1+ lJol)
.. (21" 7 .. !SoOt ,$Oj"

..
~(JI
'"
-IT
.~
.. 211 .. Jl7 .. ISO)
1.w1
A Problem on Closed Sets
pol.' ""
II.. al'<U<I\r......,. of , _
;. _
te<l 0< b1....
poso;b1y b<l<h r<d ot>ol b1.... 00 <ho' <Od'o .... o f _ "",.11 ;, , - . I...
OOII,""...n",h""'"",.". P,~,ho,.if'l><te<l ... 11-. _ _.... _
of..,..., poo>IbI< "'.roh. ,hen the b1....., will to< _
'0 do so.
SuWOO< _10
SoIUlion
O<>rl, '''' <Woo hokb 'riviolJy if 0lIl, "'" 0010<
"" ,I>< at<lt.
S""""". ,hen. <ho' b<l<h >Ion.t< 0Cl..11)'
Pis,", te<l ",".'.
"..",. '.......R 001, ,,,o..... ~ ... '''' _On<n ofbl... ""'.." ... ''''
.;a"''Y of l' (FiJl' n~
,No,
(of
non. ".. bIw _ " ,"'" "" Iri"',,,~), , .....

I.
II)
l'
' ' '<.I'' . P". 10"", ","m of'''' b1"' ... B. ot>ol b<coo'" B..<lo..... l' E B.
""'ki.... l' b<l<h te<l ."" bI....

(iil
nw...~""" bIw p<tiIl .1>0 k. te<l pOin'. In '''l' ""-"'. _ _,
z"" ,''' am. m>tO' to< "",~ mliIM_.
So_. II..... 'hoi /1_ ,,, r."
II)
do"."m,,,. _
d OOfot1<n&th .
h """"'" k<lo:.. muotd <>.pOlo,'
of
bI "",,,, Y. Now.I<<<h.,....?N
YM of ,,"'''aryl<.l'h dk ...."odofl"
.. II
<)<6< d""''''''\FiIO'' 71), In ,"'....... ,I>< _
MN mo" &100 I><
d 1001'10 ,T........... ,"', !<oroh is "'" .. hl<"<d b)' .", PO" of ,0<1 ""'.,.. "
fellow>
"",.r MorN moll to< bI"'. A,. ",.It.<i'her ZN Of MY
$"", Z ... m:I ""'., ,1I0o:I ZY
,No, .. "'."
on
on
m"" pn 'W<> b1..

_bI< l<n&th /.
"""'t>. """";01 'ho' .8<10<> _ _
~""'".... <t>on:l
or~
.<01.
Tho' probl<m
_'Ih 01 ....1.. ,""""_",...,.....,,..,.,.. ;0<1.......
11>< ~"I "..;.. b<Iow (wi, h ooI"''''''~ .r< p_ tn tho: "011 "",... <>(1;".
I>0oI<
by H"'w,l<'. O<b<unnnh.. 10
'ho' ..,h _
... is
_ . 'beo .'
or'I>< _
.... mu" dt""",.... oesmrn' or.....,..
len&<h up IO.M ,""'od,nl \. b.Il "'" ....,....nl, of ...., I<"l'h up to any ....
&m'" "un \.
from the 1987 Austrian-Polish

Team Competition
Polo"'" "'"P''' ,,""h
..... " ....... bKh... fd. . . forward
collrd
poI~ fo.....mplo IS.II9lI. nd )(l103. I~ Ihi$
pobl<m ""
""""'mod
""b ,11< ........ N 01,11< poIind'omn ,ft ... h..h '><h ..... bo' "d'"'''I''''''''' by
11M: (adm"l<dIy <:o,"",-rol prop<r'y 'llal
til< pool "" 0( n. WI''' .. , b... lao

"'.. ,_)0_3.
'1Ia" 'b... " ...... ,IM: .... of'" d~'"
T .... , ......""' ... 6'6.nd 292. fO' booh of,,_
,_)6
,.".. ,!>I, N
"""""... of ,1M:
.nd
,_u
b." ,!>I, ,IM: ....... Q 01 N.
."y 1'. '" 'hom (h~. 291)... ooIy
,nfi,,"y 01 m<mb<n
bo.. "b..b 40ft., """..,,,
Oft
.....". am find 011 m<mb<n ofQ.
Solulion
... ,.
CI<uIy, .. oi .... 1>1< by J nd ... _
d,I" <>f. m<mbot <>f N M." bo40..... 1>1<
,1Ia, lb<y bolo'.,. ,1M: ",",of".. 410" '"

,>n>'..............'hoIo'.II'<el,... 'bopro<l...... nd ,_o,,=bo
<\1'''''''1 d<f'1c;<n, .... '0 ,he f'l""e:l
The ""Uly of.""1 1".. of<nun<...
.".....bo,
..... '0
,.,
'--,-.
'"
'"
FOf<...,pI<,in!o<>kiolfOfm<mbenol"N..._ _ 1Iad buiko" inl<lCflOlht
""II' SU, In' hn <U:. 'h< "..,,10.<1 p """Id II. lid <U"""tl)" 71 ncIlht
..... ., I). ~. "';,h P 1.1, ,be
J """"" f<Ql.'ft
_lid 'ha' ';
=-
'I_ 16._nl'IIa<'II<<U,....,...... ili._of._1J..... 'o~;,

op'o .. ~'h_ n.. """"ld, tha' Il is .. odd ..... bo'. ""'tina il ;mposs;bI<lO
,",,6!'"'., _h ~ of Sl.\ '0 fI'<O""'< ill pahfl<lromO;; <ha... ~ _H _ . Ihio
is 0ftIy. mi"'" "'110<1. for if .... " ... otr.... 'h. ",.tral po<1ion
j....
....."""'b<t of "lUO' ~,~ hi .IllS, II """,!do', "" how many I ", mi&h' be
req... fl1O
It.: 10""'''''' ""luir<d ...1..: iri,.
""'" numbn. 1""
of
them .. <acII rnd: IfOn odd "U",b. '"" _ hll!" i. ,II< middl< bd-. ,ho: I_
n 0<>4 half of ,II< ...... ndI _, In 'h< <u: of "3.\.... ""..
'ha' ..,.,..
""'f
'"*
req,"nnl , . T. 16;
, . 22.\.
";'h ,he <WfftIi aum at 16, ,11m,
._he<
)(I " . ., ...,h ,,'" ....,
<10 lht !rick;
...,,_.C-I E fl.
~,l_",~.l .\ ). J S', _
..
Of -...:. d,;, p<Od.", oN\' _ko w"",,, til< 0,"" sum . i""""...... Bu< .... iI <a,;ly ...... "II'd. Fot ... mpIe. ,..j,b 4-41';' numt>cn,
,AU! . ~ _ l6. ODd 10th< s>>dUCl' _
".,.)_
,I><'"""",um_
J 36-l_ IOSinonkfloa ,h<_soi<I&IOJ,,&>nin 1lI< .... ofSJJ)

ond many OIher """'"- ch<Oces~ I' .. quit< .......... ''''''. II.., fI i> In i_I<
""- H _........1 pmol'
lin ....,... qlri",. formula ""',
........,.. On 'nfln", of ....... ben of N. "&o,n, ,h;o;o no poobI<m. fo< ,heft ...
any ntonm of formu'" _
S<>c'ina "';,h S', ao<l).. COMide, ,II< numba ";,h t n OIl .""h _ of
olon, ,_
m,"" ....
,wo)'&:
,Sl
,.',J'
,\
,,
In "lia co... , _ '1". q.,;r;n, _ J.Y' + I. Thus ,II< <Uff<n' """ . ;n<..... n't>y
ll" +. _ (lUk+ 6) _lS" _ IO~ _ S.
'" ..... n""'ba-. A<n<I,nJlY, for alil _ 1,2,1
.1" . . ' l l ,
,SI
..'
'--------' '..
11.....
I ().Y' -
..
1<Me - I)
I (B" _
1EN
,}
'<Me - S)
'"
11. ..
IS'JlISI
~=-~
92'
(p .. 9
Oft II..
wPt>. If.
IEN
~-~
915
5' .. 5611.'od S"
1'16)
<>I"'" lw>cI. """b<>, of Q. 0>01 ........ny

m<mbef
or Q hOI ~ d";". ,lito.
,.J,.." 1 ha'" ""y .... ny
r<ealh"l """'"
~,
is do>isobl<
by J..... ho..
'M-I2:r' .
"'J "<0,,
..""" em.only r.". for ~ 2: 1 loti

by ,fId_l Th<rd"ot< no
""",b<r or Q eon ""'" mor< 'han 6 dol"" ,mplyinl
Q n ~ .. aIrW>'.
'ha'
,",lit
,<
A. f.... I eo" 1<11, tht '"' or lilt probI<m ml""'"

chki"l of eo...,
1'<ftIop>
"h.. mal.. " . ""'"
q"",_ _ ... lult _ ........t> ..
11<" .hOIb<t <In I>< <"""kIn.'"""'" n.........
In I., , .... _ d i.. 10 m. fiJ"noa. ,lit Oflly mcrnb<r of Q is 291 51"", 'Il<
<k1.ih If< """''''bat led....., kt", mo.. "" ",_h,n, mort .""'h...
'lIo".
-'til )-<1;," .....
,.om
0'" ,.,"".

Austrian-Polish Mathematics
Competition
1987. lJ. Ah""",,,,,, ""..,""' .. ,;..... ,n C"""

M.,'...,.M.'_'_....,
."......-. 19l1'J. 269:
<om....., 1!'90. 101 l
K ..
"""'. I
Don'IIo'" X _ !',l,
.......bot
01' .. ;, ,.....,
_"i.....
b, .. orlOOO,....... 'n wlu<hoo

,... ,......,b<r 01' ..1
,)(I(I(I)
Soh.lion
50"""""", ,;",. ., in ,110 i
"""""Id fN! , _ ,m ;.,
,01"""".00 ,"" ....... "'nd
1P _ I'XlI, lOOOj,,'oolloa'. btk>nIKl X.

"';,ho.., _,"".,
dn..1>1",.. up ""
.be>..,
='..nly""n~ .... _ ,.... ,m'.I<F"
r""" PM"'" i' """ha. 1m.".,...... , Obviouo.Iy, "" ha""obc"'<f..I

,.
,II< ,"""", Q -(7JI. ,ml who<ll .. "",,half." ,
', ,
..,"-" r, P. o..~y.
f"""
,I><<IoI'IoIl"or",
doIIbI< ," P. nd " r.llo...
,r t ."'.....,, "l"" f""" Q. ' ..... ..,. ..,..
""" 1m _ t ... b< .. l1nd f""" P. fn<. ,0<0] or..,. morn 'han 1m
oIK1JII<. f""" ,II< <."rn ",..",.1 QU P _ flJl. )(lOCI]. Th .... ;" <wd<' ,. ,,",Id
"" lOlOOO,"'<&<" in .. ," 1<0" mm ...'..,.,.. f""" II. lj(l~ ,I>< ,."..1q.......
""k , "'
<0<" ,"...... ,.k."
'ho',
Q_'"
or X IFie_ 1'1),
R<p<a<nd
.ppb<>"".. or 'hi, "'.....i., 1'''' ,I>< rollo"';., .....,...

on
..
. - ..DOsro ......
--I
II
, ,,
,.. ,,.,
=
.- -Il'
MulE 1'1
"
~_11,~
.m
.m
0'
I I
Its_II,''''
,,
. ..
.....
= )'_,
,
,
IIII"
-,I
,
I I
,, ,,= , , ,
-,
,
"",,1,111
"
",
"
"
l_l'.:zl,
=
__ 'Ior_....."........
nC::UlE .(\-00)
I'
.1.5""."'f'OUSH "'.,"..... ncs COM,,","nO'"
'"
H"""'.... Ih< _ I '. "'" " " " . _ for d .. ~~ A a" II< bud'
1~+)1S+'H+n+6+1
up 1(1
.. 1999 ,"",.,.,
'flu> ... """.IIl.. ,w<>-,Iv04.1h< """'b<' 01,"..... ," X " ..... rpNl..,.,.
poiol for 'Il< liz< 01 A.
,1>11, IAI a" b< ."~ n..mb<, "p 1(1 ,wo-,Iv,d> ,II<
.... 01 X. l>uo. "'" "", II\' .. !>Of; .. jIXI AwI\''''& "'" ....,_ '0 X ..
{'.2... .lOOj.IIo
""'" 'ho' A NIl< ho......... f .. 200 .....b<n,
'ha''''
.0-18
..
10.11. __ .'"
.:l'I. .1S;
ISI.ISl.
,.)00)
."
,,..Su<.......... " .. full\' poded .. _bit. '_'''l: 'hal Ih< .."...1....,. is
,,'1Ier IAI S ilXI
..-pun ,..., B""", Il<snicl< (U....... ,y ollP'"" al

U<t>o.. -o.mpa,.) .... .-",1, fo"nd ,II< f"''''''''", pt<l'~ formula lor 'Il<
ma,"""", .... f,(.l of. 'ubi 01 {I.I. _) '" ~'ho</l "",.-... is , ......
[( ... pl<....... '0
.-l><t,
e""..",", n '0 ," I<pr<><""';"" ,n bol< '
... _." ....
,~
j;(n) .. - ' - (, t(-lt... ).
,.1
s-. n _
._.
.lOOO is 1011101111100 '" bol< 2. " 1 _
,I.,,,
f,(:lODO) "1I2.JOD(I.(-', 1_1_ 1.1_1_1
-1(6OD(I-1J
.. IWII. .. f""nd abo...
Su_
'Il< ""'''"
of ,1._,...' - 1 _
...
.0,. ""'.. 'ha'
_ ~ wbo<" .. ,. ",
"."i'''''''''
'"10
,Ill
,II< po,,",ofal ..... on< 01,11< ..._

bit d"........ ,"", pro"
on< 01 'Il< ,,,,,,,,, .....
IU<h'IuUorU<h_".....' ",,"'I><,
... f.......... "'II<f.
m'" d<,.""",, .n _
'ha'
,"""'"""of...." ... "',la_
Solution
a...,lf "lOr< .r<
""I~
""",,,~, ...:
hI .""h of .. "A,.A, f.ib '0

(io) al ...... on<
,,,1><,
".~",.II d.... ns,
of 'h<m cIoe<n', f.il
0'
,.
" _ _ 'lOa..,.
!Nfl .... """Id lil< ,,, ...._
(;;~
.. <",
Ily to " - '
'ha' Ii) 1<060 10.
"""'ado<1""'_
S - . Ibm. ,110,
(.) A, f.il< ,,, r...... ,ho: d~ .."'" d,.

(b) A, f.,k to ""hI< Ill< <lUI''''''
oro!
-0, f
to ... b.. ,I>< d "'" tI,_
ti,.
Wi.""",
01 _olo,y
maf .._
II, <I,
<: d, <: "'_
l.< Ih< If'bot< '10""'1 X.nd ,0<11.. 01,
lr.1\)' poonl on S _ , '. - ' 1 0 ""
A, ,""",Ie! ......... Ill<
"",.."" d,. "",,".ry 10
Thus -=10 ""'"' 01 S m.... brI<>o>l
I
(~IU" !l),
'" A,.
"''''''P'''''' (.),
<_.
to"
Ir.....,. poin' or S ....... .. 1><""'110 .f,. ,..... b<ca... d, $ d,. A, _

mol.", .... <I"'an til- "",,~,nl ....ml""'" lOj ('ho:
of p<" am.
on S dcl<nninc.1I 4"'...,.. up to u,. wh"h .. pit... 'Iu" I,), _ - . . .
"",n' r 01 S ."", bdo"11O A,.
_ . si"'" '" S </, lI.. ,0<11", or S.' 'fib< of ,ad,.. .". 'tIl!" r,
""",1<1 ,nln"'" SIn. tine....... P"'''' of .. ho<h >old \><Ionlto A, ....,""'"
pI_ ,h), 80,.. <Kh poon' of S b<lonp .. ,11<1 ,,, A, Of
'bm I: m", h<
1ft''''''"'''''
A,.
"''''''1''' AJ_
"l&.'-..oLISH MAT Hr.",n<:5 """'"'" 1" " "
,.CC<l".....,.nypnonl Zof X inl......,,, X in.
Fi.. lly
poon' ,
'"
" Tof,a<l;.....
~.
f",,,,
brio.... $. i 6iotoo"',
X.
boon. on X. " dO'an ..., f,om Y.,.j
boo"lOft T. to. dnt>n"', rr"", Z,
n
and ,
no ","tI.. whdo .0"""
"""&h' be 'no
nl ;, Ifl'lpk><.
~ ,_,.. Ott< of OU, ..,.mpo"",..
An Engaging Property
Con~rning the Incirc1e
of a Triangle
L_-'~.,.._"-.i-------",<
I.<l H PQRSTU I>< ,"" "".._ d<l<nn,n! '0 6AIK by d"""ol "nl<""
'0 Ok ;".,"'.. ,~
'0 'h< lid<> of II", '''''01'' "'0.. """ ,II<
.....-, of H
mot< 'hao
'h,1d> 'ha' of6AIK
po,"''''
n..
,w..
prohlrm <omn "om W.I,1I<r J

bn.:k. A.... 'ria . nd ,....olul,oo "d... '0 H
I)".h....,,,,,,,"",,,,,. In"""
[nF'ha"",. (';und<\oh<om. The
Fl<rol R<p<>hIo< of G<TIna.y.
Solution
rJa""'''
,.
Sun '<asua,
F~"17 ..... ,... ""pre>oion 'ha' , ..,.., of H a.. of
'........., "n,,'" U><l ......., .""',"nl,"1I><d ....... II "
y '0.,..,i0oi< ,...
,.
r"" llIo' ",.<>pfM>Ii......., H lKeq ..I.It .......pk ....... Jl!<O>n,.;_ _
.Ion,.bo<I, "..
'hoI 'h" io."", by~... holf'um

"'o""er /. rOO" .... mpIt. tho:
.... RQ.nd (J1' 'f'< eorritd ,,, '"'
,lit pot.11d 1ft, _ _.. in 11><
""""".. ood<l. UT and T5 nd _
of ,n_ion Q mUSl ht
..<nod 10 e'" 'n'''-io<> T of ,lie>< h..... S.... Ior!)' ' .. carried,,, S. and ..., 110",
,10,.. ",""'
{>1'.1'$,
""F""
If ,'" ......,.. of It.<

OF< /'(l '. RS b'. and TU. <', n....
0' .. h' .. r is ,he .... ipcrim<l.. of H and .... desired ,.tic L ..
1"'-
of H
....."...... of H e' .. b' .. "
I'<"""'<fof l>AfJC ""';pen_ of Il.AK
f"""''' (...
,hen.
If AD_A. is llI< a1titud<

FIr>''' I)~
bmI ...
po",,1tt '" //C . .... np A"'" """I", to l>AB<:. and ... hi ..
OF
IK:
alli'''' A
a- .Ih'ud<
A.(l
.'
' .
Q
.'
"" _ /If:
-,--
/I" _ 21
"""'i;""" -
"1'
iI
21
I -;;:-
..L_~.f-..~:,.---~".,.
f""" ,be ...IH_ f<lnnula r", d...... "'. 1n..11< t:. " ..., ""...
>.
1''''"1 ---.
. . ,.
-'~-
~'~l<'
4 __
+b __ +< __
I
.".+<--(0'
'+,'1
:"-:.:"-~."'''-''-''-:.:
..,,;,,00 ... b+<. 2<..... "'..
L.l- '+b'+<' _2_ ",,'."'+<')

"
1< .......... l(I . . . . _nd on
( b+<)'
(.' 'H')
(Hhl)
..., ,m, pOint, H .... Eo",I"'"", cra~oIy ob><N<o """ ...... of _
.... ;.
_po". nd lh<r<for<
(0 _ bJ' +16 - <I' '-(1 - oj' ~ O.
>"''''';"1 .nd
....
,ra_<>&. ......
~.l
.h' .<' 1O!: 2_. 21><+ 2..,

_ (a ..
b.<l' _ (.' .b' ... <')
;(o.b.!)'
;',',',',',,';' ,-l,
(lNo ......... l>< obU,..... 'mm<dLold, (,Of!> U.. power....." ;_.-ht,.)
"-
On Floors and Ceilings
1'b>.in'.....1,.. I~ombcn "'cropopin """ki... hic~ ...... io..'<1OIool.

in 'n..,..... F", <"mp!<. if
lno.. n 10 be.n inl<l:. II>< ""'1><1;"" w S 6 lj
;0 no be"... 'lun w S 6. "m,b.,I. 0 ~ 6.~j t<l~ ... DO _
,Iu~ 0 ~ 1. In
oom
on< "f"rew, ,,,ond,nl,,,.1 numb<n ....
up or _ .... Th<
......" oIoonl ,h".r< ,.Ikd tbe JI-.nd ,.~"" f"",.._ ofx lnd.r< denod
t""'"
<t""
(.>1 or (xJ. floor .... w_
fxl
'he.,..._,o"", S (_nd _J.
<N~of ,"' ..."
16.1Jj.6.
Th<..." m.n.
.nd
'n.....
,(",.. nd UPJ
f6.:lJ1. 1.
,n.." .. '",p<obl<mI 'o
'nll ,j.nd
f"l
""""n..,'
,he
'....
d"""""rl'OI 1>
'"'." '" fond .... de.h,.. ,~ ,'"
".1
...m..... 10 .ny
I hop<)'<>U ";11 enJOY'''' foUo..... d<lot!"f..1p>bItm 0(
l.ot<n LallOll lSI OIarCollca<. N"rlhfidll. M,n.....",.). Th< oolu'''''' "d... 10
$"; M.,pho'. a,
.,.ad< II ..udrn' a, A, S, L",.. S<cooo:I.ryS<_.
London. On,......
,he ',m<'
F"'
.,;V<1l ........ 6 >
I. """'" ,... who< of'he ,n"I'.1
'"
,.
.""'" U _ TO ~,
Solution
""'hap> we <on .... """,,>mf0f1 In ,I>< f... ,..., 'h< ml<l'"od k) ;..,....1" ...
_ ..... r", au, ~lfI&k <pof.ncI;"" 01_ kind, Sin ~ i< .,.... )'$. I'X"l
~ 10 r..."",,,,,,, ou<><l
""" ""' f..-.<bon by ",.ina "'" f... ol ..
""' .... 1<1"' ... whal ,to "", is .. ~. 6.21. r",
",pi< 10 Ilu$ <01<,
r,1 1
1_1_1. "'-6,1' numb bel...."
Iand I. 11..... [1;').1. and 'hm. "" ""'".. who' b iJ,

10&.1.0,
lIoLIJ-O
.n(!
.(6.11)_0.
ny< i!: l..-,h<...... ~<.f""h<'_"">IIu<ol

<"<f)" i!: I ,..,.,u
<>elI .. lx, 0fId,., r'lI..... bel...... I and I {poo5Ibly
eq..l In I bulalways
ilia. 2~ makinl ilSl'ooot <qual'" I . ,he Iopril!lm OIl.,.}
to 0.0><1 xl. 0 n... "" <on di,..pnl ,n J i!: I, r.,.
........' ... olr
/. [<)d. - !.'<)d.<.
w.
Ihool<l be aIcf1 '" ,he [x,
II"" til< inlqf>nd ;,
d</inod ..
0 ([Ol/il 0/0). ,,,,pi... ,I>< ,......, is;",propn al>d 10<1 11,1'.... by

/.
~m
I.'.
<(old<
Pf_
H _.... <>do) b< """"'..... al><>ul h&";na 10 dr.al "';l!l ..v"1

pr<>a$$ rO', ., ... sholl ..., ,Iv> _"n";'1 " 0 presents no
.....
F", oJl pooiti. . . < I, <1<0,1,
r;1 > I.
_kina
$0"", "'" booc-b ~ril!lm. of.n
~md
r'l- 1. ,nd .......
lr:1J
posi
",,,,... btl...." ~
i........
..d
II" Ii< ...... . - k
and l + I, <"".11 ,_"",wn "" ..... m<i...,.,. . Th.... 'o ..y. for
,.,
alI~"""
,.
n... o1~). k
(Of.U ~ 1hI' .. ",ry ,he 'n<quaJ" ...
b'
lr:lj
< h'"
..,if.
-.1"'"_<>.00<4lr] by .. m""" .. ,.....

S [}'J < b.w"""
..-l b OJ< in',.". ,'- olso S )' < b. tI<,.,. , _ '...... h.... 'R
<q.... l<11, to
.'s [.1 <h'' .
ll.alli". """ ['1- I for on in ,lit 'n'....... of in.....'.,. (O.I~ ,1Iete

co."h"".,
by oil ....hdl ,,"o/y
'J< ...,
h'S!<b'"
...., IS
to .. y. fot an
in ,II< ; ""oJ
b'~.
,
>6"1:
n.... "';'~p<_ pro f",oU,'''' ....., poi... of'... inl<moI.ouno...lon&'h<
.... "",.n! ,he
onP" I""" iI'. b"f' <<f)' . .I", or 1(.)
x) ... o.
... CO<' '''''''
,
,
,
i d.,..... ,. p'
... _from
.,x). 2.
. . . to<' from I do>on '" ~.
d<non to
p'
.<l ... 1.
H."", 0);' ,I>< >1<$'"'.''''''001 po<luml in '"I"'"' ....
i."&<.,
Tho
I. 1:0111; lilt .,oa under ,he If'pI1 of xl. " moil <o"ly
colculat<d by "*"""'.'''I,ht "II"" ;n,o .,..;.IuJ/l _anal<> R, R,. . ";Ih
~. -J, ... .. ""'''''',
bo"'l
tlGuU ...
/.
'
<jx)4.<.6+P+P+.
'"Uil,.,... 0
_to:rc ,I><~"" procno oriN.. from ,hi: _ ,

i. 0CC<ICIII00da....
..."ply bI'
U.. _ I " "'" O>d<Iio'lriy. F;... n,. ,I>>.
"'' 0&
-,
,
I...l,-&_I"
1- 6
Two Problems from the

Inlernational Olympiad 1987
;',Q_.,'"
(.) ,he d;..._
bd...... _~ ,w"of'he poo~.. "

(bJ ...,~ , _ of'he poo.." ............. , , "'... ~"....
.-
''''nal< """"1_'-
ldon', """''') Odea """',he ......;..... l<llIhe_'...... lSm>&!'Uppmod>

<lu, probI<1n nd I <... onl) _
.., for my _'" 1<'10'''''' .. I> 'Id) "'"'10'. of
Iood 1.0<.
50"", .""~ ".,of''''
poo,,"" '" <1<.."",.... 1'<><Id<,........ ,

II 11<10
,"", no 'h... of, "'uo '"' ,n "'''IJIII;... Tholl'" _boh,~ , "'" ""~
b< I""... ""',,. "", ..",. ....11 t ........"". bke. <11'<10
H.,...,..... ,he
1~'h"" ofpoo .." on. <11'<10.
no.. I),_mod
hkel~ '" 1<001 '" <ompbcoll"pr<$lK>O'Illoo- ,,,", <bo....,.. ......... ~ and "IMI<
COlI'".
f"l&<o"" ..,'~ ..mpl<, po........... m)
po"t>ol>}'
com< '" mn>d II ....,. ""'pI< mAl'.. ,,,<hk "'" ,,,", poo,," AI.' ,n~"
.... ("(f' .fl on '~II
I",~ ""old "".. n....,'h,nl .....,.t<d "'"
,",,,,,,"nll~ Qodl,.t>d
Iy.
....0(""'0"
' 005'.
.bo<I,
1>._"
""'
./).
'"
,.
. _ . .I)()s TO ....
+------.
"6_ J(~' -I'l'
.. (t - Il';(i
..1IiclI;' ...... )'1
i"''''''''1
Ii -
Il'
,t' ... I,
for """'l"'" posi'i.. ''''~'' *.nd
""rf"'" "l""". ,0<1 ... 'ho <0<1lO<\I"" jolt,., (I ... I)

oq.....). And ~"'" Ill< -...u... n'
'(ll ..
,'1".
... 1 <lIMOI b. . pm....
I,"..,'I
D. "
;, on ..,.,.. for
",,,,,,,,I.
aIwa)'l
Th<ftf"'"
"'''If'' I,'. and '" Ib< O<ell of "'ABC ..hi<h .. j"" 1\ D\. ;,
on
_'Il1o ... of po;n" is Iinr!>ly
_<0,..
L.c1 ,I><
of ...... A in",,"'" In.n&!< ABC "'OIl Be ., Land ...... tho:
cim>mcird. of the ,n.'&1< .r N. Ff'<I<II 1., It, p<rptfldi<.,lon LK .nd l.M be
dr.... to Ill<,;de< AS and AC. _'i><!y. _,hOI quMrilo",,1 ,Uf//ol
ond lno"p AIJC ....... ,II< 10m< ....:
AKNlI .. "'ABC.
'"
F1Gf,J.' "'
Solution
l'uhaps " ..
fir..'hln."'."'\.<"'"'III, .......... AKllDd "1011..,,,_",
(0fI&Ie-'.Jl<-_). .mOl
KL. LM
SOn XL.nd Lot ... I t>< ",;,I'<!r> of'...' ......... ,nlQ wh",h l>A 3C" <l,~
.". AL.,.. ha..
,
,
,
,
-i'
,
-"2+")KI.
6-411(:-2""
KL~iAC.LM
KL+ j " KL
Now. ,II<COOW".< 'nanp,,'I00.,," AK

of ,II< ..... "".1 ...,. In '105<dn
~",",..
to"",."" 0/','"
'ri.onsl<
AM"" .. AL,,,h<t>ow<1Of
A 11M It ..,. AI. i' ""IooUy U..
ortdontl." .-0"" nIh'

00&1<>" j " m"po1n' Q If;lu,,,lTl. Tho< KQ. OM. on<!
bo.. KM nd
AU'''. 6-<1:}I. tuM'"
-iAN KQ+i AN . QM
_ANKQ.
,.
_.,1>< riv- ......... K.nd" moh AK!-M...,..h<nd.,..'h<,hord LM

tn
iI. cimoma,d.,
4 LXM _6,U/II_j4 A .
Th.... in nih' nll< KI.Q,
KQ. KL<eox.
AKI'M_AN XL,,,, .
W. Mol- '0 ,1'0_. ,..... ""',

"ABc; ...
,j"
blllt ... AN - KL<oox.
'ho' is.
&+-<.2"1"0.1%.
""'n'"
oI:M<tu<l, p.. by ,lie sid< AT of Ill< riv.'

<>b<.oi-:! by d,"PP-S' _ _olOf NT ,. AC. nd it is .....11, "OIII'~ by
tho _ "S ofoW1' ,n.nps NAS(FiC_ HI_ Hmcc
~. AN <OIl < is
UNoou_TA+AS,
.nd ... _Id h~. 10 obow ""',
TA+AS_b+<.
,.
&.,CII.AlI.
fIo! ,f,h~;,
,.1>< ,ho:...". .. rA + AS. ,..", CT _101 ho,.. ,. l"'"
tiS.....
"""......,y. If ... can _'ho' CT U. ,he "'~"">n<h.,,,,,,_.Id 100Iow

1k>O" ~"""O
,..,1>0, IT
"pt ,....",...
NCT.nd NlIS;
liS. for IlI<y ... ,or.. ~'.... _
,"_o<nl
11", h)'llCl'l.... NC
"'8 ........' _ ,n lho ,,,d. bt<> ... ,h<)'
..bI_ cq ..' .oPe>"
n<! NT N$,,,,,,,"J"'<'" 'rianetn NAS
,not
N"Tt"'AS~
On Arithmetic Progressions
(PII66,,,,,,.I<4). C,,,,,
wil......, Ca,ld"" Uni
Somo:
. 19111, ll~ ~ by K... neIlI S.

'y, 0. ...... Canadol
.n'_'.. ~ ofpOSiti.. 0,...." """,om p<rfl
tqUOf<>
"'"' "'hen _',. Fo< .... mpl<.

4.1~.16.21>
.. ""," hu ...... 16. bu<

l, I~. 11. 24, ....... "" p<ne<O "1"'1< ... n,
.......
'ho' 'f ',',lit+ d"J>III<"OOef
m ....
N +U,f4+d'.
Solution
J.""""
Tho folio"" ino:iol

u,io<> " d'" 10 w.ln..,
U~""'I)1II.....um. l"",bno;;k, "" .
W f< ...... fI<I '0 _
,1'1.0, ,f ,he pt<IIfIIIio<I """""'" ..., ........ Ie'
..ho....,." "'." <on..... one .. h"h I ., N. Ob$<,...... ,1'1.0,
f/ .... U,f4 .. d'.( ........ dJ'.
au. .....1
I<rm
S_. I
11'I.o,
., (,f4 .. .tl'. 0lId ., ,f4 .. .t.

rm -'0<1""'.1-" i ..
... "".l'
1':~.
'"
,.
CIeo,Iy ,.........
k' ("'O<l4J.
Now. ,he 'n""""I"".,ji .. 0') .... ...... ~d. '<>d tx;.. _

m." """lOin d positi.. in"FR {I" I,I .. 1... f
.. <I). (If
"_end, ~
.r. II
io'......
Ih<n ,I><"'rinl"''''''' .. I Ji.J$"" ... npl<OtlltCg'i.. i

"""""""
"""pi<\< ... of mid.... mod.lo d. II.. in..... ~ m'" b< "'"'JfU'n' to ..,.,.,
in., in Ihd ",.. rvaI:
x.* (mod 0').
.......
,:,
. . . . . . . " . . . . . - . _.-1
,
f1GL'U.
Th.
r.k' II. (mod dl,

.nd for __
0. it fol_
,No,
r' .... .,.,.

Tho' ",. . .y. -'" i> ...... in 'h< ~ otlol l>rinl
jn
,II< in.......1
1"r..#+4).
For ,he ..... <>.amp&<.

l, 10, 17.2<4.JI. ~.'5.l1. ~.66. n, 10,
N.) ..
ond._
,."Ii +.~ < 'no
i'_ta,.. no "'.... < N. it n _"," no oq.....,.n.
A Property of Triangles
Having an Angle of 30"
IPll00. C,...
1.1",,,,,,",,,,,_ _.1917.
1601
.........1. lei I.nel 0 II< ,he ,n>I",.nel "'<\Imo", >pe<tivdy. olI'>ASC.

S _ 4C. )(P' nel,.... 'M"'" AS;' l.ood <>lI"
, ,odl of 'hc<>ll>t, ''''''
...... '0 .... polO" D.nel C.., ,...,
Pro.. lIIat ,II< """'0' DC" booh <Goal .....
P'~l.o' '"
10.
n.. ,...,hIo:m "d '" D.I. Smnk. Zall"""' TIl< N<,.....1onoh. .nel,k
f<>lk>wiolbrilhon'
",""' .. by 11<1<'... F"h
(Yokoaulc. H,p, 5<11001.
To'.'''"'''Y....
J.p&o~ who>< boo~ 1_>1 Tnyk c;.-"7 " ' _ .
"nU", ,n coIl.obot"'" ~,th Do 0 _ I M
M, onno<.~ ". 100,,,,,,
"n4mo,k
"tn.
,"",.poi;,.
o
I,..UlE ..
o.
Solution
L<o AI b< . . . - '0 ....... lh<oinoum<Udtor 6ASC .. F. 8<ao.... 1 io 'h<
,,,.,....,. fA is 'h< bI>e<tor
6, A. 'ncl
6CAB ~ ,-'0.... <lUI biKao<
. - I . 'h< bo..., '"~ mod"",", !oI 'ncl io ,n flo<[ Ih< ~,
of ""
_
B. Th< ""'''' F on ,.... pp<ncl"",lo,
is ,"""-Of< 1-.....
or
"nco
from E ..... B.
_to<
"'_0<
EF.FB.
Abo. 6EFA. 6BFA(SAS) ... k,,'l 1>,.EFA. 1>,.BFAod ""fill'....

4EFB_l 1>,.AFB. But 4AFB .. 4C on<hol AB...... ..,
4FB. 2(lO") _I.
anal< bel ...... ,Ie <quo' ...,., F aod FII. aod

'hc<cfu .. ,n ........... ,........ H<n FII. 11.
T........ EFB. ohm. 110. , IH
--"'''0''''110' 6111F ~,_. roo- ,II< UI&I<> .. I,od II

... _hIA+!II.
Now. io<>ot
1>,.CAF_ 4CIIFoo->".0ICF .... l~ 6,CIIF_jA,
bo'.
.nd ..... lllt>ooo:u 1>,. B... 110.. 4/I1F.!B + lA'

from 6AIB..._
Fill ,110 <qUlls IA + III. Th<f"", FII _ Fl. ond .nco FII 11 ;"
equ".....1 6IIF.........
.Uf!<
FI _ 11.
'"
.,
"""""'" or ..,""""'"
_JnoO<n'.
'0
N_ ......... 'his '0 provo 'n P<s FIO.M 6ED 'R

r......
_
0.." deoRd..-I"""" fellen-> q.o<kty. 50_ AI bo><cl. 4". f' m"" toe
,toe modpo;n' of.n: C6. ,mpll""ll ,..., f'O .. _nd".,.. ,toe <bood C6
~ ....lh.. ''''' If'is'toe_nd".l.. -.",of Ell. ... tu", ,toe ..... of,...
If'O.nd E6D ...p1i"Cl}' pttpMdocul.... M.' fo<_.
'hOI ,hty'r<
,hen.
"1"""
l" Of'1 l" .60
'"
,.."",
Now. AB ..1>1_ ., ,I>< "'.""

U.. o&lt " "'
, &< C "" ,toe
,.;"'...r......,..'mpl" .. ' ... , 4 A08. 2 4C. 60'. Thr
t ,4; OA ond
06. ,hen.
mo t:>A B ...","".. ,1. oDd ... _od< , ,
rad,..
;, ....... ",Iocr ,h A6 "<elf. C""'1",",ty.
.1.., 1<
It.....
,n...""
II"",,,,...
rad,.. Of'.AB.BD.
Of'1 .nd F;BO ...'" ,,.,, """ .nd tI..
"""""''''1 ....., (r""" !II. ll~ .nd (ll._
,p"nl/(J. ED
B.. 'hoo ""',p'"
())
<OII.. ,ned
.....
l. ""'~'Ol ,""'" <0111''''"' ....
"f'IO. ,,6F:0 And .._ ......'" ,'..-.4y ..... 'M'

,toe."", If' oDd F:6 of 'hn< ....., .n&lt> .'" porpmd""..,. ,...., ",I><, .no, 10
.... ED
.Iso ..... porpmd".lar: """''''' If' ."" B ."""" I .nd .
_iV<\)'. 'h,""'" ,toe Am< .o&lt ,n ,I>< Am< d'ra.1 .... l _ ..... ,n ,II<
tIa."l '0 lhr ",toe, .rm. IO.nd F:D _
... ,I>< ptrp<n<l;c.... ,;,y.
m."
From the 1985 Bulgarian Spring

Competition (Grade II)
K"'"
.11.,_ _, '9117. l.lIIt
"
'-1; (~) - (~). (~). (~).. (~)
_'ha'
Solution
a"uly
s. is ,he ... m of ....,~ 'Ill'" to"""",,1 <>O<ffi<ItO( 00 ,he

(I
....
J)". (~) + (~)J' (~)"" . (~)- ..
F", J _ I, ....... ,he ... m of Q//'h<><e<><fI>:ieo". nd ,he probI<m

hd of ,he '''o-,h'l' of lhem .... _'( .,,..,
It is <I..........,.,
"boot. '""'"
_to
I(.'j . . . . . ." + .,....
1(1) ....
0'.. . +-
+.,+..,+.,+
"IIcr.IO",
FIlOM . ._
TO .,""
0, "OJ + 0, ...... i [/(1) -/(-1)).
Bu'''" "'" -..- h<r6' 'olri>o<l. or in ,..,...., "m"~,_.- 0 ><rieL

H _.... m'p>' ~tlu" ,11<'- I .0<1-1. ~""'h
.-,,"l<d
for 'n lh< 1>1_ ''1& p""",,-.r< none 01"" 'lion U,. ,...,
fOOl> 01" ","'y.
11 ,"'.. onycho_ ,'" ,hie< ",,,, ....... 01" ..... y. I...... ncI";'. ",h<.. '" _ ....,'.
'0 '''-''"J'' rin' It _ _ "nhhl. un "'0 or ,I><>< """
""~,
..n,~ ...., In.n.co. mnl'h<..-.oI"'h<eq..."'" It' _ 1 0....

know U,,,
.. '.1
S,u'<I&. eq.. ll<> I..... oncl
...,
, .......
""_0.
'. ,n '"m.,.ol<\l
(J,t~ I) (J,t~ 2)
(1 )". (~) (:) (J,t~ I) +(J,t~ 2) '+ ....
(I ....;.)" - (~) + .+(:) +(J,t~ 1) '..(J,t~ 2) ..
(I
I)".
(~)
( : ) -1
O!II<f';<I& ltul'
_....,..
'h<~"of
1+
............ 1
"'
'.
(:). ( ..:. ,)""
].
oncl
....
(JI::' 2)' in ,h<

'+
01","'"
'.,+
'.0.
,........'+...., ......'+.... 0_
H...,. 'h< ...... 2" + (1 + ...)" ... (I
+ ...')" is .. mply
)$
S. j [2" +(1 +...1" ... (I +...')" [,
_'f<.
,,';nl
S.."" I ~ ... + ...' 0. ... ha... I
S.
. . 0 .. ""'0
In
.~
I .. .,' .. -", ,mpl)'l"ll
-.,'
j 12" .. I-II
.. jI2
I-II..
.jI2
2].
(- I)..... "!
2]
_.
co
,........ haY<
l(2" - 2) S S. S ja"" 2)
"
S-,-:5 (')""(
'i
1+ 2')""
"
('i')""( 1- 2')""'"
Iu'n._,..."
NO'>'. fOfO < (xl < I.... ha..,

haw 10... _-,,"".' Tho:mo."" _ 00.
'h< dnir<d 10m
2.
s.:'"
I, ..... fOf~ > I.....100

,.. hmS:'''/2. 1.I'"nl
Tho: . _ .._ , rOf ,,,...,,;nl

"
d .. ""iy '0 ,ht
,,1
.... ormult'l'io<>, f ..... d<l..1l prOofor'h<
'., ,...,l. I'''''' below ...
G<o>u III. Vol 9, DoI<ia", s.nn. "'".... '9$5. """ 1'0.
"'a,_,"'"
De Gell('ral Fonnula
{('I-/o .. /,_. +{,.. .'.
bo ~n, .. Of ,nfin," ""01, Than '100 oum or ""f)' ",h """' boIiM'OI""h /,x' ,
jS __ 1. "I"'" by
An Unused International
Olympiad Problem from Britain
iC...., M.,_It_. 1981.
n,JOl"'"", ~ ...... -.... RO)~I 0.0''''
s.:_ al E,h",,""'" Sow.... C""""h.......
Pro>< 'ha' ,II< "",,,,,,,, '" h", >n>>o"", _,;'" ;n.........
pm' "l"""'.
nn..-,
Solution
iii"", _
........... ;ntq<" .11."",.. ,n ,,,. >l """'" '" ,n'<c<". on .ny .. "". al
~'" >ot>O<<, . . _ , , ' " 'n..,.... ,....., """, 11<" It... 'WOnt" ,,,"'..........
~ 'h... S,mH"ly.ny 'o<h """I mu" l","'" .. It... .,.., m"'''",, al
11<..... n<! po<IObIy ,.....,. h II. ,II<.. m.... b< ...."ty
m"'''"" alh'.......
rt>;nly"", mo<. 'h>n ....
,ny pnm<
'han'
Now. nt'1' _,,'"
N"
pr'm< """""_''''''
"",I""" '"
on,_.
"n..",
.-:!'",.,')'.
Si"", only.,.., al'lI< h.. ;n'..." ,n ,II< """I" di""blo ~ '.' 'f... "I.....
_lei "' , or 'ho q....,"'" fooprod,... "".... 'ho l'''''' 1_
'. ""',,' '"
po",n'
do<om_ ,,,,,,or, II< ,n'<1<" _ h"h , "
', S".. l."ly
foo .ny ""
V'.... 'Nn 1. So"", moro ''''n "'" ,n..,., ,n 'h< """I
Ittlnton...
n '. tho prod""'.;" .ny ,...." od",,1 m<mb<' or 'ho ""n.. 'ho
.. ponon",.n<!, or:
l <lin Ix ..,
_ .. "n C
nllr. ,f'lI<
prod"", '" ,t>< h'" 'n"
on ,t>< .. n" ,. I><
or 'ho
in....... mu" h>",. pr'm< do<ompo,""'"
'n
,n ,,,.
,hoo.
po"'' ' "'i"""
n.rlj"'1'".
.l!-,H
il1~;1
,,;y
;It
2,-g.-.l!_; .. i. Ii!
~Bi5
a2,!'
Si
"i'
~.
Z'll
P3~
I'~ ~i[i ~~3:'
l' i ~ i: ~ p.l
:if;_~-~~~- .. ~.l,~'i!Ba~rl.l
",,,
".
~l'~
::~~~':di.
~-
l:}~ i};~H
!.l i ill:! ~ {~~e
;,j.a
~~ i-!~.i>"'i""112,."
--_,!'-.~- ~~'"
~i.-;~::;i~
~ ~.ifi '&'"
~.:; i'~
I 1 .,~ !5:~'ll
--;.2, .'-.t. lf~,=2,:~
"I:
i
Ii:
, .......... i
!.diu~~q
ifJi
~.11i~'
~_'5~
l!l"'~
~:'lI.~
,'.,;.
Jl2,;
'!!f~
'"
Faq
Ii"
-n
i'[
~5
;'~~j"lf
i"~1
.r
~::':'
"i
~il'",
! I"'-1
i'll, 'ol
;r
;;
"i
'1
..
'!l.1
.
,~
;rill
~~
!l.
1-'!!"
d~
::~ .:. ~
:..
:"B:
B-f
'1
't
'll[
'ol
't
d ...,
u~
.
23 -
iI'll
sii
'1
't
h.~~
"I<'~'"
~~.-
,af'
r "" ~If
i;.~r
=
-
d2:f
f~
5~
~1
i
J.~
."
If
,i
~
i ;
A Rumanian Olympiad
Proposal
511"""", A. " . nd C'r< ,h... d i _ "",n" Oft ,ho: .."" >id< "fa plane .
Tho:
A'. "' nd C .rt _
.,bo"."ly
nd ,he
01'
AA'. "If' . ..... CC .rt 1-. U, .nd II. S is ,he "'",_ of
UJII.
A.A'. tr. C "'1 ,n r, ,he "",n' S """""' ,,,,o"hnll,. Who,,, ,ho: 10<\0>01' S
.. A'. If' C usu"".11 _bit J-poon, """~""Oft..n o? (t, " .......... bIt rot
pu' Of .11 ,h... 01' A', "'.C ,,, <OotlC>dt.)
poon"
,n
"""""n"
' ' '0$1<
"
rtom
_11_.. '
Ru........ is ,...... lr)' Danotl hd<:>< (I) . . .n

bItm ,he
Eu",peon "",""n.
f<h wo. ",,,.bIt ro<
'ocomp<l"""" ,n ,he
...,, 1%00. Tht follow>n, ooIu,..,.,. wh"h ho: g<><. would hk,ly to: th<
'pp'_h
bo ,.k", lr)' a"ulh <tuden', ... V<f}' ,""', .nd
Th. probIttn,
~ ....".,..,.,
of 'ho: k;",j 01'
,IIa, _
bo.unf"'.,'"......'
,hei,
_"y .....
",'em
".
Solulloro
A.'.
.Ri"
If. panicl<ol".",' maul, lOop<n<Ie:l., - " or

C. A', r,C'. ,II< relul';nl
'j'U<1Ilw<Nl<ll>< "l""'
, 10 ....... 01"1
Ol<&<h of L./01._ N nil
'lI<",for< olso '0. ,;"p
of 6 uni" .. S.
H
'. ""1I,ttol"", San.1so be dtl<tmilled ... _
.... y. Tho
,!Irt<
' A. '.and C o"'<qu,"",", 100 m..,ofl
G.
of l>A 6<:: oi
rly.
A'. If. ond C' .f< O'I"",I<n' 10. rna.. of 1 "
G'..... n'tood or 6A'" C. Su'" tilt"",,. ., G and C' ... "l"*I. ,II<
of
..... S of tI....hoi<
is limply Ih< midpoint or G<J'
"n"'"
,lie""'.....,
,""_"oi<l
= ....
.,..,=
N_., ,8'. om C' room .rouod . ,II< "';." ,I,.,C............

,mpoo1.ntly G. l'CmI,n iU<d. AI><>. it is _ d,!f;<ul' ,,, COlI""'" """",If".., ..
,,'. 1/'. C' 'It)'. G' .. k.. "",..n 1""""" in (I<l""ny C' can to:
~", nd
A'. B'. C' ."'Iy uk... '" .."1, Th... ,he 10< of S _ ..... of ,he m""",,""or ai,
.._ " GG' .. G' .arieo ""'" 0. H"""" ''"' 1ocu> is ,II< """l" of.1I< pLo...
..... til< d,.... ""n GlI). wllo<h is simp/)' ,... p ..... -.'
is p'..1ld
.how. .
,ha,
holf_y beI_n. and G.
,...., T_.od ........... ,0:aI E6o<.o_ .. 0 ...'
(I)"""" _ . TIM
........ A _
"'_""',
191.0.
-..70.
From the 1984 Bulgarian

Olympiad
(0...,
"'0'_ _, 19C1, lUJ
~.
~'1)"'._J'
r", ,n ".O<p"" '.I<pol 101."0 (>.1. ,j.

SoIut;on
Tho: r _ . , t><,lha.' ..,",""' .. d.. ,. '010. 1'0("""'1 of Dalllo~ T ...
Sin ,'" "n _ .. "'JIC< ,10,. J. ,'" ",I.. or:","" ...a, "a.. l. TIl ",10
_ d,'" "l"'''''''' d,...,"" by l nd '" hoyt, mod.lo 1 'hi'

~'
1' ..... (-IJ')' .. , .. O.
itrIf>Iy;., ,m"" '" 0<1<1. 1I<n<e .,.a.' '" "''''- and <On_nol'''' .....,,""
modulo S. '" hi ..
S<1'
roO'". "" _ " d J .....w'<l....
u. 1.
.. ,'~ ",no<! (I.<.l. I). I "'"', ,. ho'" I' lmod SI. ,"'. , m"" b<
2 (m<Id .~ ,hi, ,~ ,
M< d ,'" ......
,lIt p<OV<Oon
",us, ...
"m"'" ,.
p.6. 10.1. It.
f", : l. ,lIt ",."oon is

S< 1' 9.
'"
.- ........ ro.,...
'"
S"1'. S,
.,., "'" ob<.;n II><

,he only ,oMx.n.
oolu,,,,,, (~., .) (I,O.ll- H _... "'" ""'" .... ,"'" is
For 1.1,. 1. ... ho",
S,,_,"_6.(J'_1)(J' .. 1). ,.1I<f< t>1.
"&h'
!lOll II>< radon Oft ,I><

ddf<r by only', 'he)' <an', boOh II<~, .. ~bk by S. or
boIh ,,;....bl< by 1. M _ . ; Iboth S.., 1_.. 'o<bri<lt ,"" _
faclO< t!ItfI
'h< orher r _ WOIIIol to.velO do l<> ~ _Sin.hi< orhrt [o<'or...,.1ol 110",
lie ,II< smaI", _ . tI... _
lwl
'0
'0
T _1_
I,
aM k. I . "",'ra<li<ljon.
tI.,...
Hen S' m.... .,;_ """of.... ("""""oneil'''.. OIbet.ln fact. ~_

b< .. yo<ll<o-fadon _ , _ . it,.
that S' ;,oqual,o_of"->
<atl~
.nd " .....1'0 'h< Qlbe<. Tlu

pOW 0(1 by """,),.
Bu,
,,.. ,"",
<an ....I
pOW 0(
Iuo_
l "oller r"",,-...
on<! ..
,lu, ........
'ho:r< is no orb ooIu'.,.,.

EI<i". <qual '0 "'" or.he fKlon. we ........ any eo..,
S~r_22:J'_1_7
<: 1
'ha'
(r<callt> I).
N_.<Y<t)' _orl. beyond ,b<fust....... ;" ,...... IIi.. lJ.A

......bIt """'" 01"7. ,.... _lei """10 Mol ;n"lht, l'9.. 21. 8u< ,I>< pOW> 011
an ..". in ri,h<, 07. 49.
or 01.
implyi"l~
'J.
Two Erdos Problems
....mt<l ""'I '' ,h>.. >nfi"";nl_h,"S'h>.' ~ """""" '" P.ul E<doOo .. n

h",;m~'na probIcmo.J<
oIl<ft d<ctpl,,~I. olp."ll .u"'... In .ny
hey.J< 'M)" ,n'<I""S and
rml ......d. _ , n '"0>' "rik,nl P'0fI<'1;". H"",,,. plobI<rn or hn 'N'
'1'!'<OJ<d ,n 19SO ,n ,he
(P,obI<rn.)XI. _
".il ....... hy "'u"" ,n mym,"ll. E
'9l}.
A_.. . _if.. . . ,..
Problem I
Pro.. ,1>0, ""'" I.fin,,,, >lor""" $ of di<u""
"""to.. Int<I<">nta,m ,tI"'"
'N,.
,ha'.
(.).n ;nfifU" ,ubseG"""" .ueh

r", "''Y """ or "nn~ n,,,"
............. do,*, ,he o<he" '"
<h).n ,n~", I< .ubseG ll<ft .ueh
In ...., """ of t<""'- ......I.... )'S
d'''',he o<he,.
Solution
Th" ....","'" " due Il. S. lA:hm>." (St.nfOfd U..........)
.,,-.1
1.<1 S be "'"
In,. ,_.. bl<" A ."ll a 0l"1'"" Ina ,n'. A .lI .he ,..,..,
..hdldo"""fi_ yo<he, ..nn ofS. If A;'.n .nfin".....
ft(! lhe ' .....1",;0" rol"""'.
SUf'S"l'<. ,hen. 'N' A;' fin,t<. In'''" <... ,he <mnpl<m<n'>l"
II m",
be ,",,,, (FIIUf< 9l1. Now. ,""" ,,;n m;Ih' b< ""'" u"wonl! n"",h""
<I<J'l<tI"S up lhe Ot' II l<I'. J<...,.. ,"I.' .ullo C .n ,he ""'" of II ~ ...."
tI>l""",,)hoIcI
."hoe<
'"
".
fO<lM . . <>OS TO ....
_or< .
di,* y ....,b<r of A (brio. d;";1Of1,. Ib<y fail '" q.. ~r~ rOf A " ...... and
.,.,n In 61. 8e<o ... A .. ~n't<. ' ........ .,.,.,. f\n;" nwnl;><, of
~bkd,"'''''''ot,''~
"",k,nl C.
poooibly<mply. Th..
lbt """pl<m<o"l)' ,ubt<, D _ B _ C. ","" tit iofitli .
Ho""..,. rid of
"'....... of,t, "",,*' On ifI
' Hn D. No< t><;,.,. in
A. ~ m"ndivlde
' on< .."',
,or S. Such 'mn lea"no< bdona '0,1
for. ifIlh1' ca... iii d,,,..,. l _
11Io.., ""'. PO' ''''0 Co "'" l<ft In D. Also. if,
...... 10 1><1001 '" C. 'loon, _ bt. dim of""'"
be<, of" nd ,...., ,',
own d,mo.lwouldobob< .eli."""of, ....
linC. no< D. n ..m
mcmbcf l of D mus' d ' _ ......' on< CIh<, rn<ml><r, of 0
Th. . ."
10M" "'bI<q.."", T can be",...,ruaI in on otMou
, 10 11>.. ",Op<rty
(b) ......,11 .hal. ,. t><f}' p.." of """'. ON
J'S &
,"" ..."',.
fin,,, .._.
'''''1
,.ploci
!lq;1IfM", ""h ony
SO"",,"'
and
.,1/1,
m<m"'"., of D,
,,..If.
, E D b< on, ","hlp!< of a,.
*,
, E 01><0.' mul<.pi< ofh ond 10"" in<l<1i"".ly. Btu... 11<,

ha..
k,II<,. Wi'h k,Ilo ..... <>l>uh, k,Il.
<t<.,
_'"& '" tho
lNo,., 4_.....,. ...",'110'

T ,., ".........Iomen'
d<o,Iy ...._
,hi< _"y for ""'>' membcf t. ofT.
.ny P"" of
_oion
rol.."...~;n
""'" 1*".,>. ,I>< ""icf term .1.... )'1 di.-.6
H<no:<;"
,1Io1a"" ont.
Problem!
(n".;. problem PIIIII
.od IOIrtd ~ Pa.1 EnIO<. H"
C... M.,_.",.._. ,"', 19J. p>poood

"". _ m y of s.:..nc..)
i.'.....
I. 0, <., < Qs < ' ,. be a. ,nful,,,, .... ""_ofpOOi'i..

,n .. hi<h
Ill< lOP> beI_ tMO<vti..
1<"
10'.. {p.,IIap> _
'<nn,
"""0Y_PP> mlJl>' I<'

), 0;;;
,boy <lo ou"",,.U _
COMl~. <em",._
,_"ely
110< btf"" J',ti.... boger. bu, ....." ..Oy

,,,,,h a
""_ I..), de",,.,,;,..
of
i
"
polO""
b,<bl<b,< ",
110..-,.
'"
..
of ,.tim.. Itnlth. ,.; 'M"" prop<n~tllot no I\ni.. ...- oil!>< b"...... oddo .., '0
~
Solulioll
w, _k" IlU<""" IM.n of..,,,,,", Ii
bKqurnoe> ha~
HI..... tll<.,......... "'loa! to ttl"'. fo< ~,. ,
..... will<lo(l'''''''''' _.. ,...1
", Ii<
'lIa' i' ....
yflO'O... in"
~"
n, , " " , " . . - u t i..
I....... ["".... 10 lh<" ... 1oIs .,. obl< PPO from whoch ,. po::k b, k WIll.
"'" <>00<1 ..
_hod of
of n ,ha."......... ,I><
<oihcol &6111_ prop<ny.
Suwo><b, <: b, " ., , <: b, ha......... 'bn """"'ful)'cl<ttmI!.i..
aD theo, "''''''" .... ''''''' in bel....,... the '"', ~ k lemI> ho.. """,,,,m
".....,.1
"""od'n,'1l< ...."'_
S.h, ... b, ... +b"

...........'t<rhowbo.S.",aI"b<._pp_, _ .. " ..... bigcrtIwlS .. I:
ro._ .
...,- ... >s ... 1.
cMol
.... ,>(.. +I)+S> ...
We >boll .... th<n. Ilia' til< "nnl oU',.- .. r.ly tit .._
bo.,
O<arly 'hi, Pol" bo .. '1><1f .... _n
.. <:
no ""'"..
I h , <:
.,",nl
I.
, oncl do:
1>,.," S. (eo" 1) .. S <: ..".
*. or (h,.I>,.. , ,b.} .."" bt
And
wha'
";U """ "..,h ... , ""'"
add<ol 'obo ... "" """
... <h.o.,+S< ...,.

d.., ...
.. < bo,,""" 1>, ...... b, < ....

Tb"" ..l<tICIinl n.. b', '0 10", In .h.. way ,no.'" ,"", til< """ of .11 ,Il< _ .
tu<h m..' In
h." In _
'" II<
I....
......... ,II< 0,. u <\ni.....
..10<" or b"o,
From the 1985 Bulgarian

Olympiad
P,."'. _, P, bo:
.fty ........
pol.",. opo. "" I"", ,. ,"" ...". pl.o.....od
.._ <I,., _h or ,"" (;J 21 I<J>'I'l<1l" P,p, ... - ",,10.. ml '" till><.
,..."... ''''',. "" ma,.., tIow ,"" ,010<> moy t>< d",ribulal. "." _~,om.""
'tioO&l ",,'1 t>< fonn<d ."". 110... "" ...... . . -
Solullon
n.,,,. roId<n _"",,'y ,,, >I>owo/I'. btillo, ._10 ,"", "",plo)->

....,,1."&1<>... ,"'" ''''"l'<>'''''ho" ,,,"of <",10 <dO<
(1r.~y'h< .om........
""""' l'<> , _,.,....,.. ""'"s'< "....,..., 'h< n.... bo:' ' y "''''',
'nonck .. 1. S,,"" "" roo, or 'h< .....
,n ,"" ...". pIlo
00 ,...,
,tioftd". "",
nd
.umb' or"",,'-I"
O&l"
~mply_"",r,,,,, ",,,'.umb' .... """"' d- au' " ,,"'" do"",",
uppe' boo..., 00 til< .umb<, of m"t< only p<Ubk
A, <oct> po;nl 1'.. ,..... Of<'"

,I>< 0010<> COn 'Ph' 'h<m art
WOy>
16,9) (i.... 6 ... """ >lot and non< or ,I>< Olh<'~ (1.1). (4J~ ond (J)),
Sin "",I> n,d _ , "",k... "'''e<loo&l< ..;,~ ..ch t>I..

m,><d on"" .t <O<lI "",nl ;, rill'"
60 .. 0, H . '. ]_1, or
_.lIIe
""",!><tal
)).9.
,her, ....... ,1.0" 9",;<! .........nd '" ,he _ I """"....

nn",'" """'bt' o f _
In.OIln __ bt _ .han 1I.
AI no P" ,........
cao""'n<otd 1' .. 63 r", 'h< en".. oon/iso.. ,;"n.
m..
HoYm'<', ,he I':"<" po;n" d<tnnu..

n '.... n&l<> ,hOld'.". ond il
(01..,.... I..... 'hOI '" _ , 1_ of ,...... m... b< _h,,,,,,,,,i< (For ttl<
It.... l proof II"" ,I>< ..... b<r of mono<hroma'l< ,,;,,npn d<l<muno:d b,..
p"'n" ... t 1<>..
'ht.. tht Ill""" bn.::Ul. ,ndin.... in..... I"'f~" ... tl>< .... y Cb'onlI.IIC
Graph>,b,. H.. old [loo" ...nd 0.. Finkbt,,,.,.. In /11 .-,.",1_. Vol.
0, DoIi:Io.. ..,.........'''''' E.posi';"'.. MAA, '979, pop:s J__ ~
C"",""",. ,1><0. a.,

on...., of lbe """..od"""",," ''''~, Two of
'hom ""I> d,tre.. n'..,.",.,
1d "'" ....... """"'"" oi6< ."j. "",,16 Ill.. ''''P17
,he dcsO r<d coadUfion. S _ , ,""mOJ<, that ,n {ow of Ill< 'nanJ!es .r< til<
...... _ , soy rod .....p'n. if t_ of lII<t< r.oI Ie """'. C<I<OmOII _ , ....
coad";"n " _ " '
1
<><t> poi. of, _ trionJindo
In _ . tn 'his
,he..... ""Iy ,.... "'I" ,hey <OIIlry .U h,."
(OJ ,hey ... ,he
f-.
blade<, 01
f.f',f. f,.
n1""
In .ny <Wn,..........1... tha' ,h<t< .. m

be ,.... lTlOOH><II,..... ,i< ,..... po
-"""he.. In tht
"h"h h... no """ In oomtnOII.
In ~lru" 9~1). we ... ion.....
If P,P, I' ........ to,. ,n fo", ol""
'riaf\&lo<. .ny .... """ ol'" P,P,P, _
<QnIpIo1 n .'~ml ,ria 111< ..;,",,.,,
ol,he
odl:" Po. ..:l 'ho' OIhetwi.. ",P,P,P, i"<lr_ be .1I-bI In
_ti,,,,,,,,,,
,."ty tI,.,.
,...... ,........ """""h'.....' .. ""'111< "loch don _

In """moo ";,h OP, p,p.
."hef
ho
odJ<
. _ TH'.''''M;u: ,.~oo.'M'''''
'"
-,
-,
---)-~-~-,
..---;-1\ "
"
"'.===="" .,
"".1<
If ,I>< foo, red ""nl'" .1< ,I>< fo< ofa '<1,.01>1,.,., P,P,P,P.
......., roI~ If any''''' of ,I>< foo, II'" f""" P, '0 ,I><
'nto> of '1M: I<"ahl,on ...... "'" red. an odd".o...' ,n.,,", If;"",10 ~,,,,101
",,"" .. ~"h lIl>oulh 11>." "&' com""", ..... ~,' h '''''' f...., of, I>< "",hI"",.
_101 "'" oAo'" com""",
"h ,I>< <H 1><,
od ,I>< drwred ,,-..'''''''''
_101 101\0-. "Th<,. ... " '''''' fm ,I>< <d,<f.., P, .od P,
,f, he ~ """"
, " ' . <In< red I., '0 ,I>< .. ".hI ,on I""" ny of
P.nd p,. ,I>< ,_,""""
9~;;)) ......,...'
al.,..
,,.0.
P,.
.<HI_.
follo~.
~' ....ny. '1>< " ' _
n."" " "'" """" ,"' .--
red alp' '0 ,I><

In 'h" "'
10." nn<
P.
of ,1>< .. ".hI,,,,, m.........,.. No< I., f,om .n'h
of P,. p. nd P, 111",from FiIUf< 9~"" " ",10" 'h..
P,P,P, ~ "
_~""""'" red
'....n... <H, _ , " " " ' , , , blo<
P. nd ,"" "I"""n' "
<ompl<t.
'<I.. hI"", Itom .ny of P,. Po..nd
p"
<I'''''
""fllllo",""""'.,
".,'<>
From a Chinese Contest
II Fa" E"-<Oft', 001", 0....- .. _".."" ,_I /;eldo., 'f. 0 _ '

o;ert.Oln', 'ho' 'ho: p<obl<m """l' "'lficull. U....M .....ly. Etdos d noI .I.'}"I
."",nd '0 help)'O\l " , p<oblml'ho' y"" """l""'" '0 Jd Oft)'O\l...... n_Ofto<.
ptob....'..'",,"". _ .. '"'" "......... IhtH "
U1'''' I<M,~ how dlll'i<,," " ;,. 1
I"'" , _ '.. k>l or".'h ,n 'll<oId .. ,.;nl-II'
, if_ <on do".nd "'I,r
J<>U "'n'."
I _kl ",,,,,lIy "" .nd oKf.. q"'1< wh'l< "" 'll< followinl ....-,
_. r m'n"'
0om< ,.ho:l'I<'o'<' I'''''''111' or", I""lqonn'"IIO_
,u,""""""
" ,."'" "finoll,

00'>< 01>,_ Now "", ,,Il .....
I <on', ''"'I'''' why",~ on Ion.. Sood1;, """"loin', bo nlll' ,. ",q".
dilfit,,1t p<ol>l<m nd 'll< 001",..., """ -... ,. bo ........ 1>1, no'.,,1 .nd
..,,0&1<'1....... 1. Th<"._ >mel fttJ<ll. _ , " ' , wll ho:loI In CIIono ,n
,ho: ..,1, 1900'.. I boh.", " wo. ,n'. .wk<I 10< - . . """I '"
..udi:n'.
if I
101
_.,1<hooI
The P,oblmI
p,,,,,, thol 1,r.; .. "foi7TI.I.ro;;:+iI.[~I.I~1
".,..,,'" 'n'..... o. w.... [-I""""''' Ill< ,...,.., Intq:<t S %.
ro<
.11
Solulion
~ a';;;:-; <: J...... I) <: ,flo" II' <: ... I.
'"
ill
10 < 210(0 .. 1)
2';""10+ I). {';;; ..
< 1.0 .. 1.
.r.+1l' _ (210+ I).
Thrnf_(MIJi'"
2n < \,;;; ..
..r. .. II' - (20 +1)
<:
2J> .. 2
ond, - . :z" .. I 'hfOOl&ho"~'" .....

..... 1'" (,;;; .. ,/Ii .. I)' <: ..... J
.,!(..... I)<,fii .. ..r.+T<V"'-+).

NM.
.........." .. oq
(8)
I "e;I!I<,. pf<cl "'luu<~><Ifor~ Mol><l-... ......

:
os. lor 10m< pooiti..
k .........
t"'"
'n"'....
.t':!i ..... 1 <

~
...... .....
(i ..
...
"...of
I)'.
~.'I'
-I-II--II-C--tl-,-------f,
_Id'1 ... ~.o y.lon. ' 'n'
.-lu"lllk .. I)' ... ..,a
'0
(10
f"""k' ,.,...,d (i .. 1)'. ....-_

1.,f,ndoodW<.son'ltqin'h<K,
imonl.. 'r1y.n.. _ _ .,;uenoo.. ,

2.at>ol ,b<.l ...... 1. Ill" .......,
..... r<adl<d ,II< G<>ti..,,,,,, of (i .. I)' y t><o_ no pf"" 1<1- <On be
<Oft&"Il'1I' Ie 1 or J modolo" Tho' II '0 lOy, oil ,11<0< ","..... mllSl h< b<l-.-
*'
.no! (i .. II':
k' S ...... 1 <: ...... 1 <: ...... )
<: (i ..
II'.
f,OIII ..h;m _III..
S"""'" <"Ii;i'TI <:"I.i;i'TI < ... 1.

SO_';;; .. ,.r;i'TI,... bel......, "r.;;:+i.... .r.;;+](!Il'IBl). 'hmlll/our
of .....""'
_
in
,.,11< .
""...........-.~.~at>oll,f,i.. ,fii .. I ).
'll, ... 1) b<I-., nd ... 1..... finI: ,..., '10<)' oil
..... ml<V>l P"fl. nomd1*'
'h<
A Japanese Temple
Geometry Problem
Wi,~
'h<mo'.:ol <I'M"'" ~"h ,he W.., <u'oIfby 1>"...'. _'"""" polq,

J.".
,he""',o d.n"! ,t>< J'''' I'''' 01' ,I>< Edo p<n<>d ll6OO-1161)
~~ """"y
A. " hoppcn<d, p>pI< fJOlll on _Ih 01' hf f,orn
m.roi,
,y
on .,n'heI", ~1)'.tId mad<
y
"""" rl. bIe d'IICO
, h " .. , """"'" 0( ,.... ,'.... '0 ,<ll<tib< ""'''
on
. . . - Ubl<lnd ho,,! ' m i. th< 1">""" of
111 ...........
U
tid 01' n,lbq..k nd <!oml """"" tnd ..... y
01' ,
,
,.. II
mn "'" in fi<n 0"'- ,
N<
"""". 0 "'I"
.........., hoI m
,m:! .nd . . . le<l"", 01' 10m< no 01' ,
_Iou>
l"obI<m' ~ ..... m ..,
,n E.poh , book
by Ihd""" F .1<01'1'"
(Yol<",.k. It'&!' Soohoo!. T"h,-';'y. A"'~,). ,lot "ori<l', 1<0<1.., .",,-,, ""
,..... ..n..k.-. ,.. <ollabor.""" ""h ,I>< ',"''''''' U.S- """"'.. o.n 1'10<
IM'n",.poI", M,.........'. Th< follo~,., probI<rn .. ,.
bo' ,he
1><.. ' f ' by
C"'.
ft"", ,lot
""""'"VO""._
f.,..., '0 ..
.f""
'hri'
j'<''',
,..,., ""''' ;,
,,,,,,pi<>
1".,......
ooI.'''''''''.. . n
_'nbu'""'0
tI,." _.
1I.,1w""",,-.... _
P IIII
(C
1>1.,_,"-.
I~l. ,~)
pol.' "". 'hol L of . , , _ ""I<
C ...... " ..... A .tId 6.", dro",n on

owooi" -.01' Lon .. '" , _ " L., X .nd b<
'oC iFi,.", 96). Pu>..
",ho:"",. X ""lh' be ,,,,,,," "" L ,ho: "'.." ......... 01' A .tId 6.",
'ho',
'ho: .. m<.
'ho'
''"I'"'
''''''l''
II.
ad,,,,oI' A
".,01'
-".""",'.n'" .ad,....
.."
[; yOlhe,poI.'
~,,;;;ii"
....,"'of
II b
0
....
'"
"
ncllO ..
Solutions
Ou, fin' ....uI... is, 0011. ., I'i< of""""
vi",...).
H< t.<a;.. b)' 4<&"""" P XQ
brO.. So*;_~y(Wd"'m>bo'J.
.,.rpt<>oloNla,," L at X
(F~ .. 97). SO"",
L".
""""""" I
' to of and 8. ,he perpcndicwlon n: .<1<1 XQ &fa 4oam<1CfJ, ......
orMand N
tbcP'"'o"ol'IIIlKI. t. P/IIX ... ,;~llllflll<. H<f>C<."~
",P.Dd /lJX d<I""""....... d........ <r"$ on C.
Now. ""'_,... U and V or " ..J C ... 1ft lone w,,~
poi<>' 0(00""",
M ..... "
,n.nJl<s /!lUX an<l MVS ... _ _. SO_ til<)' .......
i._,",
OIGUU"
,,,.;,
,.
.nllt .. AI . <he boo< anll<> at K .nd S.r< .1", <'loa" and II>< 10_
<M'Ul>M _
PIiO'rod IIS.re po.. ll<I. Th.. liS" ptl'pIII",.Io, ,. L

In ,II< >1m<
<10 .. Nil on<l NO'1>o deI<fm
".. d>a "" ofC
.. ""'~" p<rp<ro<lO<\lI.. ,. L. Ind 1<1 Nil and NQ .110 ".",m"", II and S.
"","",
...
~.
Now It, JIM and 51' to< .._
<"'u,'"
TlIS. t th.. ""'"',

,.",. $M ... <ltatl1'''
,. """' ..
'ha'
P<>O'" T.
"" L. I.
10m<
<Om"""'"
,tu"...
d",,"lI._
T
"P. ItN
k'"1 Ii ,to.
Ioon,.... and 'bcI"", TX
d<I<nn'nn'h< thl,.j .U,,"'" 1'0 /IS) Bu' L" ,II< p<rp<ndo<wIio, In RS'h,""h
1I,.nd 'hc1<f0f< T do<> , _ ...
Of>
L-
11.1'(.> ... ';". .....,..1<0 JlS,nl> TRS(F'IU..9C). nd ~"'''''''O
"",n of i'" ',;,,!\&I<>
(TXI', TWill
Qbon.....11.. I'X OM QX ...
.nd lTliQ. TWSl

diI",,~ of of
OM ll.... ha ..
,<',,-----1.,-1
ws"
of''''
do'-_''''
R'"
~mpl. ,I>< ,.".
PO'" '''I'' ...11,,11 L
d.."""'. of C
~""h" 1'<,,,."'10<.10' ,. ". OM 'l<ompl<1<1y -""",",,"' oft...
of X
on L Th< ronol_ f<>llo....
polO'' ' '
In "'" ...ood 10M _. by Sam 8a<' II&< 1Soft "'"''''''''. T.... ~ ,II< pn>t>km
i........,.. ,(by map< .,.....,., bel.,.. ... l'" ptOfICf!y ... ,,1. It"", ~I 1It Io<k
'"m, (.... ,II< n,'n kq.
,.
,he""',....
.8."'"
1.<1
of A
C \I< J K...<~..
or.,..,.... JI( (F_ \19). Th<a.;r" _, 'hal
17;_.+4,
10_11_.,
KZ_&_<I.
,Old KO_II_b.
""". applyon, ,II< P)ot~ . . ,hoortm '0 tn..po J()Z.r>d KOZ

.....,iaIIy ..,.~ ,10< pn>bI<m. n,;, .....
_
,'+(0"1)'.(11_0)',
SoI";nl(I~ ...
,..
"+
(Il-d)'. (II-bl'.
11'-,'-"
1("+11) .
so.....",.. fl) ';'"

" .. 6'_II>d+<I' _ II' -lU+b'.
(I)
,M""""
T....'U ,,!'.OM.....
__
"""""nt.
..._ho ...,. _ ..... '.,n. by I. 0"" F;ol>t, llJ""""'ty of R.II.....
$a<bt<...... U1). bat! on a"''''''. in......,.,. ;, .bo f<po<I<d mc"", M~IJ..
--
Two Problems from the

Second Balkan Olympiad, 1985
ION.'
M,.,_'"....... 1911. 71_11'
Prgbk,m 1
Th< ""'"., al
r_1" ,.",..,.. ;,
p<OI>I<m .. ;,,,.....,"""',
"t<nd:IlI " =<tI' <OIIr..-., ....
"",r"'n<fl, or ,II< ,91S
,'~~,..
poOpI< '"
..... .".,.., ""'" ,h." I 1>",...... nd. ," .". "'\>or! ol) "',"'- -..bOed. ..
l<o>l1.".,.... >1'1""'" 1>"...,..
"..., _
1>"...........pok.. by at
...., 200 of ,II< propk at ,II<
,fI&.
Solulion
,A IIm,1>, ..."',,""
"""<II '" C.... M..._,,,,,,,,,". '9'9'. 2U_1

1"""'- """"pi< _ lI..
ou, ,r 110 Ia"..... "
""'''''''' ,Iv ~'" ohm, '" >m< '" ... nd " ,lie
,lie """'ben ,,,_,..... "",,', "'"'~
"""''''''' 'Iul'
<poIo:<tIby_oh." ,9'9propk 0.. ,II< ..... ol'~" ... "ml"'"". ,1It".1 "'"..,""....,;0
b",_.
of.nd 6, do ...'
"""""""
,lItn ," ,". ,no (of. 6. C I ," .. ~",h '
lit , , C
b_
>1'1""'" .. i,~ .. ,II<. of Of 8 (Of bo<h ~ N_.by .........."'" ,11. ..,. ""'"
,..." 191 ",Iv.. wllo"l'<"k.
b _.. spok.. by of Of B,.nd "'"" of
.nd 8don', know"'" ,..." ,0
,.., brlwn ,t><m. ,lit.. ,."', 1It_
,... " 10, '91 _ '930 propk C '"'110
<hl'bI< '" >I'1p1r1. ," """".bI< '''0
IA. B. C). Ttl" r.lk oIH>n al'lI< '911 _ 1 '983"'1It....... or. .,_ _ '" b<
.1>1< '" fulfill 'hn ,000. nd ... ha. . . <011">(1","",, .,..
,n
bo:""".""'''''
pa'"''''''
..!,.
1< .. <~ '0 fo'ld .11 ,~, ,II< .1........,;.. cox, fo< ,II< odds m'" II<
o"""l1< nl
01 ,II< 19J1 po,,;"ponll .,n II< " !mpo1;c
1oq<,11<
H""".." we..,11 _ '0 <OIISI<Itr ,II< pOIOltob'. II"" 0_" poi,
VI, BJ
l o _ i. """,moo f"" ... "Iy,
'n.,.) c
10< ,bm
<a<II 01 U'I< 00..... 198<0 J><OpI< m'" "",.k "'" 01 d" ~,< 0< fo
lof\&ll&>
opoI. by A, ro<.n ....... 01.' 1<'" J'J7 (<OIl""nl A),
,leo, """" ,...,
1!Ii.".
m,
<T...,.U<mll" .......,""" ....
a;"'" '" 0"" 101.,_. 1'19\, 10J_
o ",lI<tit<ll""""'" oI'ri."p, ABC.not CD .. ,ho mtd..nl<l A 8, [~,II<
""'".... oI,n.... ACD, P",.. , ..., Q[" p<rp<not......, 'n CD if...el only ,r
"'ABC .. >I<lOI'd<>
~.,,~
A8. At:.
"Glint '"
_'Y.
rond 01 [o<1.,n
my~
,,_po ... ny
JK<>bI<m ,..., "p<rs<d ,n E",Iid<.n IMII'" OI~'.yo loy .." ,.. mnn. An..
........'nl ,Il< b<l", pan 01 nrmnon puuh. . 0"'" u... pool>l<m. I finol)'
_
,n .... ,...
. _ h . ''T. n.. .11. p''l'<'"l''''lo, b""' .... "'f'i
.....p/)' '''''XI<nil1Oll
1~
'1y loy _",..-;p>CIIl olop<o. Tm
8<1..
_0
ponl<Ulo"~
''''''1<
10,.. " .....11 """ ...ell
mi""...
p>p<fIyc........... by 'hoper-. .".... Iybc
On fun"'" '''''''&h'," .ppea....J 'N' ,
JK<>bI<m mish' .100 II< .m<fIlIblc 10
ool",,,,,, by """ON,.nd. """'" oolu'"", "'l.oo., II>< <0... COII1p1o,i'~

.. ,II< ...Iyo" ool"'""" ""'" ,.nocd "p. SO"" _on om '0 ....,.b ,II<
......'..1r.,"'<s 01. confi... "IInn .. <lfonleooly, ofI<, ampl~ by O<l<l,.. "",,',
....."",not poIyaon or '''''' I hop< )'OIl ,..;n rnio. bnlh , ...... ool.'.....,
"'
The Analytical Approach
l. .ho: c........ _rd
1b<1I the mo<lpoln, D of
or lh< wno< b< 8(0. 0), q

it (lb.<).
.... 0),.<>01 A( 4b. k).
fJCU.~
111
So_ f:;,1Il< ","'rood or 6"DC, Of: is I median.Ad ,tie....."", ........ ,he
-'1< lid< ,Ie in i.. mod"",".. f()o .. :lb, <).
f:'"
8<a ... each med>ln" 'n""'od til' Ih< """rood. ,lit >O<difto... or
(:I.> .. 10.<).
Lro"& "" ,he
bI>e<Ir of tK',Q to ..N"...., ,. b< " .. poin'
(Jo.~)........ R. IJO;, Ih< circom,od., or t>ABC
p<q><n<l,,",..
"-
-,
the olop<
or CD '" "" _ 2/1'
tho: oIof>t
or OC. ~
,- -'.
.nd CD ..t DE Ort p<'p'"Id;c"II, if ..... onl"f

_-<_ . ~ - , ",-1
6or_2b
U.
.
<[~
-,J -
(6<1_ 2bllo- lb)
,'/1.' _ 9<.' _" _ W _ 1006 .. ..."

<~.c'+W-I_ ..
<b'.
no"", _
N<..... AD _ R II'"
'fO
0""
._1><, .. ~ f", < ~ os follow>.
Ad .. (Joo-Oh)' +(~ -:It)' _Il'.

(Joo_Oh)' + Il' _90" _.. ~ + 4<' _Il'.
oW _:z.0..6+ 16b'_oW +4<' _ .. ~

nd iln&lIy
-W+Oh'+<, ...~
Tho..,_ CD ond or "'" 1'<'I""d;o.l>., if ond
-6<010 +Oh' +c' _ <' +60' -
00l!y ,f
1~+0b'.
w>_6o'.
Oh _ Joo.
II,
",f\' A(Ob. 2<);' ,I>< pcH.' A(lot, 2<) co ,I>< pttp<t><l;<ul>., bis<a", c( SC.
i ._, ;rr AII_ AC.
TIe Vector Solution

A,.;".... 000:1 10 ...... ,....
"'y p1;oIi. ."'"

til_lID':
(i) E triocc" _ . DF '" 6ADC.lPri~

(ii) $00 D ond F ... ,I>< molpoi... c( AII.nd AC,
fK:lIR[
,OJ
(Ui) Sn"'" 0 IOn"" ,he p<rp<n<l".lar b..<C'.... of .. a .... /JC.
R""4Aso-aC-i<'
"".... ,he ......1"",.,"",
Now. " ,,<lear
R00I40/JC-Bt-i" _
.0<1
(Xl
ac _ .... c _ o..... "B _ <.
'N'
.....100 Ulill
P ...."I
R_iC_iD_iC_~i:i.
R""II,nl''"'' -;; --. _1011o1 .... , ..-h<n:' ~ rl>< .n'" b<t-...<n -;; ......
tho do< pto,lt.a of Ol .... R "
Oi:
oc-Gfi+jiC-jQ)
1_ =
(iC-~i:i)
1 _ _ 1= ';"..
8"+ j ,"- ....
-iRA .... -48A
-iii" fi_iO,iC.jiO fi
I
- i<d .... B - 4<'. j.r - ii,"" .... B
- R._ 40/JC + 2 R,_ 4A-8(l

1111.1
- j,..""B_ 4<' + j.r - i ~ +:j <'

Iby rl>< .....1" of (X) t>o.. l
,.
-j",<""B-ii~'
nOM .._
F;""lIy. ftom It>< ..... oI"ooso........ !III........ 00109 . . .
TO .,'"
+~ -~.II:i~
Ol oc."+<'-~-~ ...
,
i(<'-b-'l.
wlu<h II ~",.eq .. IIO lCI'<I. Impl),!"1 tt>< dnid p<rpcnoj.... I.';ly. If on<!
..." if , b. 1'<.. if.n<! ..." ;r
All. AC.
A Property of Pedal Triangles
(P ,016, C.....
",~,_,_.
19S7. 62)
Th< ' .... n,.. DEF .st"'m".... by dfOl'POn, potp<'Odo<lll>n '" 'b< We> of "
,....ncl< ..K;f...... ""'.., "'' ' 'do: ".. <&111 ,b< pNaJ ,na"... 01 ... ..1>".. '0
.. K. I..
,he ....
,Iu.
p<obl<m
w, "....~<d '0
or. ,.....,.. ,.;,h." podol'
1>1.... ". '.PP"& r""" "I> , _ " . ,
If A, y."nd t ... ,he di"

f
_ " ..iy, prove
ro, y~
,ho,.
to
,he....rnce..
".II nd C.
of ""_' p ..-l>.. IIC,
....... 2A + 1... 16+ :>,;nlC + ,0DF 0"K.
.
11G1I.~
10
~.~ .
,-,,_TOOJEY
Thio io ,he dio<:oo<ry or ,he m!/<lliouo CfU'1>< ond

or .. _ ....
"'",,"y Klamk'n (U..",...,. or Alb<no.... i....t~ ond ,he foI
lIeootir...
IlOl._ .. b)' ,he em,,,,,n, G...... _
G<orp: T~ .... r.. (l"heosolon>k;).
Solution
SOn f ond 1'1' ... pctpe<>oll<llla. l<I <io5eo or IlIe 'lions!<. ,,'" q_rila......
.41'1' io qocli< ond. ,n foct. A f io 0 - - . , or ,he """",.,.;.d ","k,n, ..
~nl t ,he """'" ond I...... I~ ,he ".di... (1".'0 '00l')). Hen ......
'0<11"" U ond tE io I. nd ,he on'" ..b"h" TUbnded b)' ,he <IIonl1:f' 0' ,he
""'.... L" _
,he on", i' , . _ . , A on ,he """""r.'O"",. maI. ...
af't .lA.
.n,le" L
SO"'" 6n .. _leo, ,he .1"'..... tT-., booh ,he.....nd "'" boT< FE .,..j _ ha.. IT ,he ..... n!i&"'" ,n Fiau.. 1000i))
4f'tT.A.
ono!
iT.1F.
,~.
., '--------;.,
Fl(;UJ[ 10000kI)
'"
Bu' f""" 6FLT,,,,, '" fT. isinA.
Th.
fT.
, , ..
Fl. i~ nA,
U~siOA.
LT-i"",A, .O<l",
.""'A~2LT.
..... 2A . . . ll .... A.... A)

-l(~si.AJ(~_A)
lEF lLT
'GULT) .
O<l .... '"
.. sin2A. ""FLE.
Simo"'~~,;n Fil."
lOf\i,).
loin211. ""FMD.
n............
.. "n 2A + I oin 111 + :' "01(" .1(6FLl + 6f/olD + 6DNE)
A6<I'"I' " ..... ,he pl.1 ,........ DU......"
"oinlA + l"nlll+:,,,.1(" + ""DEF. '(h", ....,FLEND/oI1
nudpoo."
.O<l " .r< ,he

0( Af'. 1If','O<l C f', n ,
i. 6AII<:'he...... m""h .,.,. ....,..... OI<he...,. FLENDM .. ,
F;noll~, .. e<:< !, M,
_lila,
i_n,
m,'h FL bol<Cl. 6Af'F, .O<l
oim,la~y
f"" the oohe, _no
LE,EN,ND.DM .O<l MF.
~6A/K2IFLENDM).
y '"
"
nOM ,.._
TO .,....
f_;", ,.
"(l>"8(") _I(LENDM).
f,om .. h;ch til< d<.... fomlu"
w. _.
:Io,,.ly.
'ho, if 6.otK". ol>l.......skd.5O'.' .o. 'hm ".IA _
b<
_ "... ",.ki.1 ,... oil" 01 x' "0 2.0 (_ Il>TLE) _ "... obi,
'" ro
HIiod<t'
of l>LE,ob< ... p"... I1'" ,. ,... "'.. 01 01>1
A.
F'P'" ,GS
of l>(U nd. '0 b< JUbt'OC1l
pIol
'rio ..... DEF;" _
ro _ ,... riIll' omouo, 'rion&k> MfD.nd DNE ro
obu,o
(LENDN:
'ho' ,he ....
'0
,he .........
f''''''' ,he
(LENDN _l>MfD+l>DNE+ (l>DEF _ 6L).
Th",
,he _'i
,...,...., .nd
lI>OfI&I .oK.
I...,.. ,he._ "JUII100' '" ,too "'.. 01 01>1....

<00<1_ "'0' ,...... uo""" u..... '0...'...'.... IIoIth ro< o.lI
FI(:URt 1M
Three More Solutions

by George Evagelopoulos
Tb< 'h... probIe<m
.n<! ,h<y r<q"'1<
,n 'hoi >1,0<> .1< somewhl' "ct":.1 .n<! mo<e d,ffic"lt

h'd' tuV>et Ie>d of """""'''''0<>, S"ll ,h<y "" .It)
<OPllna ",ol>km nd Ge<:>rp'. p<o'p<'" "'I.'......mply ......,d 'ho: ",,.
~-
Problem I
S"_
d,,,,,.,,,, 1",1 ,
(1 . ,+-
<,. ..', .1< ony. "",""'" oul ".,II<o<:S I."", -......Iy

__"""018 <>Ie,
of ......." . .
. _,.r:s I _,,' + ~(l,<,r + j Ih,I' . ,. + ~("."r
Sollrlion
It "",""," 1\0
"''P''''' 'hi' pmbItm. hk, ,h; t< oil
H.......... J"" ""'" ,. <0,,>, 'h"'.Jh
u.. .xl.iI'
y b<
ond<r,d,nl
\>1< ,. ,n<!","o<>
y compbnttd
w..... It< Q"",kly '1\0' 'ho: ;""l",I;'y ho'd' rOt ...nil< ."".,b<r ."
_, > 0, ""
to>.. I..n<!
t>>... 0:S;.:S;
I, ,I\o. . . h
_<'I
0(
Si.....
l."
t<nd 10 '0<"",,11<, ,..... 1 +.<J;

{I+~,r$l+~,.
On lb< other lwI<I.sino:u, S IUldO S. S 1. 'b<nx,'""",ld ,>d'nt>< pea,

,hail ". and ... 11>... a1t.... 1o<t
'ha'
(l .. o,r,.;I+-'I:51 .. o,',
..,;,()'ift& ,he
iii.... i...... ""~Iy.
1<_ s o _ ,ho
;n"q.w;,~ - .
(I "xl" .. , ..
and
'IIa'
for _
poo;,i.. ink& ~
I. i,c.,
,.r s 1 "Zl' +~ (b,)" +, .. +~(b;.r.
(Xl"I"" ,) ..
on _0fIh01< ... aU .. I "urn""'"
If ... could $how 'h>.' ,lot ,j;""......
(1+0, .. ...... ,)"-(1 ..., .. --+ JSt~ll(t+I)
,r.
(A)
111m 'h< clair! conel_ _ follow b)' ;c.d0<ti00l. r", th<n
,.,r S(I "XI" .. , .. x.r .. ~ .. I ((i .. l) ,r
(1 .. X,,, ......
SIH, .. !laIr. - +~(h.)+ t ~11(~ .. I).,.,r.
t.,..
To ....._
(A). Goo'll' IIIJid<n 1M loti ......... tqin> b)' mn<t>i...
<qUlI to ,Ilt ...,..,.. ....., ;.......
,lot "p<flOion
' ' 'Of
(I .. X
Sionc< 0:5':5 I.
(1+ H
1'[(I+ l"x,+---+o, )""1.

Xi.,
,M.
.,~~' , .. ",)" 1<,,,1",, ........11tt tIl.on (1" I H, ~., _...,) '. and
-~(I
"x, .. ... x,.,r - (I .. xI" ... .. x.1"
r-
(1 .x," .. ,.... r[ (l",,, ,,':~'....., I]

$(1. 0
,.---+0,)'[(1+ 1
(1 .. Xl .... -+- ~.)'-' ~..,.
- '''K,
)"'1
<0,
",
1 ... ~,+ ... + ....
~~.. ,+~ ,+.
_+x,., (... 1 .......)
.. (l .. I)x ,.
Ncp""1 "'" """"",,"" ;"..... " - q.... n'''ieo It>ol ttvonr< ,.... inoq\Jolhty ,"
(1 .. x,
.. ---.. J.r-' s I(l .. Il-o>"r-'.
'lCl m.. l>plli.... b,
II"
(I .. x," ,
x.r-'....,s (l .. Ilx,.oj'.,.,
.+ll(l+I~."r.
~; ..lIy. ,_. 1m
(1+ + --+
",,01.. (8).0<1
(0. ....
lII..,
,r-(I+., ... ".. x,j

(by (BI)
(bjI (Q),
.. do,od .
.......... ,
No' ... '"m '" ,he final rouncl of.he 19lIS Bulpri.n olyrnpood (19U. IXlJ,
l.<l '" b< lh< ""Ole>< ",u_ " ' , 01 ,II< _ ".. '0......... noll<! S. _
the ,om
s. .. ~," ",' .... -+~ .. L ....

b
.., '
"'
Solution
,he _ .... _ divno<.,. of On ""<Fo" .m.,',lrn 011<,;, II." ......
eli.-by 1 .. _ . , -"1>10:
Clea~y
2" .....
'ha'
..hm: 2" ;, ,he iV<"l<>I _

0( 2
&vocI<o '" . &....... 11 (~n 68
Z'.ll). and "'" _ $(69 _ 2" 69) C _...dy ~ _ 1/:1"', and S. .. ~mpl,
I
So 2' .. 1'> .. 2"> ....... 2"
&0<"'"
_ . 10" oJ 'n
'h< ..""
power of 1 in H.,,, "",k.up;
r.,. ...mpl<. th<
_ _ oI'2,h.o,d,,*,_hof Il, 2l, and '2 ,,1' ...
Would be.bI< '0"""1..,, ,he ...... fo. So. then. ,r _101 ""......,.... _
_ r or '" l<nn' .........""Ilo 1/7". _lIWIy
,10 1/2',"",,10 "'".
.... ... ha.. -.d. ,he t<rrn I/l' <>un for _II "'''lOt 0 in It>< .. n"
11.1._ ...bl for .. ho<h
,he ,"""... 1'0,,01"1 'hal <lind<> n. H.!'Pt,....
COn """"' , _
._'r<.. .
E-.ry
:r ;,
""I<" a, follows.
1'," in'.... "d,mibl< by 2'. and ,I>< """,he, of rn.k;plos '" l'
,han Ofoq..l .. b" 11>/:'1. lh< "''1'" "'" or b/2". Si... we at<
'."'-001,... 'b<",,,,.,.fIXwh,,,, l' .. ,he""" .., _,0(1 ,11.. _
"'''it<' ,,,,
,,,,,", ... do "'" ....'" '" ,ncI..... ,n "'" >U", ony

by 2''', !lu' ....-y _
m"lIiplr 00' "' (.n ..... """,ber)
.71'. i
do.... bi<
2,.1' .
...tma;, m.'''pI< of 2'''. sm:. ,he nombe. of .".. ,ot! Multiple> of 2""
.. II>< "OF \l.l... _.b};' 1/>/:1"'1. ,II< n.......... ofb.... l' ""'....... ,...
......... _01"2 .. - - ' ,
.nd ,II< ..",. ..... ill
,p..n bl'
6n, wrn "h;ch 1ft"....... ""11' u<wh 6. lI<y<><I<l ,.h"h .n III< freq",,_
(b/2'I- Cl
THO[.................. . -
cr.oo.c. [~.<:U.Of'<)Cl.OS
EApandi ... and ....l'hf1i ... a f<w l<nn,

.",,"""~ fOflllulo for So,
.ft
1-tJ
th., '"'" .....1, ful
ond .... hart

S._6_
E~[~I
"
Now. b)' 'h<o3<fin""",orl.I."
,,<1<., t~, 1'1 ... h... "'" .><o!; ... , ,,.<If.
<an"'" bo a' .....11 .... _ I
.-1<101,.;'
Iknc<. for .Ill 2: 1
nd.
,."''''ina.,..'.11 k 2: I..... &<I
.~
.~.
."
'[']
5' ";j'
j-I<EF
htul"p11inl 'h'.,.,p b)' _I ........ ,..............Ii"......... nl
raoMUoOSlOX'EV
-~S-L~[~I<'-~,
."
.nd- oddi., b lJl""'Ih_, ,;cI<I.
jbSS.<I+jb,
fiNny, then, d,vidi...
""~,
... Ifl
1 S. 2 ,
jS-;<j+b'
-~,
Fi...ny, ..... """""". p>bI<m rrom U..
[''186.
,~
All-Un"," Ru.... ~ oIympoad
llSl
,-.
,
I,
IlGlJU , ...
SuppN< x,. X",
.,~.
'ha' is.
on:!<,
, ,
,x.at< 'ou'o<""'" polio.. 'n........ ""~ in<>td<t

"";lhbo<>of <><~ .', ;,.. rnut"P'< of x,
10,...,,.......0"'"
,,,.'1,
.........,
..
......... _ ~
").
!" .. _ ! a b O l _ ..
__
_ok
..
ss. .. :lIII<:t
.... "
"" J, J,..
.'l.... .... ,.".".,.<,."
----<---<--+
"'J
COfll&>n,.. boIh f'K_ =.! 0""
;; tow.!" 0' _
..:!:..,....... , ,r..:oU ' , .'OJ.
to< _uv<
.......t><n
u"" ...
~
Slna
quo<kl)o MV<
~-t(~+~),.
~.
.....
.. .... ." k.
_In .. ,........ ,Io<_+-...... F~.' ~

at
_._"",..._
... _ _ ,..".,
101_ .. J:
J __
~onodl"'-
.............
.... ., ....... <, ....

, ,---<---'--.
"
".~or_
..
-....... _ ......_ .......-._
. ,-_ ,..,..,... ----..., ...
"_LoooI .. ~ ...
~._,
$,.: .. ,.'.''').1.''''
__ ..""Iw!>oAn'." and
....lInl _
b< _
- - . . . ,
Nn,"".... bog:oI_ ..
.... and ... "'"" ... "'",,11)' _ _ boIio... "..
<)
'_"_'O"~
I"
,,,y
.,>.<,><,.
ca><....
<,>~,.~,.
0" ,I".yo <0\101 "" ,I.< lWO ....,"""

'" ~ X>
at>ol
2.., _
,<,.~,
'ha'
,f!1jIll'l"l
~'.~'>""
'"
> ~,.
> ., .',.
."+"
,0---<
., ,
SO"",t, ;,;...".",... ,,,'..... i' m"" 1>< II""., _ '. '" "h><h"1< " rol"""',ha'
." _.,. '" So.l"''''''',,,,,,,,, r.,. ." io ,I>< ,,"'.....,., r.,. s,..... ha...
S, _.,
"'+" .<,,~,
.l, ,_l +---<--"
b,
00<_'_
_
~,
~,
l.T._
+_
.T,
<_'
>,
_I. (I +~:). (2.~'+1)

..\
Ile<a... l, ."" l, .'" '""r'- 'bm ""'1< ,I>< r""''''''. i" If".~
<>1'
.... ~_ 1"""'1< , ...rty """".... ,....,. II<. '" fon. polO'''' io'<It<' 8u' ,
(~:)
e.:')
'h.l' ,.....'"''''
,,+.,mpll'OI
"'Ull ",I.<d,. (20... 11.,.
(, .... 01, '" IOY<_. 'bm. ,...., "'Ta""'" <>I S....
product
Thill ,I><
''',m ;,
1>1.'
h.l...
5,S
.'_8<))_.100,
..10l f.,. " _ I.
r.,. ...... _-I2:I.nd II,,,

\......,., ...... ) "." , _ " " '" ol. ''''<c<''
H 'u,"",u' 'h.l' II... bo
Iyo... Iso""'b io 'hI.........1m. If,II'1><
(b) Now .._
'ha'
5 ,<)(0-1)
"..........1. ... ,m"",l;,,,.ly
...
So _ 1>1 < lo
nd 00'" wwoo< 'hO! ,I><", , .. " ...., 'wo &"-"",, ..., .... ''''''''1'1>< .'.,
r""" "" ."
",,,,mum .., ,
I....."""'I'''''.
AI""
;0''11'' >. ol
Of >Uf><. boI" ,I><
_&!Ibo<>ol
""'om .'. ""&!I"1Io tit ,,,
mum ..I", Ho
.
.._ ,
.,
'wodolf ,,' ..
J(, lOU" ""
,
'""
1 _&!Ibo<. Let _
""h ...."mom
;o,,~. non
,n ... bo..:
"I'"
' ' 'm,"'....
b ..... +~.> ..... +~" .. ~. """
" <2.
>,
...k'"1 k l.nd K K , +K,.
_inllY. ,... ,nl<JC+

.,.~.+"l
"
t,
....., ""K,.,." . ~,
x,
.,x, _,i.. '"l<J<f'
..,
"
k , ....., . K ...."
~
..
~,
..,
, A, I ' , + Xl
x. ,
...k,nl , . ~ _h.. in....'_ Swn"".......... "'.. k, I
.nd k ,
' , ",.nd,." pool"" 'n.......

.,
..-"""loSt, n , I.,..,. ., ,lobi., bl' , ,lid ""","uM

.,,'... x._ Tb< q""bon 'n'"
"', ,'" ind",'ion hn"" <On ... 'ppIinl
to ,t.;, 01_ .... ,ho,
w
,II ,
,"od r,o""" k',.ki._ ..k:.,
,n"I"". So ,ho ..I",. 01 *j.k; _.k;., ... "","'nl'd ('~"
....; k,.ki k,
k;. ".,l. ''''I'~''''dtpend>'''' .', ,n<! .;. ' Bu'
..._to..
,.
"
....,+., (.'''',nl<l''')'
~,
ond
,.
,.~.. x., . x,
.... ,
"
"
"
fICl!lE " .
(.'J.
.....,., . ._
So., *,.*,..l._,.'
Ra:al~nl
'hi'. fot ,he
f"~
... (.,.~l,
'"
J(~_I),
.... ~.l. _
hi..
*, .I ...nd
*._,.1 . " So .l, .l,. .. +l. , . l

(1")+*,+",
(I . .)+*
I.(..l,+---.l. ,+~+l+l {.-Ul I}
.1So_,+I.1
.t.,_,.
So.,+)
"'J(~_I).J
_lo.
..<\t$i...t
TO .J....
The Power Mean Inequality
s..- ."", _
10k. '0 PfO"< """
"I< val... of "'" f,,,,,;,,,,
(.+lb+xJ'
0'+16'+);1
...._ J"."'" ,tun 61.,. an. _by< ..,,1 numb<n a.b.an,h oq"";'y;r
and Otlly ;1 " ~ _ ,_ TIl< _ , 1001 fo< , .... " an moq... h'y aollod ,I><
.......Ii>ed "'",.,,, ..... n ,noq ... h'y. II a..... J, f, < . ,tu,
+ ....;)'" < (.. ,a j + - i + ... + ....;)"'

..,+,,+. '+P.
P,+P>+' '+P.
,,1><<< ,o.. P' ond .', 0 .<t.""'Y .... ai.. ...1 numbo,.. W>'h I.amy ,f and
only ,r aH
. I"",
..,.; +1'>"; +
"I< .',
In 'h< ..", a,
~~
""0<1. ,hen. 10< ,_ '.' "
I. ,<><Iy ,I>< riJhl '001 '"
mol... dOlII<\dI ~''''_. Un""'....""'. i' i. noI cb"",,...j ,. "".1 pi*"'>
I IIop< III< fOllOw'!IS 1m..... proof "';lh' b< cf 10m< ........
in~. Allhoul'> ,II< .,,~ nII&h'
be &<tun, "'" of 1>0001
""""........ ,h<y .... 'lwoyO .... ty .......... 00<100'1
II
""" '_Of<
'I'I'U' '"
,......-..1,
r..........n....,""..."'"
+-:)'"
,u ", !he r.""",,,
Euoo.;any tb< ,neq.. h'1

/(1) .. (,"
..,.,'
- ,-.p.
)
io .. riel!)' ,nct<llinl ",'10 1. ~ only II, 11l<.".... "'" ,n .aI. (Ot ..,..;{
,he ......11 ...... tol. tb<tIf('l l f", oII, n<lio noti"'
nl-)Th<t<for<,
1<1 .. ......". ,1>0. Iht .',.,. "'" On <qual.oId .., " b< 0.,,<1 tha' tI.. ,
10'1 io
.......... f", an ...1.omber. t.
pOsit"" ..1,,,,,. Tho>, bef "" <an ...
"" ""h ,II< proof, "" "" .. to
1<>< of ,II<
t _ 0,
...
It> .. "
_111>'
_on'''' ..
'.ncI"'" "
sIIolI
it is"", _ I I I. _lho'!(I) ' _ " ' " ,he ....... ~.,;, L .. ,
._
0 r...... _
.. " do .. I
0 hom obo... ol>d 10
!(U)_IDnjlt)u,_O;, ,''' ~ _
,od ... ~ .. tho f"""'....
,_110<
"""l'"
'ho'
"""".""'" .. , .. o. On U..
of ,..... if ... can ,,",..
f(') is
"",,I. ;"""';01
< 0 ..4 .bo 10< , > o. n follow> 'hOI/I') ;, "li<tly
in<........... rywh<...
'Of ,
..,
0.0,11. ;r .... Jl') _l. ,11m II') _ (Il>eo.'iqofl). To d.rmft

10.. JIll. 'hea. I '" <1<.1 ...'h Mn 1\oI/('ll. ~ " .. " ... _.. "" by
, anti "",11;01 lho
f<I"".la.
'"
","'
"
'
'
.
j
[
~ IIot!j'II"~!:
l~ho<h ~
/'
.,i.. """"-,.
.-0
1'.
Now, whelht. ,."",_""0 r.....bo><:
Of
(""
.. OJ
--+,..t,Iot"1
[p''''I01~'+
+P"-:;.
below.....
how.; _
1.ocI ,II..
lO- ,t!< ,,"'"
L."IoI Q , Po
T.kinl.ntil~
,.Ios.. - -"-[oM
. ,
I
'~l"'.
n",. d<Ii..
..""'" .... m"h' - . . . , .. JO" ''''....-"" _on 01 ,"' ... 01 ,. "... bon '"
"11,,,11 _II ..
Wi, II I (0) .. ,"'l>Iy d<linood. W< <lin pr-.d ..,.,...11. I.....bI"" ,... donoml
>11<1"""" ~ ""'''.1
,he dcri" .. Fl')" pooO'M rOf I " 0 In<! , ,. O.
"'P'" "'" oppK>&<lo ,1><
'hmuat> .1It Iop,,,hm 01 f(".
Q<n"" ".....
,ho,
01''''''
S;oe< ,he p ncI.,.".U pW,i", n.... b<n.f( II;,'Iio """"..

of t. H,,,,,, 1M <1<..... " ... 0 of 1oI!II).
D ..
!4' 1OI/(1)! .1'(')

<h
.",..yo "". II>< _
.....
moll,p1y,", ,h,,,,,,'" I>}'

F(.). d<fIn<ol by
r.",,_
{II)'
both ... 0 TIu,;,."", .1.,,,1 1nomb<r

10 l<t .. ~ 11'<
Itt {'(" . . . . . . .
_"110""
.
F(,) .. ,.O ..
r.""
.f'('l
r fl')
"'''''h ""I< Dond

_,i.,
......,,,"'"
" po'U,w ",I.. of FI') can """ur ""'...... 0 n _ ".. , In

I'(I) ""... ,he ..... ,;,.,_ Til.... if....
Fl') ..
would follo,.-'t>o' D. and ,1><..,,,,, ,II< _,1/'1').
N."
loll,,, "'''' TIl< '<0"'"
/'I'lffl'l.
'.n ""'",...,
'0<
'0< .11 '" I...
IfI....." . . FI ,)"
"1''''''''''0< ,,",,
,!'Yo", ".....,'" "",r~ ~"h ,h.n
f ..... 1'1')
1'(1) _
"0_".""':(<)1, .., """"
.. ,
r'! [!IoI"~i
".
. . . . . . .: ]
,,,,.p,,, ~
:10&... -101 "oj + ..,...:
".j+"
....,...
F(,)_, 1:
1'
t :101' .. _ ... 4;".;.

,..
'.do
' 1'(,);'
.. 0.-0.;,_
to< od>i<YI _1 bl' "",n "_""I ""I>< ~.."",_ ............n.... II
~fcI',
Rotan Iha' lll .........,
"'If.
t ......
..... '11&1. fc<, "0. F'(Illw tll<

l" .. ,
ompl}',,*lhat F(r) d.
40:<...... "1
and
~"S 1-.;0.> rot
II'"
fil.r<). Th"" f(.) "". . . .nimum"'17 ., , _ O. 000:1 In ''''' ..",
1'"(0) is
_ ".... Fl'} _lol be lth<IIy poM;'" lot on I .. O. Bu'
1'(0) ..
_ " " ' . rOO" ... '1"1 ' _ II 1ft tb< . _ ............. l"""'<di>.1</y II'"
,_to< """to',,,,
pOol"""
'!Io'
_,ly
1'(0).0_ .... 1_0,
11 ......'"., lh<n. OIl" l(I <>1co.oI>1< ,be ~ .. ti", 01' f( 'I"" ........ ".&1 is bas ,""
10m< iiI" os I I", , .. 0,
""
ftCUR[ '..
(1:,...;)(1:,...:101'...)- (1:,...: 101 )(1:'''': 101"')

(1:,...;)1
+(1) 1:, ;101 .. _ f'. 1:....;......
F'('I . ,
r,..; ,.
t :
, .11:,.;)(I:,...;101' )- II:,...;101"')'
II: , ;j'
,no:I .. we .....11_,;, fol_ rrom ,II<
,II< nu....."" ;"<nU,.I, _"..lOti.... Recoil
,II<
Th<~..'", 11<... d ... ,,~ """"

C.udI~
c."'~,
,ha,
,ha,
,n<q,,'i'y
'I,y ><><ern. _on
....,...
(.,..... ,,,"'> .nd <.. , .., .... ,'.),
...k,"l ,II< d.;... ,~'"
1_' _I. IoII<lcos'.

:s 1011<1
..""". "ht. "'l""ml
..11<..
_.nd ""'. illtlir><d "' np'
,,, H.",
(_,_, + .... + +
j':s (01, + of, .. . +-:)(ol .. ol .... .. ..;).
wilh l""~" ,r.nd only of cos,. I.
i.... ;hnd ""'y ,r ,he ... nd _, "'< poopo,,;onal f". .11 ,.
N_,r
.. .;;:;: .nd ... J,...;"'*' ....

we 1Ia.... r.. ,II< num<"''';'' ,he .. _
r.. "('I
<I:,...;}(1:....:101' .. ) - (I:....; 1oI")'~ o.
.. ,,~ l"~'y lfond """ if ... nd ., ." poopon....1fa< .11 i.
H~
"'l",,'i', _un ,fond on!)' of
-,
."!.!!. . ~.
-,.,
U'Io' ;" .... in.
,IIa, <.... 101
if .nd ""Iy ,f
101',
.., . 101..
" .,_
.......
Wb<n ,lie a'. af< _
oll .......... ;" 'ho: <U< .. ,.."

F'(,) _ ,. (a pooi1i", r
,!1m
).
aO<l_ have 'ho: ~ ..1 _",'"itn 'ha' F'(.) .0<1 ,ha.. obt....., ..... rot,
'" 0,
In <1o>IinJ, ""'" rho' 'ho: w<l~k"''''n ari'lIrntb< ....nJCOft"1"" .......

.....n '
b'y .. ,;",p1, 0 _ , <U< "'d'd
SO..,.
_I <0< I.'.....
".,......r.,.......'.
/(-1) </(0) </(1)......... 'ho:
/(1)-
P'~'
a" ... not .n ......I.
+"..,P+... +,....
Ill< .ri,,,",,," ....... A or Ill< .., or Po .W'Ob<n in which .. OC<\In,. 'imes:
........ _ ha", .......,., ...... /(Ol is 'ho: ~ ....... G .",ho:st " ..... t><n.
~~.
/(_1)_
"." ....,..
P.
~,'"
",110 harmo,,,....... H or , _ .umbrn, H......

HSGSA,
,,;,h ... uaJ;'y of ..... only if all 'ho:
Rd_~
I .. ,
l. G .....,.
_
_n
~'.
D. $.. Aoo(o." .... " h
Of< ........
~.V"""I1..."",,"
1961,"'77.
G. - . _-'~"AooIy..,.Sono
....V""" 1m
I ....
Subject Index
,,
,
8la<k .no! ...1>;" ball> ;" an .m . ,

A <ub< lDd he<t<rl>oal ,
A ''Ill. 1911 moltO.
On 0 paru'OOts of aD
Dectl<npooin,a
, .. ,
.
I~'""n", _ _ tionoof
,
of t'IIO' if> an ,."
.
A......
Som< J or n<fT
oU planA< poon" r""" " .. n&!<
"
""
""
"
""n
"'''II<'.
"..,1><,
,.bart
In'
with dOlI"ll. 2. l ,))
On. """.. n Ilk-"',.bao<.
s:
On'" on...... 11'_

A" ...-0&< <>....- pm!1u,""on' .
(]porun&
r
, ,
Bonof)' ""'I"""'" ollmJlh 1 ...
A,ithmob<
proJf'<Uion' '" On , , ",'0, _
On '"",,'" .._ " ,n 0 ttl"n poItll<4""',

An in"F.1 ""l
kpnn'", 1. 9. I. 2.. ,
A C<Jloted I 01
1 .. ,
A lOOX<>1<>ri", or ,1>0 int
,
.
On tN
II_ poo.t Q,
trian&u"t<d pol"*",,
Seq"""", rrom ,1>0 .Iphob<r l. b, oJ ...
"'.ml><""'
",",P, con'.,",n,.
in.
""
""
'"
'"
'"'"
,.
.
'"
W
00 2->Iori.... of> <i,d........ ,

A ..boe< 01' l 1.1
.lOOO) "'" con'oini.. IIolh ~ ond ll. .
00. O<f't&i" """"
01' ' " - .

00 ornaitl i""'ional cliou<Ic<s .nd 'rio
01'
Tri$<,,,. _
01'1:0........1 00<11'1<""....
M_"""",.. ,o.n"" "" l' P""''' in _ . . . . . . . . . . .
001''''''111 Ianl
,
,. .
,.'iona!
.. 171
. , .. 111
. 119
191
, .. Wl
, .. III
. .. 219
l. .......... "'_TIotory.P,IINy.C._
"'1>-<1<_ (""""",
00 on
""hIll) ;>, 1" .
On.n ...... uflSi&n<d dolWlC<_1
~ """1 ol """"""i.. i _ o<ldilll '" 1" ...
On.bubbl<_.
An ....>w.1d col<ola'''''' .,
The only m,n,mum _01... ol ar.. in in'....1 """ So
111< 1<0$< uppa' bound ol. a ......" lOG"",,",
_bo"l' ol Sw"IKl"'.... 1o ("""'oJ <Ort.in .ri,h...,.. _ .
111< "'I
n. 'l-). f('lnll,
.
An ,olini" 11
lb.) ""h (b b.f' ","".n'. . . . ,
,
.
00 -am
ol 4..;0..' ,nt"'*'.
odd to 1m.. ,
,
.
On E>._"o,.".o, _ *1
, .
00
de<im&l' ",,,on.1 '" ;n-01>C>na1!
A l'"'fI<'1l'ol .... )1.I. I).~)
... ,
.
A ""-"'" prO<l,." ol .".., .
,
.
A
)...) ,n wh..h
ill' 2'10 ,
OIl
ol 1'
'
00 ( '" ol " + b.T" + I. .
,
.
00 '110 lOG
(InJ}1I .,
00 '110.-. ol ',_ h+ I _0
A Ii'od ol Py,hqomon <ripl<
..
,
00,11< _ ' mol...........
,
.
An .I~ "'o'''pI< _
,..obl<m
.
. . ,
An ,n<q.. ~'Y 'n....'nJ
, ...
.
q.., ......._
by
,00II" "".
A...., ol '110 prO<l,.". ol af'l&in ""....p<y .. boe<. of ..........
A ""","I kind of po'od"""'
.
OIlIlonn.ndilinp
"
.
.
,
,
00 ""no "I..... ,n .rin"'..
On ,II< prO<l,." ol S
,n,,,*,,,.
..
'ho'
a,"'" ,,,I'm,,.
2'
"
"
,,,,,no ,.
Iopri,_,
, , ,...
to"" ... ,,_ '!>ri.
'ic:,.........,... ..
_.....,i..
"""
""
""
,"
"n
,""
,"
'"'
'"
119
IH
10)
lSI
IS')
''""
'"
191
101
'"
SoIvo"II' 1' + Y '" _ ... p"",
A. En)<;< rroblcm on
.,meq
A" E _ problem on """'1"'""'"
,nIi."
.....
,n"~
.....
. __
. , III
., lie
or '""ae"
or""", "'" """.

h!~ I
R
.
Ifl ..
.,
,
On 'ho: ;.,.... PO'"

A oomplko'ed ,
On ,ho:
A
_,,~
or 'n'
Th< _ , ..... " ,
'"
, 2<1
.,,,,,nd t"d.
.~
h',.
On """'.......1 "",.," "l""'"1 ,n ,..."....
,10". """'........, ",,1<0..

On 2 ,nonsln wo,~ common t'''''''''''''''''' ...
On <)'<ht .nd 'n ,,,,,,,,pI,1Il< _", or. qu>d"I.I'....1 ,
On ......" .. ""not ,ho: ,nri,,1< or. ,ri."..... ,
" _ " 1 or 'WO ,"'
111 ".ae.' .,,<in.
"1""1"""
of
0.._
"
""."II<"S'., 'n'"J!< """'''00''''".. ,
On ,he
~11
of. "
,n",.It'"& citdoo
_10 or,,, -... ,
2<'1
"
""
"
,.
... III
A P'W<'11 of ""..,. 'WO

On ......
'n' " in
, ... 'l1
A pometrieol ....,I"pl< , _ . . . -
. . . . . .1
".1.
On ,....," ''''"1.,10,"", or. ,... np ..
On "'""'0<1' ' cnu", ,""I ,". ""..
On ,......... "&h' ."
p<d>1 ,non&l<>, .. ,
On he JOf' of .." " ,,, ,he ,""".. or.
On q".,jnl>t l .tMl " .." ... or 1...1 'mo
"p"-,', of. ,
. ... leI
. . le1
""n&Ie
, "" .
ho,",,,&.n .n'" 01)0'.
On ,ho: lox of> "">t" ",.,O'(od "'

" Iopo
'...... ",_m on
On ,he pe!Jl<not"ul.nly of ..",," ....,..,.." ;n
,,,.olio". ".....
_"y of".,sol "
'no"'"
'"
,.'"
,.
'"
... m
. .. :!09
. llJ
--
"
. ......,-*
',. ....
,,",,,
~,
--,.. _......'--_0
, ~IIIII
,-,
--
'.~,

Honsberger - From Erdos To Kiev, Problems of Olympiad Caliber (270p) (Dolciani 1996)

Hochgeladen von

Dokumentinformationen

Originaltitel

Copyright

Verfügbare Formate

Dieses Dokument teilen

Dokument teilen oder einbetten

Freigabeoptionen

Stufen Sie dieses Dokument als nützlich ein?

Sind diese Inhalte unangemessen?

Copyright:

Verfügbare Formate

Honsberger - From Erdos To Kiev, Problems of Olympiad Caliber (270p) (Dolciani 1996)

Hochgeladen von

Copyright:

Verfügbare Formate

From Erdos to Kiev

Probkms of Olympiad Caliber

--."lICE ..... --~ ."U<A. U <:H .. ':mN~ W AYOIJI

From Erdos to Kiev

"""""'" M.J Do#",""",.,

"'-.., .. " " - ' " ,."",."" H"",,d E...

...,_. _ "" ,_.t:oJ..- , _ ..,."" _

".., ".. a..o<l,_'o.....""......

.... ..,.". "'"

' ... """"'_ ."h

""<laO r.. ".."

' . .IrunO>I. T'

" ""'-,"'n t-..",-..... ..-G.-",_ _ ......,.V"'.. I(I

'-"'" H_ _ MJ(),I".- U - . .. " " _ ,. (''*'',_<1 ...._ " I'

'''' '-- .~."'" ~

boot. is dtda1ed to 1M Uk""', d

S<Y<" SoI",;o... b)' Grorre E.. a<\<>POIIIOS

(,om ,I>< '911 USA ~'"poad

A G<o>m<tn< Om> ofo...... DeT..."..

$<>In< Studco' F."""",

r""" II.. ,m In'. ...''''''''' Olympiad

f",,,, ,II< .9\11 AIME Eu"""",,,,,,

An U....... B"'p".n P r _ "" ,I>< M<4..' T",.p.nd ,I><

Sol.,,,,,,, b)' Jolin M",..y r""" Ih< ''182 l.<fMnp H,1IJo

r""" JolI,"" w.It"

f""" ,he ''187 Ila'~ OIl""piad

...... I_bl. '0,01""1 Lc>J>."'hmo

On ,,-,,,Its R'JIo,-AnP:4 hdol Tn._&!<>

An Enpp,,& !'Top<ny C""",",,"I <I.. Ir><ir<lc of. T...np

II "'opmy ofTrianp. H..-,"lIo. A.'" nf)O"

F""" ,'''' '9$oIlkIlp"'n OIympoad

A l.p" .... T .,.. G>m<I')' " ' _

l/,l'fj!,liiil d;j!J '1 I.

.~~ d.; i;-P i; ifi!j rt~~ P ll!

r, ,lit' !Ho! ,1<> !H\IO-'

,bo' ;, .....rpmod 01' ," kM,d or>d pea' <m:I"

.-It..,.. All""'", ....nf 01' my ooI,,'' ' ' y p>a<d

alone <Oft'In'N)oI lmes. _

'" ,II<"...,.. oftt>< <>PO<O'_ """""",,t. ~1IC< 1 ho~

"'' ' 'i...

on<! ~1 R_ fOf ''''''

p<a<I""" 'n.. 'naI ...... ,n

...Iu""", """ f."""""," he '''''"

0.0'1' .. ",II ""to......'

, oro" toM< <100"1

' ... My .tId " ......n'I, ,he EdilO<'n-O><f a{

byC C"""". C...to.1 M,,_m Sr... Uno"""y.tId by

J'*'" "'_.y. 001....

T.... 119lI). I'll

In , .., . "'" lG.....n. of..,.....' ,he..... 71 ,.h,1< ballo.tId U" bbrk

n.:m_...ho....., ' ' <OI<,,,...,h.....''''' boll>"", - . d f..-lh< ....

SlV"," SO",'TIONS .V """OCO 0'ACf1.OPOUl.05

2. The Cube and the

(FfOIIl ,t>< '-too<ow OI""poa<I. 191) 11990. l~

n" p>bI<rn >D<tin>. l(I x l(Id,.<kboal.,.j. ",Ix ..t - I........ ,t><

,h<rt ' " .. ,II

hI'" ""h 'h< ~

<:l "'j'<, numb<r of 29 <6&iUl.

""mix" I. 2.), S. 6, .,,,nFd

,ho, ,he numlx"onowo>i"fO<n

.p',,? 1>I"....-."_'IIa'.,,__ ,he"'be ..o<I,on.oq..... ,...

01 tb< ...,.. SolO- 99 ,"....,..-t

,he !inl k-. roll< in

. d.; i;-P i; ifi!j rt P ll!