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IMPORTANT YEARS:
Year 1935 1949 2005 2005 1956 1932 1993 1997 1994 1950 1984 1955 2005 1896 2000 (26 Jan.) 1970 1919 1948 1940 1930 1857 1954 1971 1955 1989 Details RBI established RBI Nationalized RTI ACT Product Patent In India Companies Act Partnership Act End of GATT era National Pharmaceutical Pricing Authority (NPPA) Dolly sheep First clone First Planning Commission Hatch-Waxman Act SBI nationalized IPC constituted First Olympics Human Genome Revealed Indian Patents Act Poison Act Pharmacy Act Drug and Cosmetic Act Dangerous Drug Act Opium Act Drug and Magic Remedies Act Medical Termination of Pregnancy Act First Indian Pharmacoepia First ICH

PH OF VARIOUS REGIONS
Region Gastric fluid stomach Deudenum Jejunum colon saliva skin Lachrimal Fluid Blood sweat PH 0.9-1.5 1-3 4.8-5.2 7.5-8 7-7.5 6-7 6.4 7.4 7.4 4.3-4.7

CONCENTRATIONS OF STANDARD SOLUTIONS 1. HCl 11.5 M 2. H2SO4 -16 M 3. H2SO4-18 M

India is in Zone 3 of stability studies 30 C and 70% RH

First r-DNA Product - Humulin by Eli-lily First Recombinant Vaccine Recombivax First Swine Flu vaccine By Zydis healthcare

MISS WORLDS FROM INDIA: 1. 2. 3. 4. 1966 Rita Faria 1994 Aishwarya Rai 1999 Yukta Mukhi 2000 Priyanka Chopra

Latest: 2010 Jimena Navarrete (Mexico)

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MISS UNIVERSE FROM INDIA: Sushmita sen 1994 Lara Dutta 2000

Latest 2010 - Alexandria Mills USA

CHAIRMANS AND CEO OF PHARMACEUTICAL AND OTHER COMPANIES: Name RBI Apollo DR. Reddys PEPSICO Cipla Infosys Maruti Nicolas Piramal Sun Pharma UNICEF UNESCO Company D. subbarao Neeraj Kanwar Anji Reddy Indra Nui Y.K. Hamied Gopalakrishnan RC Bhargav Ajay Piramal Dilip Sanghvi Ann. Veneman Irina Bokova

I.P Published by Ministry of Health and Family Welfare

1st 1955 2nd 1966 3rd 1985 4th 1996 5th 2007 6th 2010

NIPER It is under Ministry Of Chemical and Fertilizers Maths: Shape Triangle Equilatorial triangle Isosceles triangle Volume of cylinder Volume of cone Volume of sphere Volume of hemisphere Circumference of circle Area of circle Volume of Prism Formula of area/volume Area = *x base x height Area = 3/4 x (side)2 Area = c/a (4a2-c2)1/2 r2h 1/3 r2h 4/3 r3 2/3r3 2 r r2 Area of base x height

Do compound and simple interest in ur own way. Only formula and 1-2 simple examples. Remember only Trigonometric Formulas. IMP: Route Ocular Nasal Buccal Intestine Vaginal Residence time 1-2 min 2-60 min 2-30 min 1-3 hr 30-90 min

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Name Work

Tiselius R. Koch Edward Jenner L. Pasteur Bayer and Cohen Maxam- Gilbert Wilmut Ehlrich Galen Hiipocrates Watson and Crick Stahls Tswett Gilmann and Martyn Benting and Best Martin and synge Sanger (2 Noble prize winner) robin milner Amidon Einstein APJ Abdul Kalam B. Suresh K. Mullis Hanimen
Restriction Enzyme 2 is widely used as DNA cutting Enzyme.

Electrophoresis Germ cell theory/Father of medical microbiology Small Pox Vaccine Rabies Vaccine DNA Technology DNA sequencing Dolly sheep First clone Father of Chemotherapy First pharmacist Father of medicine DNA double helix TLC Chromatography N2O dicovery Insulin discovery Plate theory Structure of DNA Polymorphism BCS Classifcation Theory of Relativity Missile man of India PCI Chairman PCR Father of Homeopathy

RBI The Reserve Bank of India was established on April 1, 1935 in accordance with the provisions of the Reserve Bank Of India Act 1934. The Central Office of the Reserve Bank was initially established in Calcutta but was permanently moved to Mumbai in 1937. The Central Office is where the Governor sits and where policies are formulated. Though originally privately owned, since nationalisation in 1949, the Reserve Bank is fully owned by the Government of India. The Reserve Bank of India performs financial services under the guidance of the Board for Financial Supervision (BFS). D. Subbarao is the present governer. First governer was Sir Osborne Smith.

Subsidiaries The Reserve Bank of India has recently divested its stake in State Bank of India to the Government of India. NABARD National Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development. NHB National Housing Bank. DICGC Deposit insurance and Credit Guarantee and Scheme of India. Reserve bank has 22 regional offices , most of which is in state capitals.

State Bank of India

State Bank of India (SBI) is the largest bank. Headquarter in Mumbai. It was first imperial bank of india and government of india nationalized in 1955 and named state bank of india. It received SKOCH Award 2010 for Virtual corporation Category for its e-payment solution. General bank of india was the first bank in india (1786) First bank to get ISO certificate -Canara bank. The first bank to introduce Automatic Teller Machines (ATMs) in India was the Hongkong and Shanghai Banking Corporation (HSBC) in 1987. Call 07814727760, 09978090216 for postal series and classes

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The Bank of India was the first Indian bank to open a branch outside India in London in 1946.

Nationalization of BANKSThe major nationalisation of banks happened in 1969 by the then-Prime Minister Indira Gandhi. The major objective behind nationalisation was to spread banking infrastructure in rural areas and make cheap finance available to Indian farmers. The nationalised 14 major commercial banks were Allahabad Bank, Andhra Bank, Bank of Baroda, Bank of India, Bank of Maharashtra, Canara Bank, Central Bank of India, Corporation Bank, Dena Bank, Indian Bank, Indian Overseas Bank, Oriental Bank of Commerce (OBC), Punjab and Sind Bank, Punjab National Bank (PNB), Syndicate Bank, UCO Bank, Union Bank of India, United Bank of India (UBI), and Vijaya Bank. In the year 1980, the second phase of nationalisation of Indian banks took place, in which 7 more banks were nationalised with deposits over 200 crores. With this, the Government of India held a control over 91% of the banking industry in India. After the nationalisation of banks there was a huge jump in the deposits and advances with the banks. At present, the State Bank of India is the largest commercial bank of India and is ranked one of the top five banks worldwide.

CEOs and CMD (Chief Managing Director of various Banks)

State Bank of India Pratip Chaudhuri, CMD

Bank of Baroda Bank of India Canara Bank Central Bank of India Punjab National Bank Axis Bank HDFC Bank ICICI Bank

M D. Mallya,CMD Alok Kumar Mishra,CMD S Raman,CMD S. Sridhar,CMD K. R. Kamath,CMD Smt. Shikha Sharma,MD & CEO Adtya Puri, MD & CEO Smt Chanda Kochar, MD & CEO

ICICI - Industrial Credit and Investment Corporation of India

The State Bank of India (SBI) has signed an agreement with US-based automated teller machine (ATM) provider Diebold, for another ATM expansion project for State Bank Group (SBG).

SOFTWARES
EMBOSS. The European Molecular Biology Open Software Suite. EMBOSS is a software analysis package specially developed for the needs of the molecular biology user community. It contains many programs that can deal with most routine bioinformatics tasks.

SEQUENCE ALIGNMENT AND GENOME ASSEMBLY 2.1. SSAHA2 (Sequence Search and Alignment by Hashing Algorithm) is a pairwise sequence alignment program designed for the efficient mapping of sequencing reads onto genomic reference sequences. Reads of most sequencing platforms (ABI-Sanger, Roche 454, Illumina-Solexa) and a range of output formats (SAM, CIGAR, PSL etc.) are supported. A pile-up pipeline for analysis and genotype calling is available as a separate package.

2.2.Staden Package: A fully developed set of DNA sequence assembly (Gap5), editing and analysis tools (Spin) for Unix, Linux, MacOSX and MS Windows. This was used for the visualisations of assemblies on the course.

2.3.BLAST: The Basic Local Alignment Search Tool (BLAST) finds regions of local similarity between sequences. The program compares nucleotide or protein sequences to sequence databases and calculates the statistical significance of matches. BLAST can be used to infer functional and evolutionary relationships between sequences as well as help identify members of gene families.
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2.4.MAFFT is a multiple sequence alignment program for unix-like operating systems. It offers a range of multiple alignment methods, L-INS-i (accurate; for alignment of <~200 sequences), FFTNS- 2 (fast; for alignment of <~10,000 sequences), etc.

2.5.Jalview is a multiple alignment editor written in Java. It is used widely in a variety of web pages (e.g. the EBI Clustalw server and the Pfam protein domain database) but is available as a general purpose alignment editor. Jalview may be used for viewing, editing, analysis, annotation and publishing.

3.HIDDEN MARKOV MODELS

3.1.HMMER: Profile hidden Markov models (profile HMMs) can be used to do sensitive database searching using statistical descriptions of a sequence family's consensus. HMMER is a freely distributable implementation of profile HMM software for protein sequence analysis.

3.2.GeneWise, which predicts gene structure using similar protein sequences, and Genomewise, which provides a gene structure final parse across cDNA- and EST-defined spliced structure. Both algorithms are heavily used by the Ensembl annotation system. The GeneWise algorithm was developed from a principled combination of hidden Markov models (HMMs). Both algorithms are highly accurate and can provide both accurate and complete gene structures when used with the correct evidence.

3.3.SNAP. SNAP is a general purpose gene finding program suitable for both eukaryotic and prokaryotic genomes. SNAP is an acroynm for SemiHMM-based Nucleic Acid Parser.

4.Comparative Genomics

4.1.Artemis: a free genome viewer and annotation tool that allows visualization of sequence features and the results of analyses within the context of the sequence, and its six-frame translation. Artemis is written in Java, and is available for UNIX, Macintosh and Windows systems. It can read EMBL and GENBANK database entries or sequence in FASTA or raw format. Extra sequence features can be in EMBL, GENBANK or GFF format.

4.2.ACT (Artemis Comparison Tool) is a DNA sequence comparison viewer based on Artemis. In common with Artemis, ACT is written in Java and runs on UNIX, GNU/Linux, Macintosh and MS Windows systems. It can read complete EMBL and GENBANK entries or sequence in FASTA or raw format. Extra sequence features can be in EMBL, GENBANK or GFF format. The sequence comparison displayed by ACT is usually the result of running a blastn or tblastx search.

4.3.MUMmer: a system for rapidly aligning entire genomes

5.PHYLOGENY

5.1.Phylogeny Programs. A list of phylogeny programs, compiled by Joe Felsenstein. It is an attempt to be completely comprehensive.

5.2.Modelgenerator is a model selection program that selects optimal amino acid and nucleotide substitution models from Fasta or Phylip alignments. ModelGenerator supports 56 nucleotide and 96 amino acid substitution models.

5.3.PHYML. Fast, accurate estimation of large PHYlogenies by Maximum Likelihood.

5.4.Dendroscope. An interactive viewer for large phylogenetic trees and networks.

5.5.PAML. Phylogenetic Analysis by Maximum Likelihood. A package of programs for phylogenetic analyses of DNA or protein sequences using maximum likelihood, including: Comparison and tests of phylogenetic trees; estimation of parameters in sophisticated substitution models; likelihood ratio tests of hypotheses through comparison of implemented models; estimation of divergence times under global and local clock models; likelihood (Empirical Bayes) reconstruction of ancestral sequences using nucleotide, amino acid and codon models; generation of datasets

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of nucleotide, codon, and amino acid sequence by Monte Carlo simulation; estimation of synonymous and nonsynonymous substitution rates and detection of positive selection in protein-coding DNA sequences; and Bayesian estimation of species divergence times incorporating uncertainties in fossil calibrations.

5.6.Notung. A software tool that offers a unified framework for incorporating duplication/loss parsimony into phylogenetic tasks, including: reconciling a gene tree with a species tree and estimating upper and lower bounds on the time of duplication; rooting an unrooted gene tree by minimizing duplication and loss events; rearranging a rooted gene tree in areas of weak sequence support to minimize the number of duplications and losses; and resolving a non-binary gene tree by fitting it to a binary species tree.

Chromatography TLC

OPLC (Overpressure Liquid Chromatography)

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column chromatography

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Type

Stationary phase Pyrenyl

C%

Special features and applications

Bucky Prep propyl group

17

Economical preparative separation of fullerenes (higher fullerenes, metal containing fullerenes) on an analytical HPLC system. Silica-based gel filtration column for high-speed separation of proteins and enzymes. Columns for organic GPC of polymers, choice of 60 A, 100 A, 300 A pore sizes. Normal phase chromatography without ionic additives Wide pore reversed phase column with high acid resistance recommended for the separation of proteins, polypeptides, nucleic acids and other large molecules.

Diol II

diol group

GPC SL-II

alkyl group

C18,C8,C4,Ph, AR-300

alkyl or pheny group

NH2-MS

aminopropyl group

Normally used for reversed phase chromatography of various mono-, di- and oligosaccharides but can also be used in normal phase adsorption chromatography with non-polar organic solvents.

Type

Stationary phase

C%

Special features and applications

C18-P-MS

octadecyl group

Generally recommended to improve retention of very polar compounds.

C8-MS

octyl group

10

Shorter retention than C18-MS-II but otherwise provides excellent separation for many compounds.

C8-MS

butyl group

Short alkyl chain length suitable for the separation of more hydrophobic compounds.

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Provides shorter separation time for classes of compounds with wide range of polarities.

TMS-MS

trimethyl group

PE-MS

phenylethyl group

10

Provides greater retention for aromatic compounds.

CN-MS

cyanopropyl group

Alternative to improve peak shape or shorter retention times.

DEAE, QA, CM, SP

ion exchange groups

COSMOGEL columns based on a hydrophilic polymer gel; 4 types are available: DEAE and QA for anion exchange-, and CM and SP for cation exchange chromatography.

C18 Prep materials

For medium pressure or open column reversed phase chromatography

SL-II Prep materials

For medium pressure or open column normal phase chromatography

OPN Silica Gel 60-N

For open column reversed phase chromatography Neutral pH for the medium pressure chromatography separation of delicate molecules

Cosmosil, Silica Gel packing materials

Packing materials for HPLC, silica gels

Silica Gel G Silica Gel H Stronger binders Florisil Silica gel A type, B type, C type Silica gel self indicating

Silica gel with binder Gypsum (CaSO4) (10-15%) Silica gel with binder silicic acid (SiOH)4 Polyvinyl alcohol or polyvinyl pyrollidine (1-2%) A powdered magnesium silica gel (MgO 15.5%, SiO2 84%, Na2So4 0.5%)

Adsorption capacity for moisture variable for three types

Washed with cobalt chloride, blue when dry, pink and purple after absorbing moisture

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HPLC

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Detectors: 1. UV The UV detector is by far the most popular and useful LC detector that is available to the analyst at this time. This is particularly true if multi-wavelength technology is included in this class of detectors. 2. Photo-diode array

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Detectors for GC:

Detector Flame ionization (FID)

Type Mass flow

Support gases Hydrogen and air Most organic cpds. Universal

Selectivity

Detectability 100 pg 1 ng

Dynamic range 107 107 105 106 103 107

Thermal Concentration Reference conductivity (TCD) Electron capture (ECD) Nitrogenphosphorus Flame photometric (FPD) Photo-ionization (PID) Hall electrolytic conductivity Concentration Make-up Mass flow Mass flow Hydrogen and air Hydrogen and air possibly oxygen

Halides, nitrates, nitriles, peroxides, anhydrides, organometallics 50 fg Nitrogen, phosphorus Sulphur, phosphorus, tin, boron, arsenic, germanium, selenium, chromium Aliphatics, aromatics, ketones, esters, aldehydes, amines, heterocyclics, organosulphurs, some organometallics Halide, nitrogen, nitrosamine, sulphur 10 pg 100 pg 2 pg

Concentration Make-up Mass flow Hydrogen, oxygen

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LABS IN THE Country Name of LAB Government Opium Factory Institute of Microbial Technology (IMTech) BCG Vaccines Laboratory Central Drug Laboratory (CDL) Central Drug Research Institute (CDRI) Central Research Institute (CRI) (antitoxin, sera,vaccine,antigen) Indian Drug Manufacturing Association (IDMA) Indian Veternary Research Institute Central Indian Pharmacoepial Laboratory Indian Society of Blood Transfusion and Immunology National Plasma Fractionation centre National Institute of communicable diseases (polio vaccine) National institute of virology Organization of Pharmaceutical Producers in India (OPPI) Defence Ministry Dabur Research foundtation All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS) Tata Memorial Hospital Breach Candy Hospital British Pharmacoepial Commision WHO Patent offfices Patent information centre UNESCO UNICEF IMF PLACE Ghaziabad Chandigarh Chennai Calcutta Luckhnow Kasauli Mumbai Izzatnagar Ghaziabad Pune Bombay New Delhi Pune Bombay Kanpur Ghaziabad New Delhi Bombay Bombay London Geneva Delhi,Mumbai,Chennai,Kolkata Nagpur Paris France

THE INDIAN PARTNERSHIP ACT , 1932. (ACT NO.9 OF 1932) (8th April,1932) An Act to define and amend the law relating to partnership

It extends to the whole of India except the State of Jammu & Kashmir. It. come int0 force on the Ist day of October , 1932. Definitions - In this Act, unless there is anything repugnant in the subject or context a) An " act of a firm" means any act or omission by all the partners, or by any partner or agent of the firm which gives rise to a right enforceable by or against the firm": b) " business" includes every trade, occupation and profession. c) "Prescribed" means prescribed by rules made under this Act" d) "Thirdy party " used in relation to a firm or to a partner therein means any person who is not a partner in the firms" and e) expression used but not defined in this Act and defined in
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the Indian.

Partnership" is the relation between persons who have agreed to share the profits of a business carried on by all or any of them acting for all. 6. Mode of determining extence of partnership - In determining whether a group of persons is or is not a firm, or whether a person is or is not partner in a firm, regard shall be had to the real relation between the parties, as shown by all relevant facts taken together. Explanation- 1. The sharing of profits or of gross returns arising from property by persons holding a joint or common interest in that property does not of itself make such persons partners. Explanation- 2 The receipt by a person of a share of the profits of a business, or of a payment contingent upon the earning of profits or varying with the profits earned by a business, does not of itself make him a partner with the persons carrying on the business ; and i, particular, the receipt of such share or payment -

a) by a lender of money to persons engaged or about to engage in any business. b) by a servant or agent as remuneration. c) by the widow or child of a deceased partner, as annuity, or d) by a previous owner or part owner of the business , as consideration for the sale of the goodwill or share thereof. does not of itself make the receiver a partner with the persons carrying on the business. 7. Partnership at will - Where no provision is made by contract between the partners for the duration of their partnership, or for the determination of their partnership, the partnership is " Partnership at will"

Unlimited liability is major disadvantage - The major disadvantage of partnership is the unlimited liability of partners for the debts and liabilities of the firm. Any partner can bind the firm and the firm is liable for all liabilities incurred by any firm on behalf of the firm. If property of partnership firm is insufficient to meet liabilities, personal property of any partner can be attached to pay the debts of the firm.

Partnership Firm is not a legal entity - It may be surprising but true that a Partnership Firm is not a legal entity. It has limited identity for purpose of tax law. As per section 4 of Indian Partnership Act, 1932, 'partnership' is the relation between persons who have agreed to share the profits of a business carried on by all or any one of them acting for all. - - Under partnership law, a partnership firm is not a legal entity, but only consists of individual partners for the time being. It is not a distinct legal entity apart from the partners constituting it

Imp - The minimum number of partners must be two, while the maximum number can be 10 in case of banking business and 20 in all other

types of business.

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Indian stamp Act 1899 The basic purpose of Indian Stamp Act, 1899 is to raise revenue to Government. However, over a period of time, the stamped document has obtained so much value that a stamped document is considered much more authentic and reliable than an un-stamped document.

Planning Commision: The Planning Commission was set up in March, 1950 by a Resolution of the Government of India which defined the scope of its work in the following terms :
" The Constitution of India has guaranteed certain Fundamental Rights to the citizens of India and enunciated certain Directive Principles of State Policy, in particular, that the State shall strive to promote the welfare of the people by securing and protecting as effectively as it may a social order in which justice, social, economic and political, shall inform all the institutions of the national life, and shall direct its policy towards securing, among other things,

a. b. c.

that the citizens, men and women equally, have the right to an adequate means of livelihood ; that the ownership and control of the material resources of the community are so distributed as best to subserve the common good ; and that the operation of the economic system does not result in the concentration of wealth and means of production to the common detriment.

Planning commission has five year plans:

Contents

First Five-Year Plan, 19511956

The first Indian Prime Minister, Jawarharlal Nehru presented the first five-year plan to the parliament of India on 8 December 1951. The plan addressed, mainly, the agrarian sector, including investments in dams and irrigation.

Second Five-Year Plan, 19561961

The second five-year plan focused on industry, especially heavy industry. Unlike the First plan, which focused mainly on agriculture, domestic production of industrial products was encouraged in the Second plan, particularly in the development of the Public sector. The plan followed the Mahalanobis model, an economic model in 1953. The plan attempted to determine the optimal allocation of investment between productive sectors in order to maximise longrun economic growth . It used the prevalent state of art techniques of operations research and optimization as well as the novel applications of statistical models developed at the Indian Statiatical Institute.

Third Five-Year Plan, 19611966

The third plan stressed on agriculture and improving production of rice, but the brief india- china war in 1962 exposed weaknesses in the economy and shifted the focus towards the Defence industry.

Fourth Five-Year Plan, 19691974

At this time indira Gandhi was the prime minister. The Indira Gandhi government nationalized 14 major Indian banks and THE GREEN REVOLUTION in INDIA advanced agriculture.

Fifth Five-Year Plan, 19741979

Stress was laid on employment, poverty, alleviation, and justice. The plan also focused on self reliance in agricultural production and defence.

Sixth Five-Year Plan, 19801985

The sixth plan also marked the beginning of economic liberalization. Price control were eliminated and ration shops were closed. This led to an increase in food prices and an increase in the cost of living. This was the end of Nehruvian plan and Rajiv Gandhi was prime minister during this period.

Seventh Five-Year Plan, 19851990

The Seventh Plan marked the comeback of the Indian National Congress Party to power. The plan laid stress on improving the productivity level of industries by upgrading of technology.

1989-91 was a period of political instability in India and hence no five year plan was implemented.

Eighth Five-Year Plan, 19921997

Modernization of industries was a major highlight of the Eighth Plan. Under this plan, the gradual opening of the Indian economy was undertaken to correct the burgeoning deficit and foreign debt. Meanwhile India became a member of the WTO (World Trade Organization) on 1 January 1995.This plan can be termed as Rao and Manmohan model of Economic development.

Ninth Five-Year Plan, 19972002

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Tenth Five-Year Plan, 20022007 Attain 8% GDP growth per year. Reduction of poverty ratio by 5 percentage points by 2007. Providing gainful and high-quality employment at least to the addition to the labour force;*All children in India in school by 2003; all children to complete 5 years of schooling by 2007. Reduction in gender gaps in literacy and wage rates by at least 50% by 2007;*Reduction in the decadal rate of population growth between 2001 and 2011 to 16.2%;*Increase in Literacy Rates to 75 per cent within the Tenth Plan period (2002 to 2007). Eleventh Five-Year Plan, 20072012

Income & Poverty

Accelerate GDP (Gross Domestic Product) growth from 8% to 10% and then maintain at 10% in the 12th Plan in order to double per capita income by 2016-17 Increase agricultural GDP growth rate to 4% per year to ensure a broader spread of benefits.

Education, Health, Infrastructure, Women & children and Environment

The Income Tax Act, 1961 is the charging Statute of income tax in India. It provides for levy, administration, collection and recovery of Income Tax. The Income Tax Act is the most complex statute in India

The income tax is yearly basis. In some countries it is called tax year. It always starts on April 1 and ends on March 31 of the next year. SEBI (Securities Exchange Board of India)

Type of Business entities in India:

Private Limited Company

A private company is a company which has the following characteristics:

shareholders right to transfer shares is restricted; the number of shareholders is limited to fifty; and an invitation to the public to subscribe to any shares or debentures is prohibited.

Public Limited Company

A public company is defined as a company which is not a private company. The following conditionsapply only to a public company:

It must have at least seven shareholders. A public company is not authorized to start business upon the grant of the certificate of incorporation. In order to be eligible to commence business as a corporation, it must obtain another document called "trading certificate". It must publish a prospectus or file a statement in lieu of a prospectus before it can start transacting business. A public company is required to have at least three directors. It must hold statutory meetings and obtain government approval for the appointment of the management.

There are several other provisions contained in the Companies Act 1956 which are applicable only to public companies and should be consulted.
Applicable law

The Indian Companies Act of 1956 : The Companies Act of 1956 sets down rules for the establishment of both public and private companies. The most commonly used corporate form is the limited company, unlimited companies being relatively uncommon. A company is formed by registering the memorandum and articles of association with the State Registrar of Companies of the state in which the main office is to be located.
An unlimited company or private unlimited company is a hybrid company incorporated either with or without a share capital (and similar to its limited liability counterpart) but where the liability of the members or shareholders is not limited - that is, its members or shareholders have a joint, several and unlimited obligation to meet any insufficiency in the assets of the company in the event of the company's formal liquidation. The joint, several and unlimited liability of the members or shareholders of the company to meet any insufficiency in the assets of the company (to settle its outstanding Call 07814727760, 09978090216 for postal series and classes

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liabilities if any exist) only applies upon the formal liquidation of the company. Therefore, prior to any such formal liquidation of the company, any creditors or security holders of the company may only have recourse to the assets of the company and not to those of its members or shareholders.
A sole proprietorship, also known as a sole trader or simply a proprietorship, is a type of business entity that is owned and run by one individual and in which there is no legal distinction between the owner and the business. The owner receives all profits (subject to taxation specific to the business) and has unlimited responsibility for all losses and debts. Every asset of the business is owned by the proprietor and all debts of the business are the proprietor's. This means that the owner has no less liability than if they were acting as an individual instead of as a business. It is a "sole" proprietorship in contrast with partnerships. A sole proprietor may use a Trade name or business name other than his or her legal name. In many jurisdictions there are rules to enable the true owner of a business name to be ascertained. In the United States there is generally a requirement to file a doing business as statement with the local authorities. In the United Kingdom the proprietor's name must be displayed on business stationery, in business emails and at business premises, and there are other requirements. It is oldest type of business.

Raising capital for a proprietorship is more difficult because an unrelated investor has less peace of mind concerning the use and security of his or her investment and the investment is more difficult to formalize, other types of business entities have more documentation.

LIMITED LIABILITY PARTNERSHIP (LLP) Act - 2008 Limited liability partnership (LLP) is a partnership in which some or all partners (depending on the jurisdiction) have limited liability. It therefore exhibits elements of partnerships and Corporations. In an LLP one partner is not responsible or liable for another partner's misconduct or negligence. This is an important difference from that of an unlimited partnership. In an LLP, some partners have a form of Limited liability similar to that of the shareholders of a corporation. In some countries, an LLP must also have at least one "general partner" with unlimited liability. Unlike corporate shareholders, the partners have the right to manage the business directly. In contrast, corporate shareholders have to elect a board of directors under the laws of various state charters. The board organizes itself (also under the laws of the various state charters) and hires corporate officers who then have as "corporate" individuals the legal responsibility to manage the corporation in the corporation's best interest. An LLP also contains a different level of tax liability from that of a corporation.

NASDAQ

The NASDAQ-100 is a stock market index of 100 of the largest non-financial companies listed on the NASDAQ. It is a modified capitalization-weighted index. The companies' weights in the index are based on their market capitalizations, with certain rules capping the influence of the largest components. It does not contain financial companies, and includes companies incorporated outside the United States SENSEX is the sensitivity index Examples are BSE (BOMBAY STOCK EXCHANGE) NSE (NATIONAL STOCK EXCHANGE) SEZ: India was one of the first in Asia to recognize the effectiveness of the Export Processing Zone (EPZ) model in promoting exports, with Asia's first EPZ set up in Kandla in 1965. A free trade area (FTA) is a trade bloc whose member countries have signed a free trade agreement (FTA), which eliminates tariffs, import quotas, and preferences on most (if not all) goods and services traded between them. It can be considered the second stage of economic integration. Countries choose this kind of economic integration if their economical structures are complementary. If their economical structures are competitive, they are more likely to form a customs union TYPES OF PARTNERSHIPS

Sole proprietorship: A sole proprietorship is a for-profit business owned by one person. The owner may operate on his or her own or may employ others. The owner of the business has unlimited liability for the debts incurred by the business.

Partnership: A partnership is a for-profit business owned by two or more people. In most forms of partnerships, each partner has unlimited liability for the debts incurred by the business. The three typical classifications of partnerships are general partnerships, limited partnerships, and limited liability partnerships.

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Corporation: A corporation is a limited liability business that has a separate legal personality from its members. Corporations can be either government-owned or privately-owned, and privately-owned corporations can organize either forprofit or not-for-profit. A for-profit corporation is owned by shareholders who elect a board of directors to direct the corporation and hire its managerial staff. A for-profit corporation can be either privately held or publicly held.

Cooperative: Often referred to as a "co-op", a cooperative is a limited liability business that can organize for-profit or notfor-profit. A cooperative differs from a for-profit corporation in that it has members, as opposed to shareholders, who share decision-making authority. Cooperatives are typically classified as either consumer cooperatives or worker cooperatives.

Cooperatives are fundamental to the ideology of economic democracy

FULL FORMS
FDI- FOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENT FII-FOREIGN INSTITUTIONAL INVESTMENT SEZ-SPECIAL ECONOMIC ZONE FTA-FREE TRADE AREA SENSEX-SENSITIVITY INDEX CRISIL-CREDIT RATING INFORMATION SERVICES IF INDIA LIMITED

RBI Establishment The Reserve Bank of India was established on April 1, 1935 in accordance with the provisions of the Reserve Bank of India Act, 1934. The Central Office of the Reserve Bank was initially established in Calcutta but was permanently moved to Mumbai in 1937. The Central Office is where the Governor sits and where policies are formulated. Though originally privately owned, since nationalisation in 1949, the Reserve Bank is fully owned by the Government of India. GOVERNOR: DR.D.SUBBARAO STATE BANK OF INDIA STATE BANK OF INDORE WAS MERGED TO STATE BANK OF INDIA RBI WAS NATIONALIZED IN 1949
The Reserve Bank of India was nationalised with effect from 1st January, 1949 on the basis of the Reserve Bank of India (Transfer to Public Ownership) Act, 1948. All shares in the capital of the Bank were deemed transferred to the Central Government on payment of a suitable compensation. The image is a newspaper clipping giving the views of Governor CD Deshmukh, prior to nationalization
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AADHAR (UID PROJECT)

BY CHIRMAN-MR NANDAN NILKENI

What is Aadhaar? Aadhaar is a 12-digit unique number which the Unique Identification Authority of India (UIDAI) will issue for all residents. The number will be stored in a centralised database and linked to the basic demographics and biometric information photograph, ten fingerprints and iris of each individual. The details of the data fields and verification procedures are available here.
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Aadhaar will be: Easily verifiable in an online, cost-effective way Unique and robust enough to eliminate the large number of duplicate and fake identities in government and private databases A random number generated, devoid of any classification based on caste, creed, religion and geography

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