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ENERGY Introduction to Environmental Engineering

SOURCES OF PRIMARY ENERGY: I. NON- RENEWABLE ENERGY RESOURCES (Energy Capital) - resources that are not replaced by natural processes or whose rate of replacement is so slow as to be ineffective and the amount of these materials is finite. - refer primarily to fossil fuels or to radioactive minerals. Ex. Crude oil (petroleum, natural gas, coal, synthetic oil and nuclear energy. II. RENEWABLE ENERGY RESOURCES (Energy Income) - resources that are replaced in a reasonable length of time or that are usually readily or can be regenerated by natural processes. Ex. Hydroelectric energy, tidal forces, geothermal, biomass, and solar. WORLD CONSUMPTION OF COMMERCIALLY PROVIDED ENERGY: Commodity Percentage Quantity (EJ) Crude Oil 38.5 144.4 Coal 26.8 100.5 Natural Gas 21.7 81.5 Hydroelectric Power 6.7 25.1 Nuclear Power 6.3 23.6 FOSSIL FUEL RESERVES: Reserves Oil Natural Gas Coal

Length of Time Consumption 22 47 232

Expected Year of Depletion 2030 2055 2240

I. NON- RENEWABLE ENERGY RESOURCES: CRUDE OIL (PETROLEUM) naturally occurring oil that consists chiefly of hydrocarbons with some other elements such as sulfur, oxygen and nitrogen. Crude Oil Reserves: Country Saudi Arabia Iraq Iran Kuwait UAE Philippines Reserves (in billion barrels) 261.7 115 99.1 98.9 62.8 0.2

ENERGY Introduction to Environmental Engineering

NATURAL GAS a naturally occurring mixture of gaseous hydrocarbons that is found in porous sedimentary rocks in the earths crust. It consists chiefly of methane, ethane, propane and butane. Natural Gas Reserves: Country Russia Iran Qatar Saudi Arabia UAE Philippines Reserves (in trillion ft 3 ) 1,700 939 757.7 228.2 204.1 3.7

COAL a brown or black carbon deposit derived from the accumulation and alteration of ancient vegetation. Types of Coal Coal Lignite Subbituminous Bituminous Superbituminous Anthracite Coal Reserves: Country USA Russia China Australia India Color Brown Black Black Black Black Moisture 70% 43% 5% 2% Fixed Carbon Heating Value (BTU) 7000 9000 13500 16000 13000

70% 80% 83% 90%

Anthracite and Bituminous 111,338 49,088 62,200 47,300 72,733

Lignite and Subbituminous 135,305 107,922 52,300 43,100 2,000

Total 246,643 157,010 114,500 90,400 74,733

Share of Total 25.06% 15.95% 11.63% 9.19% 7.59%

NUCLEAR ENERGY energy released in the splitting or fusion of the nuclei of atoms. ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS OF NON- RENEWABLE SOURCES: Petroleum: 1. Emission of SO2, H2S, CO2, NOx and hydrocarbons. 2. Ground water contamination by leaking tanks. 3. Used oil disposal 4. Interference with fisheries or land use. 5. Refinery effluents. Natural Gas: 1. Emission of SO2, H2S, CO2, NOx and hydrocarbons.

ENERGY Introduction to Environmental Engineering

Coal:

1. Emission of CO2, SO2, small airborne particles, NOx, CO, hydrocarbons and volatile
organic compounds (VOCs). 2. Generation of mercury, arsenic, lead, cadmium and uranium. 3. Generation of chlorine in wastewater. 4. It can cause thermal pollution. GLOBAL WARMING: Since the beginning of the 20th century, the mean surface temperature has increased by about 0.6oC. Over the last 40 years, which is the period with most reliable data, the temperature has increased by 0.3oC. Warming in the 20th century is greater than in any time during the past 400-600 yrs. EFFECTS OF GLOBAL WARMING: Mountain glaciers are receding The Arctic ice pack has lost about 40% of its thickness over the past four decades The global sea level is rising about three times faster over the past 100 years More heat waves and droughts, resulting in more and more conflict for water resources More extreme weather events, producing floods and property destruction Greater potential for heat related illnesses and deaths as well as the wider spread of infectious diseases Nuclear Power: 1. Emission of radon from mine tailings 2. Contamination of the soil and water 3. Emission of radioactive materials both in mine and mineral processing

Effects of Short-Term Exposure to Radiation: Dose (rem) Effect 0 to 25 No detectable clinical effects 25 to 50 Slight, temporary decrease in white blood cell counts 100 to 200 Nausea, marked decrease in white blood cells 300 and above It can cause death within 30 days after exposure

II. RENEWABLE ENERGY: HYDROELECTRIC POWER uses the force of moving water to produce electricity GEOTHERMAL ENERGY taps in the heat under the earths crust to boil water. The hot water is the used to drive electric turbines to produce electricity WIND POWER it is used to drive with turbines to generate electricity BIOMASS energy from plants SOLAR ENERGY energy from the sun that is then converted to electricity using solar cell TIDAL ENERGY the energy from the sea wave is used to drive turbines to generate electricity

ENERGY Introduction to Environmental Engineering

Environmental Benefits and Impacts of Renewable Energy: Energy Source Hydroelectric Energy Geothermal Benefits - produces no air pollution and greenhouse gases Impacts - degradation of forest, farmland, wild habitats and scenic areas - it can cause radical changes in river ecosystems - it requires a large amount of water fro cooling, it might cause thermal pollution of river system - emission of H2S, SO2, CO2, NO2 and volatile organic compounds - generation of sludge (solid waste) containing silica compounds, chlorides, arsenic, mercury, nickel and other toxic heavy metals - reducing air pollution and water pollution - planting energy crops (source of biomass) makes streams cleaner - energy crops improve soil quality - biomass crops can create better wildlife habitat - degradation of lands due to construction of wind turbine - this might cause the death of birds - the manufacture of voltaic cells and components (materials used in some solar system) requires hazardous materials such as arsenic, cadmium and inert silicon - also requiring cooling water - degradation of lands due to construction of turbine

Biomass

- burning of biomass produces a minimal air pollution

Wind

Solar

- it produces no air and water pollution - no cooling water needed - no toxic or hazardous wastes - posses no threat to public safety - no air and water pollution - no toxic or hazardous wastes during the generation of electricity

Tidal

- it produces no air and water pollution - no cooling water needed - no toxic and hazardous wastes - posses no threat to public safety

ENERGY Introduction to Environmental Engineering

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