Temperature Rise of an Electrical Machine

Instructed by: - Prf. Nalin Wicramarachchi

Name: D.M.A.Wijerathne Index No: 080544R Group: D-10 Field: Electrical Engineering

OBSERVATION SHEET Experiment: Temperature Rise of an Electrical Machine Name: D.M.A.Wijerathne Index No: 080544R Group: D-10 Field: Electrical Engineering Instructed by: - Prf. Nalin Wicramarachchi

Time(Mins) 0 2 4 6 8 10 15 25 30

Winding-01 7.1 7.6 7.8 8.0 8.2 8.3 8.5 8.6 8.7

Resistance( ) Winding-02 7.1 7.7 7.9 8.0 8.2 8.3 8.6 8.5 8.7

Winding-03 7.1 7.7 7.9 8.1 8.2 8.3 8.5 8.6 8.7

CALCULATION

R2 = R1 (1+)
Where,

R1 - Winding resistance when the machine is at ambient temperature R2 - Winding resistance when the machine is operated for some time Tempertature coefficient of resistance for copper at ambient temperature

t2 (

R2 )(t1 235 ) 235 R1

R1 - Winding resistance when the machine is at ambient temperature R2 - Winding resistance when the machine is operated for some time t1 - Ambient temperature t2 - Temperature when the machine is operated for some time

Where,

Time(Mins) 0 2 4 6 8 10 15 20

Resistance () Winding 01 Winding 02 Winding 03 7.1 7.1 7.1 7.6 7.7 7.7 7.8 7.9 7.9 8.0 8.0 8.1 8.2 8.2 8.2 8.3 8.3 8.3 8.5 8.6 8.5 8.7 8.7 8.7

Average 7.1 7.66667 7.86667 8.03333 8.2 8.3 8.533333 8.7

Average temperature 30 51.1503592 58.6151479 64.8355563 71.056338 74.7887324 83.4976401 89.7183099

Temperature rise (0C) 0 21.15036 28.615148 34.8355563 41.05634 44.7887324 53.49764 59.71831

m d
dt

) t 0

d 21.15036 ) t 0 10.5752 0C / min dt 2

59.71831 0 C 5.647 min 10.5752 0C / min

Temperature rise vs time

Time 0 2 4 6 8 10 15 20

Temperature rise 0 21.15036 28.615148 34.8355563 41.05634 44.7887324 53.49764 59.71831

Temperature rise vs time

70

60

50

Temperature rise(C)

40

Y-Values Poly. (Y-Values) 30

20

10

0 0 5 10 Time(min) 15 20 25

DISCUSSION 1) Discuss the various methods of measuring the temperature of the windings? a).The two main ways of measuring temperatures are by thermocouple or by optical methods, whether IR camera or thermometer. Thermocouples Thermocouples are considered to be accurate within 1 C.They may pick up electrical noise They are relative, meaning that they need to be calibrated to a cold junction. Attachment to the DUT can be complicated. The wires of the thermocouple or disc type thermocouples may make the device to be measured considerably colder The wires of the thermocouples may obstruct or disturb the airstream. Thermistors Thermistors, which are available in small packages, may also be used to measure component temperatures. They should be connected with very fine wires to minimise the wires thermal effect on the component under test. What is said about attaching thermocouples above is basically true also for thermistors. Optical methods IR cameras are often used to get a quick view to locate the hotspots. Due to different emissivity of different components the accuracy will be poor. It is not possible to measure directly on metal surfaces. They have to be painted in some way, and this will affect the temperature of the DUT. IR thermometers have the same problem. Another problem is how to measure shadowed components. b). Resistance method The increase in resistance of the stator windings is measured and then the temperature rise of the windings is determined. c).Stator current method This method uses the stator current to predict the winding temperature. For this, motor thermal damage curves from the manufacturer are used. Any point on the motor thermal damage curve represents a thermal time limit at a specific level of current. The thermal limit defines how long a motor can withstand the corresponding level of stator current without exceeding the thermal boundary specified by the motor manufacturer.

2) What are the importances of the class of insulation? Insulation systems are rated by standard NEMA (National Electrical Manufacturers Association) classifications according to maximum allowable operating temperatures. The temperature capabilities of these classes are separated from each other by 25 C increments.

Temperature Tolerance Class

Maximum Operation Temperature Allowed

Allowable Allowable Temperature Rise at Temperature Rise full load 1.15 service factor 1.0 service factor motor 1) 1) motor
o

A B F H

105 130 155 180

221 266 311 356

60 80 105 125

70 90 115 -

In general a motor should not operate with temperatures above the maximum. Each 10 oC rise above the rating may reduce the motor lifetime by one half. Class B or Class F insulation systems are most common in today's industrial-duty motors. Smaller sizes, say up to 5 hp, are typically class B. From 5 to 10 hp, many ratings move toward class F.That's also true of premium efficiency and inverter duty motors . Larger than 10 hp , Class F becomes most common. Beyond that, many manufacturers design their motors to operate cooler than their thermal class might allow. For example, a motor might have Class F insulation but a class B temperature rise. This gives an extra thermal margin. Class H insulation systems are seldom found in general purpose motors, but rather in special designs for very heavy use, high ambient temperature, or high altitude conditions. Class A insulation is not used on today's industrial duty motors, though it can be found on some small appliance motors.

3).Compare the obtained results with the machine ratings

4).Why it is necessary to know about the parameters estimated in this experiment? Maximum temperature: Befor start the practical we must have fare knowledge the insulation class and the maximum allowable temperature of the machine.If not it may be lead to damage of machine insulations., maximum allowable temperature for the insulation class should be larger than the actual maximum temperature.

Thermal time constant: It is a measure of both thermal mass and thermal resistance of the motor.. If motor overloading is limited to short period, long time constants are not needed. But if motor overload to a large time large time constants are needed.

3) Discuss about the various methods of cooling in general purpose machines.

The cooling of electrical machines by means of an air stream is called the ventilation of the machines. The cooling systems can be grouped into three types (natural cooling, self cooling and separate cooling). Further, the ventilation of the machine can be classified into three categories, according to the scheme of ventilation incorporated in the machine, namely,1 open circuit ventilation 2 closed circuit ventilation and 3 surface ventilation. Open circuit ventilation can be divided into two types( induced ventilation and forced ventilation). The ventilating system can be further classified into four types in accordance with the provision of cooling ducts and how the air passes over the heated parts of the machines. (1) Radial Ventilating System. This is commonly used as the movement of rotor induces natural centrifugal motion of the air. In here core subdivided to provide radial ventilating ducts.The movement of the air can be increased, in needed, by rotor fans. A high rate of dissipation is possible. This system is advantageous in respect of minimum energy losses for ventilation and sufficiently uniform temperature rise of the machine.Disadvantages are it makes machine larger and cooling might be unstable. (2) Axial Ventilating System. This system is suitable for modern output and high speed machines. To increase the cooling surface, holes may be punched in the core plates to form through ducts where considerable heat dissipation occurs. This greatly improves the cooling, but requires a large core diameter for the increased core depth necessary. The main advantage in using this system of ventilation is the increased length of the core, as there are no radial ventilation ducts.disadvantages are non uniform heat transfer,increased iron loss .

(3) Combined Radial and Axial Ventilating System. This method is normally used for large motors and small turbo-alternators. The advantages of both the ventilation systems have been taken in this system. In this system air is drawn in at one end of the machine, passes through the ventilating ducts and is expelled into ambient atmosphere by the rotor mounted fan.

(4) Multiple-Inlet Ventilating System. This system is used in large turbo-machines. 5).Forced Ventilation Large machines such as modern turbo generators and water wheel generators cant be cooled by any of the above methods. Large machines require forced ventilation, because of their compact design,