GENERATE ASK, FSK & QAM BY MATLAB

GROUP MEMBERS

Syed M. Abuzar Syed Rameez Ali Hammad Elahi Mohammad Talha Asif Ahmed Javed

2009-EE-020 2009-EE-229 2009-EE-240 2009-EE-249 2009-EE-251

SIR SYED UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY

UNIVERSITY ROAD, GULSHAN-E-IQBAL, KARACHI-75300, PAKISTAN

TEL: 34988000-2 FAX: (92-21) 4989527 http://www.ssuet.edu.pk/~fyp-eed

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
In the grounding of this report, we are thankful to the Almighty. We also value the guidance of our esteemed course adviser Mr. Syed Hassan Ahmed for guiding us. We also thank the Dean Faculty of Engineering and Chairman Electronics Engineering Department at Sir Syed University of Engineering and Technology for their commitment to the betterment of education at the university. Our heartfelt thanks also, to the university administration for providing us with quality education and excellent facilities. We are also thankful to our family members, as without their support nothing is possible.

Index

S. No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Headings
Introduction Background Block Diagram Explanation Result Conclusion

Page No. 4 5 5 5 8 8

Introduction:
What:
Amplitude shift keying - ASK - in the context of digital communications is a modulation process, which imparts to a sinusoid two or more discrete amplitude levels. These are related to the number of levels adopted by the digital message. For a binary message sequence there are two levels, one of which is typically zero. Thus the modulated waveform consists of bursts of a sinusoid. As its name suggests, a frequency shift keyed transmitter has its frequency shifted by the message. Although there could be more than two frequencies involved in an FSK signal, in this experiment the message will be a binary bit stream, and so only two frequencies will be involved. The word keyed suggests that the message is of the on-off (mark-space) variety, such as one (historically) generated by a morse key, or more likely in the present context, a binary sequence. Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM) is a modulation scheme which is carried out by changing (modulating) the amplitude of two carrier waves. The carrier waves are out of phase by 90 degrees, and are called quadrature carriers - hence the name of the scheme.

Why:
We choose this project for understanding of communication signals and increase the skills of programming through Matlab.

Background:
The basic purpose of doing this project is to boast the ability of programming skills. It incorporates almost every facet of communication engineering. For the past couple of years there has been a turning point in the Pakistani telecommunication sector on the whole. By the help of this project we can clearly understand about the modulation and shifting keying of both Amplitude and Frequency.

Block Diagram:
Logic

Coding

Result

Explanation:
ASK
Amplitude shift keying (ASK) in the context of digital signal communications is a modulation process, which imparts to a sinusoid two or more discrete amplitude levels. These are related to the number of levels adopted by the digital message. For a binary message sequence there are two levels, one of which is typically zero. Thus the modulated waveform consists of bursts of a sinusoid. Figure 1 illustrates a binary ASK

signal (lower), together with the binary sequence which initiated it (upper). Neither signal has been band limited. There are sharp discontinuities shown at the transition points. These result in the signal having an unnecessarily wide bandwidth. Band limiting is generally introduced before transmission, in which case these discontinuities would be rounded off. The band limiting may be applied to the digital message, or the modulated signal itself. The data rate is often made a sub-multiple of the carrier frequency. This has been done in the waveform of Fig. One of the disadvantages of ASK, compared with FSK and PSK, for example, is that it has not got a constant envelope. This makes its processing (eg, power amplification) more difficult, since linearity becomes an important factor. However, it does make for ease of demodulation with an envelope detector.With bandlimiting of the transmitted ASK neither of these demodulation methods (envelope detection or synchronous demodulation) would recover the original binary sequence; instead, their outputs would be a bandlimited side. Thus further processing by some sort of decision-making circuitry for example would be necessary.

Application of ASK: Amplitude-shift keying is used extensively for commercial terrestrial It is usefulness for satellite applications is limited. Space systems typically employ saturated power amplifiers.

When an amplitude-shifted keying signal is passed through such a nonlinear amplifier, sidelobes can grow large enough to interfere with the adjacent signals. As a result, the amount of bandwidth or power needed for signal transmission increases.

FSK
Frequency-shift keying (FSK) is a method of transmitting digital signals. The two binarystates, logic 0 (low) and 1 (high), are each represented by an analog waveform. Logic 0 is represented by a wave at a specific frequency, and logic 1 is represented by a wave at a different frequency. A modem converts the binary data from a computer to FSK for transmission over telephone lines, cables, optical fiber, or wireless media. The modem also converts incoming FSK signals to digital low and high states, which the computer can "understand." The FSK mode was introduced for use with mechanical teleprinters in the mid-1900s. The standard speed of those machines was 45 baud, equivalent to about 45 bits per second. When personal computers became common and networks came into being,
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this signaling speed was tedious. Transmission of large text documents and programs took hours; image transfer was unknown. During the 1970s, engineers began to develop modems that ran at faster speeds, and the quest for evergreater bandwidth has continued ever since. Today, a standard telephone modem operates at thousands of bits per second. Cable and wireless modems work at more than 1,000,000 bps (one megabit per second or 1 Mbps), and optical fiber modems function at many Mbps. But the basic principle of FSK has not changed in more than half a century.

QAM
Quadrature Amplitude Modulation(QAM) is a complicated name for a simple technique. In the simplest of terms, Quadrature amplitude modulation is the combination of amplitude modulation and phase shift keying. More technically, quadrature amplitude modulation is a system of modulation in which data is transferred by modulating the amplitude of two separate carrier waves, mostly sinusoidal, which are out of phase by 90 degrees (sine and cosine). Due to their phase difference, they are called quadrature carriers. Unmodulated signals exhibit only two positions enabling a transfer of either a 0 or 1. In quadrature amplitude modulation, it is possible to transfer more bits per position as there are multiple points of transfer. In quadrature amplitude modulation, a signal obtained by summing the amplitude and phase modulation of a carrier signal (a modulated sine and cosine wave or quadrature waves) is used for the data transfer. As the number of transfer points remains high, it is possible to convey more bits per every position change. The possible states of a particular configuration can be best denoted using a constellation diagram. In a constellation diagram, constellation points are arranged in a square grid with equal horizontal and vertical spacing (other configurations are possible as well). In digital communication, as data is binary, it follows that the number of points in the grid usually will be a function of the power of 2 (2, 4, 8, etc). As the quadrature amplitude modulation is usually square, some of these may be missing or atypical. The most common ones are 16-QAM, 64-QAM, 128-QAM and 256-QAM. Even if it's possible to transfer more bits per symbol with higher order constellations, theoretically, an inherent technical problem may exist. In order to maintain the mean energy of a higher order constellation at the same level, it is imperative that the constellation points remain close to each other. However, such a configuration brings with it additional chances of noise and additional corruption. In practical application, higher order QAM delivers more data, but delivers it less reliably (that is, with a higher bit error rate) than the lower order QAM. Incidentally, rectangular quadrature amplitude modulations are preferred to nonrectangular quadrature amplitude modulations as the former is easier to modulate and demodulate.

Result:
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 Output of ASK

Output of FSK

Output of QAM

Conclusion:
By the completion of this project we clearly understood about the digital modulating techniques. We again very thankful to our teacher for giving us this project for increasing our knowledge.