INELASTIC FLOW AND FAILURE

OF METALLIC SOLIDS

Phenomenological description accounting for:
anisotropy and asymmetry of elastic range,
micro-shear banding

Ryszard B. Pcherski

in cooperation with

Teresa Fr & Marcin Nowak

Institute of Fundamental Technological Research,
Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw

Udine, July 16-20, 2012

Acknowledgement

The part of these lectures originated during my
visits in Metz as le professeur invit de lEcole
Nationale dIngnieurs de Metz (National
Engineering School of Metz) within the years
(2009 2012). I appreciate the work and
discussions with professor Alexis Rusinek on
dynamic behaviour of materials.

Udine, July 16-20, 2012
R.B. Pcherski, Inelastic flow and failure of
metallic solids
2
1. Introduction
experimental motivation
Strength Differential Effect
observations
main assumptions
the notion of material effort





Udine, July 16-20, 2012 3 R.B. Pcherski, Inelastic flow and failure of metallic solids
Part I. Anisotropy and asymmetry of elastic range
List of contents
Udine, July 16-20, 2012
R.B. Pcherski, Inelastic flow and failure of
metallic solids
4


2. Energy-based limit condtions for materials
with asymmetry of elastic range
isotropic solids
examples of aplications




List of contents
Udine, July 16-20, 2012
R.B. Pcherski, Inelastic flow and failure of
metallic solids
5
3. Elasto-plasticity theory accounting for
paraboloid Burzyski yield surface
numerical approach
examples of experimental verification

4. Identification methodolgy

List of contents
Udine, July 16-20, 2012
R.B. Pcherski, Inelastic flow and failure of
metallic solids
6
5. Anisotropy of elastic range
elastic proper states
classes of elastic anisotropy
elastic energy density
energy-based limit criteria for anisotropic solids


6. Concluding remarks

List of contents
1. Inntroduction
experimental motivation

2. Phenomenological description of inelastic flow
viscoplasticity theory accounting for micro-shear
banding


Udine, July 16-20, 2012 7 R.B. Pcherski, Inelastic flow and failure of metallic solids
List of contents
Part II. Phenomenological description
of micro-shear banding
Udine, July 16-20, 2012
R.B. Pcherski, Inelastic flow and failure of
metallic solids
8
3. Phenomenological apprach to failure analysis
discussion of a new methodology
examples

4. Concluding remarks


List of contents
Udine, July 16-20, 2012
R.B. Pcherski, Inelastic flow and failure of
metallic solids
9
Introduction

experimental motivation
Dynamic compression tests
of OFHC Copper cylindrical
specimens with use of the
split Hopkinson pressure
bar device (SHPB) in the
Laboratory of prof. Alexis
Rusinek, May 2010, ENIM.
Udine, July 16-20, 2012
R.B. Pcherski, Inelastic flow and failure of
metallic solids
10
Introduction

experimental motivation
Udine, July 16-20, 2012
R.B. Pcherski, Inelastic flow and failure of
metallic solids
11
Split Hopkinson pressure bar device used for dynamic
compression of OFHC Copper (A. Rusinek [2010]).
1. Introduction

experimental motivation
Cylindrical specimen
OFHC Copper
D : 8 mm ; H : 4 mm or 6 mm
Input bar
Steel ; D = 18 mm
Output bar
Steel ; D = 18 mm
Udine, July 16-20, 2012
R.B. Pcherski, Inelastic flow and failure of
metallic solids
12
The irregular shape OFHC Copper specimens subjected to
dynamic loading in the state as received (A. Rusinek [2010]).
Visible influence of initial anisotropy on the final shape of the
specimen.

This observation shows that the search for the model allowing
the adequate simulation of the process is justified.

1. Introduction

experimental motivation
Udine, July 16-20, 2012
R.B. Pcherski, Inelastic flow and failure of
metallic solids
13
Comparison with the regular shape of annealed OFHC Copper
specimens subjected to dynamic loading (A. Rusinek [2010]).

1. Introduction

experimental motivation


Two experimental observations about
metals by P.W. Bridgman [1947]:
no influence of hydrostatic pressure on yielding,
incompressibility for plastic straining,
became the basic tenets of classical metal plasticity.
Percy Williams
Bridgman
(1882 1961)
1946 Nobel Prize
Bridgman, P.W., 1947,"The Effect of Hydrostatic Pressure on the Fracture of Brittle
Substances," Journal of Applied Physics, Vol. 18, p. 246.


Udine, July 16-20, 2012 14
R.B. Pcherski, Inelastic flow and failure of
metallic solids
1. Introduction

experimental motivation
P.W. Bridgman: Studies in Large Plastic Flow and Fracture with Special
Emphasis on the Effects of Hydrostatic Pressure, [1952], p. 64:

By the time the last series of measurements was being
made under the arsenal contract, however, skill in
making the measurements had so increased, and
probably also the homogeneity of the material of the
specimens had also increased because of care in
preparation, that it was possible to establish a definite
effect of pressure on the strain hardening curve.
(citation from C.D. Wilson A Critical Reexamination of Classical Metal Plasticity,
J. Appl. Mech., 2002, 69, 63-68)


Udine, July 16-20, 2012 15
R.B. Pcherski, Inelastic flow and failure of
metallic solids
1. Introduction

experimental motivation
W.A. Spitzig et al. [1975],
O. Richmond, W.A. Spitzig [1980],
W.A. Spitzig, O. Richmond [1984].
4330 steel
2 1
3
1
1
Y
I c aI
c ap
a c
o
=
| |
= +
|

\ .
Drucker-Prager
yield condition
Udine, July 16-20, 2012 16
R.B. Pcherski, Inelastic flow and failure of
metallic solids
1. Introduction

experimental motivation
C. D. Wilson:
A Critical Reexamination
of Classical Metal
Plasticity, J. Appl. Mech.,
2002, 69, 63-68
triaxial state of stress in notched
specimen:
results of
tension test
alluminium alloy: 2024-T351 Al
Yield criteria:
result of calculations with use
of J2 theory
Udine, July 16-20, 2012 17
R.B. Pcherski, Inelastic flow and failure of
metallic solids
1. Introduction

experimental motivation
Bai, T. Wierzbicki, A new model of metal
plasticity and fracture with pressure and
Lode angle, Int. J. Plasticity, 24, 2008.
Udine, July 16-20, 2012 18
R.B. Pcherski, Inelastic flow and failure of
metallic solids
1. Introduction

experimental motivation
[mm]
Investigations of notched round
bar specimens - A60 steel
V2 V4 V6
U1 U2 R2
[mm]
Udine, July 16-20, 2012 19
R.B. Pcherski, Inelastic flow and failure of
metallic solids
1. Introduction
experimental motivation
T. Fr, A. Rusinek, R. Pcherski [2010]
The larger value of
hydrostatic stress,
the larger deviation of
the load predicted from
the theory.
5.6 0 2.3 1.7 3.8 7.6 4.5
U1 U2 V2 V4 V6
s
m
o
o
t
h

R2
d
i
f
f
e
r
e
n
c
e

i
n

v
a
l
u
e

o
f

m
a
x


e
x
p
e
r
i
m
e
n
t
a
l

a
n
d

s
i
m
u
l
a
t
e
d

l
o
a
d

[
k
N
]

1. Introduction
experimental motivation
max hydrostatic
stress [GPa]
1.18 1.02
1.01 0.86
0.82
0.78
0.24
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
0 0,1 0,2 0,3 0,4 0,5
Geometry: V4.
Quasi static tension: 0.001 1/s
Abaqus simulation: standard, axi-sym. el.
V4 num. modelling
V4 experiment
l
o
a
d

[
k
N
]
displacement [mm]
2
J
The effects of stress concentration in the notched round bar specimens
Udine, July 16-20, 2012 20
R.B. Pcherski, Inelastic flow and failure of
metallic solids
T.Fr, A. Rusinek, R. Pcherski [2010]

1. Introduction
SDE - Strength Differential Effect




SDE is observed in many materials, e.g.:
- geological materials
- high strength steels & hard deformable alloys
- ultra fine grained and nano metals
- cast iron
- polymers


0
1 2 3
0
, 1, ( , , ) f J J J k
o
k k
o

+
= > =
Udine, July 16-20, 2012 21
R.B. Pcherski, Inelastic flow and failure of
metallic solids
1. Introduction
SDE - Strength Differential Effect

1. D.C. Drucker [1972], W.A. Spitzig et al. [1975], O. Richmond,
W.A. Spitzig [1980], W.A. Spitzig, O. Richmond [1984].

2. P. S. Theocaris, Failure criteria for isotropic bodies revisited,
Engineering Fracture Mechanics, 51, 239264, 1995, collected
the data of the first basic experiments for different materials:
- G.I. Taylor & H. Quinney [1931] - copper and mild steel: .
- R.C. Grassi & I. Cornet [1949]; L.F. Coffin, Jr. [1950] gray
cast-iron: .
- various polymers: .
3 k =
1.3 k =
1.3 k =
Udine, July 16-20, 2012 22
R.B. Pcherski, Inelastic flow and failure of
metallic solids
SDE - Strength Differential Effect
Coincidence of the experimental results with the modified
yield locus (P.S. Theocaris [1995]).
1.3 k =
Udine, July 16-20, 2012 23
R.B. Pcherski, Inelastic flow and failure of
metallic solids
Udine, July 16-20, 2012
R.B. Pcherski, Inelastic flow and failure of
metallic solids
24
SDE - Strength Differential Effect
Coincidence of the experimental results with the
SDE modified yield locus (P.S. Theocaris [1995]).
3 k =
SDE - Strength
Differential
Effect
The yield locus for
various polymers
revealing the SDE
(P.S. Theocaris [1995]).
Udine, July 16-20, 2012 25
R.B. Pcherski, Inelastic flow and failure of
metallic solids
1.3 k =
The following observations can be drawn from
the discussed experimental investigations:
it appears that in some cases the commonly used
Huber-Mises yield condition is not sufficient for
adequate description of material behaviour,
the asymmetry of elastic range (SDE) should be taken
into account,
the initial anisotropy can play important role in the
adequate simulations of material behaviour.

Udine, July 16-20, 2012
R.B. Pcherski, Inelastic flow and failure of
metallic solids
26
1. Introduction
observations
1. Introduction
observations

Asymmetry of elastic range for isotropic materials
is related with:

pressure sensitivity of the limit state SDE is observed

influence of the Lode angle on the limit state limit
surface becomes asymmetric

dependence of the limit state on both:
pressure and Lode angle.

limit state limit of linear elasticity or yield limit.
Lode angle related with the third invariant of
stress deviator.

Udine, July 16-20, 2012 27
R.B. Pcherski, Inelastic flow and failure of
metallic solids
Explanation of the Lode angle concept
Udine, July 16-20, 2012 28
R.B. Pcherski, Inelastic flow and failure of
metallic solids
( )
3
det , J = s
( )
1
3
tr = s 1
Lode angle expressed by means of the second
and third invariants of stress deviator s :
Udine, July 16-20, 2012
R.B. Pcherski, Inelastic flow and failure of
metallic solids
29
Explanation of the Lode angle concept
Lode angle dependence
of the cross-section of
the yield surface given
at the octahedral plane,
cf. M. Nowak et al.
EngineeringTransactions,
59, 273-281, [2011].

Udine, July 16-20, 2012
R.B. Pcherski, Inelastic flow and failure of
metallic solids
30
1. Introduction
main assumption
The novelty of proposed approach is based on
the hypothesis that certain portions of elastic
energy density accumulated in the deformed
body can be applied to define the measure of
material effort.
1. Introductrion
the notion of material effort
Consider deformable continuous body. The material point of
the body corresponds to the Representative Volume Element
(RVE) of the considered condensed matter.

External loading applied to the deformed body changes on
the atomic level the relative positions of the constituents of
matter.
This produces variation of the energy of the system and
results in the change of chemical bonding strength.


Udine, July 16-20, 2012
R.B. Pcherski, Inelastic flow and failure of
metallic solids
31
The notion of material effort

Material effort known since long in German literature on
mechanics as Anstrengung, in Russian as napryazhennost and
in Polish as wytenie has been used rather intuitevely.

It can be defined more precisely as a state of material
point of the loaded deformable body related with the
change of chemical bonding strength in the RVE of
the condensed matter.






Udine, July 16-20, 2012 32
R.B. Pcherski, Inelastic flow and failure of
metallic solids
Udine, July 16-20, 2012
R.B. Pcherski, Inelastic flow and failure of
metallic solids
33
1. Introductrion
the notion of material effort physical interpretation
(K. Nalepka [2012c])
Illustration of the EM
observations of the
change of relative posi-
tions of the constituents
of the matter in the
aluminum oxide-metal
interface as an example
of the studies how the
change of the atomic
structure of the boundary
influences the energy of
atomic interactions (cf.
K. Nalepka and R. B.
Pcherski [2009]. [2010]).
Udine, July 16-20, 2012
R.B. Pcherski, Inelastic flow and failure of
metallic solids
34
Illustration of the EM
observations of the change of
relative positions of the
constituents of the matter in
the aluminum oxide-metal
interface. An example of the
studies how the change of the
atomic structure of the
boundary influences the
change of the symmetry of Cu
structure: cubic tertragonal
(cf. K. Kowalczyk-Gajewska et
al. [2003], K. Nalepka and R.
B. Pcherski [2009], [2010]).
1. Introductrion
the notion of material effort physical interpretation
(K. Nalepka [2012c])
tetragonal
Udine, July 16-20, 2012
R.B. Pcherski, Inelastic flow and failure of
metallic solids
35
1. Introductrion
the notion of material effort physical interpretation
Tertragonal
deformation paths
and the change of
interaction energy
In the Cu component
of the interface
calculated with use the
originally specified
atomic model
by K. Nalepka
[2012a], [2012b].
Udine, July 16-20, 2012
R.B. Pcherski, Inelastic flow and failure of
metallic solids
36
1. Introductrion
the notion of material effort physical interpretation
The change of the
interaction energy
In the Ni component
of the interface Ni
aluminum oxide
calculated with use
the originally
specified atomic
model by K. Nalepka
and R.B. Pcherski
[2010].
Udine, July 16-20, 2012
R.B. Pcherski, Inelastic flow and failure of
metallic solids
37
1. Introductrion
the notion of material effort physical interpretation
The interaction energy
changes for tetragonal
deformation paths of Cu
constrained in the
interface Al
2
O
3
-Cu with
use of the proposed
atomic model. The
comparison with
the results known in the
literature K. Nalepka
[2012a], [2012b].

Measure of material effort
A measure of material effort is required to assess the
distance of the considered state of stress from the
postulated surface of limit states.
Udine, July 16-20, 2012
R.B. Pcherski, Inelastic flow and failure of
metallic solids
38
( )
1 2 3
, , o o o
An example of the yield
surface considered in the
paper: M. Nowak et al.,
EngineeringTransactions,
59, 273-281, [2011].
limit state
Yield surce of Inconel 718
Measure of material effort
Udine, July 16-20, 2012
R.B. Pcherski, Inelastic flow and failure of
metallic solids
39
( )
1 2 3
, , o o o
limit state
A limit value of the given
measure of material effort
defines the limit state of the
considered material.

The limit state can be related
with the limit of linear
elasticity,onset of yielding,
failure etc.

The limit state is commonly
related with the notion of the
strength of material.

3. Energy-based limit condtions for materials
with asymmetry of elastic range.

Energy as a multilevel scalar quantity can be assumed
as apropriate universal measure of the change of the
strength of chemical bonds material effort.

E. Beltrami [1885] the density of total elastic energy.
M.T. Huber [1904] - the density of elastic energy of distortion.
J.C. Maxwell [1936] - the density of elastic energy of
distortion (in private letter to William
Thomson (Lord Kelvin)[1856]).
Udine, July 16-20, 2012 40
R.B. Pcherski, Inelastic flow and failure of
metallic solids
Density of elastic energy
( ) ( ) ( )
2 2 2
1 2 1 3 2 3
1
12
f
G
o o o o o o
(
u = + +

f v
u = u +u
( )
2
1 2 3
1 2
6
v
E
v
o o o

u = + +
Udine, July 16-20, 2012 41
R.B. Pcherski, Inelastic flow and failure of
metallic solids
distortion volume change
shear modulus, Young modulus, Poisson ratio G E v
Decomposition of elastic energy density for isotropic solids
derived by Stokes [1855] and Helmholtz [1907]:
W. BURZYSKI: Study on Material Effort Hypotheses,
Lww, 1928 (in Polish) ; English translation: Engineering
Transactions, vol. 57, No. 3-4, 185-215, 2009.
( )
1 2 3
,
3 3
v
f
p
p
p K
o o o o
q e
q
+ +
= = +
u + u =
f
v
density of elastic energy of distortion
density of elastic energy of volume change
u
u
Udine, July 16-20, 2012 42
R.B. Pcherski, Inelastic flow and failure of
metallic solids
The hypothesis of variable limit energy
of volume change and distortion
Ueber die Anstrengungshypothesen,
Schweizerische Bauzeitung, 94, 259-162,1929.
( )
( ) ( ) ( )
2
2 2
2 2 2
2
1 2 2 3 3 1
2
3
9 3 0
3
1
2
e
Y Y
e
T C T C
C T T C
Y Y Y Y
Y Y Y Y
p p
o o o o
o o o o o
t t
o o o o o o o
+ =
(
=
| |

+ +
\

2 2
3
Y Y
T C
Y Y Y
Huber Mises Hencky
condition
t o
o o o
=
= =
+

. , 0, 0;
. 0, 0, ;
. , 0,
I II III
I II I
T
II
I II I
Y
Y
Y Y I
C
I
I
II
III
o o o
o o o
o
o
o
t t o o
= = =
= = =
= = =

Udine, July 16-20, 2012 43
R.B. Pcherski, Inelastic flow and failure of
metallic solids
The hypothesis of variable limit energy
of volume change and distortion
( )
( )
, , , ,
T C
Y Y Y
K e o o o t
I II III
o o o > >
Udine, July 16-20, 2012
R.B. Pcherski, Inelastic flow and failure of
metallic solids
44
Basic modes of stress realized in experiments
. Uniaxial tension , 0, 0;
. Uniaxial compression 0, 0, ;
. Pure shear , 0,
I II III
I I
T
Y
C
Y
Y
I III
I II I Y II
I
II
III
o
o
o o o
o o
t t
o
o o o
= = =
= = =
= = =

1 2 3
1 2 3
1 2 3
1
. Biaxial uniform tension: , , 0;
. Biaxial uniform compression: 0, , ;
. Triaxial uniform tension: , , ;
. Triaxial uniform compression:
TT TT
Y Y
CC CC
Y Y
TTT TTT TTT
Y Y Y
IV
V
VI
VII
o o
o
o o o
o o o
o o o
o
o
o o o
= = =
= = =
= =

=
=
2 3
, ,
CCC CCC CCC
Y Y Y
o o o o o = =
Udine, July 16-20, 2012
R.B. Pcherski, Inelastic flow and failure of
metallic solids
45
( ) ( ) ( )
( )
( )
( )
2
2
2 2 2
1 2 2 3 3 1
1 2 3
1 2 3
2
6
1
3
0
Y
Y
T C
Y Y
T C
Y Y
C T T C
Y Y Y Y
o o
t
o o
t
o o o o
o o o o o o
o o o
o o o
+

=
+ +
+ +
+ +
| |
|
\ .
(

The Burzyski hypothesis expressed in the
form of quadric in the principal stress space
The different relations between the parameters
determine the separate limit conditions.
( )
, ,
T C
Y Y Y
o o t
Udine, July 16-20, 2012
R.B. Pcherski, Inelastic flow and failure of
metallic solids
46
Discussion of some special cases
of Burzyskis quadric
W. Burzyski [1928], p. 115, Fig. 64 and 65.
2
ellipse or circle
3
T C
Y Y Y
t o o >
1 k >
1 k =
equivalent stress pressure coordinates
f
o
2
12
f f
G o = u
p
Udine, July 16-20, 2012
R.B. Pcherski, Inelastic flow and failure of
metallic solids
47
Discussion of some special cases
of Burzyskis quadric
W. Burzyski [1928], p. 115, Fig. 66 and 67.
3
T C
Y Y Y
t o o =
1 k > 1 k =
parabola
trace of the half of a cylinder
equivalent stress pressure coordinates
f
o
p
Udine, July 16-20, 2012
R.B. Pcherski, Inelastic flow and failure of
metallic solids
48
Discussion of some special cases
of Burzyskis quadric
W. Burzynski [1928], p. 116, Fig. 68 and 69.
2
3
3
T C T C
Y Y Y Y
Y
T C
Y Y
o o o o
t
o o
< <
+
hyperbola
2
3
T C
Y Y
Y
T C
Y Y
o o
t
o o
=
+
trace of the half of a cone
equivalent stress pressure coordinates p
f
o
Huber-Mises-Hencky cylinder
Burzynski-Drucker-Prager cone
Burzynski-Torre
paraboloid
ellipse
o
o
m
e
o
Y
C
o
T
Y
3
o
C
Y
3
o
Y
T
3
T C
Y Y Y
t o o =
3
T C
Y Y Y
t o o = =
2
3
T C
Y Y Y
t o o >
Ilustration of some criteria resulting from
Burzyskis hypothesis
SDE
SDE Strength Differential Effect
C
Y
T
Y
k
o
o
=
G.Vadillo, J. Fernandez-Saez, R.B. Pcherski, Some application
of Burzyski yield condition in metal plasticity, Material and
Design, 2011
Udine, July 16-20, 2012
2
3
T C
Y Y
Y
T C
Y Y
o o
t
o o
=
+
Udine, July 16-20, 2012
R.B. Pcherski, Inelastic flow and failure of
metallic solids
50
Criteria resulting from Burzyskis hypothesis
in the space of principal axes
( )
1 2 3
, , o o o
3
T C
Y Y Y
t o o <
- elipsoid of revolution (circular)
3
T C
Y Y Y
t o o =
- paraboloid of revolution (circular)
2
3
T C
Y Y
Y
T C
Y Y
o o
t
o o
>
+
- hyperboloid of revolution of two
sheets (one of sheets is considered)
2
3
T C
Y Y
Y
T C
Y Y
o o
t
o o
=
+
- cone of revolution of two sheets
(one of sheets is considered only)

The symmetry axis:
1 2 3
o o o = =
Udine, July 16-20, 2012
R.B. Pcherski, Inelastic flow and failure of
metallic solids
51
R.B. Pcherski et al., Arch. Met. Mat. [2011]
M. Nowak et al., Engineering Transactions, [2011]
An extension of Burzyski hypothesis of material
effort accounting for the effect of Lode angle
Udine, July 16-20, 2012
R.B. Pcherski, Inelastic flow and failure of
metallic solids
52
R.B. Pcherski et al., Arch. Met. Mat. [2011]
M. Nowak et al., Engineering Transactions, [2011]
Udine, July 16-20, 2012
R.B. Pcherski, Inelastic flow and failure of
metallic solids
53
R.B. Pcherski et al., Arch. Met. Mat. [2011]
M. Nowak et al., Engineering Transactions, [2011]
Udine, July 16-20, 2012
R.B. Pcherski, Inelastic flow and failure of
metallic solids
54
R.B. Pcherski et al., Arch. Met. Mat. [2011]
M. Nowak et al., Engineering Transactions, [2011]
Udine, July 16-20, 2012
R.B. Pcherski, Inelastic flow and failure of
metallic solids
55
Some more detail references
Nalepka K., Symmetry-based approach to parametrization of
embedded-atom-method interatomic potentials,
Computational Materials Science, 56, 100-107, 2012.
Nalepka K., Efficient approach to metal/metal oxide interfaces within
variable charge model, European Physical Journal B, 85,1-12, 2012.
K. Nalepka, R.B.Pcherski, Modelling of the interatomic interactions
in the Copper crystal applied in the structure (111)Cu/(0001) Al2O3,
Archives of Metallurgy and Materials, vol. 54, pp. 511-522, (2009).
K. Nalepka and R.B. Pcherski, The Strength of the interfacial bond
in the ceramic matrix composites Al2O3-Ni, Mechanics and Control,
29, pp. 132-137, (2010).
R.B. Pcherski, P. Szeptyski, M. Nowak, An extension of Burzynski
hypothesis of material effort accounting for the third invariant of
stress tensor, Archives of Metallurgy and Materials, 56, 503-508, 2011.





Udine, July 16-20, 2012
R.B. Pcherski, Inelastic flow and failure of
metallic solids
56
M. Nowak, J. Ostrowska-Maciejewska, R.B. Pcherski, P. Szeptyski,
Yield criterion accounting for the third invariant of stress tensor deviator,
Engineering Transactions, 59, 273-281, 2011.
Rychlewski, J., Elastic energy decomposition and limit criteria (in
Russian), Uspekhi mekhaniki (Advances in Mechanics), 7, pp. 51-80,
(1984); English Translation: Elastic energy decomposition and limit
criteria, Engineering Transactions, 59, 31-63, 2011.
K. Kowalczyk-Gajewska, J. Ostrowska-Maciejewska, Review on
spectral decomposition of Hookes tensor for all symmetry groups of l
inear elastic material, Engineering Transactions, 57, 145-183, 2009.



Some more detail references
Udine, July 16-20, 2012
R.B. Pcherski, Inelastic flow and failure of
metallic solids
57
Examples of the applications of paraboloid
Burzyski limit criterion
Published in:

T. Fr, Z.L. Kowalewski, R.B. Pcherski, A. Rusinek,
Applications of Burzyski failure criteria.
Part I. Isotropic materials with asymmetry of elastic range,
Engineering Transactions, 58, 3-13, 2010,

T. Fr, R.B. Pcherski, Applications of Burzyski hypothesis
of material effort for isotropic solids, Mechanics and Control,
28, 2010.

Fr, T., Nowak, Z., Perzyna, P., Pecherski, R.B. Identification of
the model describing viscoplastic behaviour of high strength
metals, Inverse Problems in Science and Engineering,
19, 17-30, 2011.
Limit surface for steel and copper historical data
dimensionless - according to Burzynski criterion
Teresa Fr with use of MATHEMATICA

Udine, July 16-20, 2012 58
R.B. Pcherski, Inelastic flow and failure of
metallic solids
3
T C
Y Y Y
t o o =
Limit surface for polymers historical data
according to Burzynski criterion
Teresa Fr with use of
MATHEMATICA

Udine, July 16-20, 2012
59
R.B. Pcherski, Inelastic flow and failure of
metallic solids
3
T C
Y Y Y
t o o =
Limit surface for grey cast iron historical data
according to Burzynski criterion
Teresa Fr with use of
MATHEMATICA
Udine, July 16-20, 2012 60
R.B. Pcherski, Inelastic flow and failure of
metallic solids
3
T C
Y Y Y
t o o =
Limit surface for Al
2
O
3
foam

Teresa Fr with use of MATHEMATICA
Udine, July 16-20, 2012 61
R.B. Pcherski, Inelastic flow and failure of
metallic solids
3
T C
Y Y Y
t o o <
Udine, July 16-20, 2012
R.B. Pcherski, Inelastic flow and failure of
metallic solids
62
Burzyski paraboloid yield criterion
for the polycarbonate
T. Fr et al. Engineering Transactions [2010]
Udine, July 16-20, 2012
R.B. Pcherski, Inelastic flow and failure of
metallic solids
63
Burzyski yield paraboloid criterion for the
metal matrix composite: 6061 +2Zr + 20 Al
2
O
3


T. Fr et al. Engineering Transactions [2010]
Udine, July 16-20, 2012
R.B. Pcherski, Inelastic flow and failure of
metallic solids
64
Burzyski yield paraboloid criterion for the
metal matrix composite: 75 Cr + 25 Al
2
O
3



T. Fr et al. Engineering Transactions [2010]
The application of Burzyski yield condition
for nano-materials (T. Fr et al. [2009])
The section of the
Burzyski paraboloid
yield condition
Coulomb-Mohr
condition
Udine, July 16-20, 2012 65
R.B. Pcherski, Inelastic flow and failure of
metallic solids
C.A. Schuh,
A.C. Lund,
Atomistic
basis for the
plastic yield
criterion of
metallic
glass,
Nature
Materials, 2,
449-452,
2003.

Udine, July 16-20, 2012
R.B. Pcherski, Inelastic flow and failure of
metallic solids
66
Some criteria resulting from Burzyskis hypothesis
in the space of principal axes
2
3
T C
Y Y
Y
T C
Y Y
o o
t
o o
>
+
The one sheet of circular hyperboloid can appear also
a versatile possibility to approximate the experimental
data.
Udine, July 16-20, 2012
R.B. Pcherski, Inelastic flow and failure of
metallic solids
67
Burzyski yield criterion with correction
accounting for initial texture effects and the
influence of the third invariant of stress deviator
Udine, July 16-20, 2012
R.B. Pcherski, Inelastic flow and failure of
metallic solids
68
Burzyski yield criterion with correction
accounting for initial texture effects and the
influence of the third invariant of stress deviator
Udine, July 16-20, 2012
R.B. Pcherski, Inelastic flow and failure of
metallic solids
69
Burzyski yield criterion with correction
accounting for initial texture effects and the
influence of the third invariant of stress deviator
Experiments
carried out in
the lab of
L. Dietrich,
IPPT, Warsaw
Udine, July 16-20, 2012
R.B. Pcherski, Inelastic flow and failure of
metallic solids
70
Burzyski yield criterion with correction
accounting for initial texture effects and the
influence of the third invariant of stress deviator
Data elaborated by Teresa Fr with use of Mathcad 15
Udine, July 16-20, 2012
R.B. Pcherski, Inelastic flow and failure of
metallic solids
71
Burzyski yield criterion with correction
accounting for initial texture effects and the
influence of the third invariant of stress deviator
Experimental
data obtained
In the lab of
L. Dietrich
IPPT, Warsaw Elaborated
by T. Frs
with use of
MATHEMATICA
Udine, July 16-20, 2012
R.B. Pcherski, Inelastic flow and failure of
metallic solids
72
Burzyski yield criterion with correction
accounting for initial texture effects and the
influence of the third invariant of stress deviator
T. Fr, R.B. Pcherski,
A. Rusinek, [2011])
Udine, July 16-20, 2012
R.B. Pcherski, Inelastic flow and failure of
metallic solids
73
4. Elasto-plasticity theory accounting for
paraboloid Burzyski yield surface
G.Vadillo, J. Fernandez-Saez, R.B. Pcherski, Some
application of Burzyski yield condition in metal
plasticity, Material and Design, [2011].
Elasto-plasticity with paraboloid
Burzyski yield condition
G.Vadillo, J. Fernandez-Saez, R.B. Pcherski, [2011]
Udine, July 16-20, 2012
Return mapping integration algorithm
Udine, July 16-20, 2012
G.Vadillo, J. Fernandez-Saez, R.B. Pcherski, [2011]
FEM calculations of notched specimens.
Mesh refinement
G.Vadillo, J. Fernandez-Saez, R.B. Pcherski, [2011]
Udine, July 16-20, 2012 76
R.B. Pcherski, Inelastic flow and failure of
metallic solids
G.Vadillo, J. Fernandez-Saez, R.B. Pcherski, [2011]
FEM calculations of notched specimens.
Experimental data of Wilson [2002]
Udine, July 16-20, 2012 77
R.B. Pcherski, Inelastic flow and failure of
metallic solids
FEM calculations of notched specimens.
Confrontation calculations with experiment
G.Vadillo, J. Fernandez-Saez, R.B. Pcherski, [2011]
Experimental data of Wilson [2002]
Udine, July 16-20, 2012 78
R.B. Pcherski, Inelastic flow and failure of
metallic solids
FEM calculations of notched specimens.
Confrontation of calculations with experiment
G.Vadillo, J. Fernandez-Saez, R.B. Pcherski, [2011]
Experimental data of Wilson [2002]
Udine, July 16-20, 2012 79
R.B. Pcherski, Inelastic flow and failure of
metallic solids
G.Vadillo, J. Fernandez-Saez, R.B. Pcherski, [2011]
FEM calculations of notched specimens.
Confrontation of calculations with experiment
Experimental data of Wilson [2002]
Udine, July 16-20, 2012 80
R.B. Pcherski, Inelastic flow and failure of
metallic solids
FEM calculations of notched specimens.
Confrontation calculations with experiment
G.Vadillo, J. Fernandez-Saez, R.B. Pcherski, [2011]
Udine, July 16-20, 2012 81
R.B. Pcherski, Inelastic flow and failure of
metallic solids
S. K. I y e r, C. J. L i s s e n d e n, Multiaxial constitutive
model accounting for the strength-differential in
Inconel 718, Int J Plast 19, 2055-2081 (2003).
Udine, July 16-20, 2012
R.B. Pcherski, Inelastic flow and failure of
metallic solids
82
FEM calculations of notched specimens.
Confrontation of calculations with experiment
S. K. I y e r, C. J. L i s s e n d e n, Multiaxial constitutive
model accounting for the strength-differential in
Inconel 718, Int J Plast 19, 2055-2081 (2003).
Comparison of empirically proposed
ellipsoidal yield surface with rotational
paraboloid resulting from energy-based
Burzyski hypothesis of material effort
(R.B. Pcherski et al. Arch. Met. Mat. [2011]
G.Vadillo, J. Fernandez-Saez, R.B. Pcherski, [2011]
FEM calculations of deformation of Inconel
Material characteristics
Experimental data of S. K. I y e r, C. J. L i s s e n d e n [2003]
Udine, July 16-20, 2012 83
R.B. Pcherski, Inelastic flow and failure of
metallic solids
FEM calculations of deformation of Inconel.
Confrontation of experiment with calculations
G.Vadillo, J. Fernandez-Saez, R.B. Pcherski, [2011]
Experimental data of
S. K. I y e r, C. J. L i s s e n d e n [2003]
Udine, July 16-20, 2012 84
R.B. Pcherski, Inelastic flow and failure of
metallic solids
G.Vadillo, J. Fernandez-Saez, R.B. Pcherski, [2011]
FEM calculations of deformation of Inconel.
Confrontation of experiment with calculations
Experimental data of
S. K. I y e r, C. J. L i s s e n d e n [2003]
Udine, July 16-20, 2012 85
R.B. Pcherski, Inelastic flow and failure of
metallic solids
G.Vadillo, J. Fernandez-Saez, R.B. Pcherski, [2011]
FEM calculations of deformation of Inconel.
Confrontation of experiment with calculations
Experimental data of
S. K. I y e r, C. J. L i s s e n d e n [2003]
Udine, July 16-20, 2012 86
R.B. Pcherski, Inelastic flow and failure of
metallic solids
Udine, July 16-20, 2012
R.B. Pcherski, Inelastic flow and failure of
metallic solids
87
5. Identification methodolgy
The idea of shear-compression test

D. Rittel, S. Lee, G. Ravichandran, Exp. Mech. [2002]
Originally the idea of the
applications of SCS
was used for obtainning
the stress-strain
characteristics of metallic
materials with symmetric
elastic range under
quasi-static and dynamic
conditions.


3 ,
S C C T
Y Y Y
t o o o = =
Huber-Mises condition
Udine, July 16-20, 2012 88
R.B. Pcherski, Inelastic flow and failure of
metallic solids
Analytical study of the shear-compression test

(M.Vural, A. Molinari, N. Bhattacharya, Analysis of slot orientation in
shear-compression specimen (SCS), Exp. Mech., 2010)
Boundary conditiongs:

displacements




tractions
0, 0 for 0
y x
u u y = = =
sin( ) cos( ) for
x x
y w o u o u o + = =
h
x
y
P
A
B
D
C
o
u
*
o
q

w
cos( ) sin( ) 0 for
xy yy
y w o u o u = =
( )
0 on ABCD
z
e = t
( )
' ' ' '
0 on BCCB and ADDA
x
e = t
Udine, July 16-20, 2012 89
R.B. Pcherski, Inelastic flow and failure of
metallic solids
( )
( )
( ) ( ) u u
u o
c c c
2 2
2 2
cos sin 4
cos
2
3
3
4
:
3
2
+
= + = =
h
yy xy eq

( )
( ) ( ) u u
u o
c
2 2
cos sin 4
cos
+

=
w
yy

( )
( ) ( ) u u
u o
c
2 2
cos sin 4
sin 2
+

=
w
xy

yy zz
c c

=
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
t D
P
yy xy eq

+ = + = = u u u o o o
2 2 2 2
cos sin 4 cos
2
3
4
4
3
:
2
3
S S
Analytical study of the shear-compression test
x
y
w
h
x
y
P
A
B
D
C
o
u
u
*
o
Udine, July 16-20, 2012 90
R.B. Pcherski, Inelastic flow and failure of
metallic solids
State of stress and strain for w << t
|
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
0 0 0
0 0
0 0
xy
xy

|
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
0 0 0
0
0
p
p
xy
xy
o
o

( )
2
3 3
: 2 3
2 2
eq xy xy
o o o = = =
' '

w
t
Udine, July 16-20, 2012 91
R.B. Pcherski, Inelastic flow and failure of
metallic solids
( ) ( )
( )
2
1
0
exp
p
e eq q
k k
P
D t
u u c o =

( )
1
1
eq
k h
c
u
o
=
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) u u u u
2 2
1
cos sin 4 cos
2
3
+ = k
( )
( )
( ) ( ) u u
u
u
2 2
2
cos sin 4
cos
2
3
+
= k
Analytical results
h
x
y
P
A
B
D
C
o
u
*
o
Udine, July 16-20, 2012 92
R.B. Pcherski, Inelastic flow and failure of
metallic solids
Experimental investigations in the lab of
the Division of Applied Plasticity, IPPT
shear
compression
specimen
(SCS)
dimensions:

L= 20.0 mm
D = 7.0 mm
w = 2.0 mm
t = 1.0 mm
u = 45
h = 1.42w
w
h
t
L
D
Udine, July 16-20, 2012 93
R.B. Pcherski, Inelastic flow and failure of
metallic solids
AlMg 5%SiC Composite
Udine, July 16-20, 2012 94
R.B. Pcherski, Inelastic flow and failure of
metallic solids
Experimental results
Udine, July 16-20, 2012 95
R.B. Pcherski, Inelastic flow and failure of
metallic solids
Numerical simulation of the shecompression test
Assumptions:

element: C3D8
friction: 0.0001
vertical displacement: 1.0 mm
number of elements: 11540
number of nodes: 13871
ABAQUS Standard (Marcin Nowak [2011])
Udine, July 16-20, 2012 96
R.B. Pcherski, Inelastic flow and failure of
metallic solids
Approximation of material characteristic
|
.
|

\
|
|
.
|

\
|
+ + =
eq eq eq
C
D
C B A c c o exp 1
19 . 3018
21 . 264
02 . 21
24 . 235
=
=
=
=
D
C
MPa B
MPa A
Udine, July 16-20, 2012 97
R.B. Pcherski, Inelastic flow and failure of
metallic solids
Results of numerical simulation versus
experiment
Udine, July 16-20, 2012 98
R.B. Pcherski, Inelastic flow and failure of
metallic solids
Paraboloidal criterion of Burzyski
T
Y
C
Y
k
o
o
=
C
Y
o
T
Y
o
S
t
- yield limit in compression
- yield limit in tension
- yield limit in shear
1 :
3
1
=
m
o
3
:
2
eq
o =
' '

( ) ( )
2
2 2
1
3 1 9 1 4 0
2
C
m m eq Y
k k k o o o o
(
+ + =
(

3
C T
Y Y S
for paraboloid of revolution t o o =
Udine, July 16-20, 2012
99
R.B. Pcherski, Inelastic flow and failure of
metallic solids
Solution of elasto-plasticity problem
( )

A + A
= A
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
c
c
A
|
|
.
|

\
|
c
c
A
=


0
0 , ,
C
Y
q e p m p
m
q
e
p
C
Y e m
o
c o c o
c
o
|
c
o
|
c
o o o |
( )
( )
t t
t
e
q
t
e
t
t
e
t
t
e
t
e
q
C
G
C
KG
C
KG
G
G KC K
' '
22 2
2
'
21
'
12
2
11
9
3 3
6 2 1

1 1 I 1 1

'

|
|
.
|

\
| A
+ +

|
|
.
|

\
| A
+ =
c
c
o
c
o
o o o
c
Stiffness matrix:
Newton- Raphson
q
t
e e
p
t
m m
G
K
c o o
c o o
A =
A =
3
G.Vadillo, J. Fernandez-Saez, R.B.
Pcherski, Some application of Burzyski
yield ocndition in metal plasticity, Material
and Design, 2011
The UMAT was programmed
and implemented in Abaqus
by Marcin Nowak, IPPT
Udine, July 16-20, 2012 100
R.B. Pcherski, Inelastic flow and failure of
metallic solids
Identification of the strength differential factor k
by means of FEM simulation of compression test
1
3
S C
Y
k
t o =
235.24MPa
C
Y
o =
For AlMg 5%SiC:

15 . 1 = k
126.64MPa
S
t =
C
Y
T
Y
k
o
o
=
Udine, July 16-20, 2012 101
R.B. Pcherski, Inelastic flow and failure of
metallic solids
Skad chemiczny:

Si 0.2 -0.8
Fe 3.5 - 0.7
Cu 0.4 - 4.5
Mn 0.4 -1.0
Mg < 1.0
Cr < 0.1
Zn < 0.25
Ti + Zr Al < 0.25
( )
N
p
eq eq
B A c o + =
6 . 0
70
220
=
=
=
N
MPa B
MPa A
Aluminum alloy PA6
Udine, July 16-20, 2012 102
R.B. Pcherski, Inelastic flow and failure of
metallic solids
Experimental results obtained in the lab of the
Division of Applied Plasticity, IPPT
Udine, July 16-20, 2012 103
R.B. Pcherski, Inelastic flow and failure of
metallic solids
( ) ( ) ( )
o
p
eq eq
g D
P
k k

= c u u o
2 1
exp
( ) h k
p
eq
o
u
c
1
1
=
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) u u u u
2 2
1
cos sin 4 cos
2
3
+ = k
( )
( )
( ) ( ) u u
u
u
2 2
2
cos sin 4
cos
2
3
+
= k
( )
o
p
eq eq
g D
P

= c o 2 . 0 1 85 . 0
h
p
eq
o
c =
Analytical results
Rittel et al.
(2002)
Vural et al.
(2010)
Udine, July 16-20, 2012 104
R.B. Pcherski, Inelastic flow and failure of
metallic solids
Udine, July 16-20, 2012 105
R.B. Pcherski, Inelastic flow and failure of
metallic solids
Experiment versus analytical results
Analysis of the effect of Lode angle
2
3
3
2
27
1
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
eq
J
o
e
jk ik ij
S S S J
3
1
3
=
kk
p o
3
1
=
eq
q o =
Udine, July 16-20, 2012 106
R.B. Pcherski, Inelastic flow and failure of
metallic solids
The influence of the slit angle
Udine, July 16-20, 2012 107
R.B. Pcherski, Inelastic flow and failure of
metallic solids
u = 45
Udine, July 16-20, 2012 108
R.B. Pcherski, Inelastic flow and failure of
metallic solids
Literature
W. BURZYSKI: Study on Material Effort Hypotheses, Lww, 1928
(in Polish) ; English translation: Engineering Transactions, vol. 57,
No. 3-4, 185-215, 2009.

D.Rittel, S. Lee, G. Ravichandran, A Shear-Compression Specimen
for Large Strain Testing, Experimental Mechanics, 2002

M.Vural, A. Molinari, N. Bhattacharya, Analysis of Slot Orientation
in Shear-Compression Specimen (SCS), Experimental Mechanics,
2010

G.Vadillo, J. Fernandez-Saez, R.B. Pcherski, Some application of
Burzyski yield ocndition in metal plasticity, Material and Design,
2011



Udine, July 16-20, 2012 109
R.B. Pcherski, Inelastic flow and failure of
metallic solids
Udine, July 16-20, 2012
R.B. Pcherski, Inelastic flow and failure of
metallic solids
110
6. Anisotropy of elastic range.
Generalized Hookes law
Hookes elasticity tensors:
S stiffness tensor
C compliance tensor
Internal symmetries
of Hookes tensors
There are 21 independent components of Hookes tensors:
21 3 (Euler angles) = 18 invariants (material constants).
Udine, July 16-20, 2012
R.B. Pcherski, Inelastic flow and failure of
metallic solids
111
Spectral decomposition of elasticity tensors
The eigen-problem of the linear operator S:
Let us observe that:
and consequently:
Kelvin modulus (the eigenvalue of S)
J. Rychlewski [1984], K. Kowalczyk-Gajewska, J. Ostrowska-Maciejewska [2009]
normalized eigen-elements of S, C:
elastic eigen-states
0 >
Udine, July 16-20, 2012
R.B. Pcherski, Inelastic flow and failure of
metallic solids
112
Spectral decomposition of elasticity tensors
In general, S has no more than 6 real different eigenvalues:
Kelvin moduli , , ...,
I II VI

related with 6 mutually orthogonal unit eigen-elements :
, , ..., , , ..., , ,
I II VI K L KL
K L I VI o = =
Kelvin moduli define the material stiffness for
the deformation
K K
e =
K

J. Rychlewski [1984], K. Kowalczyk-Gajewska, J. Ostrowska-Maciejewska [2009]

Udine, July 16-20, 2012
R.B. Pcherski, Inelastic flow and failure of
metallic solids
113
Decupled Hookes law
The coressponding proper elastic stress and strain states
are proportional:
The quadratic forms specify the elastic energy density:
2u= = S C
For the elastic eigen-states it has been specified already
by W. Thomson (Kelvin) [1856]:
2 2 2
2 ...
I I II II VI VI
e e e u = + + +
J. Rychlewski [1984], K. Kowalczyk-Gajewska, J. Ostrowska-Maciejewska [2009]
Udine, July 16-20, 2012
R.B. Pcherski, Inelastic flow and failure of
metallic solids
114
The main structural formula of linear theory of elasticity
J. Rychlewski [1984], K. Kowalczyk-Gajewska, J. Ostrowska-Maciejewska [2009]
Parameters describing some elastic continua can be
subdivided into three groups:

(6+12) + 3 = 21
1. Six Kelvin moduli ,...,
I VI

2. Dimensionless 12 stiffness distributors
1 12
,...,
3. Three Euler angles
1 2 3
, , | | |
1 12 1 2 3
,..., ; ,..., ; , ,
I VI
| | |
Udine, July 16-20, 2012
R.B. Pcherski, Inelastic flow and failure of
metallic solids
115
The meaning of stiffness distributors
Dimensionless invariants common for Hookes tensors S and C,
which characterize the distribution of stiffness between the
material fibers and the material planes.

Stiffness distributors specify the orthonormal basis of

eigen-states with accuracy to the rotation in a physical

space ( ).
K

1 2 3
, , | | |
J. Rychlewski [1984], K. Kowalczyk-Gajewska, J. Ostrowska-Maciejewska [2009]
Udine, July 16-20, 2012
R.B. Pcherski, Inelastic flow and failure of
metallic solids
116
Main decomposition of elastic energy density
Eigenstates of the
compliance tensor
Kelvin moduli of the
pertinent eigenstate
J. Rychlewski, Advances of Mechanics (in Russian) [1984],
English translation: Engineering Transactions, 59, 31-63, 2011.
Udine, July 16-20, 2012 117
R.B. Pcherski, Inelastic flow and failure of
metallic solids
Classes of elastic symmetry defining the
related partition of elastic energy density
K. Kowalczyk-Gajewska,
J. Ostrowska-Maciejewska,
Engng. Trans., 57, [2009].
6 =
5 =
3 =
4 =
2 =
(12)

(6)

(3)

(2)

(1)

(1)

Udine, July 16-20, 2012

R.B. Pcherski, Inelastic flow and failure of
metallic solids
118
Schematic representation of transversely
isotropic material and isotropic material
K. Kowalczyk-Gajewska,
J. Ostrowska-Maciejewska,
Engng. Trans., 57, [2009].
Udine, July 16-20, 2012
R.B. Pcherski, Inelastic flow and failure of
metallic solids
119
Schematic representation of three symmetries
K. Kowalczyk-Gajewska,
J. Ostrowska-Maciejewska,
Engng. Trans., 57, [2009].
monoclinic
orthotropy
tertragonal
Udine, July 16-20, 2012
R.B. Pcherski, Inelastic flow and failure of
metallic solids
120
Schematic representation of material of cubic
symmetry
K. Kowalczyk-Gajewska,
J. Ostrowska-Maciejewska,
Engng. Trans., 57, [2009].
Udine, July 16-20, 2012
R.B. Pcherski, Inelastic flow and failure of
metallic solids
121
K. Kowalczyk-Gajewska,
J. Ostrowska-Maciejewska,
Engng. Trans., 57, [2009].
Udine, July 16-20, 2012
R.B. Pcherski, Inelastic flow and failure of
metallic solids
122
Rychlewskis Theorem about the elastic
energy distribution over proper elastic states






For every elastic material defined by its compliance tensor C and
limit state tensor H, there exist exactly one energetically
orthogonal decomposition of the linear space of symmetric
second order tensors :
(2.2)
Measure of material effort (R. v. Mises [1928]):
Udine, July 16-20, 2012
R.B. Pcherski, Inelastic flow and failure of
metallic solids
123
Rychlewskis Theorem:
Udine, July 16-20, 2012
R.B. Pcherski, Inelastic flow and failure of
metallic solids
124
Specifications of Rychlewski criterion.
Cubic symetry

Spectral distribution of
elastic compliance tensor
Projectors of three
proper elastic states
K. Kowalczyk et al.,Archives of Mechanics,
55, No 5-6, 2003, 431-448.
Udine, July 16-20, 2012
R.B. Pcherski, Inelastic flow and failure of
metallic solids
125
Specifications of Rychlewski criterion.
Cubic symetry

The stored elastic energy density:
K. Kowalczyk et al.,Archives of Mechanics,
55, No 5-6, 2003, 431-448.
Udine, July 16-20, 2012
R.B. Pcherski, Inelastic flow and failure of
metallic solids
126
Specifications of Rychlewski criterion.
Cubic symetry

Criterion based on the energy of distortion

K. Kowalczyk et al.,Archives of Mechanics,
55, No 5-6, 2003, 431-448.
Udine, July 16-20, 2012
R.B. Pcherski, Inelastic flow and failure of
metallic solids
127
Specifications of Rychlewski criterion - cubic symmetry.
Criterion based on the spectral decomposition of C


Udine, July 16-20, 2012
R.B. Pcherski, Inelastic flow and failure of
metallic solids
128
Illustration of the EM
observations of the change of
relative positions of the
constituents of the matter in
the aluminum oxide-metal
interface. An example of the
studies how the change of the
atomic structure of the
boundary influences the
change of the symmetry of Cu
structure: cubic tertragonal
(cf. K. Kowalczyk-Gajewska et
al. [2003], K. Nalepka and R.
B. Pcherski [2009], [2010]).
Cubic tetragonal
(K. Nalepka [2012c])
tetragonal
Udine, July 16-20, 2012
R.B. Pcherski, Inelastic flow and failure of
metallic solids
129
Specifications of Rychlewski criterion.
Cubic symmetry of elasticity tensor C
and orthotropy of limit tensor H

K. Kowalczyk et al.,Archives of Mechanics,
55, No 5-6, 2003, 431-448.
No influence of spherical part
of stress on limit state
Udine, July 16-20, 2012
R.B. Pcherski, Inelastic flow and failure of
metallic solids
130
K. Kowalczyk et al.,Archives of Mechanics,
55, No 5-6, 2003, 431-448.
Specifications of Rychlewski criterion.
Cubic symmetry of elasticity tensor C
and orthotropy of limit tensor H

Proper states of
the limit tensor H

- the strength distributor

Udine, July 16-20, 2012
R.B. Pcherski, Inelastic flow and failure of
metallic solids
131
Specifications of Rychlewski criterion.
Cubic symmetry of elasticity tensor C
and orthotropy of limit tensor H

The relations between the projectors of C an H:
K. Kowalczyk et al.,Archives of Mechanics,
55, No 5-6, 2003, 431-448.
Udine, July 16-20, 2012
R.B. Pcherski, Inelastic flow and failure of
metallic solids
132
Specifications of Rychlewski criterion.
Cubic symmetry of elasticity tensor C
and orthotropy of limit tensor H

K. Kowalczyk et al.,Archives of Mechanics,
55, No 5-6, 2003, 431-448.
Udine, July 16-20, 2012
R.B. Pcherski, Inelastic flow and failure of
metallic solids
133
Specifications of Rychlewski criterion.
An energy interpretation of Hill yield condition
for orthotropic solids

K. Kowalczyk et al.,Archives of Mechanics,
55, No 5-6, 2003, 431-448.
Udine, July 16-20, 2012
R.B. Pcherski, Inelastic flow and failure of
metallic solids
134
Specifications of Rychlewski criterion.
An energy interpretation of Hill yield condition
for orthotropic solids

K. Kowalczyk et al.,Archives of Mechanics,
55, No 5-6, 2003, 431-448.
Udine, July 16-20, 2012
R.B. Pcherski, Inelastic flow and failure of
metallic solids
135
Specifications of Rychlewski criterion.
An energy interpretation of Hill yield condition
for orthotropic solids

K. Kowalczyk et al.,Archives of Mechanics,
55, No 5-6, 2003, 431-448.
Udine, July 16-20, 2012
R.B. Pcherski, Inelastic flow and failure of
metallic solids
136
Specifications of Rychlewski criterion.
Cubic symmetry of elasticity tensor C
and tetragonal symmetry of limit tensor H

K. Kowalczyk et al.,Archives of Mechanics,
55, No 5-6, 2003, 431-448.
1. Inntroduction
experimental motivation

2. Phenomenological description of inelastic flow
viscoplasticity theory accounting for micro-shear
banding


Udine, July 16-20, 2012 137 R.B. Pcherski, Inelastic flow and failure of metallic solids
Part II. Phenomenological description
of micro-shear banding
Outline

1. Shear banding:
- one of the mechanisms of plastic flow in
metallic materials
- the dominant mechanism of plastic deformation of
ufg, nano-metals and glassy metals.
2. Phenomenological description.
3. Identification of the model for ufg and nano-
crystalline Fe.
4. Concluding remarks.


Udine, July 16-20, 2012 138
R.B. Pcherski, Inelastic flow and failure of
metallic solids
First observations of shear bands - F. Adcock, The internal
mechanism of cold-work and recrystallization in Cupro-Nickel, J. Inst.
Metals, 27, 1922.
Description of shear banding as the mechanism competing with
dislocation glide; shear banding contribution function :
R.B. Pecherski, Archives of Mechanics [1992], [1997]; Acta
Mechanica [1998]; Technische Mechanik [1998].
Necessity of the description of shear banding contribution in
deformation of ufg and nano-metals, hard deformable materials,
amorphous materials (glassy metals), e.g.: L. Anand, C. Su, A theory
for amorphous viscoplastic materials undergoing finite deformations,
with application to metallic glasses, JMPS, 53, 1362-1396, 2005.
Z. Nowak, P. Perzyna, R.B. Pecherski, Description of viscoplastic flow
accounting for shear banding, Arch. Metall. Mat., 52, 2007.


Shear banding
SB
f
Udine, July 16-20, 2012 139
R.B. Pcherski, Inelastic flow and failure of
metallic solids
SEM image revealing the
deformation and fracture
behaviour of the bulk
glassy Co
43
Fe
20
Ta
55
B
31.5
alloy rod with a diameter
of 2 mm deformed up to a
true strain of 0.021at
698K. Shear bands and
shear deformation
induced fracture are
observed on the
specimen surface.
Akihisa Inoue et al., nature materials, 2, 661-663, 2003.
Physical motivation
Udine, July 16-20, 2012 140
R.B. Pcherski, Inelastic flow and failure of
metallic solids
Physical motivation
An illumination-mode
atomic force microscope
image of a Berkovich
indentation made in a
Zr-based metallic glass,
illustrating the formation
of shear bands on the
surface around the
indent.
J-J. Kim, Y. Choi, S. Suresh and A.S. Argon, Science, 295, 654, 2002.
C.A. Schuh and T.G. Nieh, J. Mater. Res.,19, 46-57, 2004.
Udine, July 16-20, 2012 141
R.B. Pcherski, Inelastic flow and failure of
metallic solids
Observations of shear banding - ufg Fe
d = 980 nm d = 268 nm
quasistatic high-strain rate deformations
Change in deformation mode of ultrafine grained consolidated iron under uniaxial
compression: (a) uniform low-rate deformation with d = 980 nm; (b) non-uniform
low-rate deformation with d = 268 nm and (c) non-uniform high-rate deformation
with d = 268 nm (Jia, Ramesh and Ma [2003]) .
d = 980 nm d = 268 nm
crystallographic slip shear banding
d = 268 nm
Udine, July 16-20, 2012 142
R.B. Pcherski, Inelastic flow and failure of
metallic solids

Evolution and development of shear bands in 268 nm-Fe. Observations of shear bands
at the same location at different nominal strain levels: (a) 3.7%; (b) 7.8%. Loading axis is
vertical. Note the development of new shear bands, the broadening of existing shear
bands, and the propagation of a shear band tip (Jia, Ramesh and Ma [2003]).

Udine, July 16-20, 2012 143
R.B. Pcherski, Inelastic flow and failure of
metallic solids
Experimental results of Jia, Ramesh and Ma, Acta Materialia, 51 (2003)

Deformation of nano - and ufg metals
SB
f
- shear banding
contribution
function
Z. Nowak, P. Perzyna
R.B. Pecherski,
Archives of Metallurgy and
Materials 52, 2007 free
pdf available on the Journal
website.

Typical stress-strain curves
obtained for the consolidated
iron under quasistatic and
high-strain-rate uniaxial
compression.
Udine, July 16-20, 2012 144
R.B. Pcherski, Inelastic flow and failure of
metallic solids
Multiscale hierarchy of shear bands in
polycrystalline metals
Homogeneous deformation by the crystallographic slip replaced
by heterogeneous and localized one produced by micro-shear
bands leads to significant reduction of global hardening
rate.
This phenomena may be enhanced and stabilized by the
subsequent (e.g. cyclic) changes of the strain path during
the deformation process KOBO method
The controlled cyclic strain path changes
enable also the refinement of the material
microstructure.

A. Korbel and W. Bochniak [2004]
Udine, July 16-20, 2012 145
R.B. Pcherski, Inelastic flow and failure of
metallic solids
Trace of
the cluster
of MSB
CSB
[Dziado, 1993]
(courtesy of profesor Andrzej Korbel)
Multiscale hierarchy of shear bands in
polycrystalline metals
Micro-shear band - long and very
thin (ca. 0.1 ) sheet-like region
of concentrated and intensive
plastic shear crossing grain
boundaries without deviation
Particular MSB operates only once
and develops fully in very short
time
m
Udine, July 16-20, 2012 146
R.B. Pcherski, Inelastic flow and failure of
metallic solids
Multiscale hierarchy of shear bands in
polycrystalline metals
Position of shear
bands depends on
the scheme of
loading during
deformation. In rolled
sheet - inclined by
about 35
o
to the
rolling plane and
orthogonal to the
specimen lateral face


[A. Korbel and W. Bochniak, 2004]
Traces of
the clusters
of MSB
Udine, July 16-20, 2012 147
R.B. Pcherski, Inelastic flow and failure of
metallic solids
Trace of
msb cluster
CSB
[Dziado, 1993]
(The micrograph provided by A. Korbel)
Multiscale hierarchy of shear banding in
polycrystals
msb micro-shear bands
CSB coarse slip band
msb

msb clusters

shear bands

Udine, July 16-20, 2012 148
R.B. Pcherski, Inelastic flow and failure of
metallic solids
Literature
1. R.B. Pcherski, Modelling of large plastic
deformations based on the mechanism of micro-shear
banding. Physical foundations and theoretical
description, Arch. Mech. (1992).
2. R.B. Pcherski, Macroscopic measure of the rate of
deformation produced by micro-shear banding, Arch.
Mech. (1997).
3. R.B. Pcherski, Macroscopic effects of micro-shear
banding in plasticity of metals, Acta Mechanica (1998)

Udine, July 16-20, 2012 149
R.B. Pcherski, Inelastic flow and failure of
metallic solids
Multiscale hierarchy of shear bands in
polycrystalline metals
Schematic illustration
of multi-level hierarchy
of micro-shear bands:

a) polycrystalline RVE
with the increasing
zone of shear banding,

b) cluster of active
micro-shear bands,

c) a single micro-shear
band (comp. of CSB)
R.B. Pcherski, Macroscopic measure of the rate of deformation
produced by micro-shear banding, Arch. Mech. [1997]
Udine, July 16-20, 2012 150
R.B. Pcherski, Inelastic flow and failure of
metallic solids

Macroscopic measure of the rate of deformation
accounting for shear banding
R.B. Pcherski, Arch. Mech. 49, (1997)

, 2
p p p
S SB
p
S
SB
p
SB
p p
SB SB
SB
rateof plastic deformation by slip
rateof plastic deformation by shear banding
d d d shear strain ra
d
f instantaneous shear banding contribution
d
te
=
=
+

= = =
D D D
D
D
D D
(1 )
S SB
SB s
f
f


= +
=
SB
SB
f

=
Udine, July 16-20, 2012 151
R.B. Pcherski, Inelastic flow and failure of
metallic solids
Contribution function of shear banding
identification with use of the channel-die test
1. R.B. Pcherski, Continuum
mechanics description of
plastic flow produced by
micro-shear bands,
Technische Mechanik 1998
2. Z. Nowak, R.B. Pcherski,
Plastic strain in metals ...
II. Numerical identification
and verification of plastic
flow law, Arch. Mech. 2002


) (
1
) (
33
c
c
b a
e
f
F f
o
MS MS

+
= =
Udine, July 16-20, 2012 152
R.B. Pcherski, Inelastic flow and failure of
metallic solids
Account for the change of deformation path (Lode angle )
K. Kowalczyk Gajewska, R.B. Pcherski (2005)
( ( ))
1
o
MS
f
f
a b
e
_
=

+
c
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
=
p
p
p p
D
D
det
2
3 6
) cos(
)) cos( 1 ( ) (
u
u o _ c c
Udine, July 16-20, 2012 153
R.B. Pcherski, Inelastic flow and failure of
metallic solids

V
SB
SB
V
f
V
=
Representative
Volume Element
traversed by shear
bands
V
V
SB

V
s

Viscoplastic flow law
accounting for shear
banding in application for
ufg metals
(Z. Nowak, P. Perzyna, R.B. Pecherski,
Arch. Metall. Materials, 2007)
S SB
s SB
V V V
= +
= +
SB
SB
f

=
Volume fraction
of shear banding
Inst. contr.
of shear
banding
Udine, July 16-20, 2012 154
R.B. Pcherski, Inelastic flow and failure of
metallic solids
,
, ( ),
(1 )

yield stren
(
gth at sh
(1 )(
ea
1 ) ,
r
) 0 1
s SB
s s s SB SB SB SB SB
V
SB
s SB V SB SB V SB
V
s S S SB B B
P P P
P k V P k V V P k V
V
k k f f k f f
k k
k
f
V
for k f


= +
= = =
= + =
= ~

Balance of plastic deformation power in RVE

assumption - no hardening
0 <1
SB
f s
Udine, July 16-20, 2012 155
R.B. Pcherski, Inelastic flow and failure of
metallic solids
Viscoplastic flow law accounting for shear banding
( )
( )
( )
{ }
1
2
0
2 2
0
2
(1 )(1 )
(1 ) , 0 <1,
2
d
1
(1 )
, ,
3
1

( ) 3( 1) 9
1 Pe
,
r
( 1
zyna mode
) 4

2
l
SB
SB S
s o
SB SB
s
t
p p p p
m m
s
e
V
SB SB SB
f
F
f f
k
t
F
k K
k
f f
F
f

k o k o ko
k

| |
|
|
|
\ .
| |
= (u )
= s =
e e = : ,
=
|

\
| |
+ +
.
=
= (u )
|
\ .

}
D

SB
f
- inst. shear banding
contribution function
S

- shear strain rate

by dislocation
controlled slip
u
- excess stress
function in Perzyna
viscoplasticity
model [1971]
0

- viscosity
parameter

SDE
C
Y
T
Y
o
k
o
=
Udine, July 16-20, 2012 156
R.B. Pcherski, Inelastic flow and failure of
metallic solids
Burzyski yield surface (M. yczkowski [1999])

{ }
2 2 2
0
1
( ) 3( 1) 9( 1) 4
2
m m e
F k o k o ko o
k
+
= + +
3 3
2 2
2 2 2
: ' 1 ( 1)
1
2
9( 1) 4
p
m e
tr
tr
H H
k k
k
k o ko
| |

|
= + +
|
+
\ .

D

The associated flow rule:
1
F F

c c
=
c c

p
e
H
c
o
c
c
= = = dt dt
p p p
D D :
3
2
c c

Udine, July 16-20, 2012 157
R.B. Pcherski, Inelastic flow and failure of
metallic solids
Viscoplasticity model accounting
for SDE
( )
( )
{ }
1
2 2 2
,
( )
1

3( 1) 9( 1) 4

2
p
G G
T
Y
m m e
G G
G F
F

o
k o k o ko
k

c c
= =
c c
=
= + +
D

=
G

Udine, July 16-20, 2012 158

R.B. Pcherski, Inelastic flow and failure of
metallic solids
Viscoplasticity model accounting
for micro-damage
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
1
0
0
2 2
,
( )
, 1
(1 ) (1 )(1 )
, , the void growht threshold stress

= 1, [ , ), 3 (1 )(1 )
1

3( 1) 9( 1) 4

2
p
G G
T
Y
V
SB tr SB SB
p
tr tr
T V
Y s SB SB
m m
G G
G F
F
g
f k f f
k K
A
k f f
F

0
0
k o

k o k o ko
k

c c
= =
c c
=
| |
= (u )
|

\ .
= e
+ e =
= + +
D

{ }
2
e
=
G

Udine, July 16-20, 2012 159

R.B. Pcherski, Inelastic flow and failure of
metallic solids
3 1
3 0x10
vp
s
c
+
= .
SB
f
Dynamic compression
Udine, July 16-20, 2012 160
R.B. Pcherski, Inelastic flow and failure of
metallic solids
Udine, July 16-20, 2012 161
R.B. Pcherski, Inelastic flow and failure of
metallic solids
Concluding remarks

1. The plasticity flow law accounting for shear banding was
applied for modelling evolution of texture and metal forming
processes (K. Kowalczyk-Gajewska, Z. Mrz, R.B.
Pcherski [2005], [2007], [2009]).
2. Viscoplasticity constitutive relations were developed for
modelling the behaviour of ufg and nc-metals under quasti-
static and dynamic loading conditions (Z. Nowak, P. Perzyna,
R.B. Pcherski [2007]).
3. The effect of Lode angle is accoounted in the description of
the shear banding contribution function in the rate of
deformation influence of the change of deformation path.



Udine, July 16-20, 2012 162
R.B. Pcherski, Inelastic flow and failure of
metallic solids